# The Social Contract	社会契約論	The Social Contract|社会契約論|noun|a treatise by Jean-Jacques Rousseau

- @title The Social Contract
- @author Jean Jacques Rousseau


## FOREWORD	序文	foreword|序文|noun|a short introduction to a book, typically by someone other than the author

This little treatise is part of a longer work which I began years ago without realising my limitations, and long since abandoned.	この小論文は、私が何年も前に自分の限界を悟らずに書き始め、長い間放置していた長編作品の一部である。	little|小|adjective|small in size	treatise|論文|noun|a formal and systematic written work on a particular subject	part|一部|noun|a piece or portion of something	long|長い|adjective|having a great distance or duration	work|作品|noun|a product of artistic or intellectual effort	begin|書き始める|verb|start to do something	year|何年も前|noun|a period of 365 or 366 days	ago|前に|adverb|earlier; previously	limitation|限界|noun|a lack of ability or strength	realise|悟る|verb|become fully aware of	long|長い間|adverb|for a long time	abandon|放置する|verb|leave and never return to
Of the various fragments that might have been extracted from what I wrote, this is the most considerable, and, I think, the least unworthy of being offered to the public.	私が書いたものから抜粋された様々な断片の中で、これは最も重要なものであり、また、公に提供するに値しないものではないと思う。	various|様々な|adjective|more than one; several	fragment|断片|noun|a small part broken off or separated from something	extract|抜粋する|verb|remove or take out	write|書く|verb|mark (letters, words, or other symbols) on a surface, typically paper, with a pen, pencil, or similar implement	considerable|かなりの|adjective|notably large in size, amount, or extent	think|思う|verb|have a particular opinion, belief, or idea about someone or something	least|最も少なく|adjective|smallest in amount, extent, or significance	unworthy|値しない|adjective|not good enough for someone or something	public|公|noun|the people as a whole
The rest no longer exists.	残りはもはや存在しない。	rest|残り|noun|the remaining part	no longer|もはや|adverb|not any more; not now	exist|存在する|verb|have objective reality or being


## BOOK I	第一巻	book|巻|noun|a set of sheets of paper, parchment, or similar materials that are fastened together to hinge at one side

I mean to inquire if, in the civil order, there can be any sure and legitimate rule of administration, men being taken as they are and laws as they might be.	私が調べようとしているのは、市民社会において、人間をあるがままに、法律をありうべき姿として捉えた場合、確実で合法的な統治のルールが存在するかどうかである。	mean to|しようとする|verb|intend to	inquire|調べる|verb|ask about	civil order|市民社会|noun|a society of citizens	sure|確実な|adjective|certain	legitimate|合法的な|adjective|lawful	rule|ルール|noun|a principle or regulation governing conduct, action, procedure, arrangement, etc.	administration|統治|noun|the management of a country's affairs	men|人間|noun|an adult male human being	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	might|ありうべき|auxiliary verb|be possible or likely
In this inquiry I shall endeavour always to unite what right sanctions with what is prescribed by interest, in order that justice and utility may in no case be divided.	この探求において、私は正義と有用性が決して分断されないように、権利が認めるものと利益によって規定されるものを常に結びつけるよう努力するつもりである。	inquiry|探求|noun|an investigation or examination	endeavour|努力する|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	unite|結びつける|verb|join or combine	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	sanction|認める|verb|give official permission or approval for	interest|利益|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	prescribe|規定する|verb|lay down authoritatively; impose	justice|正義|noun|just behaviour or treatment	utility|有用性|noun|the state of being useful, profitable, or beneficial	divide|分断する|verb|separate or be separated into parts

I enter upon my task without proving the importance of the subject I shall be asked if I am a prince or a legislator, to write on politics.	私は、私が王子や立法者であるかどうかを尋ねられるであろう主題の重要性を証明することなく、私の仕事に取り掛かる。	enter upon|取り掛かる|verb|begin to deal with	task|仕事|noun|a piece of work to be done	prove|証明する|verb|to show or make clear the truth or existence of	importance|重要性|noun|the state or quality of being important	subject|主題|noun|the main topic of a text or speech	ask|尋ねる|verb|to put a question to	prince|王子|noun|a male member of a royal family	legislator|立法者|noun|a person who makes laws	write|書く|verb|to form letters, words, or symbols on a surface	politics|政治|noun|the activities associated with the governance of a country or area
I answer that I am neither, and that is why I do so.	私はどちらでもないと答える、そしてそれが私がそうする理由である。	answer|答える|verb|say or write something in reply	neither|どちらでもない|determiner|not either of two people or things	that is why|それが理由である|phrase|that is the reason why
If I were a prince or a legislator, I should not waste time in saying what wants doing;	もし私が王子や立法者であったら、何をすべきかを言うのに時間を無駄にしないだろう。	prince|王子|noun|a male member of a royal family other than the reigning king	legislator|立法者|noun|a person who makes laws	waste|無駄にする|verb|use or expend carelessly, extravagantly, or to no purpose	time|時間|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	say|言う|verb|express (something) in words
I should do it, or hold my peace.	私はそれをするか、黙っているだろう。	do|する|verb|perform, execute, or accomplish	hold one's peace|黙っている|verb|remain silent

As I was born a citizen of a free State, and a member of the Sovereign, I feel that, however feeble the influence my voice can have on public affairs, the right of voting on them makes it my duty to study them: and I am happy, when I reflect upon governments, to find my inquiries always furnish me with new reasons for loving that of my own country.	私は自由な国家の市民であり、主権者の一員として生まれたので、私の声が公務に及ぼす影響がどれほど弱くても、それらに投票する権利は、それらを研究する義務を負わせていると感じている。そして、私が政府について考えるとき、私の探求が常に私の国のそれを愛するための新しい理由を私に提供してくれることを発見できることを嬉しく思う。	citizen|市民|noun|a person who is a member of a particular country	free|自由な|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes	State|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	member|一員|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization	Sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	feel|感じる|verb|be aware of (something) through touch	feeble|弱い|adjective|lacking physical strength	influence|影響|noun|the capacity to have an effect on the character, development, or behavior of someone or something, or the effect itself	voice|声|noun|the sound produced in a person's larynx and uttered through the mouth, as speech or song	public affairs|公務|noun|the business of government	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	voting|投票|noun|the expression of a choice between two or more candidates or courses of action	duty|義務|noun|a moral or legal obligation	study|研究|verb|read and understand something	happy|嬉しい|adjective|feeling or showing pleasure or contentment	reflect|考える|verb|think carefully about (something)	inquiry|探求|noun|an official examination of the facts about a situation, crime, etc.	furnish|提供する|verb|supply or provide (something)	reason|理由|noun|a cause, explanation, or justification for an action or event	love|愛する|verb|feel a deep or constant affection for (someone)


## CHAPTER I: SUBJECT OF THE FIRST BOOK	第一章: 第一巻の題目	chapter|章|noun|a main division of a book	subject|題目|noun|the topic of a discussion or conversation	first|第一|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest	book|巻|noun|a written or printed work consisting of pages bound together between two covers

Man is born free; and everywhere he is in chains.	人間は自由に生まれた。しかし、至る所で鎖につながれている。	be born|生まれる|verb|come into existence	free|自由に|adverb|without cost or payment	everywhere|至る所|adverb|in all places or in every part	chain|鎖|noun|a series of connected metal links
One thinks himself the master of others, and still remains a greater slave than they.	ある人は自分が他人の主人だと思っているが、それでも彼らよりも大きな奴隷のままである。	one|ある人|noun|a person of importance	think|思う|verb|have an opinion about something	master|主人|noun|a person who has control over something	other|他人|noun|a person other than oneself	still|それでも|adverb|even now or even then	remain|ままである|verb|stay in the same place or condition	slave|奴隷|noun|a person who is owned as property by another and is under the control of that person
How did this change come about?	この変化はどのようにして起こったのだろうか?	change|変化|noun|the act or instance of making or becoming different	come about|起こる|verb|take place; happen
I do not know.	私は知らない。	do not know|知らない|verb|be not aware of
What can make it legitimate?	何がそれを正当化できるのか?	make|できる|verb|cause to be or become	legitimate|正当化|adjective|in accordance with the law or with rules and regulations
That question I think I can answer.	その質問には答えられると思う。	question|質問|noun|a statement asking for something and expecting an answer	answer|答える|verb|say or write something in reply to a question or statement

If I took into account only force, and the effects derived from it, I should say: “As long as a people is compelled to obey, and obeys, it does well;	もし私が力とそれから生じる効果だけを考慮に入れるなら、私はこう言うだろう。「人々が従うことを強要され、従う限り、それはうまくいく。	take into account|考慮に入れる|verb|to consider something when making a decision	force|力|noun|strength or energy exerted or brought to bear	effect|効果|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	derive|生じる|verb|to obtain something from a specified source	as long as|限り|conjunction|on the condition that; provided that	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	compel|強要する|verb|to force or oblige someone to do something	obey|従う|verb|to act in accordance with the command, direction, or request of	do well|うまくいく|verb|to be successful or fortunate
as soon as it can shake off the yoke, and shakes it off, it does still better;	人々がくびきを振り払うことができ、振り払ったなら、それはさらにうまくいく。	as soon as|できるだけ早く|adverb|at the earliest possible time	shake off|振り払う|verb|get rid of	yoke|くびき|noun|a wooden beam normally used between a pair of oxen or other animals that enables them to pull together	do|行う|verb|perform or execute	better|より良い|adjective|of a more excellent or effective type or quality
for, regaining its liberty by the same right as took it away, either it is justified in resuming it, or there was no justification for those who took it away.”	なぜなら、自由を奪ったのと同じ権利によって自由を取り戻すことは、自由を取り戻すことが正当化されるか、自由を奪った人々にとって正当化される理由がなかったかのどちらかだからだ。」	regain|取り戻す|verb|get or have (something) again	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions or limitations	take away|奪う|verb|remove or take from a place	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	resume|再開する|verb|begin again or continue after a pause or interruption	justify|正当化する|verb|show or prove to be right or reasonable	take away|奪う|verb|remove or take from a place
But the social order is a sacred right which is the basis of all other rights.	しかし、社会秩序は他のすべての権利の基礎となる神聖な権利である。	social order|社会秩序|noun|the way in which a society is organized	sacred|神聖な|adjective|consecrated to some deity or to some religious purpose; consecrated	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something
Nevertheless, this right does not come from nature, and must therefore be founded on conventions.	それにもかかわらず、この権利は自然から生じるものではないので、慣習に基づいていなければならない。	nevertheless|それにもかかわらず|adverb|in spite of that; notwithstanding; all the same	come from|生じる|verb|have as a source	nature|自然|noun|the physical world and everything in it	must|～しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be compelled to	be founded on|に基づく|verb|be based on	convention|慣習|noun|a way in which something is usually done
Before coming to that, I have to prove what I have just asserted.	その前に、私が今主張したことを証明しなければならない。	before|前に|preposition|earlier than; in front of	come|来る|verb|move or travel toward or into a place thought of as near or familiar to the speaker	have to|しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; must	prove|証明する|verb|demonstrate the truth or existence of by evidence or argument	just|ちょうど|adverb|exactly; precisely	assert|主張する|verb|state a fact or belief confidently and forcefully


## CHAPTER II: THE FIRST SOCIETIES	第2章: 最初の社会	chapter|章|noun|a main division of a book	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community

The most ancient of all societies, and the only one that is natural is the family: and even so the children remain attached to the father only so long as they need him for their preservation.	すべての社会の中で最も古く、唯一自然なものは家族である。それでも、子供たちは自分の保護のために父親を必要としている間だけ父親に執着している。	ancient|古い|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	natural|自然な|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	family|家族|noun|a group of people who are related to each other	even so|それでも|adverb|despite that; notwithstanding	child|子供|noun|a young human being below the age of puberty or below the legal age of majority	remain|残る|verb|be left after others have gone	attached|執着している|adjective|joined or connected	father|父親|noun|a man who has a child	only so long as|だけ|adverb|only to the extent or degree that	need|必要とする|verb|require (something) because it is essential or very important
As soon as this need ceases, the natural bond is dissolved.	この必要性がなくなるとすぐに、自然な絆は解消される。	as soon as|とすぐに|conjunction|immediately after	need|必要性|noun|a requirement for something	cease|なくなる|verb|come to an end	natural|自然な|adjective|existing in or caused by nature	bond|絆|noun|a connection or link between people or things
The children, released from the obedience they owed to the father, and the father, released from the care he owed his children, return equally to independence.	子供たちは父親に従う義務から解放され、父親は子供たちの世話から解放され、平等に独立する。	child|子供|noun|a young human being below the age of puberty or below the legal age of majority	release|解放される|verb|set or let go free	obedience|従う義務|noun|the quality or state of being obedient	father|父親|noun|a man who has begotten a child	care|世話|noun|the provision of what is necessary for the health, welfare, maintenance, and protection of someone or something	return|戻る|verb|go or come back to a place or person	independence|独立|noun|the quality or state of being independent
If they remain united, they continue so no longer naturally, but voluntarily;	彼らが団結したままであれば、それはもはや自然ではなく自発的なものである。	remain|残る|verb|be left after others have gone	united|団結した|adjective|joined or connected as one	continue|続く|verb|keep doing something	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a natural manner	voluntarily|自発的に|adverb|out of your own free will
and the family itself is then maintained only by convention.	そして、家族そのものは慣習によってのみ維持される。	family|家族|noun|a group of people who are related to each other	itself|それ自体|pronoun|used to emphasize the identity of the subject	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	convention|慣習|noun|a way of behaving that is usual or expected in a particular society or situation

This common liberty results from the nature of man.	この共通の自由は人間の本性から生じる。	result|生じる|verb|be the outcome or consequence of	nature|本性|noun|the basic or inherent features, character, or qualities of something
His first law is to provide for his own preservation, his first cares are those which he owes to himself;	彼の最初の法則は、自分自身の保存を準備することであり、彼の最初の関心事は、彼が自分自身に負っているものである。	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest	law|法則|noun|a statement of fact, deduced from observation, to the effect that a particular natural or scientific phenomenon always occurs if certain conditions be present	provide|準備する|verb|make available for use; supply	preservation|保存|noun|the act of keeping something in its original state	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest	care|関心事|noun|a worry or a cause of worry	owe|負っている|verb|have an obligation to pay or repay in return for something received
and, as soon as he reaches years of discretion, he is the sole judge of the proper means of preserving himself, and consequently becomes his own master.	そして、彼が分別の年齢に達するとすぐに、彼は自分自身を守るための適切な手段の唯一の裁判官となり、その結果、彼自身の主人となる。	as soon as|するとすぐに|conjunction|immediately after	reach|達する|verb|arrive at a destination	year|年齢|noun|the time it takes the earth to make one revolution around the sun	discretion|分別|noun|the quality of being discreet	sole|唯一の|adjective|being the only one	judge|裁判官|noun|a public official who hears and decides cases in a court of law	proper|適切な|adjective|suitable or right for the purpose	means|手段|noun|a method, style, or manner of doing something	preserve|守る|verb|keep in its original state	consequently|その結果|adverb|as a result	become|なる|verb|come to be	own|自身の|adjective|belonging to (the person or thing mentioned)	master|主人|noun|a person who has control over something

The family then may be called the first model of political societies: the ruler corresponds to the father, and the people to the children;	家族は政治社会の最初のモデルと呼ぶことができる。支配者は父親に、人々は子供たちに相当する。	family|家族|noun|a group of people who are related to each other	call|呼ぶ|verb|give a name to	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	model|モデル|noun|a person who is employed to display clothes by wearing them	political|政治的|adjective|of or relating to government, a government, or the conduct of government	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	ruler|支配者|noun|a person exercising government or dominion	father|父親|noun|a man who has begotten a child	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	children|子供たち|noun|a son or daughter of any age
and all, being born free and equal, alienate their liberty only for their own advantage.	そして、すべては自由で平等に生まれ、自分たちの利益のためだけに自由を疎外する。	and all|そして、すべて|conjunction|and everything	be born|生まれる|verb|come into existence	free|自由|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes	equal|平等|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status	alienate|疎外する|verb|cause to feel isolated or estranged	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life, behavior, or political views
The whole difference is that, in the family, the love of the father for his children repays him for the care he takes of them, while, in the State, the pleasure of commanding takes the place of the love which the chief cannot have for the peoples under him.	全体的な違いは、家族では、父親の子供への愛情が、父親が子供を世話する見返りになっているのに対し、国家では、命令する喜びが、首長が部下に対して持つことのできない愛情に取って代わっていることである。	difference|違い|noun|the state or fact of being different	family|家族|noun|a group of people who are related to each other	father|父親|noun|a man who has a child	love|愛情|noun|a strong feeling of affection	children|子供|noun|a young human being below the age of puberty or below the legal age of majority	repay|見返り|verb|pay back	care|世話|noun|the provision of what is necessary for the health, welfare, maintenance, and protection of someone or something	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	pleasure|喜び|noun|a feeling of happy satisfaction and enjoyment	take the place of|取って代わる|verb|be used or act instead of	chief|首長|noun|the head of a tribe or other social group	people|部下|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively

Grotius denies that all human power is established in favour of the governed, and quotes slavery as an example.	グロティウスは、すべての人間の権力が被支配者に有利に確立されていることを否定し、奴隷制を例に挙げている。	Grotius|グロティウス|noun|a Dutch jurist	deny|否定する|verb|state that one does not hold a particular opinion or belief	all|すべての|determiner|the whole quantity or extent of	human|人間の|adjective|of or relating to humankind	power|権力|noun|the ability to do or act	establish|確立する|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	favour|有利に|noun|an act of kindness beyond what is usual or expected	governed|被支配者|noun|a person who is governed	quote|例に挙げる|verb|repeat a passage from a book, speech, or other source	slavery|奴隷制|noun|the condition of a slave; bondage
His usual method of reasoning is constantly to establish right by fact.	彼の通常の推論方法は、常に事実によって権利を確立することである。	usual|通常の|adjective|happening or done often or regularly	method|方法|noun|a way of doing something	reasoning|推論|noun|the process of thinking about something in a logical way in order to form a conclusion or judgment	constantly|常に|adverb|continuously over a period of time; always	establish|確立する|verb|to set up or start something	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	fact|事実|noun|a thing that is known or proved to be true
It would be possible to employ a more logical method, but none could be more favourable to tyrants.	もっと論理的な方法を採用することも可能だろうが、暴君にとってこれ以上好都合な方法はない。	be possible|可能である|verb|be able to be done	employ|採用する|verb|use or apply	logical|論理的|adjective|of or according to the rules of logic or formal argument	method|方法|noun|a way of doing something	tyrant|暴君|noun|a cruel and oppressive ruler

It is then, according to Grotius, doubtful whether the human race belongs to a hundred men, or that hundred men to the human race: and, throughout his book, he seems to incline to the former alternative, which is also the view of Hobbes.	グロティウスによれば、人類が百人の人間に属するのか、百人の人間が人類に属するのか、疑わしいということになる。そして、彼の著書全体を通して、彼は前者の選択肢に傾いているように思われるが、それはホッブズの見解でもある。	Grotius|グロティウス|noun|Hugo Grotius, a Dutch jurist, philosopher, theologian, playwright, and poet	doubtful|疑わしい|adjective|questionable; uncertain	human race|人類|noun|the human species	hundred|百|noun|the number 100	book|著書|noun|a written work or composition that has been published	incline|傾く|verb|be disposed or willing	former|前者|adjective|the first of two or more things mentioned	alternative|選択肢|noun|one of two or more available possibilities	Hobbes|ホッブズ|noun|Thomas Hobbes, an English philosopher, best known today for his work on political philosophy
On this showing, the human species is divided into so many herds of cattle, each with its ruler, who keeps guard over them for the purpose of devouring them.	この見解によれば、人類は非常に多くの牛の群れに分けられ、それぞれに支配者がいて、彼らを貪り食うために見張っている。	on this showing|この見解によれば|phrase|according to this view	human species|人類|noun|the human race	divide|分ける|verb|separate into parts	cattle|牛|noun|a large domesticated ungulate	herd|群れ|noun|a large group of animals	ruler|支配者|noun|a person who rules or governs	keep guard|見張る|verb|watch over	devour|貪り食う|verb|eat greedily

As a shepherd is of a nature superior to that of his flock, the shepherds of men, i.e. their rulers, are of a nature superior to that of the peoples under them.	羊飼いがその群れよりも優れた性質を持つように、人間の羊飼い、つまり支配者は、その下にいる人々よりも優れた性質を持つ。	shepherd|羊飼い|noun|a person who looks after sheep	flock|群れ|noun|a large group of birds, sheep, or other animals	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features of something	superior|優れた|adjective|higher in rank, status, or quality	shepherd|羊飼い|noun|a person who looks after sheep	men|人間|noun|an adult male human being	ruler|支配者|noun|a person exercising government or dominion	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	under|下に|preposition|below or beneath
Thus, Philo tells us, the Emperor Caligula reasoned, concluding equally well either that kings were gods, or that men were beasts.	フィロンによれば、カリグラ皇帝は、王は神であるか、人間は獣であるかのどちらかであると結論づけたという。	Philo|フィロン|noun|a Hellenistic Jewish philosopher	tell|言う|verb|communicate with words	Emperor Caligula|カリグラ皇帝|noun|the third Roman emperor	reason|推論する|verb|think, understand, and form judgments by a process of logic	conclude|結論づける|verb|reach a decision or form an opinion about something	equally|等しく|adverb|in the same way or to the same degree	king|王|noun|the male ruler of an independent state	god|神|noun|a superhuman being or spirit worshiped as having power over nature or human fortunes; a deity	man|人間|noun|an adult male human being	beast|獣|noun|an animal other than a human being

The reasoning of Caligula agrees with that of Hobbes and Grotius.	カリグラの推論はホッブズとグロティウスの推論と一致する。	Caligula|カリグラ|noun|the third Roman emperor	reasoning|推論|noun|the process of thinking about something in a logical way in order to form a conclusion or judgment	Hobbes|ホッブズ|noun|an English philosopher	Grotius|グロティウス|noun|a Dutch jurist
Aristotle, before any of them, had said that men are by no means equal naturally, but that some are born for slavery, and others for dominion.	アリストテレスは、彼らの誰よりも前に、人間は決して生まれつき平等ではなく、ある者は奴隷として、またある者は支配者として生まれると述べた。	Aristotle|アリストテレス|noun|a Greek philosopher and polymath during the Classical period in Ancient Greece	before|前に|preposition|earlier than	any|誰よりも|determiner|one, some, or all indiscriminately of whatever quantity	say|述べる|verb|express (something) in words	man|人間|noun|an adult male human being	by no means|決して|adverb|not at all; in no way	equal|平等|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status	naturally|生まれつき|adverb|by nature; inherently	some|ある者|determiner|an unspecified number or amount of	slavery|奴隷|noun|a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them	other|ある者|determiner|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or distinct from one already mentioned or known about	dominion|支配者|noun|sovereignty; control

Aristotle was right; but he took the effect for the cause.	アリストテレスは正しかったが、彼は原因と結果を逆に捉えた。	Aristotle|アリストテレス|noun|a Greek philosopher and polymath during the Classical period in Ancient Greece	right|正しい|adjective|correct or true	take|捉える|verb|to interpret or understand in a particular way	effect|結果|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	cause|原因|noun|a person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or condition
Nothing can be more certain than that every man born in slavery is born for slavery.	奴隷として生まれた人は皆、奴隷として生まれたということ以上に確かなことはない。	nothing|何も|noun|not anything; no single thing	can be|あり得る|auxiliary verb|be possible or likely	more|もっと|adverb|to a greater extent	certain|確かな|adjective|known or proved to be true	every|すべての|determiner|each and all of a group	man|人|noun|an adult male human being	born|生まれた|verb|come into existence	slavery|奴隷|noun|the state of being a slave	for|ために|preposition|with the object or purpose of
Slaves lose everything in their chains, even the desire of escaping from them: they love their servitude, as the comrades of Ulysses loved their brutish condition.	奴隷は鎖につながれて全てを失い、鎖から逃れたいという欲望さえも失う。彼らは、ユリシーズの仲間が獣のような状態を愛したように、奴隷の身分を愛する。	slave|奴隷|noun|a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them	lose|失う|verb|be deprived of or cease to have or retain	chain|鎖|noun|a series of connected metal links	desire|欲望|noun|a strong feeling of wanting to have something or wishing for something to happen	escape|逃れる|verb|get free from a situation	love|愛する|verb|feel a deep or constant affection for	servitude|奴隷の身分|noun|the state of being a slave	Ulysses|ユリシーズ|noun|a legendary Greek hero	comrade|仲間|noun|a friend or companion	brutish|獣のような|adjective|like a wild animal
If then there are slaves by nature, it is because there have been slaves against nature.	だから、もし生まれつきの奴隷がいるとすれば、それは自然に反した奴隷がいたためである。	if|もし|conjunction|on the condition or supposition that; in the event that	there are|いる|verb|exist	slave|奴隷|noun|a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them	by nature|生まれつき|adverb|naturally; inherently	there have been|いた|verb|exist in the past	against nature|自然に反した|adjective|unnatural; abnormal
Force made the first slaves, and their cowardice perpetuated the condition.	力は最初の奴隷を作り、彼らの臆病さはその状態を永続させた。	force|力|noun|strength or energy exerted or brought to bear	make|作る|verb|cause to exist or happen	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	slave|奴隷|noun|a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them	cowardice|臆病さ|noun|lack of courage or bravery	perpetuate|永続させる|verb|cause to continue or last indefinitely

I have said nothing of King Adam, or Emperor Noah, father of the three great monarchs who shared out the universe, like the children of Saturn, whom some scholars have recognised in them.	私は、アダム王やノア皇帝については何も言っていない。彼らは、一部の学者が彼らの中に認めている土星の子供たちのように、宇宙を共有した三人の偉大な君主の父である。	King Adam|アダム王|noun|the first man in the Bible	Emperor Noah|ノア皇帝|noun|the builder of the Ark in the Bible	father|父|noun|a male parent	three|三人|numeral|the number 3	great|偉大な|adjective|of major significance or importance	monarch|君主|noun|the head of a monarchy	share|共有する|verb|have or use something at the same time as someone else	universe|宇宙|noun|all existing matter and space considered as a whole; the cosmos	Saturn|土星|noun|the sixth planet from the sun	scholar|学者|noun|a specialist in a particular branch of study	recognise|認める|verb|be aware of the existence or truth of
I trust to getting due thanks for my moderation;	私は自分の節度に対して正当な感謝を得ると信じている。	trust|信じる|verb|believe in the reliability, truth, or ability of	get|得る|verb|receive	due|正当な|adjective|proper or appropriate	thanks|感謝|noun|gratitude	moderation|節度|noun|the quality of being moderate; restraint
for, being a direct descendant of one of these princes, perhaps of the eldest branch, how do I know that a verification of titles might not leave me the legitimate king of the human race?	というのも、私はこれらの王子の一人、おそらくは長男の直系の子孫なので、称号の検証によって私が人類の正当な王にならないとどうしてわかるだろうか?	for|というのも|conjunction|because	being|である|verb|exist or live	direct descendant|直系の子孫|noun|a person who is descended directly from another	one|一人|noun|the lowest cardinal number	these|これらの|determiner|the ones that are here	prince|王子|noun|a male member of a royal family other than the king	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly	eldest|長男|adjective|the oldest	branch|分家|noun|a division of a family that is descended from a particular ancestor	how|どうして|adverb|in what way or manner	know|わかる|verb|be aware of	verification|検証|noun|the process of establishing the truth, accuracy, or validity of something	title|称号|noun|a name that describes someone's position or job	might|かもしれない|auxiliary verb|expressing possibility	leave|ならない|verb|go away from a place	me|私|pronoun|the person who is speaking or writing	legitimate|正当な|adjective|in accordance with the law or with rules and standards	king|王|noun|a male sovereign or monarch	human race|人類|noun|human beings considered collectively
In any case, there can be no doubt that Adam was sovereign of the world, as Robinson Crusoe was of his island, as long as he was its only inhabitant;	いずれにせよ、ロビンソン・クルーソーが島の唯一の住人であった限り、島の支配者であったように、アダムが世界の支配者であったことは疑いようがない。	in any case|いずれにせよ|adverb|whatever the circumstances	there can be no doubt|疑いようがない|verb|be certain	Adam|アダム|noun|the first man	sovereign|支配者|noun|a supreme ruler	Robinson Crusoe|ロビンソン・クルーソー|noun|the protagonist of Daniel Defoe's novel Robinson Crusoe	island|島|noun|a piece of land surrounded by water	inhabitant|住人|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	world|世界|noun|the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on
and this empire had the advantage that the monarch, safe on his throne, had no rebellions, wars, or conspirators to fear.	そして、この帝国には、君主が王座に安住し、反乱や戦争、陰謀を恐れる必要がないという利点があった。	empire|帝国|noun|a group of countries or states under the control of one ruler	advantage|利点|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favourable or superior position	monarch|君主|noun|the head of a monarchy	throne|王座|noun|the seat of a king, queen, or other sovereign	rebellion|反乱|noun|an act of violent or open resistance to an established government or ruler	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	conspirator|陰謀家|noun|a person who takes part in a conspiracy


## CHAPTER III: THE RIGHT OF THE STRONGEST	第3章: 最強者の権利	chapter|章|noun|a main division of a book	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something

The strongest is never strong enough to be always the master, unless he transforms strength into right, and obedience into duty.	最強者は、強さを権利に、服従を義務に変えなければ、常に主人であり続けるほど強くはない。	strong|強い|adjective|having great physical power	strong enough|十分に強い|adjective|having enough physical power	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	master|主人|noun|a person who has control over something	unless|～でなければ|conjunction|except if	transform|変える|verb|change in form, appearance, or nature	strength|強さ|noun|the quality or state of being physically strong	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	obedience|服従|noun|the quality or state of being obedient	duty|義務|noun|a moral or legal obligation
Hence the right of the strongest, which, though to all seeming meant ironically, is really laid down as a fundamental principle.	だから、最強者の権利は、皮肉に聞こえるかもしれないが、実際には基本原則として定められている。	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	strongest|最強者|noun|the most powerful person or thing	ironically|皮肉に|adverb|in a way that is the opposite of what is expected	fundamental principle|基本原則|noun|a basic truth or law as the basis of other truths or laws
But are we never to have an explanation of this phrase?	しかし、この言葉の説明は永遠に得られないのだろうか?	never|永遠に|adverb|at no time in the past or future; on no occasion; not ever	explanation|説明|noun|a statement or account that makes something clear	phrase|言葉|noun|a small group of words forming a unit of speech
Force is a physical power, and I fail to see what moral effect it can have.	力は物理的な力であり、私はそれがどんな道徳的効果をもたらすのか理解できない。	force|力|noun|strength or energy exerted or brought to bear	physical|物理的|adjective|of or relating to physics	power|力|noun|the ability or capacity to perform or act	fail to see|理解できない|verb|be unable to understand	moral|道徳的|adjective|concerned with the principles of right and wrong behavior	effect|効果|noun|a change that is a result or consequence of an action or other cause
To yield to force is an act of necessity, not of will—at the most, an act of prudence.	力に屈することは、意志ではなく必要性から来る行為であり、せいぜい慎重な行為である。	yield|屈する|verb|give way to pressure, force, or persuasion	force|力|noun|strength or energy exerted or brought to bear	necessity|必要性|noun|the quality or state of being necessary	will|意志|noun|the faculty by which a person decides on and initiates action	prudence|慎重|noun|the quality of being prudent; care and foresight in the management of affairs
In what sense can it be a duty?	どんな意味で義務なのだろうか?	in what sense|どんな意味で|adverb|in what way	can|できる|auxiliary verb|be able to	duty|義務|noun|a moral or legal obligation

Suppose for a moment that this so-called “right” exists.	しばらくの間、このいわゆる「権利」が存在すると仮定してみよう。	suppose|仮定する|verb|assume that something is the case on the basis of evidence or probability but without proof or certain knowledge	for a moment|しばらくの間|adverb|for a short period of time	so-called|いわゆる|adjective|used to convey that the person using the word or phrase does not think it is accurate or appropriate	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something
I maintain that the sole result is a mass of inexplicable nonsense.	私は、唯一の結果は説明のつかないナンセンスの塊であると主張する。	maintain|主張する|verb|assert or defend a statement	sole|唯一の|adjective|being the only one	result|結果|noun|something that happens or comes about as a consequence of an action or other cause	mass|塊|noun|a large quantity of something	inexplicable|説明のつかない|adjective|unable to be explained	nonsense|ナンセンス|noun|something that does not make sense
For, if force creates right, the effect changes with the cause: every force that is greater than the first succeeds to its right.	なぜなら、力が権利を生み出すのであれば、結果は原因によって変化するからである。最初の力よりも大きい力はすべて、その権利を引き継ぐことになる。	for|なぜなら|conjunction|because	force|力|noun|strength or energy as an attribute of physical action or movement	create|生み出す|verb|cause to come into being; bring about	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	effect|結果|noun|something that is produced by an agency or cause; result	change|変化する|verb|become different	cause|原因|noun|a person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or condition	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest	succeed|引き継ぐ|verb|take over a position or role from someone
As soon as it is possible to disobey with impunity, disobedience is legitimate;	罰を受けずに従わないことが可能になった時点で、不服従は合法となる。	as soon as|～するとすぐに|conjunction|immediately after	be possible|可能である|verb|be able to be done	disobey|従わない|verb|fail to obey	impunity|罰を受けずに|noun|exemption from punishment or freedom from the injurious consequences of an action	disobedience|不服従|noun|failure or refusal to obey	legitimate|合法である|adjective|being in accordance with the law; lawful
and, the strongest being always in the right, the only thing that matters is to act so as to become the strongest.	そして、最強の者が常に正しいのであれば、重要なのは最強になるように行動することだけである。	and|そして|conjunction|in addition to; also; too	the strongest|最強の者|noun|the most powerful person or thing	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	right|正しい|adjective|correct or true	the only thing|唯一のこと|noun|the one thing	matter|重要である|verb|be of importance or significance	act|行動する|verb|do something	so as to|になるように|conjunction|in order to; with the aim of	the strongest|最強|noun|the most powerful person or thing
But what kind of right is that which perishes when force fails?	しかし、力が失われたときに滅びるのはどのような権利だろうか?	what kind of|どのような|determiner|of what sort or type	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	perish|滅びる|verb|die or be destroyed	force|力|noun|strength or energy exerted or brought to bear	fail|失われる|verb|be unsuccessful in achieving something
If we must obey perforce, there is no need to obey because we ought;	私たちが強制的に従わなければならないのであれば、従うべきだから従う必要はない。	obey|従う|verb|follow the commands, instructions, or guidance of	perforce|強制的に|adverb|by or through necessity or force	there is no need to|する必要はない|verb|it is not necessary to	because|だから|conjunction|for the reason that	ought|べきだ|verb|should; must
and if we are not forced to obey, we are under no obligation to do so.	そして、私たちが従うことを強制されないのであれば、従う義務はない。	force|強制する|verb|make someone do something against their will	obey|従う|verb|act in accordance with	obligation|義務|noun|a legal or moral duty
Clearly, the word “right” adds nothing to force: in this connection, it means absolutely nothing.	明らかに、「権利」という言葉は力に何も付け加えない。この関連では、それは全く何も意味しない。	clearly|明らかに|adverb|in a clear manner	add|付け加える|verb|join or combine	nothing|何も|pronoun|not anything; no single thing	force|力|noun|strength or energy exerted or brought to bear	connection|関連|noun|a relationship in which a person, thing, or idea is linked or associated with something else	mean|意味する|verb|intend to convey, indicate, or refer to (something)	absolutely|全く|adverb|completely; totally

Obey the powers that be.	権力に従え。	obey|従う|verb|act in accordance with	power|権力|noun|the ability to do or act
If this means yield to force, it is a good precept, but superfluous: I can answer for its never being violated.	これが力に屈することを意味するなら、それは良い教訓だが、余計なことだ。私はそれが決して犯されないことを保証できる。	mean|意味する|verb|have as a purpose or intention	yield|屈する|verb|give way to pressure, force, or persuasion	good|良い|adjective|to be desired or approved of	precept|教訓|noun|a general rule intended to regulate behavior or thought	superfluous|余計な|adjective|unnecessary, especially through being more than enough	answer for|保証する|verb|take responsibility for	violate|犯す|verb|break or fail to comply with
All power comes from God, I admit;	すべての権力は神から来ている、と私は認める。	all|すべての|adjective|the whole quantity or extent of	power|権力|noun|the ability to do or act	come from|来る|verb|move or travel toward or into a place thought of as near or familiar to the speaker	God|神|noun|the creator and ruler of the universe and source of all moral authority; the supreme being	admit|認める|verb|to recognize the existence or truth of
but so does all sickness: does that mean that we are forbidden to call in the doctor?	しかし、すべての病気もそうである。それは、私たちが医者を呼ぶことを禁じられていることを意味するのか?	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	so|そう|adverb|in the manner or to the extent indicated	does|そうである|verb|be or act in a certain way	all|すべての|determiner|the whole amount or quantity of	sickness|病気|noun|a disease or period of sickness affecting the body and mind	does that mean|それは意味するのか|verb|have as a meaning or intention	we|私たち|pronoun|I and another or others	are forbidden|禁じられている|verb|not allowed; prohibited	to call in|呼ぶ|verb|to summon or request the presence of	the doctor|医者|noun|a person qualified to practice medicine
A brigand surprises me at the edge of a wood: must I not merely surrender my purse on compulsion;	山賊が森の端で私を襲った。私は強制されて財布を差し出すだけではいけないのか?	brigand|山賊|noun|a member of a gang that ambushes and robs people in forests and mountains	surprise|襲う|verb|attack or capture suddenly and unexpectedly	edge|端|noun|the outside limit of an object	wood|森|noun|a large area of land covered with trees	must|いけないのか|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be compelled to	surrender|差し出す|verb|give up or hand over (something) on compulsion or demand	compulsion|強制|noun|the action or state of forcing or being forced to do something
but, even if I could withhold it, am I in conscience bound to give it up?	しかし、私がそれを差し控えることができても、私は良心からそれを差し出す義務があるのだろうか?	withhold|差し控える|verb|refuse to give or grant	conscience|良心|noun|the inner sense of what is right or wrong in one's conduct or motives, impelling one toward right action	bound|義務がある|adjective|obliged or required to do something	give up|差し出す|verb|hand over; surrender
For certainly the pistol he holds is also a power.	確かに彼が持っているピストルもまた権力である。	certainly|確かに|adverb|without doubt; definitely	hold|持つ|verb|keep in one's hand	pistol|ピストル|noun|a small firearm that can be held in one hand	power|権力|noun|the ability to do or act

Let us then admit that force does not create right, and that we are obliged to obey only legitimate powers.	では、力は権利を生み出さず、私たちは合法的な権力にのみ従う義務があることを認めよう。	force|力|noun|strength or energy exerted or brought to bear	create|生み出す|verb|cause to come into being	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	admit|認める|verb|to recognize the existence or truth of	obey|従う|verb|to act in accordance with the commands, instructions, or wishes of	legitimate|合法的な|adjective|being in accordance with the law; lawful	power|権力|noun|the ability or capacity to perform or act
In that case, my original question recurs.	その場合、私の最初の質問が繰り返される。	in that case|その場合|adverb|if that is the case	recur|繰り返される|verb|happen again


## CHAPTER IV: SLAVERY	第4章: 奴隷制	CHAPTER IV|第4章|noun|the fourth chapter	SLAVERY|奴隷制|noun|the state of being a slave

Since no man has a natural authority over his fellow, and force creates no right, we must conclude that conventions form the basis of all legitimate authority among men.	誰も同胞に対して自然な権威を持たず、力は権利を生み出さないので、私たちは慣習が人々の間のすべての合法的な権威の基礎を形成すると結論付けなければならない。	no man|誰も|noun|no person	natural authority|自然な権威|noun|the power to command or enforce obedience	fellow|同胞|noun|a person in the same position, involved in the same activity, or otherwise having a particular relationship with another	force|力|noun|strength or energy exerted or brought to bear	create|生み出す|verb|cause to come into being	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	convention|慣習|noun|a way in which something is usually done	form|形成する|verb|make or produce	basis|基礎|noun|the underlying support or foundation for an idea, argument, or process	legitimate authority|合法的な権威|noun|the power to command or enforce obedience

If an individual, says Grotius, can alienate his liberty and make himself the slave of a master, why could not a whole people do the same and make itself subject to a king?	グロティウスは、もし個人が自分の自由を奪い、自分を主人の奴隷にすることができるのなら、なぜ国民全体が同じことをして、自分を王に従属させることができないのか、と述べている。	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinguished from a group	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free within society from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life, behavior, or political views	alienate|奪う|verb|cause a person to become unfriendly or hostile	slave|奴隷|noun|a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them	master|主人|noun|a person who has control over another person	whole|全体|adjective|all of; the entire	people|国民|noun|the inhabitants of a particular country or area	subject|従属させる|verb|cause to experience or undergo	king|王|noun|the male ruler of an independent state, especially one who inherits the position by birth
There are in this passage plenty of ambiguous words which would need explaining;	この一節には説明を要する曖昧な言葉がたくさんある。	There are|ある|verb|exist	passage|一節|noun|a section of a written work	plenty of|たくさん|noun|a lot of	ambiguous|曖昧な|adjective|having more than one possible meaning	word|言葉|noun|a unit of language	need|要する|verb|require	explaining|説明|noun|a statement or account that makes something clear
but let us confine ourselves to the word alienate.	しかし、ここでは「奪う」という言葉に限定しよう。	confine|限定する|verb|keep or restrict someone or something within certain limits	word|言葉|noun|a unit of language, consisting of one or more spoken sounds or their written representation, that functions as a principal carrier of meaning	alienate|奪う|verb|make someone feel isolated or estranged
To alienate is to give or to sell.	奪うということは、与えること、あるいは売ることである。	alienate|奪う|verb|make someone feel isolated or estranged	give|与える|verb|transfer the possession of something to someone	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over in exchange for money
Now, a man who becomes the slave of another does not give himself;	さて、他人の奴隷になる人は、自分を差し出すわけではない。	Now|さて|adverb|at the present time; currently	become|なる|verb|come to be	slave|奴隷|noun|a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them	another|他人|noun|a person other than oneself	give|差し出す|verb|freely transfer the possession of (something) to (someone)
he sells himself, at the least for his subsistence: but for what does a people sell itself?	彼は、少なくとも自分の生存のために自分を売る。しかし、人々は何のために自分を売るのか?	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	subsistence|生存|noun|the condition of remaining in existence; continued existence	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money
A king is so far from furnishing his subjects with their subsistence that he gets his own only from them;	王は、臣民に生存の糧を与えるどころか、彼らから自分の糧を得ているだけである。	king|王|noun|the male ruler of an independent state	so far from|どころか|adverb|to the contrary	furnish|与える|verb|supply or provide	subject|臣民|noun|a person who owes allegiance to a monarch or other sovereign	subsistence|生存の糧|noun|the minimum amount of food and shelter necessary to maintain life	get|得る|verb|receive or be given	own|自分の|adjective|belonging to (the person or thing mentioned)	only|だけ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else
and, according to Rabelais, kings do not live on nothing.	そして、ラブレーによれば、王は何も食べずに生きるわけではない。	according to|によれば|preposition|as stated or reported by	Rabelais|ラブレー|noun|a French Renaissance writer, doctor, and humanist	live on|食べて生きる|verb|to continue to live	nothing|何も食べずに|noun|not anything; no single thing
Do subjects then give their persons on condition that the king takes their goods also?	では、臣民は王が彼らの財産も奪うことを条件に、自分たちの身を差し出すのか?	subject|臣民|noun|a person who owes allegiance to a monarch or other sovereign	give|差し出す|verb|transfer the possession of something to someone	person|身|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	condition|条件|noun|something that must happen or be done before another thing can happen or be done	king|王|noun|a male sovereign or monarch	take|奪う|verb|move something or someone from one place to another	goods|財産|noun|a thing or things belonging to someone
I fail to see what they have left to preserve.	彼らが何を守るために残したのか、私にはわからない。	fail to see|わからない|verb|be unable to understand	leave|残す|verb|go away from a place	preserve|守る|verb|keep in its original state

It will be said that the despot assures his subjects civil tranquillity.	専制君主は臣民に市民の平穏を保証すると言う人もいるだろう。	despot|専制君主|noun|a ruler with absolute power	assure|保証する|verb|make sure or certain	subject|臣民|noun|a person who is under the authority of another	civil|市民の|adjective|of or relating to the state or its citizens	tranquillity|平穏|noun|the quality or state of being tranquil
Granted; but what do they gain, if the wars his ambition brings down upon them, his insatiable avidity, and the vexatious conduct of his ministers press harder on them than their own dissensions would have done?	認めよう。しかし、もし彼の野望が彼らに戦争をもたらし、彼の飽くことのない貪欲さ、そして彼の大臣たちの厄介な振る舞いが、彼ら自身の不和が彼らに与えたであろうよりも彼らを強く圧迫するならば、彼らは何を得るのか?	ambition|野望|noun|a strong desire to achieve something	bring down|もたらす|verb|cause to happen	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	insatiable|飽くことのない|adjective|extremely greedy	avidity|貪欲さ|noun|a strong desire for something	vexatious|厄介な|adjective|causing annoyance or worry	conduct|振る舞い|noun|the way in which someone behaves	minister|大臣|noun|a person appointed by a state leader to head a ministry	press|圧迫する|verb|exert force on	hard|強く|adverb|with a great deal of force or strength	dissension|不和|noun|disagreement that leads to discord	gain|得る|verb|obtain or secure
What do they gain, if the very tranquillity they enjoy is one of their miseries?	彼らが享受している平穏そのものが彼らの悲惨さの一つであるならば、彼らは何を得るのか?	gain|得る|verb|obtain or win something	tranquillity|平穏|noun|the quality or state of being tranquil	enjoy|享受する|verb|take delight or pleasure in	misery|悲惨さ|noun|a state of great suffering or unhappiness
Tranquillity is found also in dungeons;	平穏は地下牢にも見られる。	tranquillity|平穏|noun|the quality or state of being tranquil	dungeon|地下牢|noun|a dark, damp underground prison cell
but is that enough to make them desirable places to live in?	しかし、それが地下牢を住むのに望ましい場所にするのに十分だろうか?	enough|十分|adjective|as much or as many as required	make|する|verb|cause to be or become	desirable|望ましい|adjective|worth having or wanting	place|場所|noun|a particular position, point, or area in space
The Greeks imprisoned in the cave of the Cyclops lived there very tranquilly, while they were awaiting their turn to be devoured.	キュクロプスの洞窟に閉じ込められたギリシャ人は、食われる順番を待っている間、そこでとても平穏に暮らしていた。	Cyclops|キュクロプス|noun|a member of a primordial race of giants having a single eye in the middle of the forehead	imprison|閉じ込める|verb|put or keep in prison or a similar place	Greek|ギリシャ人|noun|a native or inhabitant of Greece	live|暮らす|verb|be alive	tranquilly|平穏に|adverb|in a calm and peaceful manner	devour|食う|verb|eat up greedily or ravenously

To say that a man gives himself gratuitously, is to say what is absurd and inconceivable;	人が自分を無償で差し出すと言うのは、不条理で考えられない事を言う事である。	say|言う|verb|express (something) in words	give|差し出す|verb|transfer the possession of (something) to (someone)	gratuitously|無償で|adverb|without charge or payment	absurd|不条理な|adjective|ridiculously incongruous or inappropriate	inconceivable|考えられない|adjective|too unlikely or undesirable to be considered a possibility
such an act is null and illegitimate, from the mere fact that he who does it is out of his mind.	そのような行為は、それをする人が正気でないという単なる事実から、無効で不法である。	such|そのような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	act|行為|noun|something that a person or thing does	null|無効|adjective|having no legal or binding force	illegitimate|不法|adjective|not in accordance with the law	mere|単なる|adjective|being only what is stated and nothing more	fact|事実|noun|something that is known or proved to be true	out of one's mind|正気でない|adjective|crazy; insane
To say the same of a whole people is to suppose a people of madmen;	国民全体について同じ事を言うのは、狂人の国民を想定する事である。	say|言う|verb|express (something) in words	same|同じ|adjective|not different or other	whole|全体|adjective|all of; entire	people|国民|noun|the inhabitants of a country or area	suppose|想定する|verb|assume that something is true or will happen	madmen|狂人|noun|a man who is insane
and madness creates no right.	そして狂気は権利を生み出さない。	madness|狂気|noun|the state of being mentally ill	create|生み出す|verb|cause to come into being; bring about

Even if each man could alienate himself, he could not alienate his children: they are born men and free;	たとえ各人が自分を疎外できたとしても、彼は自分の子供を疎外する事はできない。彼らは人間として生まれ、自由である。	even if|たとえ|conjunction|although; even though	each|各|adjective|every one of two or more people or things	man|人|noun|an adult male human being	alienate|疎外する|verb|cause to feel isolated or estranged	himself|自分|pronoun|the male person who is speaking or writing	could not|できない|auxiliary verb|be unable to	alienate|疎外する|verb|cause to feel isolated or estranged	his|彼の|pronoun|belonging to or connected with a male person or animal previously mentioned	children|子供|noun|a young human being below the age of puberty or below the legal age of majority	they|彼ら|pronoun|people in general	are born|生まれる|verb|come into existence as a living being	men|人間|noun|an adult male human being	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words of the same part of speech, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	free|自由|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes
their liberty belongs to them, and no one but they has the right to dispose of it.	彼らの自由は彼らに属し、彼ら以外の誰もそれを処分する権利を持たない。	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life, behavior, or political views	belong to|属する|verb|be a member of	no one|誰も|pronoun|not a single person	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	dispose of|処分する|verb|get rid of
Before they come to years of discretion, the father can, in their name, lay down conditions for their preservation and well-being, but he cannot give them, irrevocably and without conditions: such a gift is contrary to the ends of nature, and exceeds the rights of paternity.	彼らが分別のつく年齢になるまでは、父親は彼らの名において、彼らの保護と福祉のための条件を定める事はできるが、取り消し不能に、また無条件に彼らにそれを与える事はできない。そのような贈り物は自然の目的と相反し、父権の権利を超えている。	come to|なる|verb|reach a certain state or condition	year|年齢|noun|the time it takes the earth to make one revolution around the sun	discretion|分別|noun|the quality of being discreet	father|父親|noun|a man who has a child	name|名|noun|a word or set of words using which a person is referred to	lay down|定める|verb|establish or enact	condition|条件|noun|something that must happen or be done before another thing can happen or be done	preservation|保護|noun|the act of keeping something in its original state	well-being|福祉|noun|the state of being happy, healthy, or prosperous	give|与える|verb|transfer the possession of something to someone	irrevocably|取り消し不能に|adverb|in a way that cannot be changed or undone	without|無く|preposition|not having or not accompanied by	condition|条件|noun|something that must happen or be done before another thing can happen or be done	gift|贈り物|noun|something that is given	contrary|相反する|adjective|opposite in nature or character	end|目的|noun|the final part of something	nature|自然|noun|the physical world and everything in it	exceed|超える|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something
It would therefore be necessary, in order to legitimise an arbitrary government, that in every generation the people should be in a position to accept or reject it;	したがって、独裁政府を合法化するためには、あらゆる世代において、人々がそれを受け入れるか拒否するかの立場に立つ必要がある。	It would therefore be necessary|したがって、必要である|verb|be required or essential	in order to|ために|conjunction|with the purpose of	legitimise|合法化する|verb|make legal or legitimate	arbitrary|独裁|adjective|based on random choice or personal whim, rather than any reason or system	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	in every generation|あらゆる世代において|noun|all the people born and living at about the same time, regarded collectively	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	should be in a position to|立場に立つ|verb|be in a situation to	accept|受け入れる|verb|receive (something offered) willingly	reject|拒否する|verb|refuse to consider or agree to
but, were this so, the government would be no longer arbitrary.	しかし、そうであれば、政府はもはや独裁ではなくなる。	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	be no longer|もはや〜ない|verb|not anymore; not any longer

To renounce liberty is to renounce being a man, to surrender the rights of humanity and even its duties.	自由を放棄することは、人間であることを放棄し、人間の権利と義務さえも放棄することである。	renounce|放棄する|verb|formally declare one's abandonment of	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life, behavior, or political views	surrender|放棄する|verb|give up completely	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	duty|義務|noun|a moral or legal obligation
For him who renounces everything no indemnity is possible.	すべてを放棄した者には、賠償は不可能である。	renounce|放棄する|verb|formally declare one's abandonment of (a claim, right, or possession)	everything|すべて|noun|all that exists; all that is	indemnity|賠償|noun|security or protection against a loss or other financial burden
Such a renunciation is incompatible with man's nature;	そのような放棄は人間の本性と相容れない。	such|そのような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	renunciation|放棄|noun|the formal rejection of something	incompatible|相容れない|adjective|unable to exist or work together in harmony
to remove all liberty from his will is to remove all morality from his acts.	彼の意志からすべての自由を取り除くことは、彼の行為からすべての道徳を取り除くことである。	remove|取り除く|verb|take away or off	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free	will|意志|noun|the faculty of conscious and especially of deliberate action	morality|道徳|noun|a system of moral principles and values	act|行為|noun|something that is done
Finally, it is an empty and contradictory convention that sets up, on the one side, absolute authority, and, on the other, unlimited obedience.	最後に、一方では絶対的な権威を、他方では限りない服従を定める、空虚で矛盾した慣習である。	finally|最後に|adverb|after all others	empty|空虚な|adjective|containing nothing	contradictory|矛盾した|adjective|inconsistent with	convention|慣習|noun|a way in which something is usually done	set up|定める|verb|establish or create	one side|一方|noun|one of two or more parts	absolute|絶対的な|adjective|not qualified or diminished in any way; total	authority|権威|noun|the power to command or enforce obedience	other|他方|noun|the remaining one of two or more things	unlimited|限りない|adjective|without any limit	obedience|服従|noun|the quality or state of being obedient
Is it not clear that we can be under no obligation to a person from whom we have the right to exact everything?	私たちがすべてを強要する権利を持つ人に対して、私たちが義務を負うことができないことは明らかではないだろうか?	be under no obligation|義務を負うことができない|verb|not be required to do something	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	exact|強要する|verb|demand and obtain by force or authority	everything|すべて|noun|all that exists; all that is
Does not this condition alone, in the absence of equivalence or exchange, in itself involve the nullity of the act?	等価性や交換がない場合、この条件だけで行為の無効性を伴うのではないだろうか?	condition|条件|noun|something that must happen or be done before something else can happen or be done	absence|不在|noun|the state of being away from a place or person	equivalence|等価性|noun|the state of being equal in value, amount, or importance	exchange|交換|noun|the act of giving one thing and receiving another in return	involve|伴う|verb|have as a necessary part or result	nullity|無効性|noun|the state of being legally invalid	act|行為|noun|something that is done
For what right can my slave have against me, when all that he has belongs to me, and, his right being mine, this right of mine against myself is a phrase devoid of meaning?	私の奴隷が私に対してどんな権利を持つことができるだろうか、彼が持つすべてが私のものであり、彼の権利が私のものであるとき、私自身に対するこの私の権利は意味のない言葉である。	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	slave|奴隷|noun|a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them	belong|属する|verb|be a member of or be connected with	phrase|言葉|noun|a small group of words which forms a unit	devoid|欠く|adjective|completely lacking or empty of

Grotius and the rest find in war another origin for the so-called right of slavery.	グロティウスや他の人々は、戦争の中に奴隷制の権利と呼ばれるものの別の起源を見出している。	Grotius|グロティウス|noun|a Dutch jurist and philosopher	rest|他の人々|noun|the remaining part of something	find|見出す|verb|discover or notice	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	another|別の|adjective|different from the one already mentioned	origin|起源|noun|the point or place where something begins, arises, or is derived	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	slavery|奴隷制|noun|the state of being a slave
The victor having, as they hold, the right of killing the vanquished, the latter can buy back his life at the price of his liberty;	勝利者は、彼らが言うように、敗北者を殺す権利を持っているので、敗北者は彼の自由を代償に彼の命を買い戻すことができる。	victor|勝利者|noun|a person who defeats an enemy or opponent in a battle, game, or other competition	hold|言う|verb|to state as an opinion	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	kill|殺す|verb|to cause the death of	vanquished|敗北者|noun|a person who has been defeated in a battle or other contest	latter|敗北者|noun|the second of two people or things mentioned	buy back|買い戻す|verb|to buy something that one has previously sold	life|命|noun|the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life, behavior, or political views
and this convention is the more legitimate because it is to the advantage of both parties.	そして、この協定は両当事者に利益をもたらすものであるため、より正当なものである。	convention|協定|noun|a general agreement about how things should be done	legitimate|正当な|adjective|in accordance with the law or rules	advantage|利益|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favourable or superior position

But it is clear that this supposed right to kill the conquered is by no means deducible from the state of war.	しかし、征服者を殺すというこの想定される権利は、戦争状態からは決して推論できないことは明らかである。	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	kill|殺す|verb|cause the death of	conquer|征服する|verb|overcome and take control of a country or area by force	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state
Men, from the mere fact that, while they are living in their primitive independence, they have no mutual relations stable enough to constitute either the state of peace or the state of war, cannot be naturally enemies.	人間は、原始的な独立生活を送っている間は、平和状態や戦争状態を構成するほど安定した相互関係を持たないという単なる事実から、自然に敵対することはできない。	the mere fact that|単なる事実|noun phrase|the fact that	while|間に|conjunction|during the time that	live|送る|verb|be alive	primitive|原始的な|adjective|relating to the earliest period in the history of humankind	independence|独立|noun|the fact or state of being independent	have no|持たない|verb|not have	mutual|相互の|adjective|shared by two or more parties	relation|関係|noun|the state of being connected or related	stable|安定した|adjective|not likely to change or fail	constitute|構成する|verb|be a part of	state|状態|noun|the condition of something	peace|平和|noun|a state of tranquility or quiet	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	cannot|できない|auxiliary verb|be unable to	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a natural manner	enemy|敵|noun|a person who is actively opposed or hostile to someone or something
War is constituted by a relation between things, and not between persons;	戦争は、人の間ではなく、物事の間の関係によって構成される。	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	constitute|構成する|verb|be the parts or elements of	relation|関係|noun|the state of being connected or related	thing|物事|noun|an object that one need not, cannot, or does not wish to give a specific name to	person|人|noun|a human being regarded as an individual
and, as the state of war cannot arise out of simple personal relations, but only out of real relations, private war, or war of man with man, can exist neither in the state of nature, where there is no constant property, nor in the social state, where everything is under the authority of the laws.	そして、戦争状態は単純な個人関係から生じることはできず、現実の関係からのみ生じるので、私戦、つまり人間同士の戦争は、不変の財産がない自然状態にも、すべてが法の権威の下にある社会状態にも存在し得ない。	state of war|戦争状態|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	arise|生じる|verb|come into existence or prominence	simple|単純な|adjective|easy to understand or do	personal|個人の|adjective|of or concerning a particular person	relation|関係|noun|the state of being connected or related	real|現実の|adjective|existing or happening in fact or actuality	private|私的な|adjective|belonging to or for the use of one particular person or group of people only	man|人間|noun|an adult male human being	exist|存在する|verb|have objective reality or being	neither|どちらも～ない|conjunction|not either; not one nor the other	state of nature|自然状態|noun|the hypothetical condition of humankind before the existence of society and government	constant|不変の|adjective|non-varying	property|財産|noun|a thing or things belonging to someone; possessions collectively	social state|社会状態|noun|the condition of a society or a group of people	everything|すべて|noun|all that exists; all that is	under the authority of|～の権威の下で|preposition|under the control of	law|法|noun|the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties

Individual combats, duels and encounters, are acts which cannot constitute a state;	個人の戦闘、決闘、遭遇は、国家を構成することができない行為である。	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinguished from a group	combat|戦闘|noun|a fight, especially a violent one, between two or more people or groups	duel|決闘|noun|a prearranged fight between two people with deadly weapons in the presence of witnesses	encounter|遭遇|noun|an unexpected or casual meeting with someone or something	act|行為|noun|something that is done	constitute|構成する|verb|be or form a part of	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory
while the private wars, authorised by the Establishments of Louis IX, King of France, and suspended by the Peace of God, are abuses of feudalism, in itself an absurd system if ever there was one, and contrary to the principles of natural right and to all good polity.	一方、フランス国王ルイ九世の制定法によって認められ、神の平和によって中断された私戦は、封建制の悪用であり、それ自体が不条理な制度であり、自然権の原則とすべての善政に反している。	private war|私戦|noun|a war between private entities	Louis IX|ルイ九世|noun|King of France from 1226 to 1270	France|フランス|noun|a country in western Europe	Peace of God|神の平和|noun|a movement in medieval Europe that sought to limit the violence of feudal society	feudalism|封建制|noun|the social system in medieval Europe in which people were given land and protection by a lord in return for loyalty and service	abuse|悪用|noun|the improper use of something	absurd|不条理な|adjective|ridiculously incongruous or inappropriate	natural right|自然権|noun|a right that is believed to be inherent in human beings	polity|政体|noun|a form or system of government

War then is a relation, not between man and man, but between State and State, and individuals are enemies only accidentally, not as men, nor even as citizens, but as soldiers;	戦争は、人と人の間ではなく、国家と国家との間の関係であり、個人は、人間としてではなく、市民としてでもなく、兵士として、偶然にのみ敵となる。	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	relation|関係|noun|the state of being connected or related	man|人|noun|an adult male human being	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinguished from a group	enemy|敵|noun|a person who is actively opposed or hostile to someone or something	accidentally|偶然に|adverb|by chance; without intention or design	citizen|市民|noun|an inhabitant of a city or town; especially : one entitled to the rights and privileges of a freeman	soldier|兵士|noun|one engaged in military service and especially in the army
not as members of their country, but as its defenders.	自国の一員としてではなく、その擁護者としてである。	member|一員|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization	country|自国|noun|the nation in which one is born or has legal citizenship	defender|擁護者|noun|someone who defends or supports something
Finally, each State can have for enemies only other States, and not men;	最後に、各国家は敵として他の国家だけを持つことができ、人間を持つことはできない。	finally|最後に|adverb|after all others	each|各|adjective|every one of two or more people or things	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	enemy|敵|noun|a person who is actively opposed or hostile to someone or something	only|だけ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	other|他の|adjective|the remaining one or ones of two or more people or things	have|持つ|verb|possess, own, or hold
for between things disparate in nature there can be no real relation.	なぜなら、本質的に異なるものの間には、本当の関係はあり得ないからである。	between|間に|preposition|in the space or interval that separates two places, people, or objects	thing|もの|noun|an object that one need not, cannot, or does not wish to give a specific name to	disparate|異なる|adjective|essentially different in kind; dissimilar	nature|本質|noun|the basic or inherent features, character, or qualities of something	can|あり得る|auxiliary verb|be able to	relation|関係|noun|the state of being connected or related

Furthermore, this principle is in conformity with the established rules of all times and the constant practice of all civilised peoples.	さらに、この原則は、あらゆる時代の確立された規則と、あらゆる文明人の絶え間ない実践に適合している。	furthermore|さらに|adverb|in addition; moreover	principle|原則|noun|a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behaviour or for a chain of reasoning	conformity|適合|noun|the action of conforming; compliance	established rule|確立された規則|noun|a rule that has been established	all times|あらゆる時代|noun|all the time; always	constant practice|絶え間ない実践|noun|the action of practising something regularly	civilised people|文明人|noun|a person who lives in a civilised society
Declarations of war are intimations less to powers than to their subjects.	宣戦布告は、権力者に対するよりも、その臣民に対する通告である。	declaration|宣言|noun|a formal statement	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	intimation|通告|noun|a formal notice or announcement	power|権力者|noun|a person or thing having great authority or influence	subject|臣民|noun|a person who owes allegiance to a monarch or other sovereign
The foreigner, whether king, individual, or people, who robs, kills or detains the subjects, without declaring war on the prince, is not an enemy, but a brigand.	王であれ、個人であれ、国民であれ、君主に宣戦布告せずに臣民を略奪したり、殺害したり、拘束したりする外国人は、敵ではなく、強盗である。	foreigner|外国人|noun|a person from a foreign country	king|王|noun|the male ruler of an independent state	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinguished from a group	people|国民|noun|the inhabitants of a country or area	rob|略奪する|verb|take property unlawfully from a person or place by force or threat of force	kill|殺害する|verb|cause the death of	detain|拘束する|verb|keep in custody	prince|君主|noun|the son of a king or queen	declare war|宣戦布告する|verb|make a formal declaration of war against	enemy|敵|noun|a person who is actively opposed or hostile to someone or something	brigand|強盗|noun|a member of a gang that ambushes and robs people in remote areas
Even in real war, a just prince, while laying hands, in the enemy's country, on all that belongs to the public, respects the lives and goods of individuals: he respects rights on which his own are founded.	実際の戦争においても、正義の君主は、敵国において、公衆に属するすべてのものに手をかける一方で、個人の生命と財産を尊重する。彼は、自分自身の権利の基礎となっている権利を尊重する。	even in|においても|adverb|in spite of	real|実際の|adjective|not imaginary; having objective existence	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	just|正義の|adjective|based on or behaving according to what is morally right and fair	prince|君主|noun|the son of a king or queen	while|一方で|conjunction|during the time that; at the same time that	lay hands on|手をかける|verb|to touch or handle	enemy|敵|noun|a person who is actively opposed or hostile to someone or something	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	public|公衆|noun|the people as a whole	belong to|属する|verb|to be a member of	respect|尊重する|verb|to have due regard for the feelings, wishes, rights, or traditions of	life|生命|noun|the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death	good|財産|noun|a tangible item that is owned	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinct from a group	found|基礎となっている|verb|to establish or originate	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something
The object of the war being the destruction of the hostile State, the other side has a right to kill its defenders, while they are bearing arms;	戦争の目的は敵国の破壊であるから、相手側は、その防衛者たちが武器を携帯している間は、彼らを殺す権利がある。	object|目的|noun|the purpose or aim of something	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	destruction|破壊|noun|the action or process of causing so much damage to something that it no longer exists or cannot be repaired	hostile|敵対的な|adjective|showing or feeling opposition or dislike	State|国家|noun|a nation or its territory considered as an organized political community under one government	other side|相手側|noun|the other party in a dispute or contest	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	kill|殺す|verb|cause the death of	defender|防衛者|noun|someone who defends someone or something	weapon|武器|noun|a thing that is used to cause bodily harm or physical damage
but as soon as they lay them down and surrender, they cease to be enemies or instruments of the enemy, and become once more merely men, whose life no one has any right to take.	しかし、彼らが武器を捨てて降伏するとすぐに、彼らは敵や敵の道具ではなくなり、再びただの人となり、誰もその命を奪う権利はない。	as soon as|するとすぐに|conjunction|immediately after	lay down|捨てる|verb|put something down	surrender|降伏する|verb|give up	cease|なくなる|verb|come to an end	enemy|敵|noun|a person who is actively opposed or hostile to someone or something	instrument|道具|noun|a tool or implement	once more|再び|adverb|one more time	merely|ただ|adverb|only	life|命|noun|the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something
Sometimes it is possible to kill the State without killing a single one of its members;	時には、その構成員を一人たりとも殺さずに国家を殺すことも可能である。	sometimes|時には|adverb|occasionally; at times	kill|殺す|verb|cause the death of	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	member|構成員|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization	single|一人|adjective|only one; not one of several
and war gives no right which is not necessary to the gaining of its object.	そして、戦争は、その目的を達成するために必要でない権利を与えることはない。	give|与える|verb|cause someone to have something	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	necessary|必要|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	object|目的|noun|the purpose or aim of an action
These principles are not those of Grotius: they are not based on the authority of poets, but derived from the nature of reality and based on reason.	これらの原理はグロティウスの原理ではない。それらは詩人の権威に基づくものではなく、現実の本質に由来し、理性に基づくものである。	principle|原理|noun|a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior or for a chain of reasoning	Grotius|グロティウス|noun|a Dutch jurist who is considered the founder of international law	authority|権威|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	poet|詩人|noun|a person who writes poems	reality|現実|noun|the state of things as they actually exist, as opposed to an idealistic or notional idea of them	reason|理性|noun|the power of the mind to think, understand, and form judgments by a process of logic

The right of conquest has no foundation other than the right of the strongest.	征服権は、最強者の権利以外に根拠はない。	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	conquest|征服|noun|the subjugation and assumption of control of a place or people by military force	foundation|根拠|noun|a basis on which something is founded or built	strongest|最強|adjective|of great physical power
If war does not give the conqueror the right to massacre the conquered peoples, the right to enslave them cannot be based upon a right which does not exist	戦争が征服者に征服された人々を虐殺する権利を与えないならば、彼らを奴隷にする権利は存在しない権利に基づくことはできない。	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	give|与える|verb|cause someone to have or receive something	conqueror|征服者|noun|a person who conquers a country or area	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	massacre|虐殺|noun|the killing of a large number of people	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	enslave|奴隷にする|verb|make a slave of	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something
No one has a right to kill an enemy except when he cannot make him a slave, and the right to enslave him cannot therefore be derived from the right to kill him.	敵を奴隷にできない場合を除いて、誰も敵を殺す権利を持たず、したがって、敵を奴隷にする権利は、敵を殺す権利から派生することはできない。	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	kill|殺す|verb|cause the death of	enemy|敵|noun|a person who is actively opposed or hostile to someone or something	slave|奴隷|noun|a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them	right to kill|殺す権利|noun|the right to cause the death of someone or something	right to enslave|奴隷にする権利|noun|the right to make someone a slave	derive|派生する|verb|obtain something from a specified source
It is accordingly an unfair exchange to make him buy at the price of his liberty his life, over which the victor holds no right.	したがって、勝利者が権利を持たない命を、自由を代償に買わせるのは不公平な取引である。	accordingly|したがって|adverb|as a result; consequently	make|買わせる|verb|cause to be or become	price|代償|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life, behavior, or political views	life|命|noun|the condition that distinguishes organisms from inorganic objects and dead organisms, being manifested by growth through metabolism, reproduction, and the power of adaptation to environment through changes originating internally	hold|持つ|verb|have or possess	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something
Is it not clear that there is a vicious circle in founding the right of life and death on the right of slavery, and the right of slavery on the right of life and death?	生死の権利を奴隷の権利に、奴隷の権利を生死の権利に基礎づけることには、悪循環があることは明らかではないだろうか。	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	life|生|noun|the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death	death|死|noun|the end of all biological functions that sustain a living organism	slavery|奴隷|noun|the state of being a slave	found|基礎づける|verb|establish or originate	vicious circle|悪循環|noun|a situation in which an attempt to solve a problem makes the original problem worse

Even if we assume this terrible right to kill everybody, I maintain that a slave made in war, or a conquered people, is under no obligation to a master, except to obey him as far as he is compelled to do so.	たとえ誰かを殺すというこの恐ろしい権利を認めたとしても、私は戦争で作られた奴隷や征服された人々は、強制される限り主人に従うことを除いて、主人に対して何の義務も負わないと主張する。	assume|認める|verb|suppose to be the case, without proof	kill|殺す|verb|cause the death of	everybody|誰か|noun|every person	maintain|主張する|verb|state or assert something as a fact	slave|奴隷|noun|a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	conquer|征服する|verb|overcome and take control of a country or area by force	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	obligation|義務|noun|an act or course of action to which a person is morally or legally bound; a duty or commitment	master|主人|noun|a man who has people working for him, especially servants or slaves	obey|従う|verb|comply with the commands, instructions, or orders of	compel|強制する|verb|force or oblige (someone) to do something
By taking an equivalent for his life, the victor has not done him a favour;	勝利者は、彼の命に相当するものを奪ったことで、彼に恩恵を与えたわけではない。	take|奪う|verb|to get into one's possession by force, effort, or artifice	equivalent|相当するもの|noun|something equal in value, amount, function, meaning, etc.	life|命|noun|the condition that distinguishes organisms from inorganic objects and dead organisms, being manifested by growth through metabolism, reproduction, and the power of adaptation to environment through changes originating internally	victor|勝利者|noun|a person who defeats an enemy or opponent in a battle, game, or other competition	favour|恩恵|noun|a kind act or a special privilege or right
instead of killing him without profit, he has killed him usefully.	勝利者は、彼を無益に殺す代わりに、有益に殺したのである。	instead of|代わりに|preposition|as an alternative to	kill|殺す|verb|cause the death of	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	usefully|有益に|adverb|in a way that is helpful or beneficial
So far then is he from acquiring over him any authority in addition to that of force, that the state of war continues to subsist between them: their mutual relation is the effect of it, and the usage of the right of war does not imply a treaty of peace.	だから、勝利者は、力による権威以外に、彼に対して何の権威も獲得していないので、戦争状態は彼らの間に存続し続け、彼らの相互関係はその結果であり、戦争権の行使は和平条約を意味するものではない。	so far|これまでのところ|adverb|to the extent or degree previously mentioned	acquire|獲得する|verb|to gain or get as one's own	authority|権威|noun|the power to command or enforce obedience	in addition to|に加えて|preposition|as well as; besides	force|力|noun|strength or energy exerted or brought to bear	state of war|戦争状態|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	continue|続ける|verb|to keep on doing something	subsist|存続する|verb|to continue to exist	mutual|相互の|adjective|having the same relationship to each other	relation|関係|noun|the state of being connected or related	effect|結果|noun|something that is produced by an agency or cause	usage|行使|noun|the action of using something	right of war|戦争権|noun|the right to wage war	imply|意味する|verb|to indicate or suggest without being explicitly stated	treaty of peace|和平条約|noun|a treaty that ends a war
A convention has indeed been made;	確かに協定は結ばれた。	convention|協定|noun|a large gathering of people who come to a place for a special purpose	indeed|確かに|adverb|really; truly; certainly	make|結ぶ|verb|form or create
but this convention, so far from destroying the state of war, presupposes its continuance.	しかし、この協定は、戦争状態を破壊するどころか、その継続を前提としている。	convention|協定|noun|a large gathering of people who come together for a particular purpose	so far from|どころか|adverb|to the contrary	destroying|破壊する|verb|cause so much damage to that it no longer exists or cannot be repaired	state|状態|noun|the particular condition that someone or something is in at a specific time	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	presupposes|前提とする|verb|take for granted or as a given	continuance|継続|noun|the action of carrying on with something

So, from whatever aspect we regard the question, the right of slavery is null and void, not only as being illegitimate, but also because it is absurd and meaningless.	だから、この問題をどんな側面から見ても、奴隷制の権利は、非合法であるだけでなく、不条理で無意味であるために、無効である。	aspect|側面|noun|a particular part or feature of something	regard|考える|verb|think of or consider in a specified way	question|問題|noun|a statement asking for something and expecting an answer	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	slavery|奴隷制|noun|the state of being a slave	null and void|無効である|adjective|of no legal or binding force or effect	illegitimate|非合法である|adjective|not in accordance with the law	absurd|不条理である|adjective|ridiculously incongruous or inappropriate	meaningless|無意味である|adjective|having no meaning or significance
The words slave and right contradict each other, and are mutually exclusive.	奴隷と権利という言葉は互いに矛盾し、相容れない。	slave|奴隷|noun|a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	contradict|矛盾する|verb|be in conflict with	each other|互いに|pronoun|one another	mutually exclusive|相容れない|adjective|not able to exist or be true at the same time
It will always be equally foolish for a man to say to a man or to a people: “I make with you a convention wholly at your expense and wholly to my advantage;	ある人が、ある人やある民族に向かって、「私はあなたと、あなたに損害を与え、私に利益をもたらす協定を結ぶ。	say|言う|verb|express (something) in words	people|民族|noun|a group of persons living in a particular country or area	make|結ぶ|verb|form or create	convention|協定|noun|a general agreement about how things should be done	expense|損害|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	advantage|利益|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favourable or superior position
I shall keep it as long as I like, and you will keep it as long as I like.”	私はそれを好きなだけ守り、あなたも私が好きなだけ守るだろう」と言うのは、いつでも同じように愚かなことである。	keep|守る|verb|continue to have, do, or be	as long as|好きなだけ|conjunction|for the whole time that	like|好きな|verb|find agreeable, enjoyable, or satisfactory	as long as|好きなだけ|conjunction|for the whole time that	like|好きな|verb|find agreeable, enjoyable, or satisfactory


## CHAPTER V: THAT WE MUST ALWAYS GO BACK TO A FIRST CONVENTION	第五章: 常に最初の協定に戻らなければならないこと	chapter|章|noun|a main division of a book	go back|戻る|verb|return to a previous place or state	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest	convention|協定|noun|a large gathering of people who come together for a particular purpose

Even if I granted all that I have been refuting, the friends of despotism would be no better off.	私が否定してきたことをすべて認めたとしても、専制政治の友人たちはそれほど好転しないだろう。	even if|たとえ|conjunction|although; even though	grant|認める|verb|to agree to give or allow something	all|すべて|determiner|the whole amount of	refute|否定する|verb|to prove or show to be false or wrong	friend|友人|noun|a person whom one knows and with whom one has a bond of mutual affection	despotism|専制政治|noun|a system of government in which the ruler has unlimited power	be no better off|好転しない|verb|to be in no better situation
There will always be a great difference between subduing a multitude and ruling a society.	群衆を従わせることと社会を統治することの間には、常に大きな違いがあるだろう。	subdue|従わせる|verb|bring under control	multitude|群衆|noun|a large number of people	rule|統治する|verb|exercise authority over	society|社会|noun|the community of people living in a particular country or region and having shared customs, laws, and organizations
Even if scattered individuals were successively enslaved by one man, however numerous they might be, I still see no more than a master and his slaves, and certainly not a people and its ruler;	散り散りの個人が次々と一人の人間によって奴隷にされたとしても、彼らがどれほど多くても、私は主人とその奴隷しか見ることができず、国民とその支配者を見ることはできない。	even if|たとえ|conjunction|although; even though	scattered|散り散りの|adjective|thrown around here and there	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinguished from a group	successively|次々と|adverb|following one after another in succession	enslave|奴隷にする|verb|make a slave of	one|一人|noun|the lowest cardinal number; half of two	however|どれほど|adverb|to whatever extent or degree	numerous|多い|adjective|consisting of a great number	still|それでも|adverb|even now or at this time; yet	no more than|しか見ることができない|adverb|only; merely	master|主人|noun|a person who has control over another person	slave|奴隷|noun|a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them	certainly|決して|adverb|without doubt; definitely	people|国民|noun|the inhabitants of a particular country or area	ruler|支配者|noun|a person who rules or governs
I see what may be termed an aggregation, but not an association;	私は集合体と呼べるものを見ているが、協会ではない。	aggregation|集合体|noun|a collection of things that are gathered together	association|協会|noun|an organized group of people with a particular purpose, such as a club or society
there is as yet neither public good nor body politic.	そこにはまだ公共の利益も政治体もない。	there is|ある|verb|exist	as yet|まだ|adverb|up to this time; until now	neither|どちらも|conjunction|not either	public good|公共の利益|noun|the benefit or well-being of the general public	body politic|政治体|noun|a state or nation considered as a political entity
The man in question, even if he has enslaved half the world, is still only an individual;	問題の人物は、たとえ世界の半分を奴隷にしたとしても、依然として一人の人間である。	in question|問題の|adjective|being discussed or referred to	even if|たとえ|conjunction|although; even though	half|半分|noun|one of two equal parts that together form a whole	enslave|奴隷にする|verb|make a slave of	still|依然として|adverb|even now or even then	only|一人の|adjective|no more than; solely	individual|人間|noun|a single human being as distinguished from a group
his interest, apart from that of others, is still a purely private interest.	彼の利益は、他人の利益とは別に、依然として純粋に私的な利益である。	apart from|とは別に|preposition|not including; other than	interest|利益|noun|money paid for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	purely|純粋に|adverb|in a pure manner	private|私的な|adjective|belonging to or for the use of one particular person or group of people only
If this same man comes to die, his empire, after him, remains scattered and without unity, as an oak falls and dissolves into a heap of ashes when the fire has consumed it.	もしこの同じ人物が死ぬと、彼の帝国は、彼の死後、散り散りになって統一性を失い、火が燃え尽きると樫の木が倒れて灰の山になってしまうように、散り散りになって統一性を失ってしまう。	come to die|死ぬ|verb|reach a point where one dies	empire|帝国|noun|a group of countries or states under the control of one ruler	after|後に|preposition|later or following (the event mentioned)	remain|残る|verb|be left after others have gone	scattered|散り散り|adjective|thrown around here and there	without|〜がない|preposition|not having or not accompanied by	unity|統一性|noun|the state of being united or joined as a whole	oak|樫の木|noun|a tree that produces acorns	fall|倒れる|verb|move from a higher to a lower position	dissolve|崩れる|verb|(with reference to a solid) become or cause to become incorporated into a liquid	heap|山|noun|a large amount of something piled or lying in a mass	ash|灰|noun|the powdery residue left after a fire has burned something

A people, says Grotius, can give itself to a king.	グロティウスは、人民は王に身を委ねることができると言う。	Grotius|グロティウス|noun|a Dutch jurist, playwright, and poet	give|委ねる|verb|transfer the possession of something to someone else	king|王|noun|the male ruler of an independent state
Then, according to Grotius, a people is a people before it gives itself.	グロティウスによれば、人民は身を委ねる前には人民である。	according to|によれば|preposition|as stated or reported by	Grotius|グロティウス|noun|a Dutch jurist, playwright, and poet	people|人民|noun|the inhabitants of a particular country or area	give|委ねる|verb|transfer the possession of something to someone else	itself|身|pronoun|the thing or person that is being discussed
The gift is itself a civil act, and implies public deliberation.	贈り物はそれ自体が市民的行為であり、公の審議を意味する。	gift|贈り物|noun|something that is given	itself|それ自体|pronoun|used to emphasize the identity of the subject	civil act|市民的行為|noun|an act that is done by a citizen	imply|意味する|verb|indicate or suggest without being explicitly stated	public deliberation|公の審議|noun|a discussion or debate that is open to the public
It would be better, before examining the act by which a people gives itself to a king, to examine that by which it has become a people;	人民が王に身を委ねる行為を検討する前に、人民が人民となった行為を検討した方がよい。	examine|検討する|verb|inspect closely and thoroughly	act|行為|noun|something that is done	give|委ねる|verb|transfer the possession of	king|王|noun|the male ruler of an independent state	people|人民|noun|the inhabitants of a country or area	become|なる|verb|come to be; turn into
for this act, being necessarily prior to the other, is the true foundation of society.	この行為は必然的に他の行為に先行するものであり、社会の真の基礎である。	for|なぜなら|conjunction|because	act|行為|noun|something that is done	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	prior|先行する|adjective|earlier	other|他の|adjective|not the same	foundation|基礎|noun|the basis on which something is built or founded

Indeed, if there were no prior convention, where, unless the election were unanimous, would be the obligation on the minority to submit to the choice of the majority?	実際、事前の協定がなければ、選挙が全会一致でない限り、少数派が多数派の選択に従う義務はどこにあるだろうか?	prior|事前の|adjective|existing or coming before in time, order, or importance	convention|協定|noun|a general agreement about how things should be done	election|選挙|noun|the process of choosing a person or group of people for a position, especially a political position, by voting	unanimous|全会一致の|adjective|showing complete agreement	minority|少数派|noun|a small group of people within a larger group who are different from the main group in some way	majority|多数派|noun|the greater number or part of something
How have a hundred men who wish for a master the right to vote on behalf of ten who do not?	主人を望む百人の人間が、主人を望まない十人の人間に代わって投票する権利をどのように持つのか?	hundred|百|noun|the number 100	wish|望む|verb|want something to happen or be the case	master|主人|noun|a person who has control over another person	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	vote|投票する|verb|express a choice in an election	behalf|代わって|noun|the interest of another person	ten|十|noun|the number 10
The law of majority voting is itself something established by convention, and presupposes unanimity, on one occasion at least.	多数決の法則自体が慣例によって確立されたものであり、少なくとも一度は全会一致を前提としている。	law|法則|noun|a statement of fact, deduced from observation, to the effect that a particular natural or scientific phenomenon always occurs if certain conditions be present	majority|多数|noun|the greater number	voting|投票|noun|the process of choosing someone or something by voting	itself|自体|pronoun|used to emphasize the identity of the subject	convention|慣例|noun|a way in which something is usually done	establish|確立する|verb|to cause to be recognized and accepted	presuppose|前提とする|verb|to take for granted or as a given	unanimity|全会一致|noun|the state or quality of being unanimous	occasion|一度|noun|a particular time or instance


## CHAPTER VI: THE SOCIAL COMPACT	第六章: 社会契約	chapter|章|noun|a main division of a book	social|社会|adjective|of or relating to society	compact|契約|noun|an agreement or contract

I suppose men to have reached the point at which the obstacles in the way of their preservation in the state of nature show their power of resistance to be greater than the resources at the disposal of each individual for his maintenance in that state.	私は、人間が自然状態での保存を妨げる障害が、その状態での維持のために各個人が自由に使える資源よりも抵抗力が大きいことを示す段階に達したと思う。	reach|達する|verb|arrive at a destination	point|段階|noun|a particular place, especially one with an established purpose	obstacle|障害|noun|something that blocks one's way or prevents or hinders progress	preservation|保存|noun|the act of keeping something in its original state	state of nature|自然状態|noun|the hypothetical condition of humankind before the existence of society and government	show|示す|verb|demonstrate or exhibit something	power|力|noun|the ability or capacity to perform or act	resistance|抵抗|noun|the refusal to accept or comply with something	resource|資源|noun|a source of supply or support	disposal|自由に使える|noun|the action or process of getting rid of something	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinct from a group	maintenance|維持|noun|the act of keeping something in good condition	state|状態|noun|the condition of something
That primitive condition can then subsist no longer;	もはやその原始的な状態は存続できない。	primitive|原始的な|adjective|relating to the earliest period of human development	condition|状態|noun|the state of something	subsist|存続する|verb|continue to exist
and the human race would perish unless it changed its manner of existence.	そして、人類はその存在のあり方を変更しない限り滅びるだろう。	human race|人類|noun|the human species	perish|滅びる|verb|die or be destroyed	unless|～しない限り|conjunction|except if; if not

But, as men cannot engender new forces, but only unite and direct existing ones, they have no other means of preserving themselves than the formation, by aggregation, of a sum of forces great enough to overcome the resistance.	しかし、人間は新しい力を生み出すことはできず、既存の力を結集して指揮することしかできないので、抵抗に打ち勝つために十分な力の総和を集合させることによって形成する以外に、自分たちを守る手段はない。	engender|生み出す|verb|cause or give rise to	force|力|noun|strength or energy exerted or brought to bear	unite|結集する|verb|join or combine	direct|指揮する|verb|control the operations of	preserve|守る|verb|keep safe from harm or injury	formation|形成|noun|the action of forming or producing something	aggregation|集合|noun|a collection or mass of things	sum|総和|noun|the total amount resulting from the addition of two or more numbers, amounts, or items	overcome|打ち勝つ|verb|succeed in dealing with (a problem or difficulty)	resistance|抵抗|noun|the refusal to accept or consider something new or different
These they have to bring into play by means of a single motive power, and cause to act in concert.	これらを単一の動力によって動かし、協調して行動させる必要がある。	bring into play|動かす|verb|cause to operate or act	single|単一の|adjective|only one	motive power|動力|noun|a source of energy that provides the force to move something	act in concert|協調して行動する|verb|act together in a coordinated way

This sum of forces can arise only where several persons come together: but, as the force and liberty of each man are the chief instruments of his self-preservation, how can he pledge them without harming his own interests, and neglecting the care he owes to himself?	この力の総和は、複数の人が集まって初めて生じうる。しかし、各人の力と自由は、自己保存の主要な道具であるから、自分の利益を損なったり、自分に対する配慮を怠ったりせずに、どうやってそれを誓うことができるだろうか。	sum|総和|noun|the total amount resulting from the addition of two or more numbers, amounts or items	arise|生じる|verb|come into existence or notice	several|複数の|adjective|more than two but not very many	come together|集まる|verb|come into the company of each other	each|各|adjective|every one of two or more people or things	force|力|noun|strength or energy exerted or brought to bear	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free within society from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life, behavior, or political views	chief|主要な|adjective|most important	instrument|道具|noun|a tool or implement, especially one for delicate or scientific work	self-preservation|自己保存|noun|the protection of oneself from harm or death	pledge|誓う|verb|solemnly promise to do something	harm|損なう|verb|cause damage to	interest|利益|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	neglect|怠る|verb|fail to care for properly
This difficulty, in its bearing on my present subject, may be stated in the following terms—	この難題は、私の現在の主題に関連して、次のような言葉で表現できる。	difficulty|難題|noun|a problem or situation that is difficult to deal with	bearing|関連|noun|the way in which something is related to or connected with something else	present|現在の|adjective|existing or happening now	subject|主題|noun|the main topic of a book, speech, or conversation	state|表現|verb|express clearly in words	term|言葉|noun|a word or phrase used to describe a thing or to express a concept

“The problem is to find a form of association which will defend and protect with the whole common force the person and goods of each associate, and in which each, while uniting himself with all, may still obey himself alone, and remain as free as before.”	「問題は、各構成員の身体と財産を共同の力で守り保護するような連合の形態を見つけることであり、その中で各人は、自分を全体と結びつけながらも、自分だけに従い、以前と同じように自由でいられるようにすることである。」	problem|問題|noun|a question raised for inquiry, consideration, or solution	find|見つける|verb|discover or notice	form|形態|noun|the shape of a thing or person	association|連合|noun|an organization of people with a shared interest	defend|守る|verb|resist an attack made on (someone or something)	protect|保護する|verb|keep safe from harm or injury	common|共同の|adjective|belonging to or shared by two or more people or things	force|力|noun|strength or energy exerted or brought to bear	person|身体|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	goods|財産|noun|personal property	each|各|adjective|every one of two or more people or things	associate|構成員|noun|a partner or colleague in business or at work	unite|結びつける|verb|join or connect two or more things	whole|全体|noun|all of something	obey|従う|verb|comply with the commands, instructions, or orders of	alone|自分だけ|adjective|having no one else present	remain|いる|verb|stay in the same place or condition	before|以前|adverb|earlier or previously
This is the fundamental problem of which the Social Contract provides the solution.	これが社会契約が解決する根本的な問題である。	fundamental|根本的な|adjective|forming a necessary base or core; of central importance	problem|問題|noun|a question raised for inquiry, consideration, or solution	provide|解決する|verb|give or supply	solution|解決|noun|the action of solving a problem or question

The clauses of this contract are so determined by the nature of the act that the slightest modification would make them vain and ineffective;	この契約の条項は、行為の性質によって決定されるので、わずかな変更でも無効になってしまう。	clause|条項|noun|a separate and distinct article, stipulation, or provision in a document	contract|契約|noun|a legally binding agreement	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features of something	act|行為|noun|something that is done	slightest|わずかな|adjective|very small in degree; inconsiderable	modification|変更|noun|the action of changing something	vain|無効|adjective|producing no result; useless	ineffective|無効|adjective|not producing the intended or expected result
so that, although they have perhaps never been formally set forth, they are everywhere the same and everywhere tacitly admitted and recognised, until, on the violation of the social compact, each regains his original rights and resumes his natural liberty, while losing the conventional liberty in favour of which he renounced it.	そのため、おそらく正式に定められたことはないが、社会契約に違反するまでは、どこでも同じであり、どこでも暗黙のうちに認められ、認識されている。社会契約に違反すると、各人は元の権利を取り戻し、自然の自由を取り戻す一方で、それを放棄した代わりに得た慣習的な自由を失う。	set forth|定める|verb|to state or describe in words	everywhere|どこでも|adverb|in all places	tacitly|暗黙のうちに|adverb|without being expressed or stated	admit|認める|verb|to accept as true; to acknowledge	recognise|認識する|verb|to be aware of the existence or truth of	violation|違反|noun|the act of breaking a law, rule, or agreement	regain|取り戻す|verb|to get back or recover something that has been lost	resume|再開する|verb|to begin again or continue after a pause or interruption	lose|失う|verb|to no longer have something	favour|代わりに|noun|an act of kindness or helpfulness	renounce|放棄する|verb|to give up or reject something

These clauses, properly understood, may be reduced to one—the total alienation of each associate, together with all his rights, to the whole community for, in the first place, as each gives himself absolutely, the conditions are the same for all;	これらの条項は、正しく理解すれば、1つにまとめることができる。各構成員のすべての権利とともに、共同体全体への完全な疎外である。まず、各自が絶対的に自分自身を与えるので、条件はすべての人にとって同じである。	clause|条項|noun|a separate section of a legal document	properly|正しく|adverb|in a correct manner	understand|理解する|verb|perceive the intended meaning of words, language, or a speaker	reduce|まとめる|verb|make or become smaller or less in amount, degree, or size	one|1つ|noun|the lowest cardinal number	total|完全な|adjective|complete in amount or degree	alienation|疎外|noun|the state or experience of being isolated from a group or an activity to which one should belong or in which one should be involved	each|各自|adjective|every one of two or more people or things	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	community|共同体|noun|a group of people living in the same place or having a particular characteristic in common	first|まず|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest; first	absolutely|絶対的に|adverb|in a way that is complete or perfect	condition|条件|noun|a state of affairs that is required for something else to happen or exist	same|同じ|adjective|being the same in quantity, size, degree, or value
and, this being so, no one has any interest in making them burdensome to others.	そして、そうであれば、誰も他人に負担をかけることに関心を持つことはない。	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	this|そうであれば|pronoun|the person or thing that is being discussed or referred to	no one|誰も|pronoun|not a single person	have any interest in|関心を持つ|verb|be interested in	make|かける|verb|cause to be or become	burdensome|負担|adjective|causing hardship or difficulty	to others|他人に|preposition|used to indicate the person or thing affected by the action of a verb

Moreover, the alienation being without reserve, the union is as perfect as it can be, and no associate has anything more to demand:	さらに、疎外は留保なしに行われるので、連合は可能な限り完全であり、構成員は何も要求することはない。	moreover|さらに|adverb|in addition to what has been said or done	alienation|疎外|noun|the state of being isolated or separated from a group or an activity	without reserve|留保なしに|adverb|without any reservation or hesitation	union|連合|noun|the act of uniting or joining two or more things together	perfect|完全|adjective|having all the required or desirable elements, qualities, or characteristics; as good as it is possible to be	associate|構成員|noun|a person who is involved with or connected to another person or group	demand|要求|verb|ask authoritatively or urgently for something
for, if the individuals retained certain rights, as there would be no common superior to decide between them and the public, each, being on one point his own judge, would ask to be so on all;	なぜなら、もし個人が特定の権利を保持していたら、彼らと公衆の間で決定を下す共通の上位者がいないので、各自はある点では自分の裁判官であり、すべての点でそうであることを要求するだろうからである。	for|なぜなら|conjunction|because	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinguished from a group	retain|保持する|verb|keep in one's possession or power	certain|特定の|adjective|having a specific but not explicitly stated value	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	common|共通の|adjective|belonging to or shared by two or more people or things	superior|上位者|noun|a person who has a higher rank or position than another	decide|決定する|verb|come to a resolution in the mind as a result of consideration	public|公衆|noun|the people as a whole	each|各自|adjective|every one of two or more people or things	point|点|noun|a particular place, especially one with an established purpose	judge|裁判官|noun|a public official who hears and decides cases in a court of law	ask|要求する|verb|say or write something in order to obtain something
the state of nature would thus continue, and the association would necessarily become inoperative or tyrannical.	こうして自然状態が続き、連合は必然的に機能不全に陥るか、暴君的になるだろう。	state of nature|自然状態|noun|the hypothetical condition of humankind before the existence of society and government	continue|続く|verb|keep doing something	association|連合|noun|a group of people or organizations with a common purpose	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	become|なる|verb|come to be	inoperative|機能不全|adjective|not working or functioning	tyrannical|暴君的|adjective|exercising power in a cruel or arbitrary way

Finally, each man, in giving himself to all, gives himself to nobody;	最後に、各人は、自分をすべてに捧げることによって、誰にも自分を捧げない。	finally|最後に|adverb|after a long time, process, or series of events	each|各|adjective|every one of two or more people or things	give|捧げる|verb|freely transfer the possession of	all|すべて|noun|the whole amount of	nobody|誰も|pronoun|no person; not a single person
and as there is no associate over whom he does not acquire the same right as he yields others over himself, he gains an equivalent for everything he loses, and an increase of force for the preservation of what he has.	そして、自分に対して他人に与えるのと同じ権利を獲得しない仲間はいないので、失ったものすべてに相当するものを得て、持っているものを守るための力を増すことになる。	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	there is|いる|verb|exist	no|いない|determiner|not any	associate|仲間|noun|a person who is involved with or connected to another person or group	over|に対して|preposition|above or higher than	whom|誰|pronoun|what or which person	he|彼|pronoun|a male person or animal that is being talked about	does not|しない|auxiliary verb|used to form the negative of the present simple tense	acquire|得る|verb|come into possession or ownership of	the same|同じ|determiner|being the same one or ones	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	as|として|conjunction|used to show that two things are happening at the same time	he|彼|pronoun|a male person or animal that is being talked about	yields|与える|verb|produce or provide	others|他人|noun|a person other than oneself	over|に対して|preposition|above or higher than	himself|自分|pronoun|a male person or animal that is being talked about	he|彼|pronoun|a male person or animal that is being talked about	gains|得る|verb|come into possession or ownership of	an equivalent|相当するもの|noun|something that is equal in value, amount, or importance to something else	for|に対して|preposition|in return for or in exchange for	everything|すべて|pronoun|all the things	he|彼|pronoun|a male person or animal that is being talked about	loses|失う|verb|no longer have something	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	an increase|増加|noun|the action or fact of becoming or making greater in size or amount	of|の|preposition|used to show possession or belonging	force|力|noun|strength or energy as an attribute of physical action or movement	for|のために|preposition|for the purpose of	the preservation|維持|noun|the action of keeping something in its original state	of|の|preposition|used to show possession or belonging	what|もの|pronoun|the thing or things that	he|彼|pronoun|a male person or animal that is being talked about	has|持っている|verb|hold or possess

If then we discard from the social compact what is not of its essence, we shall find that it reduces itself to the following terms—	だから、もし社会契約からその本質ではないものを捨て去れば、それは以下の条件に還元されることがわかるだろう。	discard|捨て去る|verb|get rid of	social compact|社会契約|noun|an agreement among the members of an organized society or between the governed and the government defining and limiting the rights and duties of each	essence|本質|noun|the intrinsic nature or indispensable quality of something	reduce|還元される|verb|make or become smaller or less	term|条件|noun|a word or phrase used to describe a thing or to express a concept, especially in a particular kind of language or branch of knowledge

“Each of us puts his person and all his power in common under the supreme direction of the general will, and, in our corporate capacity, we receive each member as an indivisible part of the whole.”	「私たち一人一人は、自分の人とすべての力を、一般意志の最高の指示の下に共通のものとし、私たちの法人としての能力において、私たちは各メンバーを全体の不可分な部分として受け取る」	each|一人一人|adjective|every one of a group of people or things	put|置く|verb|move something to a specified place	person|人|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	power|力|noun|the ability or capacity to perform or act	common|共通|adjective|belonging to or shared by two or more people or things	supreme|最高|adjective|highest in rank or authority	direction|指示|noun|the management or guidance of a person or group	general will|一般意志|noun|the will of the people as a whole	corporate|法人|adjective|relating to a corporation	capacity|能力|noun|the ability to do something	receive|受け取る|verb|be given, presented with, or paid	member|メンバー|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization	indivisible|不可分|adjective|unable to be divided or separated	whole|全体|noun|all of something

At once, in place of the individual personality of each contracting party, this act of association creates a moral and collective body, composed of as many members as the assembly contains votes, and receiving from this act its unity, its common identity, its life and its will.	すぐに、この協会行為は、各契約当事者の個々の人格の代わりに、議会が票を投じるのと同じ数の議員からなる道徳的・集団的な組織を作り、この行為からその統一性、共通のアイデンティティ、生命、意志を受け取る。	at once|すぐに|adverb|immediately	in place of|の代わりに|preposition|instead of	individual|個々の|adjective|single; separate	personality|人格|noun|the combination of characteristics or qualities that form an individual's distinctive character	contracting party|契約当事者|noun|a person or group that has entered into a contract	act of association|協会行為|noun|the act of associating or being associated	create|作る|verb|cause to come into being; make	moral|道徳的|adjective|concerned with the principles of right and wrong behavior	collective|集団的|adjective|done by or belonging to a group of people	body|組織|noun|a group of people with a particular function	compose|なる|verb|make up; constitute	as many as|同じ数の|determiner|the same number of	member|議員|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization	assembly|議会|noun|a group of people who have been elected to make laws	contain|投じる|verb|have or hold within	vote|票|noun|a formal expression of opinion or choice	receive|受け取る|verb|be given, presented with, or paid	unity|統一性|noun|the state of being united or joined as a whole	common|共通の|adjective|belonging to or shared by two or more people or things	identity|アイデンティティ|noun|the fact of being who or what a person or thing is	life|生命|noun|the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death	will|意志|noun|the faculty by which a person decides on and initiates action
This public person, so formed by the union of all other persons, formerly took the name of city, and now takes that of Republic or body politic;	他のすべての人の連合によって形成されたこの公人は、以前は都市の名前をとり、現在は共和国または政治団体の名前をとっている。	public person|公人|noun|a person who is known to the public	form|形成する|verb|to make or shape	union|連合|noun|the act of uniting or joining two or more things together	take the name of|～の名前をとる|verb|to be called	city|都市|noun|a large human settlement	now|現在|adverb|at the present time	republic|共和国|noun|a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly by them	body politic|政治団体|noun|a group of people organized under a single governmental authority
it is called by its members State when passive, Sovereign when active, and Power when compared with others like itself.	それは、受動的であるときは国家、能動的であるときは主権者、そして自分と同じ他のものと比較されるときは権力と呼ばれる。	call|呼ばれる|verb|give a name to	member|構成員|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization	State|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	passive|受動的|adjective|not active or energetic	Sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	active|能動的|adjective|characterized by energetic and forceful action or movement	Power|権力|noun|the ability or capacity to perform or act	compare|比較される|verb|estimate, measure, or note the similarity or dissimilarity between
Those who are associated in it take collectively the name of people, and severally are called citizens, as sharing in the sovereign power, and subjects, as being under the laws of the State.	それに関係している人々は、集合的に人民という名をとり、主権を共有する者として市民と呼ばれ、国家の法律の下にある者として臣民と呼ばれる。	be associated with|関係している|verb|be connected with	take|とる|verb|assume or adopt	collectively|集合的に|adverb|as a group	name|名|noun|a word or set of words using which a person is referred to	severally|それぞれ|adverb|separately	be called|と呼ばれる|verb|be named or referred to as	citizen|市民|noun|an inhabitant of a city or town; especially : one entitled to the rights and privileges of a freeman	sovereign|主権|noun|supreme power or authority	power|権力|noun|the ability to do or act	subject|臣民|noun|a person who owes allegiance to a monarch or other sovereign	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or action prescribed or formally recognized as binding or enforced by a controlling authority
But these terms are often confused and taken one for another: it is enough to know how to distinguish them when they are being used with precision.	しかし、これらの用語はしばしば混同され、互いに混同される。正確に使用されているときに区別する方法を知るだけで十分である。	term|用語|noun|a word or phrase used to describe a thing or to express a concept, especially in a particular kind of language or branch of knowledge	often|しばしば|adverb|many times; frequently	confuse|混同する|verb|mix up two or more things	take|混同される|verb|to mistake one thing for another	enough|十分である|adjective|as much or as many as required	distinguish|区別する|verb|recognize as different	precision|正確に|noun|the quality, condition, or fact of being exact or accurate


## CHAPTER VII: THE SOVEREIGN	第七章: 主権者	CHAPTER VII|第七章|noun|the seventh chapter	SOVEREIGN|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler

This formula shows us that the act of association comprises a mutual undertaking between the public and the individuals, and that each individual, in making a contract, as we may say, with himself, is bound in a double capacity;	この公式は、結社の行為が公衆と個人の間の相互の約束を含み、各個人が、いわば自分自身と契約を結ぶ際に、二重の資格で拘束されることを示している。	act|行為|noun|something that is done	association|結社|noun|an organization of people with a shared interest	comprise|含む|verb|be made up of	mutual|相互の|adjective|shared by two or more people or things	undertaking|約束|noun|a promise or pledge	public|公衆|noun|the people as a whole	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinct from a group	each|各|adjective|every one of two or more people or things	contract|契約|noun|a legally binding agreement	make|結ぶ|verb|form or create	say|言う|verb|express (something) in words	himself|自分自身|pronoun|that male person or animal	bound|拘束される|verb|tie or fasten securely	double|二重の|adjective|having two parts, elements, or aspects	capacity|資格|noun|the ability or power to do something
as a member of the Sovereign he is bound to the individuals, and as a member of the State to the Sovereign.	主権者の一員として、彼は個人に拘束され、国家の一員として主権者に拘束される。	as a member of|一員として|noun phrase|being a member of	the Sovereign|主権者|noun|the person or group of people who have supreme power in a country	he is bound to|彼は拘束される|verb phrase|he is obliged to	the individuals|個人|noun|a single human being as distinguished from a group	and as a member of|一員として|noun phrase|being a member of	the State|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	to the Sovereign|主権者に|noun phrase|to the person or group of people who have supreme power in a country
But the maxim of civil right, that no one is bound by undertakings made to himself, does not apply in this case;	しかし、誰も自分自身に対して行った約束に拘束されないという民法の格言は、この場合には適用されない。	maxim|格言|noun|a short, pithy statement expressing a general truth or rule of conduct	civil right|民法|noun|the body of law that deals with the rights and duties of individuals and organizations, as opposed to criminal matters	undertaking|約束|noun|a promise or pledge	apply|適用される|verb|be pertinent or relevant
for there is a great difference between incurring an obligation to yourself and incurring one to a whole of which you form a part.	なぜなら、自分自身に対して義務を負うことと、自分がその一部を成す全体に対して義務を負うことの間には大きな違いがあるからである。	for|なぜなら|conjunction|because	there is|ある|verb|exist	great|大きな|adjective|of major significance or importance	difference|違い|noun|the state of being unlike or dissimilar	incur|負う|verb|become subject to	obligation|義務|noun|a course of action that someone is required to take	yourself|自分自身|pronoun|the person that you are	whole|全体|noun|all of something	part|一部|noun|a piece of something

Attention must further be called to the fact that public deliberation, while competent to bind all the subjects to the Sovereign, because of the two different capacities in which each of them may be regarded, cannot, for the opposite reason, bind the Sovereign to itself;	さらに、公衆の審議は、各人が二つの異なる資格を持つと見なされるため、すべての臣民を主権者に拘束する権限を持つが、反対の理由で主権者を拘束することはできないという事実にも注意を払わなければならない。	public deliberation|公衆の審議|noun|the process of considering a matter in public	bind|拘束する|verb|to tie or fasten together	subject|臣民|noun|a person who is under the authority of a ruler	Sovereign|主権者|noun|a person who has supreme power or authority	two different capacities|二つの異なる資格|noun|two different abilities or powers	opposite reason|反対の理由|noun|a reason that is the opposite of another	itself|それ自体|pronoun|the thing or person mentioned
and that it is consequently against the nature of the body politic for the Sovereign to impose on itself a law which it cannot infringe.	したがって、主権者が侵害できない法律を自らに課すことは、政治体制の本質に反する。	consequently|したがって|adverb|as a result; therefore	against|反する|preposition|in opposition to	nature|本質|noun|the basic or inherent features of something	body politic|政治体制|noun|a state or nation considered as a political entity	impose|課す|verb|force (something unwelcome) to be accepted or put in place	law|法律|noun|a rule or system of rules recognized by a country or community as regulating the actions of its members and having binding legal force	infringe|侵害する|verb|act in contravention of (a law, treaty, or other formal or informal agreement)
Being able to regard itself in only one capacity, it is in the position of an individual who makes a contract with himself;	主権者は、自分自身を一つだけの資格でしか見ることができないので、自分自身と契約を結ぶ個人の立場にある。	be able to|できる|verb|have the ability to do something	regard|見なす|verb|consider or think of in a specified way	only one|一つだけ|adjective|the only one	capacity|資格|noun|the ability to do something	position|立場|noun|the place where someone or something is located	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinguished from a group	make a contract|契約を結ぶ|verb|enter into a formal agreement	himself|自分自身|pronoun|the male person being discussed
and this makes it clear that there neither is nor can be any kind of fundamental law binding on the body of the people—not even the social contract itself.	そして、このことから、社会契約そのものでさえも、人民の集団を拘束するいかなる基本法も存在せず、また存在し得ないことが明らかとなる。	make clear|明らかにする|verb|to make something easy to understand	fundamental law|基本法|noun|a law or rule that is essential and serves as a foundation	bind|拘束する|verb|to tie or fasten together	body of the people|人民の集団|noun|the people as a whole	social contract|社会契約|noun|an implicit agreement among the members of a society to cooperate for social benefits
This does not mean that the body politic cannot enter into undertakings with others, provided the contract is not infringed by them;	これは、政治体制が、契約が侵害されない限り、他者と契約を結ぶことができないという意味ではない。	mean|意味する|verb|have as a purpose or intention	body politic|政治体制|noun|a state or nation considered as a political entity	enter into|結ぶ|verb|make or enter into a contract or agreement	undertaking|契約|noun|a promise or pledge	other|他者|noun|a person or thing that is different or distinct from the one or ones already mentioned or implied	provided|侵害されない限り|conjunction|on the condition or understanding that	contract|契約|noun|a legally binding agreement	infringe|侵害する|verb|act in disregard of laws, rules, contracts, or agreements
for in relation to what is external to it, it becomes a simple being, an individual.	なぜなら、政治体制は、外部との関係においては、単純な存在、つまり個人になるからである。	for|なぜなら|conjunction|because	in relation to|に関して|preposition|with regard to	external|外部|adjective|on or from the outside	become|なる|verb|come to be	simple|単純な|adjective|not complicated or elaborate	being|存在|noun|the state or fact of existing	individual|個人|noun|a single human being

But the body politic or the Sovereign, drawing its being wholly from the sanctity of the contract, can never bind itself, even to an outsider, to do anything derogatory to the original act, for instance, to alienate any part of itself, or to submit to another Sovereign.	しかし、政治体制または主権者は、その存在を完全に契約の神聖性から引き出しているので、外部者に対してでさえ、例えば、自分自身の一部を疎外したり、別の主権者に服従したりするなど、元の行為を損なうようなことをするよう自分自身を拘束することはできない。	body politic|政治体制|noun|a state or nation considered as a political entity	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	draw|引き出す|verb|pull or move something toward oneself	wholly|完全に|adverb|completely	sanctity|神聖性|noun|the state or quality of being holy	bind|拘束する|verb|tie or fasten together	outsider|外部者|noun|a person who is not a member of a particular group	derogatory|損なう|adjective|showing a critical or disrespectful attitude	original|元の|adjective|existing from the beginning	act|行為|noun|something that is done	alienate|疎外する|verb|cause (someone) to feel isolated or estranged	submit|服従する|verb|accept or yield to a superior force or to the authority or will of another person
Violation of the act by which it exists would be self-annihilation; and that which is itself nothing can create nothing.	政治体制が存在する行為に違反することは、自己消滅であり、それ自体が何物でもないものは、何物も生み出せない。	violation|違反|noun|the action of breaking the law or a rule	act|行為|noun|something that is done	exist|存在する|verb|have objective reality or being	self-annihilation|自己消滅|noun|the destruction of oneself or itself	nothing|何物でもない|noun|not anything; no single thing	create|生み出す|verb|cause to come into being; make or produce

As soon as this multitude is so united in one body, it is impossible to offend against one of the members without attacking the body, and still more to offend against the body without the members resenting it.	この集団が一つにまとまると、集団を攻撃せずにその構成員の一人を攻撃することは不可能であり、また、構成員が憤慨せずに集団を攻撃することはさらに不可能である。	as soon as|するとすぐに|conjunction|at the moment that	multitude|集団|noun|a large number of people	be united|まとまる|verb|be joined or connected	one|一つ|adjective|the lowest cardinal number	body|集団|noun|a group of people	offend|攻撃する|verb|cause to feel upset, annoyed, or resentful	member|構成員|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization	resent|憤慨する|verb|feel bitter indignation at having been treated unfairly
Duty and interest therefore equally oblige the two contracting parties to give each other help;	したがって、義務と利益は、契約する二つの当事者に互いに助け合うことを等しく義務付けている。	duty|義務|noun|a moral or legal obligation	interest|利益|noun|money paid for the use of money	equally|等しく|adverb|in the same way or to the same degree	oblige|義務付ける|verb|make someone do something	two|二つの|adjective|one more than one	contracting|契約する|adjective|becoming shorter or smaller	party|当事者|noun|a person or group involved in a situation or event	give|助け合う|verb|cause someone to have something	each other|互いに|pronoun|used to refer to two or more people or things that have the same relationship to each other	help|助け|noun|the action of helping someone by sharing work
and the same men should seek to combine, in their double capacity, all the advantages dependent upon that capacity.	そして、同じ人々が、二重の能力において、その能力に依存するすべての利点を組み合わせることを求めるべきである。	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	the same|同じ|adjective|not different or changed	men|人々|noun|a human being of either sex; a person	should|べきである|auxiliary verb|used to express obligation, duty, or correctness	seek|求める|verb|try to obtain or achieve	combine|組み合わせる|verb|join or merge	in|において|preposition|used to indicate a place, time, or situation	double|二重の|adjective|having two parts, elements, or aspects	capacity|能力|noun|the ability to do something	all|すべての|determiner|the whole quantity or extent of	advantage|利点|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favourable or superior position	dependent|依存する|adjective|relying on someone or something for aid, support, or the like	upon|において|preposition|on	that|その|determiner|used to identify a specific person or thing observed or heard by the speaker

Again, the Sovereign, being formed wholly of the individuals who compose it, neither has nor can have any interest contrary to theirs;	再び、主権者は、それを構成する個人から完全に形成されているので、彼らの利益に反する利益を有することも、有することもできない。	again|再び|adverb|once more; another time	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	be formed|形成される|verb|be made or created	wholly|完全に|adverb|completely; entirely	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinguished from a group	compose|構成する|verb|make up; constitute	neither|どちらも|conjunction|not either; not one nor the other	have|有する|verb|possess, own, or hold	interest|利益|noun|a feeling of wanting to know or learn about something or someone	contrary|反する|adjective|opposite in nature or character
and consequently the sovereign power need give no guarantee to its subjects, because it is impossible for the body to wish to hurt all its members.	したがって、主権者はその臣民に保証を与える必要はない。なぜなら、集団がその構成員全員を傷つけようと望むことは不可能だからである。	consequently|したがって|adverb|as a result; therefore	sovereign power|主権者|noun|the supreme authority within a political unit	give no guarantee|保証を与えない|verb|not give a promise or assurance	subject|臣民|noun|a person who owes allegiance to a monarch or other sovereign	because|なぜなら|conjunction|for the reason that	body|集団|noun|a group of people	wish|望む|verb|feel or express a strong desire or hope for something that is not easily attainable	hurt|傷つける|verb|feel pain in a part of your body	member|構成員|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization
We shall also see later on that It cannot hurt any in particular.	後でまた見るように、それは特に誰かを傷つけることはできない。	see|見る|verb|perceive with the eyes	later on|後で|adverb|at a later time	hurt|傷つける|verb|feel pain in a part of your body
The Sovereign, merely by virtue of what it is, is is always what it should be.	主権者は、単にそれが何であるかによって、常にそうあるべきものである。	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	by virtue of|によって|preposition|because of	what|何|pronoun|the thing that	be|である|verb|to exist or live	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	what|何|pronoun|the thing that	should|べき|modal verb|used to express obligation, duty, or correctness

This, however, is not the case with the relation of the subjects to the Sovereign, which, despite the common interest, would have no security that they would fulfil their undertakings, unless it found means to assure itself of their fidelity.	しかし、これは臣民と主権者との関係には当てはまらない。主権者は、共通の利益にもかかわらず、臣民の忠誠心を保証する手段を見つけない限り、臣民が約束を果たすという保証はない。	subject|臣民|noun|a person who is under the authority of a state or monarch	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	common interest|共通の利益|noun|something that benefits all members of a group	undertaking|約束|noun|a promise or pledge	fidelity|忠誠心|noun|faithfulness to a person, cause, or belief

In fact, each individual, as a man, may have a particular will contrary or dissimilar to the general will which he has as a citizen.	実際、各個人は、人間として、市民として持っている一般意志とは反対の、または似ていない特定の意志を持つかもしれない。	in fact|実際|adverb|used to introduce a statement that is true or to add emphasis to a statement	each|各|adjective|every one of two or more people or things	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinct from a group	as|として|preposition|used to indicate the function or character that someone or something has	man|人間|noun|an adult male human being	may|かもしれない|auxiliary verb|expressing possibility	have|持つ|verb|possess, own, or hold	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	will|意志|noun|the faculty by which a person decides on and initiates action	contrary|反対の|adjective|opposite in nature or character	dissimilar|似ていない|adjective|not alike; different	general|一般|adjective|affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things	citizen|市民|noun|an inhabitant of a city or town; a person who lives in a particular place
His particular interest may speak to him quite differently from the common interest: his absolute and naturally independent existence may make him look upon what he owes to the common cause as a gratuitous contribution, the loss of which will do less harm to others than the payment of it is burdensome to himself;	彼の特定の利益は、共通の利益とは全く異なることを彼に語りかけるかもしれない。彼の絶対的で自然に独立した存在は、彼が共通の原因に負っているものを無償の貢献と見なし、その損失は、支払いが自分にとって負担であるよりも他人に害を与えないかもしれない。	particular interest|特定の利益|noun|a benefit that is specific to a particular person or group	common interest|共通の利益|noun|a benefit that is shared by all members of a group	absolute|絶対的|adjective|not qualified or diminished in any way; total	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a natural manner	independent|独立した|adjective|not dependent on or connected with others	existence|存在|noun|the fact or state of living or having objective reality	common cause|共通の原因|noun|a goal or purpose that is shared by all members of a group	gratuitous|無償の|adjective|given or done free of charge	contribution|貢献|noun|a gift or payment	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something	harm|害|noun|physical or mental damage or injury	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	burdensome|負担|adjective|causing hardship or difficulty
and, regarding the moral person which constitutes the State as a persona ficta, because not a man, he may wish to enjoy the rights of citizenship without being ready to fulfil the duties of a subject.	そして、国家を構成する道徳的人格を人格フィクタと見なし、人間ではないため、臣民の義務を果たす準備ができていなくても、市民権の権利を享受したいと思うかもしれない。	State|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	persona ficta|人格フィクタ|noun|a legal fiction	citizen|市民|noun|a person who is a member of a particular country	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	enjoy|享受する|verb|take delight or pleasure in	duty|義務|noun|a moral or legal obligation	subject|臣民|noun|a person who owes allegiance to a monarch or other sovereign
The continuance of such an injustice could not but prove the undoing of the body politic.	そのような不正義の継続は、政治体制の崩壊を証明する以外になかった。	continuance|継続|noun|the state of continuing	injustice|不正義|noun|unfairness	prove|証明する|verb|to show or make clear that something is true or exists	undoing|崩壊|noun|the action of unfastening or loosening something	body politic|政治体制|noun|a state or nation considered as a political entity

In order then that the social compact may not be an empty formula, it tacitly includes the undertaking, which alone can give force to the rest, that whoever refuses to obey the general will shall be compelled to do so by the whole body.	社会契約が空虚な公式にならないように、それは暗黙のうちに、一般意志に従うことを拒否する者は誰でも全身によってそうすることを強制されるという、残りの部分に力を与えることができる唯一の約束を含んでいる。	social compact|社会契約|noun|an agreement among the members of an organized society or between the governed and the government defining and limiting the rights and duties of each	empty formula|空虚な公式|noun|a formula that does not have any meaning or significance	tacitly|暗黙のうちに|adverb|without being stated	undertaking|約束|noun|a promise or pledge	alone|唯一|adjective|without any other people or things	give force to|力を与える|verb|to make something more effective or powerful	rest|残りの部分|noun|the remaining part of something	general will|一般意志|noun|the will of the people as a whole	shall be compelled to|強制される|verb|to be forced to do something	whole body|全身|noun|the entire body of a person or animal
This means nothing less than that he will be forced to be free;	これは、彼が自由になることを強制されることに他ならない。	mean|意味する|verb|have as a purpose or intention	nothing less than|に他ならない|adverb|exactly; precisely	be forced to|強制される|verb|be compelled to do something	be free|自由になる|verb|be able to act or be done without constraint
for this is the condition which, by giving each citizen to his country, secures him against all personal dependence.	なぜなら、これは各市民を国に与えることによって、すべての個人的な依存から彼を守る条件だからである。	for|なぜなら|conjunction|because	this|これ|pronoun|the thing that is being discussed	condition|条件|noun|something that must happen or be done before something else can happen or be done	give|与える|verb|transfer the possession of something to someone	citizen|市民|noun|a person who lives in a particular country, state, or city	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	secure|守る|verb|make or keep safe or secure	personal|個人的な|adjective|of or concerning a particular person	dependence|依存|noun|the state of relying on or needing someone or something
In this lies the key to the working of the political machine;	ここに政治機構の働きの鍵がある。	lie|ある|verb|be in a certain state or condition	key|鍵|noun|something that is of crucial importance	working|働き|noun|the way in which something operates or functions	political machine|政治機構|noun|a political organization that is highly disciplined and controlled by a boss or small group
this alone legitimizes civil undertakings, which, without it, would be absurd, tyrannical, and liable to the most frightful abuses.	これだけが市民の事業に正当性を与え、それがなければ、事業は不条理で、暴君的で、最も恐ろしい虐待を受けることになる。	this alone|これだけ|pronoun|this and nothing else	legitimize|正当性を与える|verb|make lawful or legitimate	civil undertaking|市民の事業|noun|an enterprise or other undertaking carried out for the benefit of the public	without|なければ|preposition|not having or not accompanied by	absurd|不条理|adjective|ridiculously incongruous or inappropriate	tyrannical|暴君的|adjective|exercising power in a cruel or arbitrary way	liable|受けることになる|adjective|responsible by law; legally answerable	frightful|恐ろしい|adjective|causing fear or alarm	abuse|虐待|noun|the improper use of something


## CHAPTER VIII: THE CIVIL STATE	第八章: 市民国家	chapter|章|noun|a main division of a book	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory

The passage from the state of nature to the civil state produces a very remarkable change in man, by substituting justice, for instinct in his conduct, and giving his actions the morality they had formerly lacked.	自然状態から市民国家への移行は、人間の行動における本能を正義に置き換え、彼の行動に以前は欠けていた道徳を与えることによって、人間に非常に顕著な変化をもたらす。	passage|移行|noun|the process of moving from one place to another	state of nature|自然状態|noun|the hypothetical condition of humankind before the existence of society and government	civil state|市民国家|noun|a state in which the citizens are the ultimate source of power	produce|生み出す|verb|make or create	remarkable|顕著な|adjective|worthy of attention	change|変化|noun|the process of becoming different	substitute|置き換える|verb|replace with another	justice|正義|noun|the quality of being just; fairness	instinct|本能|noun|an innate, typically fixed pattern of behavior in animals in response to certain stimuli	conduct|行動|noun|the manner in which one behaves	morality|道徳|noun|principles concerning the distinction between right and wrong or good and bad behavior	formerly|以前は|adverb|in the past
Then only, when the voice of duty takes the place of physical impulses and right of appetite, does man, who so far had considered only himself, find that he is forced to act on different principles, and to consult his reason before listening to his inclinations.	義務の声が肉体的衝動と欲望の権利に取って代わったときのみ、それまで自分だけを考えていた人間は、異なる原則に基づいて行動し、自分の傾向に耳を傾ける前に自分の理性に相談することを余儀なくされることに気づく。	voice|声|noun|the sound produced in a person's larynx and uttered through the mouth, as speech or song	duty|義務|noun|a moral or legal obligation	take the place of|取って代わる|verb|be a substitute for	physical|肉体的|adjective|of or relating to the body as opposed to the mind	impulse|衝動|noun|a sudden strong and unreflective urge or desire to act	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	appetite|欲望|noun|a strong desire for something	man|人間|noun|an adult male human being	so far|これまで|adverb|to the extent mentioned	only|だけ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	consider|考える|verb|think carefully about (something), typically before making a decision	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as another or each other; unlike in nature, form, or quality	principle|原則|noun|a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior or for a chain of reasoning	act|行動する|verb|take action; do something	before|前に|preposition|during the period of time preceding (the event mentioned)	listen|耳を傾ける|verb|give one's attention to a sound	inclination|傾向|noun|a person's natural tendency or urge to act or feel in a particular way
Although, in this state, he deprives himself of some advantages which he got from nature, he gains in return others so great, his faculties are so stimulated and developed, his ideas so extended, his feelings so ennobled, and his whole soul so uplifted, that, did not the abuses of this new condition often degrade him below that which he left, he would be bound to bless continually the happy moment which took him from it for ever, and, instead of a stupid and unimaginative animal, made him an intelligent being and a man.	この状態では、彼は自然から得たいくつかの利点を自分から奪うが、その見返りとして他の非常に大きな利点を得、彼の能力は非常に刺激され、発達し、彼の考えは非常に拡張され、彼の感情は非常に高貴になり、彼の魂全体が非常に高揚するので、この新しい条件の乱用が彼を去った状態よりも下に落とさなければ、彼は永遠に彼をそこから連れ出し、愚かで想像力のない動物の代わりに、彼を知的な存在と人間にした幸せな瞬間を絶えず祝福することになるだろう。	although|しかし|conjunction|in spite of the fact that	state|状態|noun|the condition of a person or thing	deprive|奪う|verb|take away or withhold something from	nature|自然|noun|the physical world and everything in it	return|見返り|noun|the value of something in terms of money or other goods for which it can be exchanged	gain|得る|verb|obtain or secure	faculty|能力|noun|an inherent mental or physical power	stimulate|刺激する|verb|make more active or lively	develop|発達する|verb|become more mature or advanced	idea|考え|noun|a thought or suggestion as to a possible course of action	extend|拡張する|verb|make or become longer or wider	feeling|感情|noun|an emotional state or reaction	ennoble|高貴にする|verb|make more noble or worthy	soul|魂|noun|the spiritual or immaterial part of a human being or animal	uplift|高揚する|verb|raise to a higher level	abuse|乱用|noun|the improper use of something	degrade|落とす|verb|cause a severe loss in the quality or value of	leave|去る|verb|go away from	bind|縛る|verb|tie or fasten together	bless|祝福する|verb|ask God to look favourably on	continually|絶えず|adverb|without interruption	take|連れ出す|verb|carry or bring with one	stupid|愚かな|adjective|lacking intelligence or common sense	unimaginative|想像力のない|adjective|lacking the ability to form new images or ideas	animal|動物|noun|a living organism of the kingdom Animalia	intelligent|知的な|adjective|having or showing intelligence	being|存在|noun|the quality or state of existing	man|人間|noun|an adult male human being

Let us draw up the whole account in terms easily commensurable.	簡単に通約できる言葉で全体の説明をしよう。	draw up|説明する|verb|to write or create a document	whole|全体|adjective|all of something	account|説明|noun|a statement of the facts about something	easily|簡単に|adverb|without difficulty	commensurable|通約できる|adjective|having a common measure
What man loses by the social contract in his natural liberty and an unlimited right to everything he tries to get and succeeds in getting;	人間が社会契約によって失うものは、自然の自由と、手に入れようとし、手に入れることに成功したすべてのものに対する無制限の権利である。	lose|失う|verb|be deprived of or cease to have or retain	social contract|社会契約|noun|an implicit agreement among the members of a society to cooperate for social benefits	natural liberty|自然の自由|noun|the freedom of a person to do what they want without being subject to any external constraints	unlimited right|無制限の権利|noun|a right that has no restrictions or limitations	everything|すべてのもの|noun|all the things that exist	try to get|手に入れようとする|verb|attempt to obtain or achieve	succeed in getting|手に入れることに成功する|verb|be successful in obtaining or achieving
what he gains is civil liberty and the proprietorship of all he possesses.	彼が得るものは、市民的自由と彼が所有するすべてのものの所有権である。	gain|得る|verb|obtain or win something	civil liberty|市民的自由|noun|the freedom of individuals to exercise their rights as citizens	proprietorship|所有権|noun|the right of ownership of property
If we are to avoid mistake in weighing one against the other, we must clearly distinguish natural liberty, which is bounded only by the strength of the individual, from civil liberty, which is limited by the general will;	一方を他方と比較する際に間違いを避けるためには、個人の力によってのみ制限される自然の自由と、一般意志によって制限される市民的自由を明確に区別しなければならない。	avoid|避ける|verb|prevent the occurrence of; prevent from happening	mistake|間違い|noun|an error in action, calculation, opinion, or judgment caused by poor reasoning, carelessness, insufficient knowledge, etc.	weigh|比較する|verb|measure the weight of	one|一方|noun|the number 1	the other|他方|noun|the remaining one of two or more people or things	clearly|明確に|adverb|in a clear manner	distinguish|区別する|verb|recognize or treat as different	natural|自然の|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life, behavior, or political views	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinguished from a group, class, or family	strength|力|noun|the quality or state of being physically strong	civil|市民的|adjective|of or relating to the state or its citizens	will|意志|noun|the faculty by which a person decides on and initiates action
and possession, which is merely the effect of force or the right of the first occupier, from property, which can be founded only on a positive title.	そして、単に力の効果である占有や最初の占有者の権利と、肯定的な権原に基づいてのみ成立する所有権とを区別しなければならない。	possession|占有|noun|the state of having, owning, or controlling something	effect|効果|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	force|力|noun|strength or energy exerted or brought to bear	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest	occupier|占有者|noun|a person who occupies a place	property|所有権|noun|a thing or things belonging to someone; possessions collectively	found|成立する|verb|establish or originate	positive|肯定的な|adjective|expressing or implying affirmation, agreement, or permission	title|権原|noun|a right to ownership of property

We might, over and above all this, add, to what man acquires in the civil state, moral liberty, which alone makes him truly master of himself;	これらすべてに加えて、人間が市民国家で獲得するものに、道徳的自由を加えることができる。道徳的自由だけが、人間を真に自分自身の主人にする。	over and above|加えて|adverb|in addition to	add|加える|verb|join or combine two or more things together	acquire|獲得する|verb|gain or obtain something	civil state|市民国家|noun|a state in which the citizens are the ultimate source of power	moral liberty|道徳的自由|noun|the freedom to act according to one's own conscience	alone|だけ|adverb|only	make|する|verb|cause to be or become	master|主人|noun|a person who has control over something or someone
for the mere impulse of appetite is slavery, while obedience to a law which we prescribe to ourselves is liberty.	欲望の単なる衝動は奴隷制であり、一方、私たちが自分自身に課す法律への服従は自由である。	for|なぜなら|conjunction|because	mere|単なる|adjective|being only what is specified	impulse|衝動|noun|a sudden strong and unreflective urge or desire to act	appetite|欲望|noun|a strong desire to satisfy a bodily need, especially for food	slavery|奴隷制|noun|the state of being a slave	obedience|服従|noun|the quality or state of being obedient	law|法律|noun|a rule or system of rules recognized by a country or community as regulating the actions of its members and having binding legal force	prescribe|課す|verb|officially or legally require something	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions or limitations
But I have already said too much on this head, and the philosophical meaning of the word liberty does not now concern us.	しかし、私はすでにこの点について多くを語りすぎており、自由という言葉の哲学的意味は今は私たちには関係がない。	head|点|noun|a particular topic or subject	word|言葉|noun|a unit of language that native speakers can identify	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions or limitations	concern|関係|verb|be about or connected with


## CHAPTER IX: REAL PROPERTY	第九章: 不動産	CHAPTER IX|第九章|noun|the ninth chapter	REAL PROPERTY|不動産|noun|land and anything permanently attached to it, especially buildings

Each member of the community gives himself to it, at the moment of its foundation, just as he is, with all the resources at his command, including the goods he possesses.	共同体の各構成員は、その設立の瞬間に、所有する財産を含む、自分の自由になるすべての資源をもって、ありのままの自分を共同体に捧げる。	community|共同体|noun|a group of people living in the same place or having a particular characteristic in common	member|構成員|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization	foundation|設立|noun|the act of starting or creating something	moment|瞬間|noun|a very brief period of time	give|捧げる|verb|freely transfer the possession of (something) to (someone)	resource|資源|noun|a source of supply or support	command|自由になる|noun|the authority to give orders	possession|所有する|noun|the state of having, owning, or controlling something
This act does not make possession, in changing hands, change its nature, and becomes property in the hands of the Sovereign; but, as the forces of the city are incomparably greater than those of an individual, public possession is also, in fact, stronger and more irrevocable, without being any more legitimate, at any rate from the point of view of foreigners.	この行為によって、所有権は、所有者の変更によってその性質を変え、主権者の手の中で財産になるわけではないが、都市の力は個人の力とは比べ物にならないほど大きいので、公共の所有権も、少なくとも外国人の観点からは、より合法的なわけではなく、事実上、より強固で取消しがたいものである。	act|行為|noun|something that is done	change|変更|noun|the act of making or becoming different	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features of something	property|財産|noun|a thing or things belonging to someone	force|力|noun|strength or energy as an attribute of physical action or movement	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinguished from a group	public|公共|adjective|of or concerning the people as a whole	possession|所有権|noun|the state of having, owning, or controlling something	legitimate|合法的な|adjective|conforming to the law or to rules	point of view|観点|noun|a particular attitude or way of considering a matter
For the State, in relation to its members, is master of all their goods by the social contract, which, within the State, is the basis of all rights;	国家は、その構成員との関係において、国家内においてすべての権利の基礎である社会契約によって、彼らのすべての財産の主人であるからである。	for|なぜなら|conjunction|because	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	in relation to|に関して|preposition|with regard to	member|構成員|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization	master|主人|noun|a person who has control over something	good|財産|noun|all the property owned by a person or company	by|によって|preposition|through the action of	social contract|社会契約|noun|an implicit agreement among the members of a society to cooperate for social benefits	within|内において|preposition|inside	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something
but, in relation to other powers, it is so only by the right of the first occupier, which it holds from its members.	しかし、他の権力との関係においては、国家は、その構成員から得た最初の占有者の権利によってのみそうである。	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	in relation to|に関して|preposition|with regard to; concerning	other|他の|adjective|not the same; different	power|権力|noun|the ability to do or act	only|のみ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	by the right of|の権利によって|preposition|by virtue of	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	occupier|占有者|noun|a person who occupies a place	which|その|pronoun|that	hold|得る|verb|have or possess	from|から|preposition|away from; at a distance from	member|構成員|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization

The right of the first occupier, though more real than the right of the strongest, becomes a real right only when the right of property has already been established.	最初の占有者の権利は、最強者の権利よりも現実的ではあるが、所有権がすでに確立されている場合にのみ現実の権利となる。	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	occupier|占有者|noun|a person who occupies a place	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	stronger|最強者|adjective|having great power or strength	real|現実的|adjective|existing or happening in fact or actuality	only|のみ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	right of property|所有権|noun|the right to possess, use, and dispose of property	already|すでに|adverb|before or by now or the time in question	establish|確立する|verb|cause to be widely known or accepted
Every man has naturally a right to everything he needs;	人は誰でも、自分に必要なものすべてに対する権利を自然に持っている。	every man|人は誰でも|noun|all people	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a natural manner	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	everything|すべて|noun|all things	need|必要|noun|a requirement for something
but the positive act which makes him proprietor of one thing excludes him from everything else.	しかし、ある物の所有者となる積極的な行為は、他のすべての物から彼を排除する。	make|なる|verb|become	proprietor|所有者|noun|the owner of a business	exclude|排除する|verb|prevent from entering or taking part in
Having his share, he ought to keep to it, and can have no further right against the community.	彼は自分の分け前を得たので、それを守るべきであり、共同体に対してそれ以上の権利を持つことはできない。	have|得る|verb|possess, own, or hold	share|分け前|noun|a part or portion of a whole	keep to|守る|verb|continue doing something	can|できる|auxiliary verb|be able to	have|持つ|verb|possess, own, or hold	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	community|共同体|noun|a group of people living in the same place or having a particular characteristic in common
This is why the right of the first occupier, which in the state of nature is so weak, claims the respect of every man in civil society.	これが、自然状態では非常に弱い最初の占有者の権利が、市民社会ではすべての人の尊敬を要求する理由である。	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	occupier|占有者|noun|a person who occupies a place	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	state of nature|自然状態|noun|the hypothetical condition of humankind before the existence of society and government	weak|弱い|adjective|lacking the power to perform	claim|要求する|verb|state or assert that something is the case	respect|尊敬|noun|a feeling of deep admiration for someone or something elicited by their abilities, qualities or achievements
In this right we are respecting not so much what belongs to another as what does not belong to ourselves.	この権利において、私たちは他人のものであるものを尊重しているというよりは、自分たちのものではないものを尊重している。	in this right|この権利において|noun phrase|in this right	respect|尊重する|verb|have due regard for the feelings, wishes, rights, or traditions of	belong|属する|verb|be a member of or be connected with	another|他人|noun|a person or thing that is different or distinct from the one already mentioned or implied	ourselves|自分たち|pronoun|we or us

In general, to establish the right of the first occupier over a plot of ground, the following conditions are necessary: first, the land must not yet be inhabited;	一般に、一区画の土地に対する最初の占有者の権利を確立するためには、以下の条件が必要である。第一に、その土地にはまだ人が住んではいけない。	in general|一般に|adverb|usually; on the whole	establish|確立する|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest	occupier|占有者|noun|a person who occupies a place	plot|区画|noun|a small piece of land	ground|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	following|以下の|adjective|coming after something in time; next	condition|条件|noun|a state of affairs that must exist or be brought about before another state of affairs can exist or occur	necessary|必要である|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present; needed	first|第一に|adverb|before anything else; in the first place	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	must|いけない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; should	yet|まだ|adverb|up until the present time; so far	be inhabited|人が住む|verb|live in a place
secondly, a man must occupy only the amount he needs for his subsistence;	第二に、人は生存に必要な分だけを占有しなければならない。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	occupy|占有する|verb|take up (a place or position)	amount|分|noun|a quantity of something	need|必要とする|verb|require (something) because it is essential or very important
and, in the third place, possession must be taken, not by an empty ceremony, but by labour and cultivation, the only sign of proprietorship that should be respected by others, in default of a legal title.	そして第三に、所有は空虚な儀式によってではなく、労働と耕作によって行われなければならない。これは、法的権原がない場合に他人に尊重されるべき所有権の唯一のしるしである。	third|第三|adjective|coming after second	possession|所有|noun|the state of having, owning, or controlling something	take|行われる|verb|carry or bring with oneself	empty|空虚な|adjective|containing nothing	ceremony|儀式|noun|a formal religious or public occasion, especially one celebrating a particular event or anniversary	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	cultivation|耕作|noun|the action of growing plants	only|唯一の|adjective|being the only one	sign|しるし|noun|an object, quality, or event whose presence or occurrence indicates the probable presence or occurrence of something else	proprietorship|所有権|noun|the fact of owning something	respect|尊重される|verb|admire someone or something	legal|法的|adjective|of or relating to the law	title|権原|noun|a name that describes the subject of a book, poem, or other work

In granting the right of first occupancy to necessity and labour, are we not really stretching it as far as it can go?	必要性と労働に最初の占有権を与えることで、私たちはそれを可能な限り拡大しているのではないだろうか?	grant|与える|verb|give or allow something to someone	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	occupancy|占有|noun|the action or fact of occupying a place	necessity|必要性|noun|the quality or state of being necessary	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work
Is it possible to leave such a right unlimited?	そのような権利を無制限のままにしておくことなどできるだろうか?	leave|ままにする|verb|go away from a place	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	unlimited|無制限|adjective|without any limit
Is it to be enough to set foot on a plot of common ground, in order to be able to call yourself at once the master of it?	共通の土地に足を踏み入れれば、すぐにそこの主人だと名乗れるようになるのだろうか?	set foot|足を踏み入れる|verb|to go to a place	common ground|共通の土地|noun|a piece of land that is shared by two or more people or groups	at once|すぐに|adverb|immediately; without delay	master|主人|noun|a man who has people working for him, especially servants or slaves
Is it to be enough that a man has the strength to expel others for a moment, in order to establish his right to prevent them from ever returning?	人が一時的に他人を追い出す力を持っているだけで、その人が二度と戻ってこないようにする権利を確立できるのだろうか?	be enough|十分である|verb|be sufficient	strength|力|noun|the quality or state of being physically strong	expel|追い出す|verb|force (someone) to leave a place, especially a country, or an organization	moment|瞬間|noun|a very brief period of time	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	establish|確立する|verb|cause to be widely known or accepted	return|戻る|verb|go or come back to a place or person that one has already left
How can a man or a people seize an immense territory and keep it from the rest of the world except by a punishable usurpation, since all others are being robbed, by such an act, of the place of habitation and the means of subsistence which nature gave them in common?	一人の人や一つの民族が、広大な領土を占領し、それを世界の他の地域から守ることは、罰せられるべき横領以外にどのようにして可能だろうか? なぜなら、そのような行為によって、他のすべての人々は、自然が彼らに共通に与えた居住地と生存手段を奪われているからである。	seize|占領する|verb|take or keep in possession or under control, especially by force	immense|広大な|adjective|extremely large or great	territory|領土|noun|an area of land under the jurisdiction of a ruler or state	keep|守る|verb|have or retain possession of	rest|残り|noun|the remaining part of something	world|世界|noun|the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on	except|以外に|preposition|not including; other than	punishable|罰せられるべき|adjective|deserving of punishment	usurpation|横領|noun|the act of taking something for oneself by force or without right	since|なぜなら|conjunction|for the reason that; because	all|すべての|determiner|the whole quantity or extent of	other|他の|determiner|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or distinct from one already mentioned or known about	being robbed|奪われている|verb|take property unlawfully from a person or place by force or threat of force	such|そのような|determiner|of the type previously mentioned	act|行為|noun|a thing done; deed	place|場所|noun|a particular position or point in space	habitation|居住地|noun|a place where someone lives	means|手段|noun|a method, style, or manner of doing something	subsistence|生存|noun|the state or fact of existing or living	nature|自然|noun|the physical world and everything in it, especially as experienced by humans	give|与える|verb|freely transfer the possession of (something) to (someone)	common|共通|adjective|belonging to or shared by two or more people or things
When Nuñez Balbao, standing on the sea-shore, took possession of the South Seas and the whole of South America in the name of the crown of Castille, was that enough to dispossess all their actual inhabitants, and to shut out from them all the princes of the world?	ヌニェス・バルボアが海岸に立って、カスティーリャ王国の名のもとに南洋と南アメリカ全土を占領したとき、それは現地の住民をすべて追い出し、世界のすべての君主を締め出すのに十分だったのだろうか?	Nuñez Balbao|ヌニェス・バルボア|noun|a Spanish explorer, governor, and conquistador	sea-shore|海岸|noun|the land that borders the sea	take possession of|占領する|verb|to take control of something by force	South Seas|南洋|noun|the seas south of the equator	South America|南アメリカ|noun|the southern continent of the western hemisphere	Castille|カスティーリャ|noun|a historical region of Spain	dispossess|追い出す|verb|to deprive someone of their property or rights	shut out|締め出す|verb|to prevent someone from entering or participating in something	world|世界|noun|the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on
On such a showing, these ceremonies are idly multiplied, and the Catholic King need only take possession all at once, from his apartment, of the whole universe, merely making a subsequent reservation about what was already in the possession of other princes.	このような見方では、これらの儀式は怠惰に増殖し、カトリックの王は、自分の部屋から宇宙全体を一度に占領し、他の君主がすでに所有しているものについては後で予約するだけでよい。	on such a showing|このような見方では|noun phrase|in this way of thinking	ceremony|儀式|noun|a formal religious or public occasion	idly|怠惰に|adverb|in an idle manner	multiply|増殖する|verb|increase in number	Catholic|カトリック|adjective|relating to the Roman Catholic Church	king|王|noun|the male ruler of an independent state	need only|〜するだけでよい|verb phrase|have to do nothing else but	take possession|占領する|verb phrase|take control of	at once|一度に|adverb|immediately	apartment|部屋|noun|a place where someone lives	universe|宇宙|noun|all existing matter and space considered as a whole; the cosmos	make a reservation|予約する|verb phrase|arrange for something to be kept or used at a particular time	prince|君主|noun|the son of a king or queen

We can imagine how the lands of individuals, where they were contiguous and came to be united, became the public territory, and how the right of Sovereignty, extending from the subjects over the lands they held, became at once real and personal.	個人の土地が隣接して一体となった場所がどのように公共の領域となり、臣民から彼らが所有する土地にまで及ぶ主権の権利がどのようにして現実のものとなり、個人的なものとなったのかを想像することができる。	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinguished from a group	contiguous|隣接する|adjective|touching or connected in an unbroken series	come to be|なる|verb|become	united|一体となった|adjective|made or joined into a single unit	public|公共の|adjective|of or concerning the people as a whole	territory|領域|noun|an area of land under the jurisdiction of a ruler or state	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	sovereignty|主権|noun|supreme power or authority	extend|及ぶ|verb|stretch out so as to reach or touch something	subject|臣民|noun|a person who owes allegiance to a monarch or other sovereign	hold|所有する|verb|have or keep in one's hand or hands	real|現実のもの|adjective|not imaginary; having objective existence	personal|個人的なもの|adjective|of or concerning a particular person
The possessors were thus made more dependent, and the forces at their command used to guarantee their fidelity.	こうして所有者はより従属的になり、彼らの指揮下にある軍隊は彼らの忠誠を保証するために使われるようになった。	possessor|所有者|noun|a person who owns something	thus|こうして|adverb|in this way; therefore	dependent|従属的|adjective|relying on someone or something else for aid, support, or the like	force|軍隊|noun|the military forces of a nation or group of nations	command|指揮下|noun|the authority to command	guarantee|保証|verb|to give a guarantee for	fidelity|忠誠|noun|faithfulness to a person, cause, or belief, demonstrated by continuing loyalty and support
The advantage of this does not seem to have been felt by ancient monarchs, who called themselves King of the Persians, Scythians, or Macedonians, and seemed to regard themselves more as rulers of men than as masters of a country.	この利点は、自らをペルシア人、スキタイ人、マケドニア人の王と称し、自らを国の主人というよりは人間の支配者と考えていた古代の君主たちには感じられなかったようである。	advantage|利点|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favourable or superior position	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	ancient|古代の|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	monarch|君主|noun|the head of a monarchy	call|称する|verb|give a name to	Persian|ペルシア人|noun|a native or inhabitant of Persia	Scythian|スキタイ人|noun|a member of a nomadic people originally from the steppes of Eurasia	Macedonian|マケドニア人|noun|a native or inhabitant of Macedonia	regard|考える|verb|think of or consider in a specified way	master|主人|noun|a person who has control over something	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
Those of the present day more cleverly call themselves Kings of France, Spain, England, etc.: thus holding the land, they are quite confident of holding the inhabitants.	現代の君主たちは、自分たちをフランス、スペイン、イギリスなどの王と呼び、土地を所有することで住民を支配できると確信している。	present day|現代|noun|the time that is happening now	cleverly|巧みに|adverb|in a skillful or ingenious way	call|呼ぶ|verb|give a name to	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	Spain|スペイン|noun|a kingdom in southwestern Europe	England|イギリス|noun|a country in northwestern Europe	thus|こうして|adverb|in this way	hold|所有する|verb|have or possess	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	be confident of|確信する|verb|be certain of

The peculiar fact about this alienation is that, in taking over the goods of individuals, the community, so far from despoiling them, only assures them legitimate possession, and changes usurpation into a true right and enjoyment into proprietorship.	この疎外に関する特異な事実は、個人の財産を乗っ取る際に、共同体は彼らから略奪するどころか、彼らに正当な所有権を保証するだけで、横領を真の権利に変え、享受を所有権に変えてしまうことである。	alienation|疎外|noun|the state of being isolated or separated from a group or an activity to which one should belong or in which one should be involved	peculiar|特異な|adjective|strange or odd; unusual	fact|事実|noun|something that is known or proved to be true	take over|乗っ取る|verb|assume control of	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinguished from a group	community|共同体|noun|a group of people living in the same place or having a particular characteristic in common	despoiling|略奪する|verb|steal goods from (a place or person), typically using force and in a time of war or civil disorder	assure|保証する|verb|make (something) certain; ensure	legitimate|正当な|adjective|conforming to the law or to rules	possession|所有権|noun|the state of having, owning, or controlling something	change|変える|verb|make or become different	usurpation|横領|noun|the action of taking something for oneself by force or without right	true|真の|adjective|being in accordance with fact or reality	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	enjoyment|享受|noun|the state or process of taking delight or pleasure in something	proprietorship|所有権|noun|the fact of being the owner of something
Thus the possessors, being regarded as depositaries of the public good, and having their rights, respected by all the members of the State and maintained against foreign aggression by all its forces, have, by a cession which benefits both the public and still more themselves, acquired, so to speak, all that they gave up.	こうして所有者は、公共財の保管者とみなされ、その権利を国家のすべての構成員に尊重され、国家のすべての力によって外国の侵略から守られることによって、いわば、彼らが放棄したすべてのものを、公衆にも、さらには自分自身にも利益をもたらす譲渡によって獲得したのである。	possessor|所有者|noun|a person who owns something	public good|公共財|noun|a good that is both non-excludable and non-rivalrous	depositaries|保管者|noun|a person who is entrusted with something	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	member|構成員|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	force|力|noun|strength or energy exerted or brought to bear	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	aggression|侵略|noun|the action or an act of attacking without provocation	benefit|利益をもたらす|verb|be advantageous to	cession|譲渡|noun|the formal giving up of rights, property, or territory by a state	acquire|獲得する|verb|come into possession or ownership of	give up|放棄する|verb|decide to do or have no more of something
This paradox may easily be explained by the distinction between the rights which the Sovereign and the proprietor have over the same estate, as we shall see later on.	このパラドックスは、後で述べるように、主権者と所有者が同じ財産に対して持つ権利の違いによって簡単に説明できる。	paradox|パラドックス|noun|a statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth	easily|簡単に|adverb|in an easy manner	explain|説明する|verb|make (something) clear or easy to understand	distinction|違い|noun|a difference or contrast between similar things or people	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	Sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who has legal ownership of a business or other property	estate|財産|noun|all the money and property owned by a person or family	later on|後で|adverb|at a later time
It may also happen that men begin to unite one with another before they possess anything, and that, subsequently occupying a tract of country which is enough for all, they enjoy it in common, or share it out among themselves, either equally or according to a scale fixed by they Sovereign.	また、人々が何かを所有する前に互いに結びつき始め、その後、全員に十分な土地を占領して、それを共同で享受したり、平等に、あるいは主権者が定めた基準に従って、自分たちの間で分け合うようになることもある。	happen|起こる|verb|take place; occur	begin|始める|verb|start to do something	unite|結びつく|verb|join or combine	another|互いに|pronoun|one another; each other	before|前に|preposition|earlier than	possess|所有する|verb|have as belonging to oneself or oneself and others	anything|何か|pronoun|something	subsequently|その後|adverb|after a particular time	occupy|占領する|verb|take control of a country or area by force	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	enough|十分な|adjective|as much or as many as required	enjoy|享受する|verb|take delight or pleasure in	common|共同で|adjective|belonging to or shared by two or more people or things	share|分け合う|verb|have or use something at the same time as someone else	among|間で|preposition|in the middle of	themselves|自分たちの|pronoun|the reflexive form of the third person plural pronoun	equally|平等に|adverb|in a way that is fair and just	according to|従って|preposition|as stated by or in	scale|基準|noun|a system of ordered marks at fixed intervals used for measuring	fix|定める|verb|decide or settle in advance	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler
However the acquisition be made, the right which each individual has to his own estate is always subordinate to the right which the community has over all: without this, there would be neither stability in the social tie, nor real force in the exercise of Sovereignty.	しかし、どのように取得しようとも、各個人が自分の財産に対して持つ権利は、常に共同体が全体に対して持つ権利に従属している。これがなければ、社会的な結びつきに安定性も、主権の行使に真の力も存在しないだろう。	acquisition|取得|noun|the act of acquiring something	be made|行われる|verb|be done or performed	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinguished from a group	estate|財産|noun|all the money and property owned by a person or group	subordinate|従属する|adjective|lower in rank or position	community|共同体|noun|a group of people living in the same place or having a particular characteristic in common	without|なければ|preposition|not having or not accompanied by	stability|安定性|noun|the state of being stable	social|社会的な|adjective|relating to society or its organization	tie|結びつき|noun|a bond or connection between people or things	exercise|行使|noun|the use or application of a power or right	sovereignty|主権|noun|supreme power or authority

I shall end this chapter and this book by remarking on a fact on which the whole social system should rest: i.e. that, instead of destroying natural inequality, the fundamental compact substitutes, for such physical inequality as nature may have set up between men, an equality that is moral and legitimate, and that men, who may be unequal in strength or intelligence, become every one equal by convention and legal right.	私はこの章とこの書を、社会システム全体が依拠すべき事実について述べて終わろう。すなわち、自然の不平等を破壊する代わりに、基本的な協定は、自然が人間の間に設定したかもしれない物理的な不平等の代わりに、道徳的で合法的な平等を代用し、強さや知性に不平等があるかもしれない人間は、慣習と法的権利によって誰もが平等になるということである。	end|終わる|verb|come or bring to a final point; finish	chapter|章|noun|a main division of a book	book|書|noun|a written or printed work consisting of pages bound together between two covers	remark|述べる|verb|say something as a comment	fact|事実|noun|something that is known or proved to be true	rest|依拠する|verb|be based on	destroy|破壊する|verb|cause to cease to exist; cause the destruction of	natural|自然の|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	inequality|不平等|noun|the condition of being unequal	fundamental|基本的な|adjective|forming a necessary base or core; of central importance	compact|協定|noun|an agreement or contract between two or more parties	substitute|代用する|verb|use or serve in place of	physical|物理的な|adjective|relating to physics or the laws of physics	set up|設定する|verb|put in place or establish	moral|道徳的な|adjective|concerned with the principles of right and wrong behavior	legitimate|合法的な|adjective|conforming to the law or to rules	strength|強さ|noun|the quality or state of being physically strong	intelligence|知性|noun|the ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills	become|なる|verb|come to be	convention|慣習|noun|a way in which something is usually done	legal|法的|adjective|of or relating to the law or lawyers	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something


## BOOK II	第二編	book|編|noun|a set of printed sheets of paper, parchment, or similar materials that are fastened together to hinge at one side


## CHAPTER I: THAT SOVEREIGNTY IS INALIENABLE	第一章: 主権は譲渡できない	chapter|章|noun|a main division of a book	sovereignty|主権|noun|supreme power or authority	inalienable|譲渡できない|adjective|unable to be taken away from or given away by the possessor

The first and most important deduction from the principles we have so far laid down is that the general will alone can direct the State according to the object for which it was instituted, i.e. the common good:	これまでに定めた原則から導き出される最初の、そして最も重要なことは、一般意志だけが国家をその目的、すなわち共通善に従って導くことができるということである。	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest	most important|最も重要な|adjective|of the greatest significance or value	deduction|導き出される|noun|the action of deducting or subtracting something	principle|原則|noun|a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behaviour or for a chain of reasoning	so far|これまでに|adverb|to the extent or degree attained or indicated	lay down|定める|verb|establish or decide on	general will|一般意志|noun|the will of the people as a whole	alone|だけ|adverb|without any other people or things	direct|導く|verb|control the operations of; manage or govern	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	object|目的|noun|a thing aimed at or sought; a goal	common good|共通善|noun|the good of all people in a community
for if the clashing of particular interests made the establishment of societies necessary, the agreement of these very interests made it possible.	なぜなら、もし個々の利益の衝突が社会の設立を必要としたのであれば、まさにこれらの利益の合意がそれを可能にしたからである。	for|なぜなら|conjunction|because	if|もし|conjunction|in the event that; on condition that	clashing|衝突|noun|a conflict or disagreement	particular|個々の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	interest|利益|noun|money paid for the use of money	make|必要とする|verb|cause to be or become	establishment|設立|noun|the act of establishing something	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	necessary|必要|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	agreement|合意|noun|the act of agreeing or of coming to a mutual understanding	make|可能にする|verb|cause to be or become
The common element in these different interests is what forms the social tie;	これらの異なる利益の共通要素が社会的な結びつきを形成する。	common|共通の|adjective|belonging to or shared by two or more parties	element|要素|noun|a basic part or characteristic of something	form|形成する|verb|make or produce	social|社会的な|adjective|relating to society or its organization	tie|結びつき|noun|a bond or connection
and, were there no point of agreement between them all, no society could exist.	そして、それらの間に合意点がなければ、社会は存在し得ない。	point|点|noun|a particular place, especially one with an established purpose	agreement|合意|noun|the act of agreeing or of coming to a mutual understanding	exist|存在する|verb|have objective reality or being
It is solely on the basis of this common interest that every society should be governed.	すべての社会は、この共通の利益に基づいてのみ統治されるべきである。	solely|のみ|adverb|only	basis|基づいて|noun|the foundation or ground upon which something stands or is supported	common|共通の|adjective|belonging to or shared by two or more people or things	interest|利益|noun|money paid for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	govern|統治される|verb|conduct the policy, actions, and affairs of (a state, organization, or people) with authority

I hold then that Sovereignty, being nothing less than the exercise of the general will, can never be alienated, and that the Sovereign, who is no less than a collective being, cannot be represented except by himself: the power indeed may be transmitted, but not the will.	だから私は、主権は一般意志の行使に他ならないから、決して譲渡することはできないし、集団的存在に他ならない主権者は、自分自身以外に代表されることはできないと考えます。権力は確かに伝達されるかもしれないが、意志は伝達されない。	hold|考える|verb|have as a belief or opinion	sovereignty|主権|noun|supreme power or authority	general will|一般意志|noun|the will of the people as a whole	alienate|譲渡する|verb|transfer ownership of	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	collective|集団的|adjective|of or characteristic of a group of individuals	represent|代表する|verb|act on behalf of	power|権力|noun|the ability to do or act	transmit|伝達する|verb|cause to pass from one place or person to another	will|意志|noun|the faculty of conscious and especially of deliberate action

In reality, if it is not impossible for a particular will to agree on some point with the general will, it is at least impossible for the agreement to be lasting and constant;	現実には、特定の意志が一般意志とある点で合意することが不可能ではないとしても、少なくとも合意が永続的で一定であることは不可能である。	in reality|現実には|adverb|in fact; actually	particular will|特定の意志|noun|the will of an individual	general will|一般意志|noun|the will of the people as a whole	agree|合意する|verb|have the same opinion about something	lasting|永続的|adjective|continuing for a long time	constant|一定|adjective|non-varying; unchanging
for the particular will tends, by its very nature, to partiality, while the general will tends to equality.	なぜなら、特定の意志はその性質上、偏りを持つ傾向があるのに対し、一般意志は平等に向かう傾向があるからである。	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	will|意志|noun|the faculty of conscious and especially of deliberate action	tend|傾向がある|verb|be inclined or disposed	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features of something	partiality|偏り|noun|a bias in favor of one thing or person compared with another	general|一般の|adjective|involving or affecting the whole of a class or group	equality|平等|noun|the state of being equal
It is even more impossible to have any guarantee of this agreement;	この合意の保証を得ることはさらに不可能である。	agreement|合意|noun|a situation in which people have the same opinion about something	guarantee|保証|noun|a promise that something will be done or will happen	have|得る|verb|possess, own, or hold
for even if it should always exist, it would be the effect not of art, but of chance.	なぜなら、それが常に存在するとしても、それは芸術ではなく偶然の効果であるからである。	for|なぜなら|conjunction|because	even if|たとえ|conjunction|although	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	exist|存在する|verb|be or continue to be	effect|効果|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	art|芸術|noun|the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination, typically in a visual form such as painting or sculpture, producing works to be appreciated primarily for their beauty or emotional power	chance|偶然|noun|a possibility of something happening
The Sovereign may indeed say: “I now will actually what this man wills, or at least what he says he wills”; but it cannot say: “What he wills tomorrow, I too shall will” because it is absurd for the will to bind itself for the future, nor is it incumbent on any will to consent to anything that is not for the good of the being who wills.	主権者は確かにこう言うかもしれない。「私は今、この男が望むこと、あるいは少なくとも彼が望むと言っていることを実際に望んでいる」しかし、「彼が明日望むことは私も望む」とは言えない。なぜなら、意志が未来のために自分を縛るのは不条理であり、意志を持つ存在の利益にならないことに同意する義務はどの意志にもないからである。	Sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	say|言う|verb|express (something) in words	will|意志|noun|the faculty by which a person decides on and initiates action	bind|縛る|verb|tie or fasten together	future|未来|noun|the time that is yet to come	consent|同意する|verb|give permission for something to happen	good|利益|noun|that which is morally right	being|存在|noun|the quality or state of existing
If then the people promises simply to obey, by that very act it dissolves itself and loses what makes it a people;	だから、もし人民がただ従うことを約束するなら、その行為によって人民は解散し、人民であるものを失う。	if|もし|conjunction|on the condition or supposition that; in the event that	people|人民|noun|the inhabitants of a particular country or area	promise|約束する|verb|assure someone that one will or will not do something	simply|ただ|adverb|in a simple manner	obey|従う|verb|act in accordance with the command, direction, or request of	by that very act|その行為によって|adverb|by that act itself	dissolve|解散する|verb|(with reference to an assembly or organization) break up or cause to break up	lose|失う|verb|be deprived of or cease to have or retain
the moment a master exists, there is no longer a Sovereign, and from that moment the body politic has ceased to exist.	主人が存在する瞬間、もはや主権者は存在せず、その瞬間から政治体は存在しなくなる。	moment|瞬間|noun|a very brief period of time	master|主人|noun|a person who has control over another person	exist|存在する|verb|have objective reality or being	Sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	body politic|政治体|noun|a state or nation considered as a political entity

This does not mean that the commands of the rulers cannot pass for general wills, so long as the Sovereign, being free to oppose them, offers no opposition.	これは、主権者が反対する自由がある限り、反対しない限り、支配者の命令が一般意志として通らないことを意味するものではない。	mean|意味する|verb|have as a purpose or intention	ruler|支配者|noun|a person exercising government or dominion	command|命令|noun|an authoritative order	pass|通る|verb|be accepted as	general will|一般意志|noun|the will of the people as a whole	so long as|限り|conjunction|on condition that; provided that	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	be free to|自由がある|verb|have the freedom to	oppose|反対する|verb|be against	offer|申し出る|verb|present for consideration, discussion, or use
In such a case, universal silence is taken to imply the consent of the people.	そのような場合、普遍的な沈黙は人民の同意を暗示すると見なされる。	in such a case|そのような場合|adverb|in a situation like this	universal|普遍的な|adjective|of, affecting, or done by all people or things in the world or in a particular group; general	silence|沈黙|noun|complete absence of sound or noise	imply|暗示する|verb|indicate or suggest without being explicitly stated	consent|同意|noun|permission for something to happen or agreement to do something
This will be explained later on.	これは後で説明する。	explain|説明する|verb|make (something) clear or easy to understand


## CHAPTER II: THAT SOVEREIGNTY IS INDIVISIBLE	第二章: 主権は分割できない	chapter|章|noun|a main division of a book	sovereignty|主権|noun|supreme power or authority	indivisible|分割できない|adjective|not divisible

Sovereignty, for the same reason as makes it inalienable, is indivisible;	主権は、それを不可譲にするのと同じ理由で、分割できない。	sovereignty|主権|noun|supreme power or authority	inalienable|不可譲|adjective|unable to be taken away from or given away by the possessor	indivisible|分割できない|adjective|unable to be divided or separated
for will either is, or is not, general;	なぜなら、意志は一般意志であるか、そうでないかのどちらかだからである。	for|なぜなら|conjunction|because	will|意志|noun|the faculty of conscious and especially of deliberate action	either|どちらか|conjunction|used to indicate a choice between two alternatives	is|である|verb|be	not|そうでない|adverb|in no way; to no extent	general|一般|adjective|affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things; widespread
it is the will either of the body of the people, or only of a part of it.	それは人民全体の意志か、その一部の意志のどちらかである。	people|人民|noun|the inhabitants of a country or area	body|全体|noun|the main part of something	part|一部|noun|a piece of something	will|意志|noun|the ability to control one's own actions
In the first case, the will, when declared, is an act of Sovereignty and constitutes law: in the second, it is merely a particular will, or act of magistracy—at the most a decree.	前者の場合、意志は、宣言されたとき、主権の行為であり、法律を構成する。後者の場合、それは単に個別的な意志、あるいは行政官の行為であり、せいぜい政令である。	first|前者|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest	case|場合|noun|an instance of something occurring; an example of something	will|意志|noun|the faculty by which a person decides on and initiates action	declare|宣言する|verb|make a formal statement about a fact, occurrence, or intention	act|行為|noun|something that is done	sovereignty|主権|noun|supreme power or authority	constitute|構成する|verb|be a part of; make up	law|法律|noun|the system of rules that a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and may enforce by the imposition of penalties	second|後者|adjective|coming after the first in time or order; next after the first	merely|単に|adverb|just; only	particular|個別的な|adjective|relating to a single person, thing, or instance	will|意志|noun|the faculty by which a person decides on and initiates action	act|行為|noun|something that is done	magistracy|行政官|noun|the office or authority of a magistrate	decree|政令|noun|an official order issued by a government or other authority

But our political theorists, unable to divide Sovereignty in principle, divide it according to its object: into force and will;	しかし、我々の政治理論家は、主権を原理的に分割することができないので、その対象に従って、それを力と意志に分割する。	divide|分割する|verb|separate into two or more parts	principle|原理|noun|a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior or for a chain of reasoning	object|対象|noun|a person or thing to which a specified action or feeling is directed	force|力|noun|strength or energy exerted or brought to bear	will|意志|noun|the faculty by which a person decides on and initiates action
into legislative power and executive power;	立法権と執行権に分割する。	into|に分割する|preposition|to the inside of	legislative power|立法権|noun|the power to make laws	executive power|執行権|noun|the power to put laws into effect
into rights of taxation, justice and war;	課税権、司法権、戦争権に分割する。	into|に分割する|preposition|to the inside of	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	taxation|課税|noun|the action of taxing	justice|司法|noun|the quality of being just; righteousness	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state
into internal administration and power of foreign treaty.	内政権と外交権に分割する。	into|に分割する|preposition|used to indicate a change of state	internal administration|内政権|noun|the management of the internal affairs of a country	power|権力|noun|the ability to do or act	foreign treaty|外交権|noun|a formal agreement between two or more states
Sometimes they confuse all these sections, and sometimes they distinguish them;	彼らは時々これらの区分を混同し、また時々区別する。	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	confuse|混同する|verb|mix up two or more things	section|区分|noun|a part of something	distinguish|区別する|verb|recognize as different
they turn the Sovereign into a fantastic being composed of several connected pieces: it is as if they were making man of several bodies, one with eyes, one with arms, another with feet, and each with nothing besides.	彼らは主権者を、いくつかの連結した部分からなる空想的な存在に変えてしまう。それはまるで、人間をいくつかの体で作っているようなもので、一つは目、一つは腕、もう一つは足で、それぞれそれ以外は何もない。	turn|変えてしまう|verb|cause to change position, direction, or course	Sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	fantastic|空想的な|adjective|conceived or appearing as if conceived by an unrestrained imagination	being|存在|noun|the quality or state of having existence	compose|なる|verb|be made up of	several|いくつかの|adjective|more than two but not very many	connected|連結した|adjective|joined or linked together	piece|部分|noun|a portion of something	as if|まるで|conjunction|as though	make|作っている|verb|cause to exist or come to pass	man|人間|noun|an adult male human being	body|体|noun|the physical structure, including the bones, flesh and organs, of a person or an animal	eye|目|noun|an organ of vision	arm|腕|noun|an upper limb	foot|足|noun|the end of the leg on which a person or animal stands or walks	besides|それ以外|adverb|in addition; as well
We are told that the jugglers of Japan dismember a child before the eyes of the spectators;	日本の奇術師は、観客の目の前で子供をバラバラにすると言う。	Japan|日本|noun|an island country located in East Asia	juggler|奇術師|noun|a person who performs juggling tricks	dismember|バラバラにする|verb|cut off or separate the limbs or other parts of	spectator|観客|noun|a person who watches an event
then they throw all the members into the air one after another, and the child falls down alive and whole.	そして、その手足を次々と空中に投げ上げると、子供は生きていて、無傷で落ちてくる。	then|そして|adverb|after that; afterwards	throw|投げる|verb|propel through the air with a rapid movement of the arm and hand	all|全て|determiner|the whole quantity or extent of	member|手足|noun|a part of a person's or animal's body	one after another|次々と|adverb|in quick succession	air|空中|noun|the mixture of gases that surrounds the earth and forms its atmosphere	fall down|落ちる|verb|move or come quickly from a higher to a lower level	alive|生きている|adjective|living; not dead	whole|無傷|adjective|in one piece; not broken or damaged
The conjuring tricks of our political theorists are very like that;	我々の政治理論家の手品は、それにとても似ている。	conjuring trick|手品|noun|a trick that is performed by a magician	political theorist|政治理論家|noun|a person who studies or develops theories about politics	be like|似ている|verb|be similar to
they first dismember the body politic by an illusion worthy of a fair, and then join it together again we know not how.	彼らはまず、見世物に値する幻覚によって国家をバラバラにし、その後、どうやってかわからないが、再びそれをつなぎ合わせる。	first|まず|adverb|before anything else; initially	dismember|バラバラにする|verb|cut off the limbs of	body politic|国家|noun|a state or nation considered as a political entity	illusion|幻覚|noun|a false or misleading perception of reality	fair|見世物|noun|a gathering of people for the sale of goods	join|つなぎ合わせる|verb|connect or fasten together	together|一緒に|adverb|with or near each other in time, space, or position

This error is due to a lack of exact notions concerning the Sovereign authority, and to taking for parts of it what are only emanations from it.	この誤りは、主権に関する正確な概念の欠如と、主権から発せられたものだけをその一部と見なすことに起因している。	due to|起因している|adjective|caused by	lack|欠如|noun|the state of being without or not having enough of something	exact|正確な|adjective|not approximated in any way; precise	notion|概念|noun|a general understanding	concerning|に関する|preposition|about	authority|権威|noun|the power to command or enforce obedience	take for|見なす|verb|consider or regard as	part|一部|noun|a piece of something	only|だけ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	emanation|発散|noun|something that comes or flows forth from a source
Thus, for example, the acts of declaring war and making peace have been regarded as acts of Sovereignty; but this is not the case, as these acts do not constitute law, but merely the application of a law, a particular act which decides how the law applies, as we shall see clearly when the idea attached to the word law has been defined.	例えば、宣戦布告や和平の行為は主権の行為と見なされてきたが、そうではない。これらの行為は法律を構成するものではなく、単に法律の適用であり、法律がどのように適用されるかを決定する特定の行為である。法律という言葉に付随する考えが定義されれば、それがはっきりと分かるだろう。	declare war|宣戦布告|verb|make a formal declaration of war	make peace|和平|verb|make peace	act|行為|noun|something that is done	regard|見なす|verb|consider or think of as	constitute|構成する|verb|be the parts or elements of	application|適用|noun|the act of putting something into operation	decide|決定する|verb|make a decision about something	attach|付随する|verb|be connected or associated with	define|定義する|verb|state or describe exactly the nature, scope, or meaning of

If we examined the other divisions in the same manner, we should find that, whenever Sovereignty seems to be divided, there is an illusion: the rights which are taken as being part of Sovereignty are really all subordinate, and always imply supreme wills of which they only sanction the execution.	他の区分も同じように調べてみると、主権が分割されているように見えるときはいつでも、幻想があることが分かる。主権の一部と見なされている権利は、実際にはすべて従属的なものであり、常に最高の意志を暗示している。	examine|調べる|verb|inspect closely and thoroughly	division|区分|noun|the action of dividing or the state of being divided	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	find|分かる|verb|discover or notice	whenever|いつでも|adverb|at whatever time; on whatever occasion	seem|見える|verb|give the impression of being	divided|分割されている|adjective|separated into parts	illusion|幻想|noun|a false or misleading perception or belief	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	part|一部|noun|a piece or segment of something such as an object, area, or period of time	really|実際には|adverb|in fact; actually	subordinate|従属的|adjective|lower in rank or position	imply|暗示する|verb|indicate the truth or existence of (something) by suggestion rather than explicit reference	supreme|最高の|adjective|of the highest quality or degree	will|意志|noun|the faculty by which a person decides on and initiates action	sanction|認める|verb|give official permission or approval for (something)

It would be impossible to estimate the obscurity this lack of exactness has thrown over the decisions of writers who have dealt with political right, when they have used the principles laid down by them to pass judgment on the respective rights of kings and peoples.	政治的権利を扱った作家たちが、王と人民のそれぞれの権利について判断を下すために、彼らが定めた原則を用いたとき、この正確さの欠如が彼らの判断に与えた不明瞭さを推定することは不可能であろう。	lack|欠如|noun|the state or fact of not having or not having enough of something	estimate|推定する|verb|roughly calculate or judge the value, number, quantity, or extent of	obscurity|不明瞭さ|noun|the state of being unknown, inconspicuous, or unimportant	throw|与える|verb|cause to be in a specified state	decision|判断|noun|a conclusion or resolution reached after consideration	writer|作家|noun|a person who has written a particular text	deal with|扱う|verb|take action in regard to	political right|政治的権利|noun|a right that is bestowed on a person by a government or other authority	principle|原則|noun|a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior or for a chain of reasoning	use|用いる|verb|convert to one's own purposes	pass judgment|判断を下す|verb|form an opinion about	respective|それぞれの|adjective|belonging or relating separately to each of two or more people or things having a mutual relationship	king|王|noun|a male sovereign or monarch	people|人民|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively
Every one can see, in Chapters III and IV of the First Book of Grotius, how the learned man and his translator, Barbeyrac, entangle and tie themselves up in their own sophistries, for fear of saying too little or too much of what they think, and so offending the interests they have to conciliate.	グロティウスの第一巻の第三章と第四章では、学者とその翻訳者であるバルベイラックが、自分たちの考えをあまりにも少なく言ったり、あまりにも多く言ったりすることで、自分たちが和解させなければならない利害関係を害することを恐れて、自分たちの詭弁に巻き込まれ、縛られている様子を誰もが見ることができる。	Every one|誰もが|noun|each person	see|見る|verb|perceive with the eyes	Chapters III and IV|第三章と第四章|noun|the third and fourth chapters	First Book of Grotius|グロティウスの第一巻|noun|the first book of Grotius	learned man|学者|noun|a person who has a lot of knowledge	translator|翻訳者|noun|a person who translates	Barbeyrac|バルベイラック|noun|a French jurist	entangle|巻き込まれる|verb|catch or trap in or as if in a net	tie up|縛る|verb|fasten or bind with a rope or cord	sophistry|詭弁|noun|a false argument intended to deceive	fear|恐れ|noun|an unpleasant emotion caused by the belief that someone or something is dangerous, likely to cause pain, or a threat	too little|あまりにも少なく|adverb|not enough	too much|あまりにも多く|adverb|more than enough	offend|害する|verb|cause to feel upset, annoyed, or resentful	interest|利害関係|noun|a feeling of wanting to know or learn about something or someone	have to|しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; must	conciliate|和解させる|verb|make peace with
Grotius, a refugee in France, ill-content with his own country, and desirous of paying his court to Louis XIII, to whom his book is dedicated, spares no pains to rob the peoples of all their rights and invest kings with them by every conceivable artifice.	フランスに亡命したグロティウスは、自国に不満を抱き、ルイ13世に宮廷を支払うことを望んでいたが、彼の著書はルイ13世に捧げられており、あらゆる権利を人民から奪い、考えられるあらゆる工夫を凝らして王にそれらを投資することに余念がない。	Grotius|グロティウス|noun|a Dutch jurist, playwright, and poet	refugee|亡命者|noun|a person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster	France|フランス|noun|a country in western Europe	ill-content|不満|noun|a feeling of annoyance or slight anger	own|自国|adjective|belonging to (the person or thing mentioned)	desirous|望む|adjective|having or showing a strong wish or desire for something	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	court|宮廷|noun|the residence or establishment of a sovereign or other high-ranking person	Louis XIII|ルイ13世|noun|King of France from 1610 to 1643	spare|余念がない|verb|not use or have	pain|努力|noun|mental or emotional suffering or torment	rob|奪う|verb|take property unlawfully from (a person or place) by force or threat of force	people|人民|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	invest|投資する|verb|put (money) into financial schemes, shares, property, or a commercial venture with the expectation of achieving a profit	conceivable|考えられる|adjective|capable of being imagined or grasped mentally	artifice|工夫|noun|a clever or skillful device or stratagem
This would also have been much to the taste of Barbeyrac, who dedicated his translation to George I of England.	これはまた、彼の翻訳をイギリスのジョージ1世に捧げたバルベイラックの好みに合っていただろう。	Barbeyrac|バルベイラック|noun|a French jurist	George I|ジョージ1世|noun|King of Great Britain and Ireland from 1 August 1714
But unfortunately the expulsion of James II, which he called his “abdication,” compelled him to use all reserve, to shuffle and to tergiversate, in order to avoid making William out a usurper.	しかし、不幸なことに、彼が「退位」と呼んだジェームズ二世の追放は、ウィリアムを簒奪者にしないために、彼にあらゆる予備を使い、ごまかし、言い逃れをすることを余儀なくさせた。	unfortunately|不幸なことに|adverb|it is unfortunate that	expulsion|追放|noun|the action of expelling someone or something	James II|ジェームズ二世|noun|King of England and Ireland and Scotland from 6 February 1685	abdication|退位|noun|the action of formally giving up a position or office	compel|余儀なくさせる|verb|force or oblige (someone) to do something	use|使う|verb|convert to one's own purposes	reserve|予備|noun|a supply of something that is available for use if required	shuffle|ごまかす|verb|move or walk in a slow, lazy, or clumsy way	tergiversate|言い逃れする|verb|change one's attitude or position, especially in a way that is not sincere or honest	avoid|避ける|verb|keep away from or stop oneself from doing something	make out|作る|verb|understand or interpret	usurper|簒奪者|noun|a person who takes a position of power or importance illegally or by force
If these two writers had adopted the true principles, all difficulties would have been removed, and they would have been always consistent;	もしこの二人の作家が真の原理を採用していたら、すべての困難は取り除かれ、彼らは常に一貫していただろう。	two|二人の|adjective|one more than one	writer|作家|noun|a person who writes	adopt|採用する|verb|take up and use as one's own	true|真の|adjective|being in accordance with fact or reality	principle|原理|noun|a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior or for a chain of reasoning	difficulty|困難|noun|a thing that is hard to do or understand	remove|取り除く|verb|take away or off	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	consistent|一貫している|adjective|acting or done in the same way over time
but it would have been a sad truth for them to tell, and would have paid court for them to no-one save the people.	しかし、それは彼らにとって悲しい真実であり、彼らにとって人民以外には誰にも宮廷を支払うことはなかっただろう。	sad|悲しい|adjective|unhappy or mournful	truth|真実|noun|the quality or state of being true	tell|言う|verb|communicate with words	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	court|宮廷|noun|the residence of a sovereign or other high-ranking person	save|以外|preposition|except for
Moreover, truth is no road to fortune, and the people dispenses neither ambassadorships, nor professorships, nor pensions.	その上、真実は富への道ではなく、人民は大使も教授も年金も支給しない。	moreover|その上|adverb|in addition to what has been said	truth|真実|noun|the quality or state of being true	road|道|noun|a way on land between two places that has been paved to allow travel by transport	fortune|富|noun|a large amount of money or property	people|人民|noun|the citizens of a country	dispense|支給する|verb|distribute or provide	ambassadorship|大使|noun|the position or function of an ambassador	professorship|教授|noun|the position or function of a professor	pension|年金|noun|a regular payment made during a person's retirement from an investment fund to which that person or their employer has contributed during their working life


## CHAPTER III: WHETHER THE GENERAL WILL IS FALLIBLE	第三章: 一般意志は誤りうるか	CHAPTER III|第三章|noun|the third chapter	WHETHER|かどうか|conjunction|if	GENERAL WILL|一般意志|noun|the will of the people as a whole	IS FALLIBLE|誤りうるか|verb|be capable of making a mistake

It follows from what has gone before that the general will is always right and tends to the public advantage;	これまで述べてきたことから、一般意志は常に正しく、公益に資する傾向があることがわかる。	follow|わかる|verb|be able to understand	what has gone before|これまで述べてきたこと|noun|the things that have been said or done before	general will|一般意志|noun|the will of the people as a whole	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	right|正しい|adjective|correct or true	tend to|資する|verb|be inclined or likely to have a particular characteristic or to produce a particular result	public advantage|公益|noun|the benefit or good of the public
but it does not follow that the deliberations of the people are always equally correct.	しかし、人民の審議が常に同じように正しいとは限らない。	follow|従う|verb|go or come after	deliberation|審議|noun|careful consideration before decision	people|人民|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	equally|同じように|adverb|in the same manner	correct|正しい|adjective|free from error; in accordance with fact or truth
Our will is always for our own good, but we do not always see what that is;	私たちの意志は常に自分自身の利益のためであるが、それが何であるかを常に理解しているわけではない。	will|意志|noun|the faculty of conscious and especially of deliberate action	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	good|利益|noun|something that is beneficial	see|理解する|verb|perceive with the eyes; discern visually	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions
the people is never corrupted, but it is often deceived, and on such occasions only does it seem to will what is bad.	人民は決して堕落しないが、しばしば欺かれ、そのような場合にのみ、人民は悪を望むように見える。	people|人民|noun|the citizens of a country	never|決して|adverb|not ever; at no time in the past or future; on no occasion; not at all	corrupt|堕落する|verb|to make or become morally depraved	often|しばしば|adverb|many times; frequently	deceive|欺く|verb|cause to believe what is not true	occasion|場合|noun|a particular time or event	seem|見える|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being

There is often a great deal of difference between the will of all and the general will;	すべての人の意志と一般意志の間には、しばしば大きな違いがある。	will|意志|noun|the faculty of conscious and especially of deliberate action	difference|違い|noun|the quality or state of being unlike or dissimilar	general|一般|adjective|affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things; widespread
the latter considers only the common interest, while the former takes private interest into account, and is no more than a sum of particular wills:	後者は共通の利益だけを考慮するが、前者は私的利益を考慮に入れ、個々の意志の総和にすぎない。	latter|後者|noun|the second of two things mentioned	consider|考慮する|verb|think carefully about	common interest|共通の利益|noun|something that benefits all members of a group	former|前者|noun|the first of two things mentioned	take into account|考慮に入れる|verb|consider	private interest|私的利益|noun|something that benefits an individual	no more than|にすぎない|adverb|only; merely	particular will|個々の意志|noun|the desire or intention of an individual	sum|総和|noun|the total amount resulting from the addition of two or more numbers, amounts, or items
but take away from these same wills the pluses and minuses that cancel one another, and the general will remains as the sum of the differences.	しかし、これらの同じ意志から、互いに相殺し合うプラスとマイナスを取り除くと、一般意志は差の総和として残る。	take away|取り除く|verb|remove something from a place	will|意志|noun|the faculty of conscious and especially of deliberate action	remain|残る|verb|be left after others have gone	sum|総和|noun|the total amount resulting from the addition of two or more numbers, amounts, or items

If, when the people, being furnished with adequate information, held its deliberations, the citizens had no communication one with another, the grand total of the small differences would always give the general will, and the decision would always be good.	人民が十分な情報を得て審議を行う際に、市民同士がコミュニケーションをとらなければ、小さな差の総和は常に一般意志となり、決定は常に良いものとなるだろう。	people|人民|noun|the citizens of a country	be furnished with|得る|verb|be provided with	adequate|十分な|adjective|enough for the purpose	information|情報|noun|knowledge communicated or received concerning a particular fact or circumstance	hold|行う|verb|carry out; perform	deliberation|審議|noun|careful consideration before decision	citizen|市民|noun|an inhabitant of a city or town; especially : one entitled to the rights and privileges of a freeman	have no communication|コミュニケーションをとらない|verb|not communicate	grand total|総和|noun|the total of a set of numbers	small difference|小さな差|noun|a small amount of difference	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	give|生み出す|verb|cause to be or to become	general will|一般意志|noun|the will of the people as a whole	decision|決定|noun|a determination arrived at after consideration	be good|良いものとなる|verb|be of a high standard
But when factions arise, and partial associations are formed at the expense of the great association, the will of each of these associations becomes general in relation to its members, while it remains particular in relation to the State: it may then be said that there are no longer as many votes as there are men, but only as many as there are associations.	しかし、派閥が生じ、大集団を犠牲にして部分的な集団が形成されると、これらの集団のそれぞれの意志は、その構成員に対しては一般意志となるが、国家に対しては個別意志のままである。その場合、もはや人間の数だけ票があるのではなく、集団の数だけ票があると言えるかもしれない。	arise|生じる|verb|come into being or existence	expense|犠牲|noun|a cost or charge incurred in making or doing something	partial|部分的な|adjective|not complete or total	association|集団|noun|a group of people organized for a joint purpose	each|それぞれの|determiner|every one of two or more people or things	member|構成員|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	vote|票|noun|a formal expression of opinion or choice, either positive or negative	association|集団|noun|a group of people organized for a joint purpose
The differences become less numerous and give a less general result.	差異は少なくなり、一般的な結果は少なくなる。	difference|差異|noun|the state or fact of being different	become|なる|verb|come to be	less|より少なく|adjective|a smaller amount of	numerous|多数の|adjective|consisting of a great number	give|与える|verb|cause to have or receive	less|より少なく|adjective|a smaller amount of	general|一般的な|adjective|affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things; widespread
Lastly, when one of these associations is so great as to prevail over all the rest, the result is no longer a sum of small differences, but a single difference;	最後に、これらの集団の1つが他のすべてに勝るほど大きくなると、結果はもはや小さな差の合計ではなく、単一の差となる。	lastly|最後に|adverb|finally; in conclusion	one|1つ|noun|the lowest cardinal number	association|集団|noun|a group of people organized for a joint purpose	great|大きい|adjective|of an extent, amount, or intensity considerably above average	prevail|勝る|verb|be greater in strength or influence	rest|残り|noun|the remaining part of something	result|結果|noun|something that happens or comes about as a consequence of an action or other cause	no longer|もはや～ない|adverb|not anymore; not now	sum|合計|noun|the total amount resulting from the addition of two or more numbers, amounts, or items	difference|差|noun|the state or relation of being different	single|単一の|adjective|only one; not one of several
in this case there is no longer a general will, and the opinion which prevails is purely particular.	この場合、もはや一般意志は存在せず、優勢な意見は純粋に個別意志である。	in this case|この場合|adverb|in the situation that is being discussed	there is no longer|もはや存在しない|verb|not exist anymore	general will|一般意志|noun|the will of the people as a whole	opinion|意見|noun|a view or judgment formed about something, not necessarily based on fact or knowledge	prevail|優勢である|verb|be greater in strength or influence	purely|純粋に|adverb|in a pure manner	particular|個別|adjective|relating to a single person, thing, or instance

It is therefore essential, if the general will is to be able to express itself, that there should be no partial society within the State, and that each citizen should think only his own thoughts: which was indeed the sublime and unique system established by the great Lycurgus.	したがって、一般意志が自らを表現できるようにするためには、国家内に部分的な社会が存在せず、各市民が自分の考えだけを考えることが不可欠である。これは確かに偉大なリュクルゴスによって確立された崇高で独自のシステムであった。	general will|一般意志|noun|the will of the people as a whole	express|表現する|verb|show (a quality or feeling)	State|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	partial|部分的な|adjective|not complete or total	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	citizen|市民|noun|an inhabitant of a city or town; especially : one entitled to the rights and privileges of a freeman	think|考える|verb|have a particular opinion, belief, or idea about someone or something	indeed|確かに|adverb|really; truly; certainly	sublime|崇高な|adjective|of such excellence, grandeur, or beauty as to inspire great admiration or awe	unique|独自の|adjective|being the only one of its kind; unlike anything else	system|システム|noun|a set of principles or procedures according to which something is done; an organized scheme or method	great|偉大な|adjective|of major significance or importance	Lycurgus|リュクルゴス|noun|the legendary lawgiver of Sparta
But if there are partial societies, it is best to have as many as possible and to prevent them from being unequal, as was done by Solon, Numa and Servius.	しかし、部分的な社会がある場合は、ソロン、ヌマ、セルウィウスが行ったように、できるだけ多くの社会を持ち、不平等にならないようにすることが最善である。	partial|部分的な|adjective|not complete or total	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	as many as possible|できるだけ多く|noun phrase|the largest possible number	prevent|防ぐ|verb|keep from happening or arising	unequal|不平等|adjective|not equal; not of the same quantity, value, or status	Solon|ソロン|noun|an Athenian statesman, lawmaker, and poet	Numa|ヌマ|noun|the second king of Rome	Servius|セルウィウス|noun|the sixth king of Rome
These precautions are the only ones that can guarantee that the general will shall be always enlightened, and that the people shall in no way deceive itself.	これらの予防策は、一般意志が常に啓発され、人々が決して自分自身を欺くことがないように保証できる唯一のものである。	precaution|予防策|noun|a measure taken in advance to prevent something from happening	guarantee|保証する|verb|to give a formal assurance of the quality, performance, or occurrence of	general will|一般意志|noun|the will of the people as a whole	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	enlighten|啓発する|verb|to give greater knowledge and understanding to	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	deceive|欺く|verb|cause to believe something that is not true


## CHAPTER IV: THE LIMITS OF THE SOVEREIGN POWER	第4章: 主権の限界	CHAPTER IV|第4章|noun|the fourth chapter	LIMITS|限界|noun|the furthest point, edge, or boundary	SOVEREIGN POWER|主権|noun|supreme power or authority

If the State is a moral person whose life is in the union of its members, and if the most important of its cares is the care for its own preservation, it must have a universal and compelling force, in order to move and dispose each part as may be most advantageous to the whole.	国家がその生命を構成員の連合に委ねる道徳的人格であり、その最も重要な関心事が自己保存であるならば、全体にとって最も有利なように各部分を動かし、配置するためには、普遍的で強制力のある力を持たなければならない。	State|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	life|生命|noun|the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death or a state of apparent death	member|構成員|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization	union|連合|noun|the act of uniting or joining two or more things together	care|関心事|noun|a feeling of or a cause for worry, anxiety, or concern	preservation|保存|noun|the act of keeping something in its original state	move|動かす|verb|change the position of	dispose|配置する|verb|arrange in a particular way	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	whole|全体|noun|all of something	advantageous|有利な|adjective|to one's benefit	universal|普遍的な|adjective|of, affecting, or done by all people or things in the world or in a particular group; general	compelling|強制力のある|adjective|evoking interest, attention, or admiration in a powerfully irresistible way
As nature gives each man absolute power over all his members, the social compact gives the body politic absolute power over all its members also;	自然が各人にそのすべての構成員に対する絶対的な権力を与えているように、社会契約は政治体にもそのすべての構成員に対する絶対的な権力を与えている。	nature|自然|noun|the natural world as a whole	give|与える|verb|transfer the possession of something	each|各|adjective|every one of two or more people or things	absolute|絶対的な|adjective|not qualified or diminished in any way; total	power|権力|noun|the ability to do something or act in a particular way, especially as a faculty or quality	member|構成員|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization	social|社会的な|adjective|relating to society or its organization	compact|契約|noun|an agreement or a contract	give|与える|verb|transfer the possession of something	body|体|noun|the physical structure, including the bones, flesh and organs, of a person or an animal	politic|政治的な|adjective|relating to the government or public affairs of a country	absolute|絶対的な|adjective|not qualified or diminished in any way; total	power|権力|noun|the ability to do something or act in a particular way, especially as a faculty or quality	member|構成員|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization	also|また|adverb|in addition; too; as well
and it is this power which, under the direction of the general will, bears, as I have said, the name of Sovereignty.	そして、この権力こそが、一般意志の指揮のもとで、私が言ったように、主権という名を冠している。	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	it is|この権力こそが|pronoun|used to refer to a thing previously mentioned or easily identified	power|権力|noun|the ability or capacity to perform or act	under the direction of|の指揮のもとで|preposition|below or beneath something	general will|一般意志|noun|the will of the people as a whole	bear|冠している|verb|to be called or named	as I have said|私が言ったように|conjunction|used to introduce a statement that explains or gives more information about something just mentioned	the name of|という名を|noun|a word or set of words using which a person is referred to	Sovereignty|主権|noun|supreme power or authority

But, besides the public person, we have to consider the private persons composing it, whose life and liberty are naturally independent of it.	しかし、公人以外にも、それを構成する私人を考慮する必要があり、その生命と自由は当然のことながらそれから独立している。	besides|以外にも|preposition|in addition to; as well as	public|公の|adjective|of or concerning the people as a whole	person|人|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	compose|構成する|verb|make up; constitute	private|私的な|adjective|belonging to or for the use of one particular person or group of people only	life|生命|noun|the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life, behavior, or political views	naturally|当然のことながら|adverb|as may be expected; of course	independent|独立している|adjective|not depending on another for livelihood or subsistence
We are bound then to distinguish clearly between the respective rights of the citizens and the Sovereign, and between the duties the former have to fulfil as subjects, and the natural rights they should enjoy as men.	したがって、市民と主権者のそれぞれの権利、前者が臣民として果たさなければならない義務と、人間として享受すべき自然権とを明確に区別しなければならない。	be bound to|～しなければならない|verb|be obliged to	distinguish|区別する|verb|recognize as different	clearly|明確に|adverb|in a clear manner	respective|それぞれの|adjective|belonging or relating separately to each of two or more people or things	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	citizen|市民|noun|an inhabitant of a city or town; a person who lives in a particular town or city	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	duty|義務|noun|a moral or legal obligation	fulfil|果たす|verb|bring to completion or reality	subject|臣民|noun|a person who owes allegiance to a monarch or other sovereign	enjoy|享受する|verb|take delight or pleasure in	natural right|自然権|noun|a right considered to be conferred by natural law

Each man alienates, I admit, by the social compact, only such part of his powers, goods and liberty as it is important for the community to control;	各人は、社会契約によって、自分の権力、財産、自由のうち、共同体が管理することが重要である部分だけを譲渡する。	each man|各人|noun|every person	alienate|譲渡する|verb|transfer ownership of	social compact|社会契約|noun|an agreement among the members of an organized society or between the governed and the government defining and limiting the rights and duties of each	power|権力|noun|the ability to do or act	goods|財産|noun|a thing or things belonging to someone	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions or limitations	community|共同体|noun|a group of people living in the same place or having a particular characteristic in common	control|管理する|verb|to exercise restraint or direction over; dominate; command
but it must also be granted that the Sovereign is sole judge of what is important.	しかし、主権者だけが何が重要かを判断する権限を持つことも認めなければならない。	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	must|しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be compelled to	also|また|adverb|in addition; too; as well	be granted|認められる|verb|be given or allowed	Sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	sole|唯一の|adjective|being the only one	judge|判断する|verb|form an opinion about through careful consideration	important|重要|adjective|of great significance or value

Every service a citizen can render the State he ought to render as soon as the Sovereign demands it;	市民が国家に提供できるあらゆる奉仕は、主権者が要求すればすぐに提供しなければならない。	every|あらゆる|adjective|each and all of a group	service|奉仕|noun|the action of helping or doing work for someone	citizen|市民|noun|a person who lives in a particular town or city	render|提供する|verb|cause to be or become	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	ought to|しなければならない|auxiliary verb|should	soon|すぐに|adverb|in or after a short time	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	demand|要求する|verb|ask authoritatively or urgently for
but the Sovereign, for its part, cannot impose upon its subjects any fetters that are useless to the community, nor can it even wish to do so;	しかし、主権者は、共同体にとって無益な束縛を臣民に課すことはできないし、そうしたいと考えることさえできない。	Sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	part|側|noun|a piece of something	impose|課す|verb|force (something unwelcome) to be accepted or put in place	subject|臣民|noun|a person who owes allegiance to a monarch or other sovereign	fetter|束縛|noun|a chain or manacle used to restrain a prisoner	community|共同体|noun|a group of people living in the same place or having a particular characteristic in common	useless|無益な|adjective|not fulfilling or not expected to achieve the intended purpose or desired outcome	wish|望む|verb|feel or express a strong desire or hope for something that is not easily attainable
for no more by the law of reason than by the law of nature can anything occur without a cause.	なぜなら、自然法則によっても理性の法則によっても、原因なしに何かが起こることはありえないからである。	law of reason|理性の法則|noun|the law of reason	law of nature|自然法則|noun|the law of nature	occur|起こる|verb|come to pass; happen	cause|原因|noun|a person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or condition

The undertakings which bind us to the social body are obligatory only because they are mutual;	私たちを社会体に縛り付ける約束は、それが相互的であるという理由だけで義務的である。	bind|縛り付ける|verb|tie or fasten together	social body|社会体|noun|a group of people who live together in a society	undertaking|約束|noun|a promise or pledge	obligatory|義務的|adjective|required by a law or rule	mutual|相互的|adjective|having the same relationship to each other
and their nature is such that in fulfilling them we cannot work for others without working for ourselves.	そして、その性質上、それを履行するにあたって、私たちは自分のために働かずに他人のために働くことはできない。	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features of something	fulfilling|履行する|verb|carry out or bring to completion	work for|働く|verb|be employed by	others|他人|noun|people in general apart from oneself	without|せずに|preposition|not having or not doing something
Why is it that the general will is always in the right, and that all continually will the happiness of each one, unless it is because there is not a man who does not think of “each” as meaning him, and consider himself in voting for all?	なぜ一般意志は常に正しく、すべての人が常に一人一人の幸福を願うのか、それは「一人一人」を自分と考え、すべての人に投票する際に自分自身を考える人がいないからではないのか?	general will|一般意志|noun|the will of the people as a whole	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	right|正しい|adjective|correct or true	all|すべて|noun|the whole amount	continually|常に|adverb|without interruption	happiness|幸福|noun|the state of being happy	each|一人一人|adjective|every one of a group	unless|～でなければ|conjunction|except if	man|人|noun|an adult male human being	think of|考える|verb|have in mind	mean|意味する|verb|intend to convey	vote|投票する|verb|express a choice in an election
This proves that equality of rights and the idea of justice which such equality creates originate in the preference each man gives to himself, and accordingly in the very nature of man.	これは、権利の平等と、そのような平等が生み出す正義の考えが、各人が自分自身に与える優先順位に由来し、したがって人間の本性に由来することを証明している。	equality|平等|noun|the state of being equal	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	justice|正義|noun|the quality of being just; righteousness	create|生み出す|verb|cause to come into being; bring about	originate|由来する|verb|have a specified beginning	preference|優先順位|noun|a greater liking for one alternative over another or others	accordingly|したがって|adverb|as a result; consequently	nature|本性|noun|the basic or inherent features, character, or qualities of something
It proves that the general will, to be really such, must be general in its object as well as its essence;	それは、一般意志が本当にそうであるためには、その本質と同様にその対象においても一般的でなければならないことを証明している。	prove|証明する|verb|to show or make clear that something is true or correct	general will|一般意志|noun|the will of the people as a whole	really|本当に|adverb|in fact; actually	such|そう|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	must|しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be compelled to	general|一般的|adjective|affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things; widespread	object|対象|noun|a person or thing to which a specified action or feeling is directed	essence|本質|noun|the intrinsic nature or indispensable quality of something
that it must both come from all and apply to all;	それはすべての人から発せられ、すべての人に適用されなければならない。	come from|発せられる|verb|originate in	apply to|適用される|verb|be relevant to
and that it loses its natural rectitude when it is directed to some particular and determinate object, because in such a case we are judging of something foreign to us, and have no true principle of equity to guide us.	そして、それが特定の決定的な対象に向けられると、その自然な正直さを失う。なぜなら、そのような場合、私たちは自分たちにとって異質なものを判断しており、私たちを導く公平性の真の原則を持たないからである。	lose|失う|verb|be deprived of or cease to have or retain	natural|自然な|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	rectitude|正直さ|noun|morally correct behavior or thinking	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or instance	determinate|決定的な|adjective|having defined limits	object|対象|noun|a person or thing to which a specified action or feeling is directed	case|場合|noun|an instance of a situation; an example	foreign|異質な|adjective|of or from a country other than one's own	principle|原則|noun|a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief, behavior, or for a chain of reasoning	equity|公平性|noun|the difference between the value of a property and the amount of any outstanding mortgages or other liens on the property

Indeed, as soon as a question of particular fact or right arises on a point not previously regulated by a general convention, the matter becomes contentious.	実際、これまでに一般的な慣例によって規制されていない点について、特定の事実や権利の問題が生じるとすぐに、その問題は論争の的になる。	indeed|実際|adverb|really; truly; in fact	as soon as|するとすぐに|conjunction|at the moment that; immediately after	question|問題|noun|a matter requiring resolution or discussion	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	fact|事実|noun|something that is known or proved to be true	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	arise|生じる|verb|come up; come into existence	point|点|noun|a particular place, especially one with an established purpose	previously|これまでに|adverb|before; earlier	regulate|規制する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	general|一般的な|adjective|involving or affecting the whole of a class or group	convention|慣例|noun|a way in which something is usually done	matter|問題|noun|a subject or situation that is being dealt with or considered	become|なる|verb|come to be; undergo a change or development
It is a case in which the individuals concerned are one party, and the public the other, but in which I can see neither the law that ought to be followed nor the judge who ought to give the decision.	これは、関係する個人が一方の当事者であり、公衆がもう一方の当事者であるが、従うべき法律も、判決を下すべき裁判官も見ることができない場合である。	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinguished from a group	concerned|関係する|adjective|involved or interested in something	party|当事者|noun|a person or group involved in a legal action or matter	public|公衆|noun|the people as a whole	law|法律|noun|the system of rules that a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and may enforce by the imposition of penalties	judge|裁判官|noun|a public official who hears and decides cases in a court of law
In such a case, it would be absurd to propose to refer the question to an express decision of the general will, which can be only the conclusion reached by one of the parties and in consequence will be, for the other party, merely an external and particular will, inclined on this occasion to injustice and subject to error.	そのような場合、問題を一般意志の明示的な決定に委ねることを提案するのはばかげているだろう。それは当事者の一方が到達した結論にすぎず、結果として、もう一方の当事者にとっては、単に外部的で特殊な意志であり、この場合には不正に傾き、誤りの影響を受けることになる。	In such a case|そのような場合|adverb|in a situation like this	absurd|ばかげている|adjective|extremely silly or unreasonable	propose|提案する|verb|put forward a plan or suggestion	refer|委ねる|verb|pass on or direct to another person or place	question|問題|noun|a statement asking for something and expecting an answer	express|明示的な|adjective|clearly stated	decision|決定|noun|a conclusion or resolution reached after consideration	general will|一般意志|noun|the will of the people as a whole	conclusion|結論|noun|the end or finish of something	reach|到達する|verb|arrive at a destination	consequence|結果として|noun|a result or effect of an action or condition	other|もう一方の|adjective|used to refer to a different person or thing from the one already mentioned	party|当事者|noun|a person or group involved in a situation or event	merely|単に|adverb|only; no more than	external|外部的|adjective|belonging to or forming the outer part of something	particular|特殊な|adjective|relating to a single or specific person, thing, or situation	will|意志|noun|the faculty by which a person decides on and initiates action	inclined|傾き|adjective|tending or likely to do something	injustice|不正|noun|unfairness; unjust or dishonest behaviour	subject|影響を受け|noun|a person or thing that is being discussed, studied, or dealt with
Thus, just as a particular will cannot stand for the general will, the general will, in turn, changes its nature, when its object is particular, and, as general, cannot pronounce on a man or a fact.	このように、特定の意志が一般意志を代表することができないように、一般意志もまた、その対象が特定のものである場合にはその性質を変え、一般のものとして、人や事実について発言することはできない。	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or instance	general|一般の|adjective|affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things; widespread	will|意志|noun|the faculty by which a person decides on and initiates action	stand for|代表する|verb|be a symbol of	change|変える|verb|make or become different	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features, character, or qualities of something	object|対象|noun|a person or thing to which a specified action or feeling is directed	pronounce|発言する|verb|make a statement or declaration
When, for instance, the people of Athens nominated or displaced its rulers, decreed honours to one, and imposed penalties on another, and, by a multitude of particular decrees, exercised all the functions of government indiscriminately, it had in such cases no longer a general will in the strict sense;	例えば、アテネの人々がその支配者を指名したり、追放したり、ある者に栄誉を与え、別の者に罰を与え、そして、多くの特定の法令によって、政府のすべての機能を無差別に行使したとき、そのような場合には、もはや厳密な意味での一般意志は存在しなかった。	for instance|例えば|adverb|as an example	Athens|アテネ|noun|the capital and largest city of Greece	nominate|指名する|verb|formally propose someone as a candidate for election or for an honour or award	displace|追放する|verb|move or cause to move from the usual or proper place	ruler|支配者|noun|a person exercising government or dominion	decree|法令|noun|an official order issued by a legal authority	honour|栄誉|noun|high respect; great esteem	penalty|罰|noun|a punishment imposed for breaking a law, rule, or contract	multitude|多数|noun|a large number of people or things	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	indiscriminately|無差別に|adverb|without making careful distinctions	such|そのような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	case|場合|noun|an instance of something occurring	no longer|もはや|adverb|not any more	strict|厳密な|adjective|exact; precise	sense|意味|noun|a meaning that a word or phrase has in a particular language
it was acting no longer as Sovereign, but as magistrate.	それはもはや主権者としてではなく、行政官として行動していた。	no longer|もはや|adverb|not anymore; not now	as|として|preposition|in the role or function of	Sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	magistrate|行政官|noun|a civil officer or lay judge who administers the law
This will seem contrary to current views;	これは現在の見解に反するように思われるだろう。	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be	contrary|反する|adjective|opposite in nature or character
but I must be given time to expound my own.	しかし、私自身の見解を説明する時間を与えられなければならない。	be given|与えられる|verb|be presented with	time|時間|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	expound|説明する|verb|give a detailed explanation of	my own|私自身の|pronoun|belonging to or connected with the speaker

It should be seen from the foregoing that what makes the will general is less the number of voters than the common interest uniting them;	以上のことから、意志を一般的にしているのは、投票者の数よりも、彼らを結びつける共通の利益であることがわかる。	foregoing|以上のことから|noun|the things that have been said or written before	make|している|verb|cause to be or become	general|一般的|adjective|affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things; widespread	number|数|noun|a quantity of something	voter|投票者|noun|a person who votes	common|共通の|adjective|belonging to or shared by two or more people or things	interest|利益|noun|money paid for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	unite|結びつける|verb|join or combine
for under this system, each necessarily submits to the conditions he imposes on others;	この制度の下では、各自が必然的に他人に課す条件に従うことになる。	for|なぜなら|conjunction|because	under|下で|preposition|below or beneath	system|制度|noun|a set of principles or procedures according to which something is done; an organized scheme or method	each|各自|pronoun|every one of two or more people or things	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	submit|従う|verb|yield to the authority or will of another	condition|条件|noun|a state of affairs that must exist or be brought about before another state of affairs can exist or occur	impose|課す|verb|force (something unwelcome or unfamiliar) to be accepted or put in place
and this admirable agreement between interest and justice gives to the common deliberations an equitable character which at once vanishes when any particular question is discussed, in the absence of a common interest to unite and identify the ruling of the judge with that of the party.	そして、利害と正義の間のこの見事な一致は、共通の審議に公平な性格を与えるが、裁判官の裁定と党の裁定を結びつけ、同一視する共通の利益がない場合、特定の問題が議論されると、それはすぐに消えてしまう。	agreement|一致|noun|the act of agreeing or of coming to a mutual agreement	interest|利害|noun|the feeling of wanting to know or learn about something or someone	justice|正義|noun|the quality of being just; righteousness	give|与える|verb|cause someone or something to receive	common|共通の|adjective|belonging to or shared by two or more people or things	deliberation|審議|noun|careful consideration before decision	equitable|公平な|adjective|just or fair; impartial	character|性格|noun|the mental and moral qualities distinctive to an individual	at once|すぐに|adverb|immediately; without delay	vanish|消える|verb|disappear suddenly and completely	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	question|問題|noun|a statement asking for something and expecting an answer	discuss|議論する|verb|talk about something with someone	absence|ない場合|noun|the state of not existing or not being present	common|共通の|adjective|belonging to or shared by two or more people or things	interest|利益|noun|the feeling of wanting to know or learn about something or someone	unite|結びつける|verb|join or connect two or more things	identify|同一視する|verb|recognize the nature or character of	ruling|裁定|noun|an official or authoritative decision, especially one made by a judge	judge|裁判官|noun|a public official who decides cases in a court of law	party|党|noun|a political organization that seeks to influence government policy, typically by nominating their own candidates and trying to seat them in political office

From whatever side we approach our principle, we reach the same conclusion, that the social compact sets up among the citizens an equality of such a kind, that they all bind themselves to observe the same conditions and should therefore all enjoy the same rights.	私たちがどの側から原理に近づいても、社会契約は市民の間にそのような平等を打ち立て、彼らは皆同じ条件を守ることを義務付け、それゆえ皆同じ権利を享受するべきであるという同じ結論に達する。	approach|近づく|verb|come near or nearer in space or time	principle|原理|noun|a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior or for a chain of reasoning	reach|達する|verb|stretch out so as to touch or grasp something	conclusion|結論|noun|the final decision or settlement of a dispute or debate	social compact|社会契約|noun|an agreement among the members of an organized society or between the governed and the government defining and limiting the rights and duties of each	set up|打ち立てる|verb|establish or create	equality|平等|noun|the state of being equal	bind|義務付ける|verb|tie or fasten together	observe|守る|verb|notice or perceive	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something
Thus, from the very nature of the compact, every “act of Sovereignty”, i.e. every authentic act of the general will, binds or favours all the citizens equally;	このように、契約の本質から、あらゆる「主権の行為」、すなわち一般意志のあらゆる真正な行為は、すべての市民を平等に拘束し、または恩恵を与える。	Thus|このように|adverb|in this way; like this	nature|本質|noun|the basic or inherent features, character, or qualities of something	compact|契約|noun|an agreement or contract	act|行為|noun|something that is done	sovereignty|主権|noun|supreme power or authority	general will|一般意志|noun|the will of the people as a whole	bind|拘束する|verb|tie or fasten together	favour|恩恵を与える|verb|do something that helps someone
so that the Sovereign recognises only the body of the nation, and draws no distinctions between those of whom it is made up.	そのため、主権者は国民の身体だけを認識し、国民を構成する人々を区別しない。	so that|そのため|conjunction|with the result or consequence that	Sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	recognise|認識する|verb|know or identify by sight, hearing, or other sense	body|身体|noun|the physical structure, including the bones, flesh and organs, of a person or an animal	nation|国民|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history and, often, a territory	draw|区別する|verb|make a distinction between	distinction|区別|noun|a difference or contrast between similar things or people	make up|構成する|verb|form or constitute
What, then, strictly speaking is an act of Sovereignty? It is not a convention between a superior and an inferior, but a convention between the body and each of its members.	では、厳密に言えば、主権の行為とは何か? それは上位者と下位者の間の協定ではなく、団体とその構成員一人一人との間の協定である。	act|行為|noun|something that is done	sovereignty|主権|noun|supreme power or authority	strictly speaking|厳密に言えば|adverb|in a strict sense	superior|上位者|noun|a person who is higher in rank or position	inferior|下位者|noun|a person who is lower in rank or position	convention|協定|noun|a general agreement about how things should be done	body|団体|noun|a group of people who are organized for a particular purpose	member|構成員|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization
It is legitimate, because based on the social contract, and, equitable, because common to all;	それは社会契約に基づいているので合法であり、すべての人に共通しているので公平である。	legitimate|合法|adjective|in accordance with the law	social contract|社会契約|noun|an implicit agreement among the members of a society to cooperate for social benefits	equitable|公平|adjective|just or fair; impartial	common|共通|adjective|belonging to or shared by two or more parties
useful, because it can have no other object than the general good, and stable, because guaranteed by the public force and the supreme power.	有益なのは、公共の利益以外の目的を持つことができず、安定しているのは、公権力と最高権力によって保証されているからである。	useful|有益な|adjective|of practical use	general good|公共の利益|noun|the benefit or well-being of the public	stable|安定した|adjective|not likely to change or fail	public force|公権力|noun|the power of the government	supreme power|最高権力|noun|the highest power or authority
So long as the subjects have to submit only to conventions of this sort, they obey no-one but their own will;	臣民がこの種の協定にのみ従わなければならない限り、彼らは自分の意思以外には従わない。	so long as|限り|conjunction|on condition that; provided that	subject|臣民|noun|a person who owes allegiance to a monarch or other sovereign	submit|従う|verb|accept or yield to a superior force or to the authority or will of another person	convention|協定|noun|a general agreement about how things should be done	sort|種|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	obey|従う|verb|act in accordance with the command, direction, or request of	will|意思|noun|the faculty by which a person decides on and initiates action
and to ask how far the respective rights of the Sovereign and the citizens extend, is to ask up to what point the latter can enter into undertakings with themselves, each with all, and all with each.	そして、主権者と市民のそれぞれの権利がどこまで及ぶかを問うことは、後者がどこまで自分たちと、それぞれが全体と、全体がそれぞれと、事業に参入できるかを問うことである。	ask|問う|verb|to put a question to	far|どこまで|adverb|to or at a great distance	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	extend|及ぶ|verb|stretch out so as to reach farther	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	citizen|市民|noun|an inhabitant of a city or town; especially : one entitled to the rights and privileges of a freeman	latter|後者|noun|the second of two things mentioned	enter into|参入する|verb|to become involved in	undertaking|事業|noun|a business or enterprise

We can see from this that the sovereign power, absolute, sacred and inviolable as it is, does not and cannot exceed the limits of general conventions, and that every man may dispose at will of such goods and liberty as these conventions leave him;	このことから、主権権力は、絶対的、神聖、不可侵であるにもかかわらず、一般的な協定の限界を超えることはなく、また超えることもできず、また、すべての人は、これらの協定が彼に残した財産や自由を自由に処分することができることがわかる。	see|わかる|verb|perceive with the eyes	sovereign power|主権権力|noun|the power of a state to do everything necessary to govern itself	absolute|絶対的|adjective|not qualified or diminished in any way; total	sacred|神聖|adjective|consecrated to some deity, to some religious purpose, or to some other purpose	inviolable|不可侵|adjective|not to be violated or profaned	general convention|一般的な協定|noun|a convention of a religious denomination	exceed|超える|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)	dispose|処分する|verb|deal with in a certain way	will|自由に|noun|the faculty by which a person decides on and initiates action	good|財産|noun|something that is beneficial	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restriction or control
so that the Sovereign never has a right to lay more charges on one subject than on another, because, in that case, the question becomes particular, and ceases to be within its competency.	そのため、主権者は、ある臣民に他の臣民よりも多くの負担を課す権利を持つことは決してない。なぜなら、その場合、問題は個別的なものとなり、その権限の範囲外となるからである。	Sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	lay|課す|verb|put or set down	charge|負担|noun|a financial burden	one|ある|determiner|a single person or thing	another|他の|determiner|an additional person or thing	case|場合|noun|an instance of something occurring	question|問題|noun|a statement asking for something and expecting an answer	particular|個別的|adjective|relating to a single person, thing, or instance	competency|権限|noun|the ability to do something successfully or efficiently

When these distinctions have once been admitted, it is seen to be so untrue that there is, in the social contract, any real renunciation on the part of the individuals, that the position in which they find themselves as a result of the contract is really preferable to that in which they were before.	これらの区別がいったん認められると、社会契約において、個人の側に真の放棄があることは、契約の結果として彼らが置かれている立場が、以前の立場よりも本当に好ましいものであることは、あまりにも真実ではないことがわかる。	distinction|区別|noun|a difference or contrast between similar things or people	admit|認める|verb|to accept that something is true	social contract|社会契約|noun|an implicit agreement among the members of a society to cooperate for social benefits	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinguished from a group	renunciation|放棄|noun|the formal rejection of something	position|立場|noun|a place where someone or something is located	preferable|好ましい|adjective|more desirable or suitable
Instead of a renunciation, they have made an advantageous exchange: instead of an uncertain and precarious way of living they have got one that is better and more secure;	放棄する代わりに、彼らは有利な交換を行った。不確実で不安定な生き方の代わりに、より良く、より安全な生き方を手に入れたのである。	instead of|代わりに|preposition|as an alternative to	renunciation|放棄|noun|the act of renouncing	advantageous|有利な|adjective|to one's benefit	exchange|交換|noun|the act of giving one thing and receiving another	uncertain|不確実な|adjective|not able to be relied on; not known or definite	precarious|不安定な|adjective|not securely held or in position; unstable	better|より良い|adjective|of a more excellent or effective type or quality	secure|より安全な|adjective|free from danger or threat; not likely to fail, give way, etc.
instead of natural independence they have got liberty, instead of the power to harm others security for themselves, and instead of their strength, which others might overcome, a right which social union makes invincible.	自然の独立の代わりに自由を、他人を傷つける力の代わりに自分自身の安全を、他人が打ち勝つかもしれない強さの代わりに、社会連合が無敵にする権利を手に入れたのである。	instead of|代わりに|preposition|as an alternative to	natural|自然の|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	independence|独立|noun|the fact or state of being independent	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life, behavior, or political views	power|力|noun|the ability or capacity to perform or act effectively	harm|傷つける|verb|cause damage to	others|他人|noun|people in general regarded as distinct from oneself	security|安全|noun|the state of being free from danger or threat	strength|強さ|noun|the quality or state of being physically strong	overcome|打ち勝つ|verb|succeed in dealing with (a problem or difficulty)	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	social|社会の|adjective|relating to society or its organization	union|連合|noun|an act or instance of uniting or joining two or more things into one	invincible|無敵|adjective|too powerful to be defeated or overcome
Their very life, which they have devoted to the State, is by it constantly protected;	彼らが国家に捧げた彼らの命そのものが、国家によって常に守られている。	life|命|noun|the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death	devote|捧げる|verb|give all of one's time or energy to	State|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	constantly|常に|adverb|continuously over a period of time; always	protect|守る|verb|keep safe from harm or injury
and when they risk it in the State's defence, what more are they doing than giving back what they have received from it?	そして、彼らが国家を守るために命をかけて戦うとき、彼らは国家から受けたものを返す以外に何をしているだろうか?	risk|かける|verb|expose (someone or something valued) to danger, harm, or loss	defence|守る|noun|the action of defending from or resisting attack	give back|返す|verb|return something to someone	receive|受ける|verb|be given, presented with, or paid something
What are they doing that they would not do more often and with greater danger in the state of nature, in which they would inevitably have to fight battles at the peril of their lives in defence of that which is the means of their preservation?	彼らがしていることは、自然状態ではもっと頻繁に、もっと危険を伴って行うことではないだろうか。自然状態では、彼らは必然的に、自分たちの保存の手段であるものを守るために、命をかけて戦わなければならないのだから。	do|行うこと|verb|perform or execute	often|頻繁に|adverb|many times; frequently	danger|危険|noun|exposure to or risk of injury, pain, harm, or loss	state of nature|自然状態|noun|the hypothetical condition of humankind before the existence of society and government	inevitably|必然的に|adverb|as is certain to happen; unavoidably	peril|危険|noun|exposure to or risk of injury, pain, harm, or loss	preservation|保存|noun|the act of keeping something in its original state
All have indeed to fight when their country needs them;	確かに、国が必要とするときには誰もが戦わなければならない。	all|誰もが|pronoun|the whole quantity or extent	indeed|確かに|adverb|really; truly; certainly	fight|戦う|verb|take part in a violent confrontation	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
but then no one has ever to fight for himself.	しかし、そのとき誰も自分のために戦う必要はない。	no one|誰も|pronoun|not a single person	ever|かつて|adverb|at any time in the past or future; on any occasion; at all	fight|戦う|verb|take part in a violent confrontation	himself|自分|pronoun|that male person or animal which is being discussed
Do we not gain something by running, on behalf of what gives us our security, only some of the risks we should have to run for ourselves, as soon as we lost it?	私たちは、私たちに安全を与えてくれるもののために、私たちがそれを失ったとたんに自分たちのために走らなければならないリスクの一部だけを走ることによって、何かを得ているのではないだろうか?	gain|得る|verb|obtain or win	run|走る|verb|move at a speed faster than a walk	behalf|代わりに|noun|the interest of another person	give|与える|verb|cause someone to have or receive	security|安全|noun|the state of being free from danger or threat	lose|失う|verb|be deprived of or cease to have or retain	risk|リスク|noun|a situation involving exposure to danger


## CHAPTER V: THE RIGHT OF LIFE AND DEATH	第五章: 生と死の権利	CHAPTER V|第五章|noun|the fifth chapter	RIGHT|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	LIFE|生|noun|the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death	DEATH|死|noun|the end of all physical and mental activity or the end of the life of a person or organism

The question is often asked how individuals, having no right to dispose of their own lives, can transfer to the Sovereign a right which they do not possess.	自分の命を処分する権利を持たない個人が、どのようにして自分が持っていない権利を主権者に移転できるのか、という疑問がよく提起される。	question|疑問|noun|a statement asking for something and expecting an answer	often|よく|adverb|many times; frequently	ask|尋ねる|verb|say something in order to obtain an answer or some information	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinguished from a group	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	dispose|処分する|verb|deal with in a certain way	life|命|noun|the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death	transfer|移転する|verb|move from one place to another	Sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler
The difficulty of answering this question seems to me to lie in its being wrongly stated.	この質問に答えることの難しさは、それが間違って述べられていることにあるように思われる。	difficulty|難しさ|noun|the state or quality of being difficult	answer|答える|verb|say or write something in reply	question|質問|noun|a statement asking for something and expecting an answer	lie|ある|verb|be in a specified state or condition	wrongly|間違って|adverb|in a wrong manner	state|述べる|verb|express clearly in words
Every man has a right to risk his own life in order to preserve it.	誰もが自分の命を守るために自分の命を危険にさらす権利を持っている。	every man|誰もが|noun|each person	have a right to|権利を持っている|verb|be entitled to	risk|危険にさらす|verb|expose to danger	life|命|noun|the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death	preserve|守る|verb|keep in its original state
Has it ever, been said that a man who throws himself out of the window to escape from a fire is guilty of suicide?	火事から逃れるために窓から身を投げ出した人が自殺の罪を犯したと言われたことがあっただろうか?	throw oneself out of|身を投げ出す|verb|jump out of	window|窓|noun|an opening in a wall or roof that allows light and air to enter	escape|逃れる|verb|get free from a situation	fire|火事|noun|a large, uncontrolled fire that destroys a building or area	suicide|自殺|noun|the act of intentionally taking one's own life
Has such a crime ever been laid to the charge of him who perishes in a storm because, when he went on board, he knew of the danger?	船に乗ったときに危険を知っていたのに嵐で死んでしまった人が、そのような罪を犯したとして告発されたことがあるだろうか?	crime|罪|noun|an act that is illegal	ever|かつて|adverb|at any time in the past or future; on any occasion; at all	lay to the charge of|告発する|verb|accuse of	perish|死んでしまう|verb|die	storm|嵐|noun|a violent disturbance of the atmosphere with strong winds and usually rain, snow, or hail	when|とき|conjunction|at or during the time that	go on board|乗る|verb|get on a ship, train, or aircraft	know|知る|verb|be aware of through observation, inquiry, or information	danger|危険|noun|the possibility of suffering harm or injury

The social treaty has for its end the preservation of the contracting parties.	社会契約は、契約当事者の保護を目的としている。	social treaty|社会契約|noun|a contract between members of a society	end|目的|noun|the final part of something	preservation|保護|noun|the act of keeping something in its original state	contracting party|契約当事者|noun|a party to a contract
He who wills the end wills the means also, and the means must involve some risks, and even some losses.	目的を望む者は手段も望むものであり、手段には多少の危険や損失も伴う。	will|望む|verb|want or wish for	end|目的|noun|the final part of something	means|手段|noun|a method, style, or manner of doing something	involve|伴う|verb|entail as a necessary logical consequence	risk|危険|noun|a situation involving exposure to danger	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something
He who wishes to preserve his life at others expense should also, when it is necessary, be ready to give it up for their sake.	他人を犠牲にして自分の命を守りたいと思う者は、必要に応じて他人のために命を捨てる覚悟もしなければならない。	preserve|守る|verb|keep in its original state	expense|犠牲|noun|a cost or charge incurred in making or doing something	give up|捨てる|verb|stop doing or having something	sake|ため|noun|purpose; reason
Furthermore, the citizen is no longer the judge of the dangers to which the law desires him to expose himself;	さらに、市民はもはや法律が彼にさらすことを望んでいる危険の裁判官ではない。	furthermore|さらに|adverb|in addition; moreover	citizen|市民|noun|a person who lives in a city or town	no longer|もはや|adverb|not anymore; not now	judge|裁判官|noun|a public official who decides cases brought before a court of law	danger|危険|noun|the possibility of suffering harm or injury
and when the prince says to him: “It is expedient for the State that you should die,” he ought to die, because it is only on that condition that he has been living in security up to the present, and because his life is no longer a mere bounty of nature, but a gift made conditionally by the State.	そして、君主が彼に「あなたが死ぬことは国家にとって好都合である」と言うとき、彼は死ぬべきである。なぜなら、彼が現在まで安全に暮らしてきたのは、その条件のもとでのみであり、彼の命はもはや単なる自然の恵みではなく、国家から条件付きで与えられた贈り物だからである。	prince|君主|noun|the son of a king or queen	say|言う|verb|express (something) in words	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	expedient|好都合|adjective|advantageous; convenient	die|死ぬ|verb|stop living	ought to|べきである|auxiliary verb|should	condition|条件|noun|something that must happen or be done before another thing can happen or be done	security|安全|noun|the state of being free from danger or threat	present|現在|noun|the time that is happening now	life|命|noun|the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death	nature|自然|noun|the physical world and everything in it	gift|贈り物|noun|something that is given	conditionally|条件付きで|adverb|on or subject to one or more conditions

The death-penalty inflicted upon criminals may be looked on in much the same light: it is in order that we may not fall victims to an assassin that we consent to die if we ourselves turn assassins.	犯罪者に課せられる死刑も、ほぼ同じように見ることができる。私たちが暗殺者の犠牲にならないために、私たち自身が暗殺者になった場合に死ぬことに同意するのである。	death-penalty|死刑|noun|the punishment of death	inflict|課する|verb|cause (something unpleasant or painful) to be suffered by someone or something	criminal|犯罪者|noun|a person who has committed a crime	look on|見ることができる|verb|regard or consider in a specified way	light|同じように|noun|the natural agent that stimulates sight and makes things visible	fall victim|犠牲になる|verb|be harmed or killed as a result of an unfortunate event or action	assassin|暗殺者|noun|a murderer of an important person in a surprise attack for political or religious reasons	consent|同意する|verb|give permission for something to happen	turn|なる|verb|change or cause to change from one thing to another
In this treaty, so far from disposing of our own lives, we think only of securing them, and it is not to be assumed that any of the parties then expects to get hanged.	この条約では、自分の命を処分するどころか、命を守ることしか考えていないし、当事者の誰もが絞首刑になることを期待しているわけではない。	dispose|処分する|verb|get rid of	life|命|noun|the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death or a state of apparent death	secure|守る|verb|make safe; protect	assume|期待する|verb|suppose to be the case, without proof	party|当事者|noun|a person or group involved in a legal action or matter	hang|絞首刑にする|verb|kill by hanging

Again, every malefactor, by attacking social rights, becomes on forfeit a rebel and a traitor to his country;	また、すべての犯罪者は、社会的権利を攻撃することによって、没収によって反逆者となり、祖国への裏切り者となる。	again|また|adverb|once more; another time	malefactor|犯罪者|noun|a person who commits a crime	attack|攻撃する|verb|take aggressive action against (a place or enemy forces) with weapons or armed force, typically a concerted military operation	social right|社会的権利|noun|a right that is believed to be held by all members of a society	forfeit|没収|noun|the loss of something as a penalty for a mistake or crime	rebel|反逆者|noun|a person who rises in opposition or armed resistance against an established government or ruler	traitor|裏切り者|noun|a person who betrays a friend, country, principle, etc.
by violating its laws he ceases to be a member of it;	その法律に違反することによって、彼はその一員ではなくなる。	violate|違反する|verb|break or fail to comply with	law|法律|noun|a rule or set of rules made by the government of a country or state	cease|なくなる|verb|come or bring to an end	member|一員|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization
he even makes war upon it.	彼はそれに戦争を仕掛けさえする。	make war|戦争を仕掛ける|verb|engage in a war	upon|それに|preposition|on
In such a case the preservation of the State is inconsistent with his own, and one or the other must perish;	そのような場合、国家の保全は彼自身の保全と矛盾し、どちらかが滅びなければならない。	in such a case|そのような場合|adverb|in a situation like this	preservation|保全|noun|the act of keeping something in its original state	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	inconsistent|矛盾する|adjective|not in agreement or harmony	one or the other|どちらか|noun|one of two or more things	must|しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be compelled to	perish|滅びる|verb|die or be destroyed
in putting the guilty to death, we slay not so much the citizen as an enemy.	有罪者を死刑に処するにあたって、我々は市民というよりは敵を殺すのである。	put to death|死刑に処する|verb|kill someone as a punishment	guilty|有罪者|noun|a person who has been found guilty of a crime	slay|殺す|verb|kill someone in a violent way	citizen|市民|noun|a person who lives in a particular town or city	enemy|敵|noun|a person who is actively opposed or hostile to someone or something
The trial and the judgment are the proofs that he has broken the social treaty, and is in consequence no longer a member of the State.	裁判と判決は、彼が社会契約を破り、その結果もはや国家の一員ではないという証拠である。	trial|裁判|noun|a formal examination of evidence and of the law in a court of law to decide guilt in a case of criminal or civil proceedings	judgment|判決|noun|the final decision of a court of law	proof|証拠|noun|evidence or argument establishing or helping to establish a fact or the truth of a statement	break|破る|verb|cause to separate into pieces as a result of impact or stress	social treaty|社会契約|noun|an implicit agreement among the members of a society to cooperate for social benefits	consequence|結果|noun|a result or effect of an action or condition	member|一員|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization
Since, then, he has recognised himself to be such by living there, he must be removed by exile as a violator of the compact, or by death as a public enemy;	彼はそこに住むことによって、自分をそうであると認めたのだから、協定違反者として追放されるか、公敵として死刑に処せられなければならない。	since|だから|conjunction|for the reason that; because	recognise|認める|verb|know or identify by sight, hearing, or other sense	live|住む|verb|have as one's home	remove|取り除く|verb|take away or off	exile|追放|noun|the state of being barred from one's native country	violator|違反者|noun|someone who breaks or does not obey a law or rule	compact|協定|noun|an agreement or contract between two or more parties	public enemy|公敵|noun|a person who is seen as a threat to the people or the state	death|死刑|noun|the end of all life functions in an organism or cell
for such an enemy is not a moral person, but merely a man;	なぜなら、そのような敵は道徳的な人ではなく、単なる人間だからである。	for|なぜなら|conjunction|because	such|そのような|adjective|of that kind	enemy|敵|noun|a person who is actively opposed or hostile to someone or something	not|ではない|adverb|a word used to express negation	moral|道徳的な|adjective|concerned with the principles of right and wrong behavior	person|人|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	merely|単なる|adverb|only; no more than	man|人間|noun|an adult male human being
and in such a case the right of war is to kill the vanquished.	そして、そのような場合には、戦争の権利は敗者を殺すことである。	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	in such a case|そのような場合には|adverb|in a situation like this	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	kill|殺す|verb|cause the death of	vanquished|敗者|noun|a person who has been defeated

But, it will be said, the condemnation of a criminal is a particular act.	しかし、犯罪者の有罪判決は特別な行為である、と言われるであろう。	condemnation|有罪判決|noun|the expression of very strong disapproval	criminal|犯罪者|noun|a person who has committed a crime	particular|特別な|adjective|relating to a particular person, thing, or situation	act|行為|noun|something that is done
I admit it: but such condemnation is not a function of the Sovereign;	私はそれを認める。しかし、そのような有罪判決は主権者の機能ではない。	admit|認める|verb|to recognize the existence or truth of	condemnation|有罪判決|noun|the expression of very strong disapproval	function|機能|noun|the special, normal, or proper activity of a person or thing	Sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler
it is a right the Sovereign can confer without being able itself to exert it.	それは主権者が行使できる権利ではなく、授与できる権利である。	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	confer|授与する|verb|give or grant	exert|行使する|verb|apply or bring to bear
All my ideas are consistent, but I cannot expound them all at once.	私の考えはすべて一貫しているが、一度にすべてを説明することはできない。	idea|考え|noun|a thought or suggestion as to a possible course of action	consistent|一貫している|adjective|acting or done in the same way over time	expound|説明する|verb|to give a detailed explanation of	all at once|一度に|adverb|suddenly; unexpectedly

We may add that frequent punishments are always a sign of weakness or remissness on the part of the government.	付け加えると、頻繁な処罰は常に政府の弱さや怠慢の兆候である。	add|付け加える|verb|say something further	frequent|頻繁な|adjective|happening often	punishment|処罰|noun|the act of punishing	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	sign|兆候|noun|an indication of something	weakness|弱さ|noun|the quality or state of being weak	remissness|怠慢|noun|the quality or state of being neglectful
There is not a single ill-doer who could not be turned to some good.	善に転じることができない悪人は一人もいない。	There is not|いない|verb|not exist	single|一人|adjective|only one	ill-doer|悪人|noun|a person who does evil	could not|できない|auxiliary verb|be unable to	turn to|転じる|verb|change into
The State has no right to put to death, even for the sake of making an example, any one whom it can leave alive without danger.	国家は、危険を伴わずに生かしておける者を、見せしめのためであれ、死刑にする権利はない。	State|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	have no right|権利はない|verb|not be permitted or allowed to do something	put to death|死刑にする|verb|kill someone as a punishment	sake|ため|noun|purpose or reason	make an example|見せしめにする|verb|punish someone as a warning to others	leave alive|生かしておける|verb|not kill	danger|危険|noun|the possibility of suffering harm or injury

The right of pardoning or exempting the guilty from a penalty imposed by the law and pronounced by the judge belongs only to the authority which is superior to both judge and law, i.e. the Sovereign; even its right in this matter is far from clear, and the cases for exercising it are extremely rare.	法律によって課せられ、裁判官によって宣告された刑罰から有罪者を赦免または免除する権利は、裁判官と法律の両方より優れた権限、すなわち主権者にのみ属する。この問題におけるその権利でさえ明確には程遠く、それを行使するケースは極めてまれである。	pardon|赦免|verb|to release someone from punishment	exempt|免除|verb|to free someone from an obligation or requirement	penalty|刑罰|noun|a punishment imposed for breaking a law, rule, or contract	impose|課する|verb|to force someone to accept something	judge|裁判官|noun|a public official who decides cases in a court of law	pronounce|宣告する|verb|to declare or announce officially	authority|権限|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	superior|優れた|adjective|higher in rank, status, or quality	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	matter|問題|noun|a subject or situation that is being dealt with or considered	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	clear|明確|adjective|easy to understand	exercise|行使|verb|to use or put into effect	case|ケース|noun|an instance of something occurring	rare|まれ|adjective|not common or frequent
In a well-governed State, there are few punishments, not because there are many pardons, but because criminals are rare;	よく統治された国家では、処罰は少ないが、それは恩赦が多いからではなく、犯罪者が少ないからである。	well-governed|よく統治された|adjective|governed well	State|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	few|少ない|adjective|a small number of	punishment|処罰|noun|a penalty imposed for a crime or other offense	pardon|恩赦|noun|the act of officially forgiving someone for a crime that they have committed	criminal|犯罪者|noun|a person who has committed a crime	rare|少ない|adjective|not common or frequent
it is when a State is in decay that the multitude of crimes is a guarantee of impunity.	国家が衰退している時こそ、犯罪の多さが免責の保証となる。	State|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	decay|衰退|noun|the process of decaying	multitude|多さ|noun|a large number of people or things	crime|犯罪|noun|an action or omission that constitutes an offense that may be prosecuted by the state and is punishable by law	guarantee|保証|noun|a promise that something will be done or will happen	impunity|免責|noun|exemption from punishment or freedom from the injurious consequences of an action
Under the Roman Republic, neither the Senate nor the Consuls ever attempted to pardon;	ローマ共和国の下では、元老院も執政官も恩赦を試みることはなかった。	under|下で|preposition|below or beneath	Roman Republic|ローマ共和国|noun|the period of ancient Roman civilization from 509 BC to 27 BC	Senate|元老院|noun|the upper house of the US Congress	Consuls|執政官|noun|the highest elected political office of the Roman Republic	attempt|試みる|verb|make an effort to achieve something	pardon|恩赦|noun|the action of forgiving or being forgiven for an error or offence
even the people never did so, though it sometimes revoked its own decision.	人民でさえ、時には自らの決定を撤回することはあったが、恩赦を試みることはなかった。	even|でさえ|adverb|to a greater extent than usual	people|人民|noun|the citizens of a country	never|決して|adverb|not ever; at no time in the past or future; on no occasion; not at all	do so|そうする|verb|do the same thing	though|しかし|conjunction|despite the fact that; although	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times; now and then	revoke|撤回する|verb|officially cancel or withdraw	decision|決定|noun|a conclusion or resolution reached after consideration
Frequent pardons mean that crime will soon need them no longer, and no-one can help seeing whither that leads.	恩赦が頻繁にあるということは、犯罪がすぐに恩赦を必要としなくなることを意味し、それがどこにつながるかは誰にもわからない。	frequent|頻繁な|adjective|happening often	pardon|恩赦|noun|the act of officially forgiving someone for a crime	mean|意味する|verb|have as a purpose or intention	crime|犯罪|noun|an action or omission that constitutes an offense that may be prosecuted by the state and is punishable by law	soon|すぐに|adverb|in a short time	need|必要とする|verb|require (something) because it is essential or very important	no longer|もはや～ない|adverb|not any more	no one|誰も|pronoun|not a single person	help|わかる|verb|be of use to	see|見る|verb|perceive with the eyes	whither|どこに|adverb|to what place or state	lead|つながる|verb|be a route or means of access to
But I feel my heart protesting and restraining my pen;	しかし、私は自分の心が抗議し、ペンを抑えているのを感じている。	heart|心|noun|the organ that pumps blood through the body	protest|抗議する|verb|express an objection to what someone has said or done	restrain|抑える|verb|hold back from doing something
let us leave these questions to the just man who has never offended, and would himself stand in no need of pardon.	これらの問題は、決して罪を犯したことがなく、恩赦を必要としない正義の人に任せよう。	leave|任せる|verb|go away from a place	question|問題|noun|a statement asking for something and expecting an answer	just|正義の|adjective|based on or behaving according to what is morally right and fair	never|決して|adverb|at no time in the past or future; on no occasion; not ever	offend|罪を犯す|verb|cause to feel upset, annoyed, or resentful	pardon|恩赦|noun|the official forgiveness of a crime


## CHAPTER VI: LAW	第六章: 法律	chapter|章|noun|a main division of a book	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority

By the social compact we have given the body politic existence and life: we have now by legislation to give it movement and will.	社会契約によって、私たちは政治的存在と生命を与えてきた。今、私たちは法律によって、それに運動と意志を与えなければならない。	social compact|社会契約|noun|an agreement among the members of an organized society or between the governed and the government defining and limiting the rights and duties of each	give|与える|verb|transfer something to someone	body politic|政治的存在|noun|a group of people organized under a single governmental authority	life|生命|noun|the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death	legislation|法律|noun|the action of legislating; the process of making or enacting laws	give|与える|verb|transfer something to someone	movement|運動|noun|a change of position or location	will|意志|noun|the faculty by which a person decides on and initiates action
For the original act by which the body is formed and united still in no respect determines what it ought to do for its preservation.	なぜなら、身体が形成され、統合される元々の行為は、その保存のために何をすべきかを決定するものではないからである。	for|なぜなら|conjunction|because	original|元々の|adjective|existing from the beginning	act|行為|noun|something that is done	body|身体|noun|the physical structure, including the bones, flesh and organs, of a person or an animal	form|形成される|verb|to come into existence	unite|統合される|verb|to join together	still|いまだに|adverb|even now or at this time	respect|点で|noun|a particular aspect or point	determine|決定する|verb|to cause to occur in a particular way	ought to|すべきである|auxiliary verb|should	do|行う|verb|to perform or execute	preservation|保存|noun|the act of keeping something in its original state

What is well and in conformity with order is so by the nature of things and independently of human conventions.	善であり、秩序に適合しているものは、物事の性質上、人間の慣習とは無関係にそうである。	well|善|adjective|good or satisfactory	in conformity with|適合している|adjective|in accordance with	order|秩序|noun|the arrangement or disposition of people or things in relation to each other according to a particular sequence, pattern, or method	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features, character, or qualities of something	independently|無関係に|adverb|without being influenced or controlled by others
All justice comes from God, who is its sole source;	すべての正義は神から来ており、神がその唯一の源である。	all|すべての|adjective|the whole quantity or extent of	justice|正義|noun|the quality of being just; righteousness	come from|来る|verb|move or travel toward or into a place thought of as near or familiar to the speaker	God|神|noun|the creator and ruler of the universe and source of all moral authority; the supreme being	sole|唯一の|adjective|one and only	source|源|noun|a place, person, or thing from which something comes or can be obtained
but if we knew how to receive so high an inspiration, we should need neither government nor laws.	しかし、もし私たちがそれほど高いインスピレーションを受ける方法を知っていたら、政府も法律も必要ないだろう。	know|知る|verb|be aware of	receive|受ける|verb|be given, presented with, or paid something	inspiration|インスピレーション|noun|the process of being mentally stimulated to do or feel something, especially to do something creative	need|必要とする|verb|require (something) because it is essential or very important
Doubtless, there is a universal justice emanating from reason alone;	疑いなく、理性だけから発する普遍的な正義がある。	Doubtless|疑いなく|adverb|without doubt; certainly	universal|普遍的な|adjective|of, affecting, or done by all people or things in the world or in a particular group; general	justice|正義|noun|just behaviour or treatment	emanate|発する|verb|come or send out from a source	reason|理性|noun|the power of the mind to think, understand, and form judgments by a process of logic
but this justice, to be admitted among us, must be mutual.	しかし、この正義は、私たちの間で認められるためには、相互的でなければならない。	justice|正義|noun|the quality of being just; fairness	admit|認める|verb|to recognize the existence or truth of	mutual|相互的|adjective|having the same relationship to each other
Humanly speaking, in default of natural sanctions, the laws of justice are ineffective among men: they merely make for the good of the wicked and the undoing of the just, when the just man observes them towards everybody and nobody observes them towards him.	人間的に言えば、自然の制裁がなければ、正義の法則は人間の間では効果がない。正義の人が誰に対してもそれを守り、誰も彼に対してそれを守らないとき、それは単に悪人の利益と正義の人の破滅をもたらすだけである。	humanly|人間的に|adverb|in a human way	speaking|言えば|verb|say something	default|なければ|noun|the action of failing to do something	natural|自然の|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	sanction|制裁|noun|a penalty for breaking a law, rule, or contract	justice|正義|noun|the quality of being just; righteousness	law|法則|noun|a rule or principle that is generally accepted as true	ineffective|効果がない|adjective|not producing the intended or expected result	wicked|悪人|noun|a person who is wicked	undoing|破滅|noun|the action of ruining or destroying something	just|正義の人|adjective|based on or behaving according to what is morally right and fair	observe|守る|verb|notice or perceive something	nobody|誰も|pronoun|no person; not a single person	towards|に対して|preposition|in the direction of
Conventions and laws are therefore needed to join rights to duties and refer justice to its object.	したがって、権利と義務を結びつけ、正義をその目的に結びつけるためには、慣習や法律が必要である。	convention|慣習|noun|a way of behaving that is usual and accepted as correct or polite	law|法律|noun|a rule or set of rules that is made by the government of a country or state and that people must obey	join|結びつける|verb|connect or fasten together	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	duty|義務|noun|a moral or legal obligation	refer|結びつける|verb|mention or allude to	justice|正義|noun|the quality of being just; fairness	object|目的|noun|a thing aimed at or sought; a goal
In the state of nature, where everything is common, I owe nothing to him whom I nave promised nothing;	すべてが共通である自然の状態では、私は何も約束していない相手には何も負っていない。	state of nature|自然の状態|noun|the hypothetical condition of humankind before the existence of society	everything|すべて|noun|all things	common|共通|adjective|belonging to or shared by two or more people or things	owe|負う|verb|have an obligation to pay or repay in return for something received	nothing|何も|noun|not anything; no single thing	promise|約束|noun|a declaration or assurance that one will do a particular thing or that a particular thing will happen
I recognise as belonging to others only what is of no use to me.	私は、私にとって役に立たないものだけを他人のものだと認識している。	belong|属する|verb|be a member of	others|他人|noun|people other than oneself	only|だけ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	no use|役に立たない|noun|not useful or helpful
In the state of society all rights are fixed by law, and the case becomes different.	社会の状態では、すべての権利は法律で定められており、状況は異なる。	state|状態|noun|the condition of a person or thing	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	law|法律|noun|the system of rules that a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and may enforce by the imposition of penalties	case|状況|noun|a situation or event	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as another or each other

But what, after all, is a law?	しかし、結局のところ、法律とは何か?	after all|結局のところ|adverb|in spite of everything; nevertheless	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority
As long as we remain satisfied with attaching purely metaphysical ideas to the word, we shall go on arguing without arriving at an understanding;	私たちが言葉に純粋に形而上学的な考えを結びつけることに満足している限り、私たちは理解に至ることなく議論を続けるだろう。	as long as|限り|conjunction|on the condition that; provided that	remain satisfied|満足している|verb|be in a state of contentment	attach|結びつける|verb|fasten or join	purely|純粋に|adverb|in a pure manner	metaphysical|形而上学的な|adjective|of or relating to metaphysics	idea|考え|noun|a thought or suggestion as to a possible course of action	word|言葉|noun|a unit of language	go on|続ける|verb|continue	arguing|議論する|verb|exchange diverging or opposite views, typically in a heated or angry way	arrive at|至る|verb|reach a destination	understanding|理解|noun|a mental process of comprehension
and when we have defined a law of nature, we shall be no nearer the definition of a law of the State.	そして、自然の法則を定義したとしても、国家の法則の定義に近づくことはできない。	law of nature|自然の法則|noun|a statement of fact or truth that describes something that happens or what is	law of the State|国家の法則|noun|a statement of fact or truth that describes something that happens or what is

I have already said that there can be no general will directed to a particular object.	特定の対象に向けられた一般意志は存在し得ないとすでに述べた。	have already said|すでに述べた|verb|have said before	there can be no|存在し得ない|verb|be impossible	general will|一般意志|noun|the will of the people as a whole	directed to|に向けられた|verb|aimed at	particular object|特定の対象|noun|a specific thing
Such an object must be either within or outside the State.	そのような対象は、国家の内側か外側のどちらかにあるはずだ。	such|そのような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	object|対象|noun|a thing that is being considered, discussed, or dealt with	must|はずだ|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be required to	either|どちらか|conjunction|used to indicate a choice between two or more possibilities	within|内側|preposition|inside	outside|外側|preposition|on or to the outer side of
If outside, a will which is alien to it cannot be, in relation to it, general;	外側にある場合、それに無関係な意志は、それに関して一般的な意志ではありえない。	outside|外側|noun|the outer part of something	alien|無関係な|adjective|belonging to a foreign country or language	will|意志|noun|the faculty by which a person decides on and initiates action	general|一般的な|adjective|affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things; widespread
if within, it is part of the State, and in that case there arises a relation between whole and part which makes them two separate beings, of which the part is one, and the whole minus the part the other.	内側にある場合、それは国家の一部であり、その場合、全体と部分の間に関係が生じ、それらを二つの別個の存在にする。そのうちの一つは部分であり、もう一つは全体から部分を除いたものである。	within|内側|adverb|inside	part|一部|noun|a piece of something	case|場合|noun|a situation or event	arise|生じる|verb|come into being or existence	relation|関係|noun|the state of being connected or related	whole|全体|noun|all of something	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	separate|別個|adjective|not connected or joined	being|存在|noun|the state or fact of existing	one|一つ|noun|the number 1	whole|全体|noun|all of something	minus|除く|preposition|less	other|他|adjective|different from the one already mentioned
But the whole minus a part cannot be the whole;	しかし、全体から部分を除いたものは全体ではありえない。	minus|除く|preposition|with the subtraction of	whole|全体|noun|all of something; the entire amount or extent of something
and while this relation persists, there can be no whole, but only two unequal parts;	そして、この関係が続く限り、全体は存在せず、二つの不平等な部分しか存在しない。	while|続く限り|conjunction|during the time that	relation|関係|noun|the state of being connected or related	persist|続く|verb|continue to exist or happen	whole|全体|noun|all of something	only|しか|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	two|二つの|numeral|one more than one	unequal|不平等な|adjective|not equal	part|部分|noun|a piece of something
and it follows that the will of one is no longer in any respect general in relation to the other.	そして、一方の意志は、他方に関してもはやいかなる点でも一般的ではないということになる。	one|一方|noun|the number 1	will|意志|noun|the faculty of conscious and especially of deliberate action	no longer|もはや|adverb|not any more	respect|点|noun|a particular aspect or point	general|一般的|adjective|involving or affecting the whole of something or the majority of its parts	other|他方|noun|the remaining one of two or more things

But when the whole people decrees for the whole people, it is considering only itself;	しかし、人民全体が人民全体のために命令を下すとき、それは自分自身だけを考慮している。	whole|全体|adjective|complete; entire	decree|命令|noun|an official order or command	consider|考慮する|verb|think carefully about something
and if a relation is then formed, it is between two aspects of the entire object, without there being any division of the whole.	そして、関係が形成されるならば、それは全体の分割なしに、全体の二つの側面の間である。	form|形成される|verb|to come into existence	relation|関係|noun|the state of being connected or related	object|全体|noun|a thing that is not a person	aspect|側面|noun|a particular part or feature of something	division|分割|noun|the action of separating something into parts, or the state of being divided
In that case the matter about which the decree is made is, like the decreeing will general.	その場合、命令が下される事柄は、命令する意志と同様に一般的である。	case|場合|noun|an instance of something occurring	decree|命令|noun|an official order issued by a legal authority	make|下す|verb|cause to be or become	matter|事柄|noun|a subject or situation that is being dealt with or considered	will|意志|noun|the faculty by which a person decides on and initiates action	general|一般的|adjective|affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things; widespread
This act is what I call a law.	この行為を私は法と呼ぶ。	act|行為|noun|something that is done	call|呼ぶ|verb|give a name to	law|法|noun|a rule or set of rules that is made by the government of a country or state and that people must obey

When I say that the object of laws is always general, I mean that law considers subjects en masse and actions in the abstract, and never a particular person or action.	法の対象は常に一般的であると言うとき、私は法が対象を集団として、行為を抽象的に考慮し、決して特定の人や行為を考慮しないことを意味する。	object|対象|noun|a person or thing to which a specified action or feeling is directed	law|法|noun|the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties	general|一般的|adjective|affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things; widespread	mean|意味する|verb|intend to convey, indicate, or refer to (something)	law|法|noun|the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties	consider|考慮する|verb|think carefully about (something), typically before making a decision	subject|対象|noun|a person or thing to which a specified action or feeling is directed	action|行為|noun|the fact or process of doing something, typically to achieve an aim	abstract|抽象的|adjective|existing in thought or as an idea but not having a physical or concrete existence	particular|特定の|adjective|used to single out an individual member of a specified group or class	person|人|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	action|行為|noun|the fact or process of doing something, typically to achieve an aim
Thus the law may indeed decree that there shall be privileges, but cannot confer them on anybody by name.	したがって、法は確かに特権があると定めることができるが、それを名指しで誰かに与えることはできない。	law|法|noun|the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties	decree|定める|verb|officially or legally order	privilege|特権|noun|a special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to a particular person or group of people	confer|与える|verb|grant or bestow	anybody|誰か|noun|any person	name|名指し|noun|a word or set of words using which a person is referred to
It may set up several classes of citizens, and even lay down the qualifications for membership of these classes, but it cannot nominate such and such persons as belonging to them;	法は市民のいくつかの階級を設定し、さらにこれらの階級に属するための資格を定めることもできるが、それらに属する誰かを指名することはできない。	set up|設定する|verb|establish or create	class|階級|noun|a group of people or things with the same social, economic, or educational status	membership|資格|noun|the state of being a member of a group	lay down|定める|verb|establish or create	nominate|指名する|verb|formally propose someone for election or appointment to a position
it may establish a monarchical government and hereditary succession, but it cannot choose a king, or nominate a royal family.	法は君主制政府と世襲制を確立できるが、王を選んだり、王室を指名することはできない。	establish|確立する|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	monarchical government|君主制政府|noun|a government in which the head of state is a monarch	hereditary succession|世襲制|noun|the system of passing on a title, office, or property from one generation to the next	choose|選ぶ|verb|pick out or select from a number of alternatives	king|王|noun|the male ruler of an independent state	nominate|指名する|verb|formally propose someone as a candidate for election or for an honor or award
In a word, no function which has a particular object belongs to the legislative power.	一言で言えば、特定の対象を持つ機能は立法権に属さない。	in a word|一言で言えば|adverb|briefly	no function|機能はない|noun|no purpose	particular|特定の|adjective|specific	object|対象|noun|a thing that is aimed at or sought	belong|属する|verb|be a member of	legislative power|立法権|noun|the power to make laws

On this view, we at once see that it can no longer be asked whose business it is to make laws, since they are acts of the general will:	この見解では、法は一般意志の行為であるため、もはや誰が法律を作るのかを問うことはできないことが分かる。	on this view|この見解では|noun phrase|from this perspective	at once|すぐに|adverb|immediately	see|分かる|verb|understand	it can no longer be asked|もはや問うことはできない|verb phrase|it is no longer possible to ask	whose business it is to|誰が〜するのか|noun phrase|the person whose responsibility it is to	make laws|法律を作る|verb phrase|legislate	since|ため|conjunction|because	they are acts of the general will|法は一般意志の行為である|noun phrase|laws are acts of the general will
nor whether the prince is above the law, since he is a member of the State;	君主は国家の一員であるため、君主が法の上に立つかどうかも問うことはできない。	nor|また|conjunction|and not; also not	prince|君主|noun|the son of a king or queen	above|上|preposition|in or to a higher place or position	law|法|noun|the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties	member|一員|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory
nor whether the law can be unjust, since no one is unjust to himself;	誰も自分に対して不正を働かないので、法が不正であるかどうかも問うことはできない。	law|法|noun|the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties	unjust|不正な|adjective|not just; unfair	oneself|自分|noun|a person's own self
nor how we can be both free and subject to the laws since they are but registers of our wills.	法は私たちの意志の記録に過ぎないので、私たちが自由でありながら法に従うことができるかどうかも問うことはできない。	nor|また|conjunction|and not; also not	how|どのように|adverb|in what way or manner	be both|両方である|verb|be two things at the same time	free|自由|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes	subject to|従う|verb|be affected by or vulnerable to	law|法|noun|a rule or system of rules recognized by a country or community as regulating the actions of its members and having binding legal force	since|なぜなら|conjunction|for the reason that; because	be but|に過ぎない|verb|be only	register|記録|noun|a book or other document in which entries of names, items, or transactions are made	will|意志|noun|the faculty by which a person decides on and initiates action

We see further that, as the law unites universality of will with universality of object, what a man, whoever he be, commands of his own motion cannot be a law;	さらに、法は意志の普遍性と対象の普遍性を結びつけるので、誰であれ、人が自分の意志で命令することは法にはなり得ないことが分かる。	law|法|noun|a rule or set of rules that is made by the government of a country or state	universality|普遍性|noun|the quality of being universal	will|意志|noun|the ability to control one's own actions	object|対象|noun|a thing that is being considered	unite|結びつける|verb|to join or connect two or more things	whoever|誰であれ|pronoun|no matter who	command|命令|noun|an order given by someone in authority	motion|意志|noun|the action or process of moving
and even what the Sovereign commands with regard to a particular matter is no nearer being a law, but is a decree, an act, not of sovereignty, but of magistracy.	そして、主権者が特定の事柄に関して命令したことでさえ、法に近づくことはなく、主権ではなく、行政の命令、行為である。	Sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	command|命令|verb|give an authoritative order	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	matter|事柄|noun|a subject or situation under consideration	law|法|noun|a rule or system of rules recognized by a country or community as regulating the actions of its members and having binding legal force	decree|命令|noun|an official order issued by a legal authority	act|行為|noun|something that is done	sovereignty|主権|noun|supreme power or authority	magistracy|行政|noun|the office or authority of a magistrate

I therefore give the name 'Republic' to every State that is governed by laws, no matter what the form of its administration may be: for only in such a case does the public interest govern, and the res publica rank as a reality.	だから私は、その統治の形態がどうであれ、法によって統治されているすべての国家に「共和国」という名を与える。なぜなら、そのような場合にのみ、公益が統治し、共和国が現実のものとなるからである。	give the name|名を与える|verb|call something by a particular name	Republic|共和国|noun|a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly by them	State|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	govern|統治する|verb|rule over; exercise authority over	law|法|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	administration|統治|noun|the management of a government	public interest|公益|noun|the well-being of the general public	govern|統治する|verb|rule over; exercise authority over	res publica|共和国|noun|a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly by them	rank|現実のものとなる|verb|take a specified place in a graded or hierarchical series
Every legitimate government is republican;	すべての合法的な政府は共和制である。	every|すべての|adjective|each and all of a group	legitimate|合法的な|adjective|in accordance with the law	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	republican|共和制の|adjective|of or relating to a republic
what government is I will explain later on.	政府とは何かについては後で説明する。	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	explain|説明する|verb|make (something) clear or easy to understand

Laws are, properly speaking, only the conditions of civil association.	法律は、正確に言えば、市民協会の条件にすぎない。	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	properly|正確に|adverb|in a correct manner	speaking|言えば|verb|say something	condition|条件|noun|something that must happen or be done before something else can happen or be done	civil|市民|adjective|of or relating to the state or its citizens	association|協会|noun|an organization of people with a shared interest
The people, being subject to the laws, ought to be their author: the conditions of the society ought to be regulated solely by those who come together to form it.	法律に従う人々は、その作者であるべきだ。社会の条件は、それを形成するために集まった人々によってのみ規制されるべきだ。	be subject to|従う|verb|be under the control or influence of	law|法律|noun|a rule or set of rules made by the government of a country	ought to|べきだ|auxiliary verb|should	author|作者|noun|a person who writes a book, article, or report	condition|条件|noun|something that must happen or exist before something else can happen or exist	society|社会|noun|the people living together in a particular country or area	regulate|規制する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	form|形成する|verb|make or produce
But how are they to regulate them?	しかし、彼らはどのようにそれを規制するのか?	regulate|規制する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations
Is it to be by common agreement, by a sudden inspiration?	それは、突然のひらめきによる共通の合意によるものなのか?	common agreement|共通の合意|noun|an agreement that is shared by all the members of a group	sudden|突然の|adjective|happening or done quickly and without warning	inspiration|ひらめき|noun|a sudden brilliant or timely idea
Has the body politic an organ to declare its will?	政治体には、その意志を表明する機関があるのか?	body politic|政治体|noun|a group of people organized under a single governmental authority	declare|表明する|verb|make a formal statement about a fact or situation	will|意志|noun|the faculty by which a person decides on and initiates action
Who can give it the foresight to formulate and announce its acts in advance?	誰がその行為を事前に定式化し、発表するための先見性を与えることができるのか?	give|与える|verb|transfer something to someone	foresight|先見性|noun|the ability to predict or the action of predicting what will happen or be needed in the future	formulate|定式化する|verb|express clearly	announce|発表する|verb|make a public and typically formal declaration about a fact, occurrence, or intention
Or how is it to announce them in the hour of need?	あるいは、必要に迫られた時にどのように発表するのか?	hour|時|noun|a period of time equal to 60 minutes	need|必要|noun|a requirement for something
How can a blind multitude, which often does not know what it wills, because it rarely knows what is good for it, carry out for itself so great and difficult an enterprise as a system of legislation?	盲目の群衆は、自分にとって何が良いのかをほとんど知らないために、自分の意志が何であるかを知らないことが多いが、どのようにして立法制度のような大きくて難しい事業を自ら遂行できるのか?	blind|盲目の|adjective|unable to see	multitude|群衆|noun|a large number of people	often|しばしば|adverb|frequently; many times	know|知る|verb|be aware of	will|意志|noun|the faculty by which a person decides on and initiates action	rarely|めったに|adverb|not often; seldom	good|良い|adjective|to be desired or approved of	carry out|遂行する|verb|to complete or finish	great|大きい|adjective|of major significance or importance	difficult|難しい|adjective|hard to do or understand	enterprise|事業|noun|a project or undertaking, especially a bold or complex one	legislation|立法|noun|the process of making or enacting laws
Of itself the people wills always the good, but of itself it by no means always sees it.	人民は常に善を意志するが、常に善を見ているわけではない。	of itself|それ自体|adverb|without outside help	will|意志する|verb|intend to do something	by no means|決して～ない|adverb|not at all; in no way	see|見る|verb|perceive with the eyes
The general will is always in the right, but the judgment which guides it is not always enlightened.	一般意志は常に正しいが、それを導く判断は常に啓発されているわけではない。	general will|一般意志|noun|the will of the people as a whole	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	right|正しい|adjective|morally good, justified, or acceptable	judgment|判断|noun|the ability to make considered decisions or come to sensible conclusions	guide|導く|verb|show the way to someone or something	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	enlightened|啓発されている|adjective|having or showing a rational, modern, and well-informed outlook
It must be got to see objects as they are, and sometimes as they ought to appear to it;	物事をあるがままに見るようにし、時には物事がどのように見えるかを見るようにしなければならない。	get|させる|verb|cause to be or do something	see|見る|verb|perceive with the eyes	object|物事|noun|a thing that is not a person	as|あるがままに|conjunction|in the same way that	sometimes|時には|adverb|on some occasions or in some cases	ought to|べきである|auxiliary verb|should	appear|見える|verb|be or become visible
it must be shown the good road it is in search of, secured from the seductive influences of individual wills, taught to see times and spaces as a series, and made to weigh the attractions of present and sensible advantages against the danger of distant and hidden evils.	探し求めている良い道を示し、個々の意志の誘惑的な影響から守り、時間と空間を一連のものとして見るように教え、遠くにある隠れた悪の危険に対して、現在および賢明な利点の魅力を比較検討するようにしなければならない。	show|示す|verb|to make visible or apparent	good|良い|adjective|to be desired or approved of	road|道|noun|a way on land between two places that has been paved to allow travel by transport	search|探し求める|verb|to look for something	secure|守る|verb|to make safe; to guard	seductive|誘惑的な|adjective|tending to seduce	influence|影響|noun|the capacity to have an effect on the character, development, or behavior of someone or something, or the effect itself	individual|個々の|adjective|single; separate	will|意志|noun|the faculty by which a person decides on and initiates action	teach|教える|verb|to impart knowledge of or skill in	time|時間|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	space|空間|noun|the unlimited expanse in which the solar system, stars, and galaxies exist	series|一連|noun|a number of things arranged in or forming a line	weigh|比較検討する|verb|to consider carefully	attraction|魅力|noun|the action or power of attracting; the quality of being attractive	present|現在|noun|the time that is happening now	sensible|賢明な|adjective|based on or acting on good judgment or reason	advantage|利点|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favourable or superior position	distant|遠くにある|adjective|far away in space or time	hidden|隠れた|adjective|not seen or easily seen; concealed	evil|悪|noun|something that is harmful or undesirable
The individuals see the good they reject;	個人は拒絶する善を見る。	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinguished from a group	see|見る|verb|perceive with the eyes	good|善|noun|that which is morally right	reject|拒絶する|verb|refuse to consider or agree to
the public wills the good it does not see.	公衆は見えない善を意志する。	public|公衆|noun|the people as a whole	will|意志する|verb|intend or wish	good|善|noun|that which is morally right	see|見えない|verb|perceive with the eyes
All stand equally in need of guidance.	すべてが等しく指導を必要としている。	all|すべて|pronoun|the whole amount of	stand in need of|必要としている|verb|require or need	guidance|指導|noun|the action of guiding or directing
The former must be compelled to bring their wills into conformity with their reason;	前者は、意志を理性に従わせるように強制されなければならない。	former|前者|noun|the first of two things mentioned	be compelled to|強制される|verb|be forced to do something	bring|従わせる|verb|cause to come or go to a place	will|意志|noun|the faculty of conscious and especially of deliberate action	reason|理性|noun|the power of the mind to think, understand, and form judgments by a process of logic
the latter must be taught to know what it wills.	後者は、何を意志するかを知るように教えられなければならない。	latter|後者|noun|the second of two things mentioned	must|しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be compelled to	be taught|教えられる|verb|be instructed in	know|知る|verb|be aware of; have information about
If that is done, public enlightenment leads to the union of understanding and will in the social body:	それがなされれば、公衆の啓蒙は社会体における理解と意志の結合に至る。	public enlightenment|公衆の啓蒙|noun|the act of educating the general public	lead to|至る|verb|result in	understanding|理解|noun|the ability to understand something	will|意志|noun|the ability to control one's own actions	social body|社会体|noun|a group of people who live together in a society
the parts are made to work exactly together, and the whole is raised to its highest power.	部分は正確に協働するようになり、全体はその最高の力に高められる。	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	work together|協働する|verb|work with each other	exactly|正確に|adverb|in a precise manner	whole|全体|noun|all of something	raise|高める|verb|lift up	highest|最高の|adjective|of the greatest vertical extent
This makes a legislator necessary.	これが立法者を必要とする。	make|必要とする|verb|cause to be necessary	legislator|立法者|noun|a person who makes laws


## CHAPTER VII: THE LEGISLATOR	第七章: 立法者	chapter|章|noun|a main division of a book	legislator|立法者|noun|a person who makes laws

In order to discover the rules of society best suited to nations, a superior intelligence beholding all the passions of men without experiencing any of them would be needed.	諸国民に最も適した社会の規則を発見するためには、人間のあらゆる情念を経験することなくそれらをすべて見通す優れた知性が必要であろう。	in order to|ために|conjunction|with the purpose of	discover|発見する|verb|find out or notice something for the first time	rule|規則|noun|a statement that tells you what is or is not allowed	society|社会|noun|the community of people living in a particular country or region and having shared customs, laws, and organizations	best|最も|adjective|of the highest quality	suit|適する|verb|be right or appropriate for	nation|国民|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and often a government	experience|経験する|verb|have something happen to you	passion|情念|noun|a strong feeling of love, hate, anger, etc.	behold|見通す|verb|see or observe	superior|優れた|adjective|higher in rank, status, or quality	intelligence|知性|noun|the ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills
This intelligence would have to be wholly unrelated to our nature, while knowing it through and through;	この知性は、人間の本性を知り尽くしながらも、人間の本性とは全く無関係でなければならない。	intelligence|知性|noun|the ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills	wholly|全く|adverb|completely; entirely	unrelated|無関係|adjective|not connected or associated	nature|本性|noun|the basic or inherent features, character, or qualities of something	know|知る|verb|be aware of through observation, inquiry, or information	through and through|知り尽くす|adverb|completely; thoroughly
its happiness would have to be independent of us, and yet ready to occupy itself with ours;	その知性の幸福は、人間とは無関係でありながら、人間の幸福に心を砕く用意がなければならない。	happiness|幸福|noun|the state of being happy	independent|無関係|adjective|not connected with or influenced by another person or thing	occupy|心を砕く|verb|take up all or a lot of someone's time or attention	itself|それ自体|pronoun|used to emphasize that the thing mentioned is the only one involved or is the most important one
and lastly, it would have, in the march of time, to look forward to a distant glory, and, working in one century, to be able to enjoy in the next.	そして最後に、その知性は、時の流れの中で、遠い栄光を待ち望み、一世紀に働き、次の世紀に享受できるものでなければならない。	and lastly|そして最後に|adverb|finally	march|流れ|noun|the steady and regular advance of something	time|時|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	look forward to|待ち望む|verb|anticipate with pleasure	distant|遠い|adjective|far away in space or time	glory|栄光|noun|high renown or honor won by notable achievements	work|働く|verb|be engaged in physical or mental activity in order to achieve a purpose of result	century|世紀|noun|a period of 100 years	enjoy|享受する|verb|take delight or pleasure in
It would take gods to give men laws.	人間に法律を与えるには神々が必要であろう。	take|必要である|verb|require	god|神|noun|a being with supernatural powers or attributes, believed in and worshipped by a people, especially in monotheistic religions	give|与える|verb|transfer the possession of something to someone	law|法律|noun|a rule or system of rules recognized by a country or community as regulating the actions of its members and having binding legal force

What Caligula argued from the facts, Plato, in the dialogue called the Politicus, argued in defining the civil or kingly man, on the basis of right.	カリグラが事実から論じたことを、プラトンは政治家と呼ばれる対話の中で、権利に基づいて市民的または王者的な人間を定義する際に論じた。	Caligula|カリグラ|noun|the third Roman emperor	argue|論じる|verb|give reasons or cite evidence in support of an idea, action, or theory, typically with the aim of persuading others to share one's view	fact|事実|noun|a thing that is known or proved to be true	Plato|プラトン|noun|a Greek philosopher and mathematician	Politicus|政治家|noun|a person who is involved in politics	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something
But if great princes are rare, how much more so are great legislators?	しかし、偉大な君主が稀であるならば、偉大な立法者はどれほど稀であろうか。	prince|君主|noun|the son of a king or queen	rare|稀な|adjective|not common or frequent	legislator|立法者|noun|a person who makes laws
The former have only to follow the pattern which the latter have to lay down.	前者は後者が定めたパターンに従うだけでよい。	former|前者|adjective|having previously filled a particular role or been a particular thing	have only to|従うだけでよい|verb|must	follow|従う|verb|go after someone or something	pattern|パターン|noun|a repeated decorative design	latter|後者|adjective|denoting the second or second mentioned of two people or things	have to|定める|verb|must	lay down|定める|verb|establish or decide on
The legislator is the engineer who invents the machine, the prince merely the mechanic who sets it up and makes it go.	立法者は機械を発明する技術者であり、君主はそれを設置して動かす単なる機械工である。	legislator|立法者|noun|a person who makes laws	engineer|技術者|noun|a person who designs, builds, or maintains engines, machines, or public works	invent|発明する|verb|create or design something that has not existed before	machine|機械|noun|an apparatus using or applying mechanical power and having several parts, each with a definite function and together performing a particular task	prince|君主|noun|the son of a king or queen	merely|単なる|adverb|only; no more than	mechanic|機械工|noun|a person who repairs and maintains machines
“At the birth of societies,” says Montesquieu, “the rulers of Republics establish institutions, and afterwards the institutions mould the rulers.”	「社会の誕生時には、共和国の支配者たちが制度を作り、その後、制度が支配者たちを形作る」とモンテスキューは言う。	birth|誕生|noun|the beginning of life	society|社会|noun|the community of people living in a particular country or region and having shared customs, laws, and organizations	ruler|支配者|noun|a person exercising government or dominion	republic|共和国|noun|a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly by them	establish|作る|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	institution|制度|noun|an established law, custom, or practice	mould|形作る|verb|shape or form	Montesquieu|モンテスキュー|noun|a French political philosopher

He who dares to undertake the making of a people's institutions ought to feel himself capable, so to speak, of changing human nature, of transforming each individual, who is by himself a complete and solitary whole, into part of a greater whole from which he in a manner receives his life and being;	人々の制度の制定に敢えて取り組む者は、いわば人間の本性を変え、一人では完全で孤独な全体である各個人を、ある意味、自分の命と存在を受け取るより大きな全体の一部に変える能力があると感じるべきである。	dare|敢えて|verb|have the courage to do something new or dangerous	undertake|取り組む|verb|take on a task or job	making|制定|noun|the process of making or producing something	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	institution|制度|noun|an established law, custom, or practice	ought to|べきである|auxiliary verb|used to express duty or moral obligation	feel|感じる|verb|be aware of (something) through touch or sensation	capable|能力がある|adjective|having the ability to do something	change|変える|verb|make or become different	human nature|人間の本性|noun|the general psychological characteristics, feelings, and behavioral traits of humankind, regarded as shared by all humans	transform|変える|verb|change in form, appearance, or character	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinct from a group	complete|完全な|adjective|having all the necessary or appropriate parts	solitary|孤独な|adjective|done or existing alone	whole|全体|noun|all of something	part|一部|noun|a piece of something	greater|より大きな|adjective|larger or more important	manner|ある意味|noun|a way of doing something	receive|受け取る|verb|be given, presented with, or paid something	life|命|noun|the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death	being|存在|noun|the quality or state of having existence
of altering man's constitution for the purpose of strengthening it;	人間の体質を強化する目的で変えること。	alter|変える|verb|make or become different	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something	strengthen|強化する|verb|make or become stronger
and of substituting a partial and moral existence for the physical and independent existence nature has conferred on us all.	そして、自然が私たちすべてに与えた物理的で独立した存在を、部分的で道徳的な存在に置き換えることである。	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	of|の|preposition|used to show possession, belonging, or origin	substituting|置き換える|verb|replace with another	partial|部分的|adjective|not complete or total	moral|道徳的|adjective|concerned with the principles of right and wrong behavior	existence|存在|noun|the fact or state of living or having objective reality	physical|物理的|adjective|relating to the body as opposed to the mind	independent|独立した|adjective|not dependent on another for livelihood or subsistence	nature|自然|noun|the physical world and everything in it	has conferred|与えた|verb|grant or bestow formally	on|に|preposition|used to indicate the place or time of an event	all|すべて|pronoun|the whole quantity or extent
He must, in a word, take away from man his own resources and give him instead new ones alien to him, and incapable of being made use of without the help of other men.	一言で言えば、彼は人間から自分の資源を奪い、代わりに彼にとって異質で、他の人間の助けなしには利用できない新しい資源を与えなければならない。	take away|奪う|verb|remove or steal something from someone	resource|資源|noun|a source of supply or support	give|与える|verb|transfer the possession of something to someone	instead|代わりに|adverb|as an alternative or substitute for	new|新しい|adjective|recently made, produced, or created	alien|異質な|adjective|belonging to a foreign country or language	incapable|できない|adjective|lacking the ability to do something	make use of|利用する|verb|use something for a particular purpose
The more completely these natural resources are annihilated, the greater and the more lasting are those which he acquires, and the more stable and perfect the new institutions;	これらの天然資源が完全に消滅すればするほど、彼が獲得するものはより大きく、より永続的なものとなり、新しい制度はより安定し、より完璧なものとなる。	the more completely|より完全に|adverb|to a greater degree or extent	natural resource|天然資源|noun|a material or substance that occurs in nature and can be used by humans	annihilate|消滅する|verb|destroy utterly; reduce to nonexistence	the greater|より大きい|adjective|larger in size, amount, or degree	the more lasting|より永続的|adjective|continuing longer	acquire|獲得する|verb|gain or obtain	stable|安定した|adjective|not likely to change or fail	perfect|完璧な|adjective|having all the required or desirable elements, qualities, or characteristics; as good as it is possible to be
so that if each citizen is nothing and can do nothing without the rest, and the resources acquired by the whole are equal or superior to the aggregate of the resources of all the individuals, it may be said that legislation is at the highest possible point of perfection.	そのため、各市民が何物でもなく、残りの市民なしでは何もできない場合、また全体が獲得した資源がすべての個人の資源の合計に等しいかそれ以上である場合、法律は可能な限り最高の完成度にあると言えるだろう。	citizen|市民|noun|an inhabitant of a city or town; especially : one entitled to the rights and privileges of a freeman	nothing|何物でもない|noun|not anything; no single thing	rest|残り|noun|the remaining part of something	resource|資源|noun|a source of supply or support	acquire|獲得する|verb|to come into possession or control of	whole|全体|noun|all of something	equal|等しい|adjective|the same in quantity, size, degree, or value	superior|優れている|adjective|higher in rank, status, or quality	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinguished from a group	legislation|法律|noun|the action of legislating; the laws that are in force	highest|最高|adjective|of the greatest vertical extent	perfection|完成度|noun|the quality or state of being perfect

The legislator occupies in every respect an extraordinary position in the State.	立法者はあらゆる点で国家において特別な地位を占めている。	legislator|立法者|noun|a person who makes laws	occupy|占める|verb|take up a certain amount of space, time, or resources	every respect|あらゆる点|noun|in all aspects	extraordinary|特別な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	position|地位|noun|a place where someone or something is located or has been put	State|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory
If he should do so by reason of his genius, he does so no less by reason of his office, which is neither magistracy, nor Sovereignty.	彼が天才であるがゆえにそうするならば、彼はまた、行政官でも主権者でもない彼の職務によってもそうする。	reason|ゆえに|noun|a cause, explanation, or justification for an action or event	genius|天才|noun|a person who is exceptionally intelligent or creative, either generally or in some particular respect	do so|そうする|verb|do the same thing	office|職務|noun|a position of authority or responsibility	magistracy|行政官|noun|the office or authority of a magistrate	sovereignty|主権者|noun|supreme power or authority
This office, which sets up the Republic, nowhere enters into its constitution;	共和国を成立させるこの職務は、その憲法にはどこにも入っていない。	office|職務|noun|a position of authority or responsibility	set up|成立させる|verb|establish or create	republic|共和国|noun|a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly by them	nowhere|どこにも|adverb|not anywhere	enter into|入る|verb|become involved in	constitution|憲法|noun|the basic principles and laws of a nation, state, or social group that determine the powers and duties of the government and guarantee certain rights to the people in it
it is an individual and superior function, which has nothing in common with human empire;	それは人間の帝国と共通点のない、個性的で優れた機能である。	individual|個性的|adjective|of or relating to a single person or thing	superior|優れた|adjective|higher in rank, status, or quality	function|機能|noun|the action or purpose for which a person or thing is specially fitted or used	common|共通点|noun|something that is shared by two or more things	human|人間|noun|a human being	empire|帝国|noun|a group of countries or states under the control of one ruler or government
for if he who holds command over men ought not to have command over the laws, he who has command over the laws ought not any more to have it over men;	なぜなら、人間を支配する者が法律を支配するべきではないならば、法律を支配する者はもはや人間を支配するべきではないからである。	for|なぜなら|conjunction|because	hold command over|支配する|verb|have authority over	ought not to|べきではない|auxiliary verb|should not	have command over|支配する|verb|have authority over	any more|もはや|adverb|no longer
or else his laws would be the ministers of his passions and would often merely serve to perpetuate his injustices: his private aims would inevitably mar the sanctity of his work.	さもなければ、彼の法律は彼の情熱の道具となり、しばしば彼の不正を永続させるのに役立つだけだろう。彼の私的な目的は必然的に彼の仕事の神聖さを損なうだろう。	or else|さもなければ|conjunction|otherwise	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	passion|情熱|noun|a strong feeling or emotion	minister|道具|noun|a person appointed by a state leader to head a ministry	injustice|不正|noun|unfairness	perpetuate|永続させる|verb|cause to continue or last	private|私的な|adjective|belonging to or for the use of a particular person or group of people only	aim|目的|noun|a purpose or intention	inevitably|必然的に|adverb|as is certain to happen; unavoidably	sanctity|神聖さ|noun|the state or quality of being holy or sacred

When Lycurgus gave laws to his country, he began by resigning the throne.	リュクルゴスが国に法律を与えたとき、彼は王位を退くことから始めた。	Lycurgus|リュクルゴス|noun|a Spartan lawgiver	give|与える|verb|transfer the possession of something to someone	law|法律|noun|a rule or set of rules that is made by the government of a country or state	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	begin|始める|verb|start to do something	resign|退く|verb|leave a job, post, or position voluntarily	throne|王位|noun|the seat of a king or queen
It was the custom of most Greek towns to entrust the establishment of their laws to foreigners.	ほとんどのギリシャの町では、法律の制定を外国人に委ねるのが習慣だった。	most|ほとんどの|adjective|the majority of	Greek|ギリシャの|adjective|of or relating to Greece or its people or language or culture	town|町|noun|a human settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city	custom|習慣|noun|a practice or behavior that is usual or expected	entrust|委ねる|verb|give a task or responsibility to someone	establishment|制定|noun|the act of establishing something	law|法律|noun|a rule or set of rules that is made by the government of a country or state and that people must obey	foreigner|外国人|noun|a person who is not a citizen of the country in which they are living
The Republics of modern Italy in many cases followed this example;	近代イタリアの共和国の多くはこの例に倣った。	Republics|共和国|noun|a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly by them	modern|近代|adjective|of or relating to the present or recent times	Italy|イタリア|noun|a republic in southern Europe	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	case|場合|noun|an instance of something occurring; an example	follow|倣う|verb|go after someone or something; come after someone or something
Geneva did the same and profited by it.	ジュネーブも同じことをして利益を得た。	Geneva|ジュネーブ|noun|a city in Switzerland	do the same|同じことをする|verb|do the same thing	profit|利益を得る|verb|make a profit
Rome, when it was most prosperous, suffered a revival of all the crimes of tyranny, and was brought to the verge of destruction, because it put the legislative authority and the sovereign power into the same hands.	ローマは、最も繁栄していた時代に、立法権と主権を同じ手に委ねたために、あらゆる暴政の復活に苦しみ、滅亡の危機に瀕した。	Rome|ローマ|noun|the capital city of Italy	prosperous|繁栄していた|adjective|flourishing; thriving	suffer|苦しむ|verb|experience something bad	revival|復活|noun|the restoration of something after a period of decline	crime|犯罪|noun|an action or omission that constitutes an offense that may be prosecuted by the state and is punishable by law	tyranny|暴政|noun|cruel and oppressive government or rule	verge|危機に瀕する|noun|the point beyond which something is likely to happen	destruction|滅亡|noun|the action or process of causing so much damage to something that it no longer exists or cannot be repaired	legislative|立法権|adjective|having the power to make laws	authority|権限|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	sovereign|主権|adjective|having supreme or ultimate power or authority	power|権力|noun|the ability or capacity to perform or act

Nevertheless, the decemvirs themselves never claimed the right to pass any law merely on their own authority.	それにもかかわらず、十人委員会自身は、単に自分たちの権限で法律を通す権利を主張したことはなかった。	nevertheless|それにもかかわらず|adverb|in spite of that; notwithstanding; all the same	decemvirs|十人委員会|noun|a body of ten magistrates in ancient Rome	themselves|自分たち|pronoun|the reflexive form of they	claim|主張する|verb|state or assert that something is the case	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	pass|通す|verb|move or cause to move in a specified direction	law|法律|noun|the system of rules that a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and may enforce by the imposition of penalties	merely|単に|adverb|only; no more than	authority|権限|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience
“Nothing we propose to you,” they said to the people, “can pass into law without your consent.	「我々があなた方に提案するものは、あなた方の同意なしに法律になることはできない」と彼らは人々に言った。	propose|提案する|verb|put forward a plan or suggestion	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	consent|同意|noun|permission for something to happen or agreement to do something
Romans, be yourselves the authors of the laws which are to make you happy.”	ローマ人よ、あなたたちを幸せにする法律の作者は自分たちであれ」	Romans|ローマ人|noun|a citizen of ancient Rome	be|である|verb|to exist or live	author|作者|noun|the writer of a book, article, or report	law|法律|noun|a rule or set of rules that is made by the government of a country or state and that people must obey	make|作る|verb|to cause to happen or exist	happy|幸せ|adjective|feeling or showing pleasure or contentment

He, therefore, who draws up the laws has, or should have, no right of legislation, and the people cannot, even if it wishes, deprive itself of this incommunicable right, because, according to the fundamental compact, only the general will can bind the individuals, and there can be no assurance that a particular will is in conformity with the general will, until it has been put to the free vote of the people.	したがって、法律を起草する者は立法権を持たない、あるいは持つべきではないし、人民は、たとえ望んだとしても、この譲り渡すことのできない権利を自ら剥奪することはできない。なぜなら、基本契約によれば、一般意志だけが個人を拘束することができ、人民の自由な投票にかけられない限り、特定の意志が一般意志に適合しているという保証はないからである。	draw up|起草する|verb|to write or create a document	law|法律|noun|a rule or set of rules that is made by the government of a country or state	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	legislation|立法|noun|the process of making laws	people|人民|noun|the citizens of a country	wish|望む|verb|to want something to happen	deprive|剥奪する|verb|to take something away from someone	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	incommunicable|譲り渡すことのできない|adjective|unable to be communicated	fundamental|基本的な|adjective|forming a necessary base or core; of central importance	compact|契約|noun|an agreement or contract	general|一般|adjective|affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things; widespread	bind|拘束する|verb|to tie or fasten together	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinct from a group	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	will|意志|noun|the faculty by which a person decides on and initiates action	conformity|適合|noun|the action or fact of conforming; compliance	general|一般|adjective|affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things; widespread	will|意志|noun|the faculty by which a person decides on and initiates action	assurance|保証|noun|a promise or guarantee	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	will|意志|noun|the faculty by which a person decides on and initiates action	conformity|適合|noun|the action or fact of conforming; compliance	general|一般|adjective|affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things; widespread	will|意志|noun|the faculty by which a person decides on and initiates action	free|自由な|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes	vote|投票|noun|a formal expression of opinion or choice, either positive or negative, made by an individual or body of individuals
This I have said already; but it is worth while to repeat it.	これはすでに述べたことだが、繰り返す価値がある。	this|これ|pronoun|the thing that is being discussed or referred to	have said|述べた|verb|to have expressed (something) in words	already|すでに|adverb|before or by now or the time in question	worth|価値がある|noun|the quality that renders something desirable or valuable	repeat|繰り返す|verb|do or say again

Thus in the task of legislation we find together two things which appear to be incompatible: an enterprise too difficult for human powers, and, for its execution, an authority that is no authority.	こうして立法という仕事において、相容れないと思われる二つのことが同時に見出される。人間の力には難しすぎる事業と、その執行のために権威ではない権威である。	task|仕事|noun|a piece of work to be done	legislation|立法|noun|the process of making or enacting laws	find|見出す|verb|discover or notice	together|同時に|adverb|at the same time	two|二つの|adjective|being one more than one	appear|思われる|verb|seem	incompatible|相容れない|adjective|unable to exist or work together	enterprise|事業|noun|a business or company	difficult|難しすぎる|adjective|hard to do or understand	human|人間の|adjective|of or relating to humankind	power|力|noun|the ability to do something or act in a particular way	execution|執行|noun|the carrying out of a plan, order, or course of action	authority|権威|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience

There is a further difficulty that deserves attention.	注意に値するさらなる困難がある。	further|さらなる|adjective|more or additional	difficulty|困難|noun|a problem or situation that is difficult to deal with	deserve|値する|verb|be worthy of	attention|注意|noun|the action of directing one's mind to something
Wise men, if they try to speak their language to the common herd instead of its own, cannot possibly make themselves understood.	賢者たちは、もし彼らが一般大衆に彼ら自身の言葉ではなく彼らの言葉で話そうとすれば、彼ら自身を理解させることは不可能である。	wise man|賢者|noun|a man who is wise	try|試みる|verb|make an attempt or effort to do something	speak|話す|verb|say words out loud	language|言葉|noun|the system of communication used by a particular community or country	common herd|一般大衆|noun|the ordinary people	instead of|代わりに|preposition|as an alternative to	own|自身の|adjective|belonging to (the person or thing mentioned)	possibly|おそらく|adverb|perhaps; maybe	make oneself understood|理解させる|verb|make oneself clear
There are a thousand kinds of ideas which it is impossible to translate into popular language.	通俗的な言葉に翻訳することが不可能な何千もの種類の考えがある。	thousand|千|noun|the number 1000	kind|種類|noun|a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic	idea|考え|noun|a thought or suggestion as to a possible course of action	translate|翻訳する|verb|express the sense of (words or text) in another language	popular|通俗的な|adjective|of or relating to the general public	language|言葉|noun|the system of communication used by a particular community or country
Conceptions that are too general and objects that are too remote are equally out of its range:	あまりに一般的な概念やあまりに遠い対象は、同様にその範囲外にある。	conception|概念|noun|an idea of something formed by combining all its characteristics or particulars	general|一般的な|adjective|involving or affecting all or most people, places, or things	object|対象|noun|a person or thing to which a specified action or feeling is directed	remote|遠い|adjective|far away in space or time	range|範囲|noun|the extent to which something can be reached or perceived
each individual, having no taste for any other plan of government than that which suits his particular interest, finds it difficult to realise the advantages he might hope to draw from the continual privations good laws impose.	各個人は、自分の特定の利益に合ったもの以外の政府の計画には興味がなく、良い法律が課す継続的な私有財産から得られる利益を理解することが難しい。	each individual|各個人|noun|every person	have no taste for|興味がない|verb|not like	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	plan|計画|noun|a detailed proposal for doing or achieving something	particular interest|特定の利益|noun|a specific interest	find it difficult to|理解することが難しい|verb|have difficulty doing something	realise|理解する|verb|become fully aware of	advantage|利益|noun|a favourable circumstance or event	hope|望む|verb|want something to happen or be the case	draw|得る|verb|get or obtain something	continual privations|継続的な私有財産|noun|the state of being deprived of something	good law|良い法律|noun|a law that is fair and just	impose|課す|verb|force (something unwelcome) to be accepted or put in place
For a young people to be able to relish sound principles of political theory and follow the fundamental rules of statecraft, the effect would have to become the cause;	若者が政治理論の健全な原則を享受し、国家運営の基本的なルールに従うためには、結果が原因にならなければならない。	young people|若者|noun|a person who is young	be able to|できる|auxiliary verb|have the ability to	relish|享受する|verb|enjoy greatly	sound principle|健全な原則|noun|a principle that is correct and valid	political theory|政治理論|noun|a theory that explains political behavior	follow|従う|verb|go after someone or something	fundamental rule|基本的なルール|noun|a rule that is basic and essential	statecraft|国家運営|noun|the art of running a government	effect|結果|noun|something that is produced by an action or cause	cause|原因|noun|something that produces an effect
the social spirit, which should be created by these institutions, would have to preside over their very foundation;	これらの制度によって生み出されるべき社会精神は、その基礎を支配しなければならない。	social spirit|社会精神|noun|the spirit of a society	create|生み出す|verb|cause to come into being; make or produce	institution|制度|noun|an established law, custom, or practice	preside over|支配する|verb|be in charge of or have authority over
and men would have to be before law what they should become by means of law.	そして、人々は法律によってなるべき姿を法律の前に示さなければならない。	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	before|前に|preposition|earlier than	mean|手段|noun|a method, style, or manner of doing something	become|なる|verb|come to be; undergo a change or development
The legislator therefore, being unable to appeal to either force or reason, must have recourse to an authority of a different order capable of constraining without violence and persuading without convincing.	したがって、立法者は、力にも理性にも訴えることができないので、暴力なしに制約し、説得せずに説得することができる、異なる秩序の権威に頼らなければならない。	legislator|立法者|noun|a person who makes laws	appeal|訴える|verb|make an urgent and emotional request	force|力|noun|strength or energy as an attribute of physical action or movement	reason|理性|noun|the power of the mind to think, understand, and form judgments by a process of logic	have recourse to|頼る|verb|turn to for help or protection	authority|権威|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	constrain|制約する|verb|limit or restrict	violence|暴力|noun|behavior involving physical force intended to hurt or kill someone	persuade|説得する|verb|cause (someone) to do something by reasoning or arguing	convince|説得する|verb|cause (someone) to believe firmly in the truth of something

This is what has, in all ages, compelled the fathers of nations to have recourse to divine intervention and credit the gods with their own wisdom, in order that the peoples, submitting to the laws of the State as to those of nature, and recognising the same power in the formation of the city as in that of man, might obey freely, and bear with docility the yoke of the public happiness.	これが、あらゆる時代において、国家の父祖たちが神の介入に頼り、神々を自分たちの知恵で信じるように強要してきた理由である。人々が自然の法則と同じように国家の法則に従い、都市の形成に人間の形成と同じ力があることを認め、自由に従い、公の幸福のくびきを従順に耐えることができるようにするためである。	This is what has|これが理由である|noun phrase|this is the reason	in all ages|あらゆる時代において|adverb phrase|in all times	compelled|強要してきた|verb|force or oblige (someone) to do something	the fathers of nations|国家の父祖たち|noun phrase|the founders of nations	to have recourse to|頼り|verb phrase|to turn to for help or support	divine intervention|神の介入|noun phrase|the involvement of a god	credit|信じるように|verb|believe or trust	the gods|神々|noun|the beings that people worship	with their own wisdom|自分たちの知恵で|noun phrase|with their own knowledge	in order that|ために|conjunction|with the intention that	the peoples|人々|noun|the persons who live in a country	submitting to|従い|verb|yield to the authority or control of another	the laws of the State|国家の法則|noun phrase|the laws of the country	as to those of nature|自然の法則と同じように|adverb phrase|in the same way as the laws of nature	and recognising|認め|verb|acknowledge the existence or truth of	the same power|同じ力|noun phrase|the same ability	in the formation of the city|都市の形成に|noun phrase|in the creation of the city	as in that of man|人間の形成と同じ|adverb phrase|in the same way as in the creation of man	might obey|従うことができるように|verb phrase|be able to follow	freely|自由に|adverb|without restriction or limitation	and bear with|耐えることができるように|verb phrase|be able to endure	docility|従順に|noun|the quality of being easy to manage or teach	the yoke of the public happiness|公の幸福のくびき|noun phrase|the burden of the public happiness

This sublime reason, far above the range of the common herd, is that whose decisions the legislator puts into the mouth of the immortals, in order to constrain by divine authority those whom human prudence could not move.	この崇高な理性は、一般大衆の範囲をはるかに超えたもので、人間の思慮深さでは動かせない者を神の権威によって制約するために、立法者が不死者の口にその決定を託すものである。	sublime|崇高な|adjective|of such excellence, grandeur, or beauty as to inspire great admiration or awe	reason|理性|noun|the power of the mind to think, understand, and form judgments by a process of logic	far above|はるかに超えた|adverb|much higher than	common herd|一般大衆|noun|the ordinary people	legislator|立法者|noun|a person who makes laws	put into|託す|verb|to place or insert something into something else	mouth|口|noun|the opening and cavity in the lower part of the human face, surrounded by the lips, through which food is taken in and vocal sounds are emitted	immortal|不死者|noun|a being that will never die or decay	divine authority|神の権威|noun|the power of a god	constrain|制約する|verb|to limit or restrict someone or something	human prudence|人間の思慮深さ|noun|the quality of being careful and sensible in the way you deal with people or situations	move|動かす|verb|to change the position or orientation of something
But it is not anybody who can make the gods speak, or get himself believed when he proclaims himself their interpreter.	しかし、神々に語らせたり、自分を神々の通訳だと宣言して信じさせたりできる人は誰もいない。	make|させる|verb|cause to do something	speak|語る|verb|say something	get|得る|verb|receive	believe|信じる|verb|accept that something is true	anybody|誰も|pronoun|any person	proclaim|宣言する|verb|announce officially or publicly	interpreter|通訳|noun|a person who translates speech orally
The great soul of the legislator is the only miracle that can prove his mission.	立法者の偉大な魂は、彼の使命を証明できる唯一の奇跡である。	great soul|偉大な魂|noun|a person of great courage and nobility	legislator|立法者|noun|a person who makes laws	mission|使命|noun|a task or job that someone is given to do
Any man may grave tablets of stone, or buy an oracle;	誰でも石の板を彫ったり、神託を買ったりすることはできる。	any man|誰でも|noun|any person	grave|彫る|verb|carve or engrave	tablet|板|noun|a flat piece of stone or wood	stone|石|noun|a hard solid nonmetallic mineral matter of which rock is made, especially as a building material	buy|買う|verb|obtain in exchange for payment	oracle|神託|noun|a shrine dedicated to a god or gods, especially in the classical world
or feign secret intercourse with some divinity, or train a bird to whisper in his ear, or find other vulgar ways of imposing on the people.	あるいは、神との秘密の交渉を装ったり、鳥を訓練して耳元でささやかせたり、あるいは人々を欺くための他の卑劣な方法を見つけたりすることはできる。	feign|装う|verb|pretend to be affected by	intercourse|交渉|noun|communication or dealings between people or groups	divinity|神|noun|a being with supernatural powers or attributes, believed in and worshipped by a people	train|訓練する|verb|teach a particular skill to	whisper|ささやく|verb|speak softly	ear|耳|noun|the organ of hearing and balance in humans and other vertebrates	find|見つける|verb|discover or notice	vulgar|卑劣な|adjective|lacking sophistication or good taste	way|方法|noun|how something is done or how it happens	impose|欺く|verb|force (something unwelcome) to be accepted or put in place
He whose knowledge goes no further may perhaps gather round him a band of fools;	知識がそれ以上及ばない人は、おそらく自分の周りに愚か者の集団を集めるかもしれない。	knowledge|知識|noun|information, understanding, and skills that you gain through education or experience	go|及ぶ|verb|reach or extend to	gather|集める|verb|come together as a group	round|周り|preposition|on every side of	fool|愚か者|noun|a person who lacks judgment or sense
but he will never found an empire, and his extravagances will quickly perish with him.	しかし、彼は決して帝国を築くことはできず、彼の浪費はすぐに彼と共に滅びるだろう。	found|築く|verb|establish or originate	empire|帝国|noun|a group of countries or states under the control of one ruler	extravagance|浪費|noun|the spending of money in a careless or wasteful way	perish|滅びる|verb|die or be destroyed
Idle tricks form a passing tie;	無駄な策略は一時的な結びつきを形成する。	idle|無駄な|adjective|not working or active	trick|策略|noun|a clever and skillful act or scheme intended to deceive or outwit	form|形成する|verb|make or produce	passing|一時的な|adjective|lasting for only a short time	tie|結びつき|noun|a bond or connection
only wisdom can make it lasting.	知恵だけがそれを永続させることができる。	only|だけ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	wisdom|知恵|noun|the quality of having experience, knowledge, and good judgment	make|する|verb|cause to be or become	lasting|永続する|adjective|continuing or enduring for a long time
The Judaic law, which still subsists, and that of the child of Ishmael, which, for ten centuries, has ruled half the world, still proclaim the great men who laid them down;	ユダヤ教の律法は、今もなお存続しており、イシュマエルの子孫の律法は、10世紀にわたって世界の半分を支配してきたが、それらを定めた偉大な人々を今もなお宣言している。	Judaic law|ユダヤ教の律法|noun|the law of the Jews	subsist|存続する|verb|to exist or continue to exist	Ishmael|イシュマエル|noun|the son of Abraham and Hagar	ten centuries|10世紀|noun|a period of 1000 years	half the world|世界の半分|noun|one half of the world	lay down|定める|verb|to establish or prescribe	great man|偉大な人|noun|a man who is highly respected for his achievements or qualities
and, while the pride of philosophy or the blind spirit of faction sees in them no more than lucky impostures, the true political theorist admires, in the institutions they set up, the great and powerful genius which presides over things made to endure.	そして、哲学の傲慢さや党派心の盲目な精神は、それらを幸運な詐欺に過ぎないと見なしているが、真の政治理論家は、彼らが作った制度の中に、耐え忍ぶように作られたものを統括する偉大で強力な天才を賞賛している。	pride|傲慢さ|noun|a feeling or deep pleasure or satisfaction derived from one's own achievements	philosophy|哲学|noun|the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence, especially when considered as an academic discipline	blind|盲目な|adjective|unable to see; sightless	spirit|精神|noun|the nonphysical part of a person that is the seat of emotions and character; the soul	faction|党派心|noun|a small organized dissenting group within a larger one, especially in politics	see|見なす|verb|perceive with the eyes; discern visually	lucky|幸運な|adjective|having, bringing, or resulting from good luck	imposture|詐欺|noun|the action or practice of deceiving others by false or exaggerated statements or claims	true|真の|adjective|being in accordance with fact or reality	political theorist|政治理論家|noun|a person who studies or develops theories about politics	admire|賞賛する|verb|regard with respect or warm approval	institution|制度|noun|an established law, custom, or practice	set up|作る|verb|put up or erect	great|偉大な|adjective|of major significance or importance	powerful|強力な|adjective|having great power or strength	genius|天才|noun|an exceptionally intelligent person or one with exceptional skill in a particular area of activity	preside|統括する|verb|be in charge of or manage	endure|耐え忍ぶ|verb|tolerate something unpleasant

We should not, with Warburton, conclude from this that politics and religion have among us a common object, but that, in the first periods of nations, the one is used as an instrument for the other.	ウォーバートンのように、ここから政治と宗教が私たちの間に共通の目的を持っていると結論づけるべきではないが、国家の初期の時代には、一方が他方の道具として使われていた。	Warburton|ウォーバートン|noun|William Warburton, an English writer and bishop	conclude|結論づける|verb|reach a decision or form an opinion about something	politics|政治|noun|the activities associated with the governance of a country or area	religion|宗教|noun|a particular system of faith and worship	common|共通の|adjective|belonging to or shared by two or more people or things	object|目的|noun|a thing that one wants to achieve	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	period|時代|noun|a length or portion of time	nation|国家|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	one|一方|pronoun|used to refer to a person or thing previously mentioned or easily identified	other|他方|pronoun|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or distinct from one already mentioned or known about	instrument|道具|noun|a tool or implement, especially one for delicate or scientific work


## CHAPTER VIII: THE PEOPLE	第8章: 人民	chapter|章|noun|a main division of a book	people|人民|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively

As, before putting up a large building, the architect surveys and sounds the site to see if it will bear the weight, the wise legislator does not begin by laying down laws good in themselves, but by investigating the fitness of the people, for which they are destined, to receive them.	大きな建物を建てる前に、建築家がその場所を調査して重さに耐えられるかどうかを調べるように、賢明な立法者は、それ自体が善い法律を定めることから始めるのではなく、その法律を受け入れる運命にある人々の適性を調査することから始める。	put up|建てる|verb|build	large|大きな|adjective|of great size or extent	building|建物|noun|a structure with a roof and walls, such as a house or factory	architect|建築家|noun|a person who designs buildings	survey|調査する|verb|examine and record the area and features of (an area of land)	sound|調べる|verb|find out or discover the nature or quality of	site|場所|noun|an area of ground on which something is located	bear|耐える|verb|carry or support	weight|重さ|noun|the amount that a person or thing weighs	wise|賢明な|adjective|having or showing experience, knowledge, and good judgment	legislator|立法者|noun|a person who makes laws	begin|始める|verb|start	lay down|定める|verb|establish or decide on	law|法律|noun|a rule or system of rules recognized by a country or community as regulating the actions of its members and having binding legal force	good|善い|adjective|to be desired or approved of	investigate|調査する|verb|examine or inspect closely and thoroughly	fitness|適性|noun|the condition of being physically fit and healthy	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	destined|運命にある|adjective|preordained; fated	receive|受け入れる|verb|be given, presented with, or paid
Plato refused to legislate for the Arcadians and the Cyrenæans, because he knew that both peoples were rich and could not put up with equality;	プラトンは、アルカディア人とキュレネ人のために立法することを拒否したが、それは両民族とも裕福で平等に耐えられないことを知っていたからである。	Plato|プラトン|noun|a Greek philosopher and mathematician	refuse|拒否する|verb|decline to accept	legislate|立法する|verb|make or enact laws	Arcadian|アルカディア人|noun|a native or inhabitant of Arcadia	Cyrenæan|キュレネ人|noun|a native or inhabitant of Cyrene	people|民族|noun|a group of persons living in a particular country or area	rich|裕福な|adjective|having a great deal of money or property	equality|平等|noun|the state of being equal
and good laws and bad men were found together in Crete, because Minos had inflicted discipline on a people already burdened with vice.	クレタ島では、ミノスがすでに悪徳に悩む人々に規律を与えたために、良い法律と悪い人間が同時に存在していた。	Crete|クレタ島|noun|the largest island of Greece	Minos|ミノス|noun|a legendary king of Crete	inflict|与える|verb|cause (something unpleasant or painful) to be suffered by someone or something	discipline|規律|noun|training that produces orderliness, obedience, and self-control	vice|悪徳|noun|immoral or wicked behavior

A thousand nations have achieved earthly greatness, that could never have endured good laws;	これまでに、良い法律に耐えることができなかった国々が、この世で栄華を極めたことは数知れない。	a thousand|数知れない|noun|a very large number	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	achieve|成し遂げる|verb|reach or attain a goal or objective	earthly|この世の|adjective|of or relating to the earth or human life on earth	greatness|栄華|noun|the quality of being great	endure|耐える|verb|tolerate or accept something unpleasant	good|良い|adjective|to be desired or approved of
even such as could have endured them could have done so only for a very brief period of their long history.	良い法律に耐えることができたような国々でさえ、その長い歴史の中でごく短い期間しか耐えることができなかった。	endure|耐える|verb|tolerate something unpleasant	brief|短い|adjective|short in duration	period|期間|noun|a length or portion of time	history|歴史|noun|the study of past events
Most peoples, like most men, are docile only in youth;	ほとんどの民族は、ほとんどの人と同じように、若い時だけ従順である。	most|ほとんどの|adjective|the majority of	people|民族|noun|a group of persons living in a defined territory and having a common culture, history, and language	like|と同じように|preposition|similar to	most|ほとんどの|adjective|the majority of	man|人|noun|an adult male human being	be docile|従順である|verb|be willing to be controlled or led by others	only|だけ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	in youth|若い時|noun|the period of being young
as they grow old they become incorrigible.	年をとるにつれて、彼らは手に負えなくなる。	grow old|年をとる|verb|become old	become|なる|verb|come to be	incorrigible|手に負えない|adjective|not able to be changed or improved
When once customs have become established and prejudices inveterate, it is dangerous and useless to attempt their reformation;	いったん習慣が確立し、偏見が根強くなると、それを改革しようとするのは危険で無駄なことだ。	once|いったん|adverb|on one occasion or for one time only	custom|習慣|noun|a practice or behavior that is usual or common	become established|確立する|verb|become accepted or recognized	prejudice|偏見|noun|a preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience	inveterate|根強い|adjective|firmly established and unlikely to change	reformation|改革|noun|the act of reforming or the state of being reformed
the people, like the foolish and cowardly patients who rave at sight of the doctor, can no longer bear that any one should lay hands on its faults to remedy them.	人々は、医者を見ると狂ったように騒ぐ愚かで臆病な患者のように、誰かが自分の欠点に手を加えて治療しようとするのに耐えられなくなる。	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	like|ように|preposition|similar to	foolish|愚かな|adjective|lacking good sense or judgment	cowardly|臆病な|adjective|lacking courage	patient|患者|noun|a person receiving or registered to receive medical treatment	rave|狂ったように騒ぐ|verb|talk wildly or incoherently	doctor|医者|noun|a person qualified to practice medicine	sight|見ると|noun|the ability or an instance of seeing	bear|耐えられなくなる|verb|carry or support	any one|誰かが|pronoun|some person	lay hands on|手を加える|verb|touch or handle	fault|欠点|noun|a defect or weakness in a person or thing	remedy|治療する|verb|cure or relieve

There are indeed times in the history of States when, just as some kinds of illness turn men's heads and make them forget the past, periods of violence and revolutions do to peoples what these crises do to individuals: horror of the past takes the place of forgetfulness, and the State, set on fire by civil wars, is born again, so to speak, from its ashes, and takes on anew, fresh from the jaws of death, the vigour of youth.	国家の歴史には、ある種の病気が人の頭を狂わせて過去を忘れさせるように、暴力や革命の時代が個人に起こる危機と同じことを人々に起こすことがある。過去の恐怖が忘却に取って代わり、内戦によって火がつけられた国家は、いわば灰の中から生まれ変わり、死の淵から抜け出して、若さを取り戻す。	history|歴史|noun|the study of past events	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	indeed|確かに|adverb|really; truly; in fact	time|時|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	kind|種|noun|a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic	illness|病気|noun|a disease or period of sickness affecting the body and mind	turn|狂わせる|verb|cause to change direction, position, or course	head|頭|noun|the upper part of the human body or the front or upper part of the body of an animal, typically separated from the rest of the body by a neck, and containing the brain, eyes, ears, nose, and mouth	forget|忘れる|verb|not be able to remember	past|過去|noun|a time that has gone by	horror|恐怖|noun|an intense feeling of fear, shock, or disgust	take the place of|取って代わる|verb|be used or act instead of	forgetfulness|忘却|noun|the state of being unable to remember something	set on fire|火をつける|verb|cause to burn	civil war|内戦|noun|a war between citizens of the same country	so to speak|いわば|adverb|used to indicate that a word or phrase is being used in a special sense or ironically	ash|灰|noun|the powdery residue left after the burning of a substance	take on|取り戻す|verb|assume or undertake	anew|新たに|adverb|in a new or different way	fresh|抜け出す|adjective|recently produced or harvested	jaws of death|死の淵|noun|a situation from which it is very unlikely that you will escape alive	vigour|若さ|noun|physical or mental strength or energy
Such were Sparta at the time of Lycurgus, Rome after the Tarquins, and, in modern times, Holland and Switzerland after the expulsion of the tyrants.	リュクルゴス時代のスパルタ、タルクィニウス後のローマ、そして現代では暴君追放後のオランダやスイスなどがそうだった。	Sparta|スパルタ|noun|a city-state in ancient Greece	Lycurgus|リュクルゴス|noun|a legendary lawgiver of Sparta	Rome|ローマ|noun|the capital city of Italy	Tarquins|タルクィニウス|noun|the name of several ancient Roman kings	Holland|オランダ|noun|a country in western Europe	Switzerland|スイス|noun|a country in western Europe	tyrant|暴君|noun|a cruel and oppressive ruler

But such events are rare; they are exceptions, the cause of which is always to be found in the particular constitution of the State concerned.	しかし、そのような出来事はまれであり、例外であり、その原因は常に当該国家の特定の憲法にある。	event|出来事|noun|something that happens or takes place	rare|まれな|adjective|not common or frequent	exception|例外|noun|a person or thing that is excluded from a general statement or rule	cause|原因|noun|a person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or condition	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	find|見いだす|verb|discover or notice	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	constitution|憲法|noun|a body of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or other organization is acknowledged to be governed
They cannot even happen twice to the same people, for it can make itself free as long as it remains barbarous, but not when the civic impulse has lost its vigour.	同じ国民に二度も起こることはあり得ない。なぜなら、国民は野蛮なままであれば自由になることができるが、市民的衝動が活力を失ったときには自由になることができないからである。	happen|起こる|verb|take place; occur	twice|二度|adverb|two times	same|同じ|adjective|being the same as something or someone else	people|国民|noun|the inhabitants of a country or area	long|限り|adjective|having a great distance or duration	remain|まま|verb|stay in the same place or condition	barbarous|野蛮な|adjective|uncivilized; savage	make oneself free|自由になる|verb|become free	when|とき|conjunction|at the time that	civic|市民的|adjective|of or relating to a city or town or its inhabitants	impulse|衝動|noun|a sudden strong and unreflective urge or desire to act	lose|失う|verb|no longer have something	vigour|活力|noun|physical or mental strength or energy
Then disturbances may destroy it, but revolutions cannot mend it: it needs a master, and not a liberator.	すると、騒動によって国家は破壊されるかもしれないが、革命によって国家を修復することはできない。国家には解放者ではなく主人が必要である。	disturbance|騒動|noun|an interruption of a settled and peaceful condition	destroy|破壊する|verb|cause the destruction of	revolution|革命|noun|a forcible overthrow of a government or social order in favor of a new system	mend|修復する|verb|repair or restore	master|主人|noun|a person who has control over another person or thing	liberator|解放者|noun|a person who liberates someone or something
Free peoples, be mindful of maxim;	自由な人々よ、この格言を忘れるな。	free|自由な|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	be mindful of|忘れるな|verb|be aware of; be conscious of	maxim|格言|noun|a short, pithy statement expressing a general truth or rule of conduct
“Liberty may be gained, but can never be recovered.”	「自由は獲得できるが、取り戻すことはできない」	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life, behavior, or political views	gain|獲得する|verb|obtain or win something by effort	recover|取り戻す|verb|regain possession or use of

Youth is not infancy.	青年期は幼年期ではない。	youth|青年期|noun|the period of life between childhood and adulthood	infancy|幼年期|noun|the earliest period of life
There is for nations, as for men, a period of youth, or, shall we say, maturity, before which they should not be made subject to laws;	国家にも人間と同じように青年期、あるいは成熟期があり、それまでは法律に従うべきではない。	nation|国家|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	man|人間|noun|an adult male human being	period|期間|noun|a length or portion of time	youth|青年期|noun|the period of life when one is young	maturity|成熟期|noun|the state of being fully developed	before|それまで|adverb|earlier than; previously	law|法律|noun|a rule or set of rules made by the government of a country or area
but the maturity of a people is not always easily recognisable, and, if it is anticipated, the work is spoilt.	しかし、国民の成熟は常に容易に認識できるものではなく、また、それを予測すると、その仕事は台無しになる。	maturity|成熟|noun|the state of being fully developed	people|国民|noun|the inhabitants of a country	easily|容易に|adverb|without difficulty	recognisable|認識できる|adjective|able to be recognised	anticipate|予測する|verb|to be aware of something before it happens	spoil|台無しにする|verb|to make something less good or enjoyable
One people is amenable to discipline from the beginning;	ある国民は最初から規律に従順である。	one|ある|adjective|a single person or thing	people|国民|noun|the inhabitants of a country or area	be amenable to|従順である|verb|be willing to accept or be influenced by	discipline|規律|noun|the practice of training people to obey rules or a code of behaviour, using punishment to correct disobedience
another, not after ten centuries.	別の国民は、10世紀経っても従順ではない。	another|別の|adjective|different from the one already mentioned	century|世紀|noun|a period of 100 years
Russia will never be really civilised, because it was civilised too soon.	ロシアは、あまりにも早く文明化されたので、決して真に文明化されることはない。	Russia|ロシア|noun|a country in northern Eurasia	never|決して|adverb|not ever; at no time in the past or future; on no occasion; not at all	really|真に|adverb|in reality; in fact; actually	civilised|文明化された|adjective|having an advanced or humane culture	too soon|あまりにも早く|adverb|before the usual or expected time
Peter had a genius for imitation;	ピョートルは模倣の天才だった。	Peter|ピョートル|noun|the name of a person	have a genius for|天才である|verb|be very good at something
but he lacked true genius, which is creative and makes all from nothing.	しかし、彼には真の天才性、つまり創造的で無からすべてを生み出す天才性が欠けていた。	lack|欠ける|verb|be without or deficient in	true|真の|adjective|being in accordance with fact or reality	genius|天才|noun|a person who is exceptionally intelligent or creative, either generally or in some particular respect	creative|創造的|adjective|having the quality or power of creating	make|生み出す|verb|cause to happen or exist
He did some good things, but most of what he did was out of place.	彼はいくつか良いことをしたが、彼がしたことのほとんどは場違いだった。	do|する|verb|perform or carry out	good|良い|adjective|to be desired or approved of	most|ほとんど|determiner|the majority of	out of place|場違い|adjective|inappropriate or unsuitable
He saw that his people was barbarous, but did not see that it was not ripe for civilisation: he wanted to civilise it when it needed only hardening.	彼は自分の国民が野蛮であることを知っていたが、文明化に熟していないことを知らなかった。彼は、国民を鍛えるだけでよかったのに、文明化しようとした。	see|知る|verb|get to know or become aware of, usually accidentally	people|国民|noun|the inhabitants of a country	barbarous|野蛮な|adjective|uncivilized	civilisation|文明化|noun|the process of becoming civilized	ripe|熟した|adjective|ready to be eaten	harden|鍛える|verb|make or become hard or harder	civilise|文明化する|verb|bring to a stage of social, cultural, and moral development considered to be more advanced
His first wish was to make Germans or Englishmen, when he ought to have been making Russians; and he prevented his subjects from ever becoming what they might have been by persuading them that they were what they are not.	彼の最初の望みは、ロシア人を作るべきだったときに、ドイツ人やイギリス人を作ることだった。そして彼は、臣下たちが自分たちがそうではないことを説得することで、彼らが本来あるべき姿になることを阻止した。	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	wish|望み|noun|a desire or hope for something	make|作る|verb|create or produce	German|ドイツ人|noun|a native or inhabitant of Germany	Englishmen|イギリス人|noun|a native or inhabitant of England	Russian|ロシア人|noun|a native or inhabitant of Russia	prevent|阻止する|verb|keep from happening or arising	subject|臣下|noun|a person who owes allegiance to a monarch or other ruler	ever|今まで|adverb|at any time in the past or future; on any occasion; at all	become|なる|verb|come to be	persuade|説得する|verb|cause (someone) to do something by reasoning or arguing	they are what they are not|自分たちがそうではないことを|phrase|they are not what they are
In this fashion too a French teacher turns out his pupil to be an infant prodigy, and for the rest of his life to be nothing whatsoever.	同じように、フランス人の教師は生徒を神童に育て、残りの人生は何もないようにする。	in this fashion|同じように|adverb|in this way	French|フランス人の|adjective|of or relating to France or its people or language	teacher|教師|noun|a person who teaches, especially in a school	turn out|育てる|verb|to cause to happen or exist	pupil|生徒|noun|a person who is studying at a school	infant|神童|noun|a very young child	prodigy|神童|noun|a young person with exceptional qualities or abilities	for the rest of|残りの|noun|the remaining part of	life|人生|noun|the period of time during which a person is alive	nothing|何も|noun|not anything; no single thing
The empire of Russia will aspire to conquer Europe, and will itself be conquered.	ロシア帝国はヨーロッパを征服しようとするだろうが、自らも征服されるだろう。	empire|帝国|noun|a group of countries or states under the control of one ruler	Russia|ロシア|noun|a country in northern Eurasia	aspire|熱望する|verb|direct one's hopes or ambitions toward achieving something	conquer|征服する|verb|overcome and take control of a country or area by force	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	itself|自ら|pronoun|used to emphasize the identity of the subject
The Tartars, its subjects or neighbours, will become its masters and ours, by a revolution which I regard as inevitable.	ロシアの臣民や隣人であるタタール人は、私が避けられないと考える革命によって、ロシアと私たちの主人になるだろう。	Tartars|タタール人|noun|a member of a Turkic people of the Eurasian steppe	subject|臣民|noun|a person who is under the authority of a state or monarch	neighbour|隣人|noun|a person who lives next door or near to the speaker	become|なる|verb|come to be	master|主人|noun|a person who has control over another person	revolution|革命|noun|a forcible overthrow of a government or social order	inevitable|避けられない|adjective|certain to happen; unavoidable
Indeed, all the kings of Europe are working in concert to hasten its coming.	実際、ヨーロッパのすべての王は、その到来を早めるために協力して働いている。	indeed|実際|adverb|really; truly; in fact	all|すべての|determiner|the whole quantity or extent of	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	king|王|noun|a male sovereign or monarch	work|働く|verb|be engaged in physical or mental activity in order to achieve a purpose of result	hasten|早める|verb|cause to happen sooner than otherwise expected	come|来る|verb|move or travel toward or into a place thought of as near or familiar to the speaker


## CHAPTER IX: THE PEOPLE (continued)	第九章: 人民(続き)	CHAPTER IX|第九章|noun|the ninth chapter	PEOPLE|人民|noun|the citizens of a country

As nature has set bounds to the stature of a well-made man, and, outside those limits, makes nothing but giants or dwarfs, similarly, for the constitution of a State to be at its best, it is possible to fix limits that will make it neither too large for good government, nor too small for self-maintenance.	自然が立派な人間の大きさに限界を設け、その限界を超えると巨人や小人しか作らないのと同じように、国家の体制が最善の状態になるためには、良い統治には大きすぎず、自己維持には小さすぎないような限界を定めることが可能である。	nature|自然|noun|the physical world and everything in it	set bounds|限界を設ける|verb|set a limit to	stature|大きさ|noun|the height of a person	well-made|立派な|adjective|of good quality	outside|超えると|preposition|on or to the outer side of	limit|限界|noun|a point beyond which something does not or may not extend or pass	make|作らない|verb|create or produce	nothing but|しか|adverb|only	giant|巨人|noun|a person of very great stature	dwarf|小人|noun|a person of very small stature	similarly|同じように|adverb|in a similar way	constitution|体制|noun|the system of fundamental principles according to which a state or other organization is governed	at its best|最善の状態|adjective|of the highest quality	fix|定める|verb|make or become firm, stable, or secure	limit|限界|noun|a point beyond which something does not or may not extend or pass	make|ならない|verb|create or produce	neither|も|conjunction|not either	too large|大きすぎず|adjective|of a size greater than is usual or necessary	good government|良い統治|noun|the administration of a country or area	too small|小さすぎず|adjective|of a size less than is usual or necessary	self-maintenance|自己維持|noun|the ability to maintain oneself
In every body politic there is a maximum strength which it cannot exceed and which it only loses by increasing in size.	あらゆる政治体には、それを超えることができない最大の強さがあり、それは規模を拡大することによってのみ失われる。	body politic|政治体|noun|a group of people organized under a single governmental authority	strength|強さ|noun|the quality or state of being physically strong	exceed|超える|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)	lose|失う|verb|be deprived of or cease to have or retain (something)	size|規模|noun|the relative extent of something
Every extension of the social tie means its relaxation;	社会的結びつきの拡大は、その緩和を意味する。	extension|拡大|noun|the action of extending something	social tie|社会的結びつき|noun|a bond or connection between people	relaxation|緩和|noun|the state of being relaxed
and, generally speaking, a small State is stronger in proportion than a great one.	そして、一般的に言えば、小さな国家は大きな国家よりも比例して強い。	generally speaking|一般的に言えば|adverb|in most cases	small|小さな|adjective|of a size that is less than average or usual	State|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	strong|強い|adjective|having the power to perform well or to withstand force, pressure, or wear	proportion|比例|noun|a relationship in which one quantity is equal to a fraction of another	great|大きな|adjective|of a size that is above average or usual

A thousand arguments could be advanced in favour of this principle.	この原則を支持する議論は数多くある。	thousand|数多く|noun|the number 1000	argument|議論|noun|a statement or series of statements for or against something	favour|支持する|verb|approve of or be in favour of	principle|原則|noun|a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behaviour or for a chain of reasoning
First, long distances make administration more difficult, just as a weight becomes heavier at the end of a longer lever.	第一に、長い距離は、長いレバーの端で重りが重くなるのと同じように、管理をより困難にする。	first|第一に|adverb|before anything else; in the first place	long distance|長い距離|noun|a long way	make|する|verb|cause to be or become	administration|管理|noun|the management of a business, organization, or system	difficult|困難にする|adjective|hard to do or understand	just as|ちょうど～のように|conjunction|in the same way that	weight|重り|noun|a body having mass and therefore subject to the force of gravity	become|なる|verb|come to be	heavy|重い|adjective|having a large mass or weight	end|端|noun|the final part of something	long|長い|adjective|having a great length or duration	lever|レバー|noun|a simple machine consisting of a rigid object pivoted on a fixed point
Administration therefore becomes more and more burdensome as the distance grows greater;	したがって、距離が遠くなるほど、管理はますます煩雑になる。	administration|管理|noun|the management of a business, organization, or system	become|なる|verb|come to be	burdensome|煩雑な|adjective|causing trouble or difficulty
for, in the first place, each city has its own, which is paid for by the people:	第一に、各都市には独自の都市があり、それは人々によって支払われている。	for|なぜなら|conjunction|because	in the first place|第一に|adverb|first of all	each|各|adjective|every one of two or more people or things	city|都市|noun|a large human settlement	have|持つ|verb|possess, own, or hold	its own|独自の|adjective|belonging to or connected with the thing mentioned	which|それは|pronoun|that which; the thing that	be paid for|支払われる|verb|have the cost of something met	by|によって|preposition|next to; beside	the people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively
each district its own, still paid for by the people:	各地区には独自の地区があり、それは人々によって支払われている。	each|各|adjective|every one of two or more people or things	district|地区|noun|an administrative division of a country	own|独自の|adjective|belonging to (the person or thing mentioned)	still|まだ|adverb|even now or at this time; even then	pay for|支払う|verb|give money in exchange for goods or services
then comes each province, and then the great governments, satrapies, and vice-royalties, always costing more the higher you go, and always at the expense of the unfortunate people.	次に各州が来て、それから大政府、サトラップ、副王権が来るが、上に行けば行くほど常に費用がかかり、常に不幸な人々の犠牲になる。	come|来る|verb|move or travel toward or into a place thought of as near or familiar to the speaker	province|州|noun|an administrative division of a country	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	satrapy|サトラップ|noun|a province of the ancient Persian empire	vice-royalty|副王権|noun|the office or jurisdiction of a viceroy	cost|かかる|verb|require the payment of	unfortunate|不幸な|adjective|having or marked by bad luck or adverse circumstances
Last of all comes the supreme administration, which eclipses all the rest.	最後に、他のすべてを凌駕する最高の行政が来る。	last of all|最後に|adverb|after all others	come|来る|verb|move or travel toward or into a place thought of as near or familiar to the speaker	supreme|最高の|adjective|highest in rank or authority	administration|行政|noun|the management of a business or organization	eclipse|凌駕する|verb|be much greater or better than
All these overcharges are a continual drain upon the subjects;	これらの過大請求はすべて、被験者を絶えず消耗させている。	all|すべて|adjective|the whole amount of	overcharge|過大請求|noun|a charge that is too high	continual|絶えず|adjective|happening or done without interruption	drain|消耗|noun|a gradual loss of energy or resources
so far from being better governed by all these different orders, they are worse governed than if there were only a single authority over them.	これらの異なる命令によってよりよく統治されるどころか、彼らは彼らを支配する権限が1つしかない場合よりもより悪く統治されている。	so far from|どころか|adverb|to the contrary	be governed by|によって統治される|verb|be ruled by	all these different|これらの異なる|adjective|not the same	order|命令|noun|a command or instruction	worse|より悪く|adjective|of poorer quality or lower standard	govern|統治する|verb|rule over	authority|権限|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	only|1つしかない|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else
In the meantime, there scarce remain resources enough to meet emergencies;	その間、緊急事態に対応するのに十分な資源はほとんど残っていない。	in the meantime|その間|adverb|during the intervening period of time	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|not enough; insufficient	remain|残る|verb|be left after others have been removed	resource|資源|noun|a source of supply or support	enough|十分な|adjective|as much or as many as required	meet|対応する|verb|come into the presence of	emergency|緊急事態|noun|a sudden, urgent, usually unexpected occurrence or occasion requiring immediate action
and, when recourse must be had to these, the State is always on the eve of destruction.	そして、これらに頼らざるを得ないとき、国家は常に破壊の前夜にある。	recourse|頼る|noun|a source of help in a difficult situation	must|～せざるを得ない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be compelled to	State|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	eve|前夜|noun|the day or period of time immediately before an event

This is not all; not only has the government less vigour and promptitude for securing the observance of the laws, preventing nuisances, correcting abuses, and guarding against seditious undertakings begun in distant places;	これだけではない。政府は、法律の遵守を確保し、迷惑行為を防止し、不正行為を是正し、遠隔地で始まった扇動的な事業を防ぐための活力と迅速性に欠けているだけでなく、	This is not all|これだけではない|phrase|there is more to it than this	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	less|欠けている|adjective|not as much or as many as	vigour|活力|noun|physical or mental strength or energy	promptitude|迅速性|noun|speed or efficiency in dealing with something	securing|確保する|verb|make certain of getting	observance|遵守|noun|the action of following a particular law, rule, or custom	law|法律|noun|a rule or system of rules recognized by a country or community as regulating the actions of its members and having binding legal force	preventing|防止する|verb|keep from happening or arising	nuisance|迷惑行為|noun|a person, thing, or circumstance causing inconvenience or annoyance	correcting|是正する|verb|set or make right	abuse|不正行為|noun|the improper use of something	guarding|防ぐ|verb|protect from harm or danger	seditious|扇動的な|adjective|inciting or causing people to rebel against the authority of a state or monarch	undertaking|事業|noun|a task or project that is attempted or carried out
the people has less affection for its rulers, whom it never sees, for its country, which, to its eyes, seems like the world, and for its fellow-citizens, most of whom are unknown to it.	国民は、決して目にすることのない支配者や、世界のように見える国、そしてほとんどが知らない同胞に対して、あまり愛情を抱いていない。	affection|愛情|noun|a feeling of love or strong or constant liking	ruler|支配者|noun|a person exercising government or dominion	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	world|世界|noun|the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on	fellow-citizen|同胞|noun|a person who is a citizen of the same country as another	unknown|知らない|adjective|not known or familiar
The same laws cannot suit so many diverse provinces with different customs, situated in the most various climates, and incapable of enduring a uniform government.	同じ法律は、最も多様な気候に位置し、統一された政府に耐えることができない、異なる習慣を持つ非常に多くの多様な州に適合することはできない。	same|同じ|adjective|not different	law|法律|noun|a rule or set of rules that is made by the government of a country or state	suit|適合する|verb|be right or appropriate for	so many|非常に多くの|adverb|a lot of	diverse|多様な|adjective|showing a great deal of variety	province|州|noun|a large area of land that is part of a country	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	custom|習慣|noun|a way of behaving or doing things that is usual or traditional	situated|位置する|verb|be in a particular place or position	various|多様な|adjective|showing a great deal of variety	climate|気候|noun|the weather conditions prevailing in an area in general or over a long period	incapable|耐えられない|adjective|not having the necessary skill, knowledge, or ability to do something	endure|耐える|verb|tolerate something unpleasant	uniform|統一された|adjective|not varying; the same throughout	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it
Different laws lead only to trouble and confusion among peoples which, living under the same rulers and in constant communication one with another, intermingle and intermarry, and, coming under the sway of new customs, never know if they can call their very patrimony their own.	異なる法律は、同じ支配者の下で生活し、互いに絶えずコミュニケーションを取り、混ざり合い、結婚し、新しい習慣の影響下にある人々の間にトラブルと混乱をもたらすだけであり、彼らが自分たちの遺産を自分たちのものだと呼ぶことができるかどうかは決してわからない。	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	law|法律|noun|a rule or set of rules that is made by the government of a country or state	lead|つながる|verb|to cause to go or come	trouble|トラブル|noun|difficulty or problems	confusion|混乱|noun|a state of being uncertain about something	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	live|生活する|verb|to be alive	ruler|支配者|noun|a person who rules or governs	communication|コミュニケーション|noun|the act or process of communicating	one another|互いに|pronoun|each other	intermingle|混ざり合う|verb|to mix or be mixed together	intermarry|結婚する|verb|to marry someone from a different group	custom|習慣|noun|a way of behaving or doing things that is usual or traditional	sway|影響|noun|a controlling influence	patrimony|遺産|noun|property inherited from one's father or ancestor	own|自分自身の|adjective|belonging to (the person or thing mentioned)
Talent is buried, virtue unknown and vice unpunished, among such a multitude of men who do not know one another, gathered together in one place at the seat of the central administration.	中央政府の所在地に集まった、互いに知らない多くの人々の中で、才能は埋もれ、美徳は知られず、悪徳は罰せられない。	talent|才能|noun|a special natural ability or aptitude	bury|埋もれる|verb|be hidden or concealed	virtue|美徳|noun|a quality considered morally good or desirable	unknown|知られていない|adjective|not known	vice|悪徳|noun|immoral or wicked behavior	unpunished|罰せられない|adjective|not punished	multitude|多くの人々|noun|a large number of people	one another|互いに|pronoun|each other	gather|集まる|verb|come together	one place|一か所|noun|a single location	seat|所在地|noun|a place where someone or something is located	central administration|中央政府|noun|the government of a country
The leaders, overwhelmed with business, see nothing for themselves;	仕事に忙殺された指導者たちは、自分たちの目で何も見ていない。	leader|指導者|noun|a person who leads or commands a group, organization, or country	overwhelm|忙殺する|verb|defeat completely	business|仕事|noun|a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade	see|見る|verb|perceive with the eyes; discern visually
the State is governed by clerks.	国家は書記官によって統治されている。	State|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	govern|統治する|verb|rule or control	clerk|書記官|noun|a person who works in an office, especially one who keeps records or accounts
Finally, the measures which have to be taken to, maintain the general authority, which all these distant officials wish to escape or to impose upon, absorb all the energy of the public, so that there is none left for the happiness of the people.	最後に、これらすべての遠くにいる役人が逃れようとしたり、押し付けようとしたりする一般的な権限を維持するために取らなければならない措置は、国民のすべてのエネルギーを吸収し、国民の幸福のために残されるものは何もない。	finally|最後に|adverb|after a long time	measure|措置|noun|an action that is taken to achieve a particular purpose	take|取る|verb|to get into one's possession, power, or control	maintain|維持する|verb|to cause to continue or last	general authority|一般的な権限|noun|the power to give orders and enforce obedience	distant|遠くにいる|adjective|far away in space or time	official|役人|noun|a person appointed or elected to an office or charged with a public duty	wish|望む|verb|to feel or express a strong desire or hope for something that is not easily attainable	escape|逃れる|verb|to get free from a situation or a place	impose|押し付ける|verb|to force (something unwelcome or unfamiliar) to be accepted or put in place	absorb|吸収する|verb|to take in or soak up	energy|エネルギー|noun|the ability to be active	public|国民|noun|the people as a whole	happiness|幸福|noun|the state of being happy
There is hardly enough to defend it when need arises, and thus a body which is too big for its constitution gives way and falls crushed under its own weight.	必要が生じたときにそれを守るのに十分なものはほとんどなく、その結果、その体格には大きすぎる身体が道を譲り、自らの重みで押しつぶされてしまう。	defend|守る|verb|protect from harm or danger	need|必要|noun|a requirement for something	arise|生じる|verb|come into being or existence	hardly|ほとんどない|adverb|almost not	enough|十分|adjective|as much or as many as required	constitution|体格|noun|the physical composition of a person	give way|道を譲る|verb|allow someone or something to go first	fall|落ちる|verb|move from a higher to a lower position	crush|押しつぶす|verb|press or squeeze with a lot of force

Again, the State must assure itself a safe foundation, if it is to have stability, and to be able to resist the shocks it cannot help experiencing, as well as the efforts it will be forced to make for its maintenance;	再び、国家は、安定性を持つために、そして、経験せざるを得ない衝撃や、維持のために行わざるを得ない努力に抵抗することができるようにするためには、安全な基盤を確保しなければならない。	again|再び|adverb|once more; another time	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	assure|確保する|verb|make sure or certain	safe|安全な|adjective|free from danger or risk	foundation|基盤|noun|the basis on which something is founded or built	stability|安定性|noun|the quality or state of being stable	shock|衝撃|noun|a sudden upsetting or surprising event or experience	experience|経験|noun|practical contact with and observation of facts or events	effort|努力|noun|a vigorous or determined attempt	maintenance|維持|noun|the action of maintaining something in good condition
for all peoples have a kind of centrifugal force that makes them continually act one against another, and tend to aggrandise themselves at their neighbours' expense, like the vortices of Descartes.	すべての民族は、デカルトの渦のように、絶えず互いに反発し合い、隣人の犠牲で自分たちを拡大しようとする一種の遠心力を持っているからである。	all|すべての|adjective|the whole amount of	people|民族|noun|a group of persons forming a community and usually a nation	have|持っている|verb|possess, own, or hold	kind|一種の|noun|a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic	centrifugal force|遠心力|noun|the apparent force that is felt by an object moving in a curved path that acts outwardly away from the center of curvature of the path	make|させる|verb|cause to be or become	continually|絶えず|adverb|without interruption	act|反発し合う|verb|do something	one|互いに|pronoun|the number 1	another|隣人の|pronoun|an additional person or thing	tend|拡大しようとする|verb|be inclined or disposed	expense|犠牲で|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	Descartes|デカルト|noun|a French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist
Thus the weak run the risk of being soon swallowed up;	こうして弱者はすぐに飲み込まれる危険を冒す。	weak|弱者|noun|a person who is not strong	run the risk|危険を冒す|verb|expose oneself to the chance of injury or loss	soon|すぐに|adverb|in a short time; quickly
and it is almost impossible for any one to preserve itself except by putting itself in a state of equilibrium with all, so that the pressure is on all sides practically equal.	そして、すべての側にかかる圧力が事実上等しくなるように、自分自身をすべてのものとの平衡状態に置く以外に、自分自身を維持することはほとんど不可能である。	it is almost impossible|ほとんど不可能である|verb|it is not possible	preserve|維持する|verb|keep in its original state	except|以外に|preposition|not including; other than	put|置く|verb|move something to a specified place	equilibrium|平衡|noun|a state in which opposing forces or influences are balanced	pressure|圧力|noun|the force exerted on a surface by an object	side|側|noun|a position to the left or right of an object	practically|事実上|adverb|in a practical manner	equal|等しい|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status

It may therefore be seen that there are reasons for expansion and reasons for contraction;	したがって、拡大の理由と縮小の理由があることがわかる。	reason|理由|noun|a cause, explanation, or justification for an action or event	expansion|拡大|noun|the action of becoming larger or more extensive	contraction|縮小|noun|the action of becoming smaller or shorter
and it is no small part of the statesman's skill to hit between them the mean that is most favourable to the preservation of the State.	そして、国家の維持に最も有利な平均値をそれらの間で見つけることは、政治家の技能の少なからぬ部分である。	hit|見つける|verb|reach or come to	mean|平均値|noun|the average of a set of numbers	preservation|維持|noun|the act of keeping something in its original state	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory
It may be said that the reason for expansion, being merely external and relative, ought to be subordinate to the reasons for contraction, which are internal and absolute.	拡大の理由は、単に外的で相対的なものであるため、内的で絶対的な縮小の理由に従属するべきであると言えるかもしれない。	expansion|拡大|noun|the action of becoming larger or more extensive	reason|理由|noun|a cause, explanation, or justification for an action or event	merely|単に|adverb|only; no more than	external|外的|adjective|belonging to or connected with the outside of a person, place, or thing	relative|相対的|adjective|existing or having its meaning in relation to something else	ought to|従属するべきである|auxiliary verb|used to express a moral obligation or to give advice	contraction|縮小|noun|the action of becoming smaller or shorter	internal|内的|adjective|situated or existing within or on the inside	absolute|絶対的|adjective|not qualified or diminished in any way; total
A strong and healthy constitution is the first thing to look for;	強くて健康な体質が最初に求めるべきものである。	strong|強い|adjective|having the power to perform well or to withstand	healthy|健康な|adjective|being in a good physical or mental condition	constitution|体質|noun|the physical or mental state of a person	first|最初|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	look for|求める|verb|try to find or obtain
and it is better to count on the vigour which comes of good government than on the resources a great territory furnishes.	そして、広大な領土が提供する資源よりも、良い政府から来る活力に頼る方が良い。	count on|頼る|verb|depend on	vigour|活力|noun|physical or mental strength or energy	good government|良い政府|noun|a government that is effective and efficient	resource|資源|noun|a source of supply or support	great territory|広大な領土|noun|a large area of land

It may be added that there have been known States so constituted that the necessity of making conquests entered into their very constitution, and that, in order to maintain themselves, they were forced to expand ceaselessly.	征服の必要性がまさにその体制に組み込まれ、自らを維持するために絶えず拡大を余儀なくされるような体制の国家があったことが知られていると付け加えることができる。	add|付け加える|verb|say something further	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	constitute|構成する|verb|be a part of	necessity|必要性|noun|the quality or state of being necessary	make|行う|verb|produce or create	conquest|征服|noun|the subjugation and assumption of control of a place or people by military force	enter into|組み込む|verb|be a part of	constitution|体制|noun|the system of fundamental principles according to which a state or other organization is governed	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	ceaselessly|絶えず|adverb|without stopping
It may be that they congratulated themselves greatly on this fortunate necessity, which none the less indicated to them, along with the limits of their greatness, the inevitable moment of their fall.	彼らはこの幸運な必要性を大いに喜んだかもしれないが、それは彼らの偉大さの限界とともに、彼らの没落の避けられない瞬間を彼らに示していた。	congratulate|祝う|verb|express praise or admiration for	greatly|大いに|adverb|to a great extent	fortunate|幸運な|adjective|having good luck	necessity|必要性|noun|the quality or state of being necessary	indicate|示す|verb|point out; show	limit|限界|noun|the greatest amount that is allowed	greatness|偉大さ|noun|the quality of being great	inevitable|避けられない|adjective|certain to happen; unavoidable	moment|瞬間|noun|a very brief period of time


## CHAPTER X: THE PEOPLE (continued)	第十章: 人民(続き)	CHAPTER X|第十章|noun|the tenth chapter	PEOPLE|人民|noun|the citizens of a country

A body politic may be measured in two ways—either by the extent of its territory, or by the number of its people;	政治体は、その領土の広さによってか、その人民の数によってか、二つの方法で測ることができる。	body politic|政治体|noun|a state or nation considered as a political entity	measure|測る|verb|ascertain the size, amount, or degree of (something) by using an instrument or device marked in standard units or by comparing it with an object of known size	two|二つの|adjective|one more than one	either|どちらか|conjunction|used to indicate a choice between two or more possibilities	extent|広さ|noun|the area covered by something	territory|領土|noun|an area of land under the jurisdiction of a ruler or state	number|数|noun|a mathematical object used to count, measure, and label
and there is, between these two measurements, a right relation which makes the State really great.	そして、この二つの測定の間に、国家を真に偉大にする正しい関係がある。	between|間に|preposition|in the space or interval that separates two things	two|二つの|adjective|being one more than one	measurement|測定|noun|the action of measuring something	right|正しい|adjective|correct or true	relation|関係|noun|the state of being connected or related	make|する|verb|cause to be or become	State|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	really|真に|adverb|in reality; in fact	great|偉大な|adjective|of major significance or importance
The men make the State, and the territory sustains the men;	人民が国家を作り、領土が人民を支える。	make|作る|verb|create or produce	State|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	territory|領土|noun|an area of land under the jurisdiction of a ruler or state	sustain|支える|verb|strengthen or support
the right relation therefore is that the land should suffice for the maintenance of the inhabitants, and that there should be as many inhabitants as the land can maintain.	したがって、正しい関係とは、土地が住民の維持に十分であり、土地が維持できるだけの住民がいることである。	right|正しい|adjective|correct or true	relation|関係|noun|the state of being connected or related	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	suffice|十分である|verb|be enough or adequate	maintenance|維持|noun|the process of maintaining something	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	as many as|できるだけ多くの|adverb|the greatest number or amount possible
In this proportion lies the maximum strength of a given number of people;	この比率に、一定数の人民の最大の強さがある。	in this proportion|この比率に|adverb|in this ratio	lie|ある|verb|be in a certain state or condition	maximum|最大の|adjective|of the greatest possible amount or degree	strength|強さ|noun|the quality or state of being physically strong	given number|一定数|noun|a fixed number	people|人民|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively
for if there is too much land, it is troublesome to guard and inadequately cultivated, produces more than is needed, and soon gives rise to wars of defence;	なぜなら、土地があまりに多いと、守るのが面倒で、十分に耕作されず、必要以上に生産され、すぐに防衛戦争が起こるからである。	for|なぜなら|conjunction|because	if|もし|conjunction|in the event that; on condition that	there is|ある|verb|exist	too much|あまりに多い|adjective|more than is wanted or needed	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	it is|である|verb|be	troublesome|面倒|adjective|causing difficulty or problems	to guard|守る|verb|to protect or defend	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	inadequately|十分に|adverb|not enough	cultivated|耕作される|verb|to prepare and use land for growing crops	produces|生産する|verb|to make or create something	more than|以上|adjective|greater in number or amount than	is needed|必要である|verb|be required or essential	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	soon|すぐに|adverb|in or after a short time	gives rise to|起こる|verb|to cause to happen or exist	wars|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	of|の|preposition|used to show possession or belonging	defence|防衛|noun|the action of defending from or resisting attack
if there is not enough, the State depends on its neighbours for what it needs over and above, and this soon gives rise to wars of offence.	土地が十分でない場合、国家は必要以上のものを隣国に依存し、すぐに侵略戦争が起こる。	if|もし|conjunction|on the condition or supposition that; in the event that	there is not enough|十分でない|verb|not enough	the State|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	depend on|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by	its neighbours|隣国|noun|a country next to another	what it needs|必要|noun|a thing that is wanted or required	over and above|必要以上|adverb|in addition to; besides	this|これ|pronoun|the person or thing mentioned or indicated	soon|すぐに|adverb|in or after a short time	give rise to|起こる|verb|cause to happen or exist
Every people, to which its situation gives no choice save that between commerce and war, is weak in itself: it depends on its neighbours, and on circumstances;	状況が商業と戦争のどちらかしか選択肢を与えない人民は、それ自体が弱い。それは隣国や状況に依存している。	every|すべての|adjective|each and all of a group	people|人民|noun|the citizens of a country	situation|状況|noun|the combination of circumstances at a given moment	give|与える|verb|cause to have or receive	choice|選択肢|noun|the right or ability to choose	save|除いて|preposition|except	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	weak|弱い|adjective|lacking the power to perform	itself|それ自体|pronoun|used to emphasize the identity of the subject	depend|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by	neighbour|隣国|noun|a person living next door or very close	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action
its existence can never be more than short and uncertain.	その存在は短く不確実なものでしかない。	existence|存在|noun|the fact or state of existing	short|短い|adjective|having little length or height	uncertain|不確実な|adjective|not certain; doubtful
It either conquers others, and changes its situation, or it is conquered and becomes nothing.	他の国を征服して状況を変えるか、征服されて無になるかのどちらかである。	conquer|征服する|verb|overcome and take control of a country or area by force	change|変える|verb|make or become different	situation|状況|noun|all the circumstances and conditions of a particular place or time	conquer|征服される|verb|overcome and take control of a country or area by force	become|なる|verb|come to be; undergo a change or development
Only insignificance or greatness can keep it free.	取るに足りない国か偉大な国だけが自由を保つことができる。	insignificance|取るに足りないこと|noun|the quality or state of being unimportant or insignificant	greatness|偉大さ|noun|the quality or state of being great	keep|保つ|verb|continue to have, hold, or maintain

No fixed relation can be stated between the extent of the territory and the population that are adequate one to the other, both because of the differences in the quality of land, in its fertility, in the nature of its products, and in the influence of climate, and because of the different tempers of those who inhabit it;	土地の質、肥沃度、産物の性質、気候の影響の違い、またそこに住む人々の気質の違いから、領土の広さと人口の間には、互いに適切な固定した関係を示すことはできない。	extent|広さ|noun|the area covered by something	territory|領土|noun|an area of land under the jurisdiction of a ruler or state	population|人口|noun|all the inhabitants of a particular town, area, or country	fixed|固定した|adjective|not changing or varying	relation|関係|noun|the state of being connected or related	state|示す|verb|express clearly in words	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	quality|質|noun|the standard of something as measured against other things of a similar kind; the degree of excellence of something	fertility|肥沃度|noun|the ability to produce young or fruit	product|産物|noun|an article or substance that is manufactured or refined for sale	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features of something, especially when seen as characteristic of it	climate|気候|noun|the weather conditions prevailing in an area in general or over a long period	influence|影響|noun|the capacity to have an effect on the character, development, or behavior of someone or something, or the effect itself	temper|気質|noun|a person's state of mind seen in terms of their being angry or calm	inhabit|住む|verb|live in or occupy
for some in a fertile country consume little, and others on an ungrateful soil much.	肥沃な国の人々は消費量が少なく、不毛な土地の人々は消費量が多いからである。	for|なぜなら|conjunction|because	some|ある人々|pronoun|an unspecified number or amount of people or things	fertile|肥沃な|adjective|producing many offspring or much fruit or vegetation	country|国|noun|a political state or nation or its territory	consume|消費する|verb|eat, drink, or ingest	little|少ない|adjective|small in size, amount, or degree	others|他の人々|pronoun|the remaining people or things	ungrateful|不毛な|adjective|not showing or feeling gratitude	soil|土地|noun|the upper layer of earth in which plants grow, a black or dark brown material typically consisting of a mixture of organic remains, clay, and rock particles	much|多い|adjective|great in quantity or degree
The greater or less fecundity of women, the conditions that are more or less favourable in each country to the growth of population, and the influence the legislator can hope to exercise by his institutions, must also be taken into account.	女性の多産性、各国で人口増加に有利な条件、立法者が制度によって行使できる影響力も考慮に入れなければならない。	fecundity|多産性|noun|the ability to produce offspring	condition|条件|noun|something that must be met before another thing can happen	population|人口|noun|the total number of people living in a particular area	legislator|立法者|noun|a person who makes laws	institution|制度|noun|an established law, custom, or practice	take into account|考慮に入れる|verb|to consider something when making a decision
The legislator therefore should not go by what he sees, but by what he foresees;	だから立法者は、目に映るものではなく、予見するものに従うべきである。	legislator|立法者|noun|a person who makes laws	go by|従う|verb|follow or be guided by	see|目に映る|verb|perceive with the eyes	foresee|予見する|verb|be aware of beforehand
he should stop not so much at the state in which he actually finds the population, as at that to which it ought naturally to attain.	立法者は、実際に人口が存在する状態ではなく、自然に到達するべき状態に留まるべきである。	stop|留まる|verb|cease from doing something	state|状態|noun|the condition of a person or thing	population|人口|noun|the total number of people living in a particular area or country	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a natural manner	attain|到達する|verb|reach or achieve a goal
Lastly, there are countless cases in which the particular local circumstances demand or allow the acquisition of a greater territory than seems necessary.	最後に、特定の地域の状況によって、必要と思われるよりも広い領域の獲得が要求されたり、許されたりするケースは数え切れないほどある。	lastly|最後に|adverb|finally; in conclusion	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	local|地域の|adjective|of or relating to a particular area or place	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	demand|要求する|verb|ask authoritatively or urgently for	allow|許す|verb|permit; let	acquisition|獲得|noun|the action of gaining or attaining something	territory|領域|noun|an area of land under the jurisdiction of a ruler or state
Thus, expansion will be great in a mountainous country, where the natural products, i.e. woods and pastures, need less labour, where we know from experience that women are more fertile than in the plains, and where a great expanse of slope affords only a small level tract that can be counted on for vegetation.	このように、山国では、天然産物、つまり森や牧草地に必要な労働力が少なく、経験から平地よりも女性が肥沃であり、広大な斜面が植生に頼れる小さな平地しか提供していないため、拡大は大きくなる。	expansion|拡大|noun|the action of becoming larger or more extensive	mountainous|山国|adjective|having many mountains	natural product|天然産物|noun|a product that is found in nature and has not been changed by people	wood|森|noun|a large area of land covered with trees	pasture|牧草地|noun|a field where animals such as cows or sheep can eat grass	need|必要とする|verb|require (something) because it is essential or very important	labour|労働力|noun|work, especially hard physical work	experience|経験|noun|practical contact with and observation of facts or events	plain|平地|noun|a large area of flat land with few trees	slope|斜面|noun|a surface of land that is not level	afford|提供する|verb|provide or supply	vegetation|植生|noun|the plants in a particular area
On the other hand, contraction is possible on the coast, even in lands of rocks and nearly barren sands, because there fishing makes up to a great extent for the lack of land-produce, because the inhabitants have to congregate together more in order to repel pirates, and further because it is easier to unburden the country of its superfluous inhabitants by means of colonies.	一方、海岸では、岩やほとんど不毛の砂地でさえも縮小が可能である。なぜなら、そこでは漁業が土地生産物の不足を大きく補っており、住民は海賊を撃退するためにより集結しなければならず、さらに植民地によって余計な住民の負担を国から取り除きやすいからである。	on the other hand|一方|adverb|from another point of view	contraction|縮小|noun|the process of becoming shorter, smaller, or tighter	coast|海岸|noun|the land next to the sea	even|でさえ|adverb|to an extreme or excessive degree	rock|岩|noun|a large mass of stone, especially one projecting out of the ground or water	nearly|ほとんど|adverb|very close to; almost	barren|不毛の|adjective|unable to produce fruit or offspring	sand|砂|noun|a loose granular material blanketing the beaches, riverbeds and deserts of the world	make up|補う|verb|to compensate for	lack|不足|noun|the state or fact of not having enough of something	to a great extent|大きく|adverb|to a large degree	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	congregate|集結する|verb|to come together in a group	in order to|ために|conjunction|with the intention of	repel|撃退する|verb|to drive back	pirate|海賊|noun|a person who attacks and robs ships at sea	further|さらに|adverb|to a greater extent or degree	unburden|取り除く|verb|to relieve of a burden	superfluous|余計な|adjective|more than is needed, desired, or required	by means of|によって|preposition|with the help of	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country

To these conditions of law-giving must be added one other which, though it cannot take the place of the rest, renders them all useless when it is absent.	これらの立法条件に、他の条件を加えなければならない。それは、他の条件に取って代わることはできないが、それがなければ他の条件はすべて無意味になってしまう。	condition|条件|noun|something that must happen or be done before another thing can happen or be done	law-giving|立法|noun|the process of making laws	add|加える|verb|join or combine two or more things together	take the place of|取って代わる|verb|be used instead of	render|してしまう|verb|cause to be or become	useless|無意味|adjective|not fulfilling or not expected to achieve the intended purpose or desired outcome
This is the enjoyment of peace and plenty;	それは平和と豊かさの享受である。	enjoyment|享受|noun|the state or process of taking delight in something	peace|平和|noun|a state of tranquility or quiet	plenty|豊かさ|noun|a state or condition of abundance
for the moment at which a State sets its house in order is, like the moment when a battalion is forming up, that when its body is least capable of offering resistance and easiest to destroy.	国家がその家を整える瞬間は、大隊が編成される瞬間のように、その身体が抵抗する能力が最も低く、破壊するのが最も簡単な時である。	set one's house in order|整える|verb|to organize or arrange something	moment|瞬間|noun|a very brief period of time	State|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	battalion|大隊|noun|a large group of soldiers	form up|編成する|verb|to come together as a group	body|身体|noun|the physical structure, including the bones, flesh and organs, of a person or an animal	least|最も低い|adjective|smallest in amount or degree	capable|能力がある|adjective|having the ability to do something	offer|与える|verb|to present something to someone	resistance|抵抗|noun|the refusal to accept or comply with something	easiest|最も簡単な|adjective|most easy	destroy|破壊する|verb|to cause so much damage to something that it no longer exists or cannot be repaired
A better resistance could be made at a time of absolute disorganisation than at a moment of fermentation, when each is occupied with his own position and not with the danger.	各人が危険ではなく自分の立場に気を取られている混乱の瞬間よりも、絶対的な混乱の時に、より良い抵抗ができる。	a time of|時|noun|a period of time	absolute|絶対的な|adjective|not qualified or diminished in any way; total	disorganisation|混乱|noun|a lack of order or organization	a moment of|瞬間|noun|a very brief period of time	fermentation|混乱|noun|a state of agitation or excitement	each|各人|pronoun|every one of two or more people or things	be occupied with|気を取られる|verb|be busy doing something	position|立場|noun|a place where someone or something is located	danger|危険|noun|the possibility of suffering harm or injury	resistance|抵抗|noun|the ability not to be affected by something	could be made|できる|verb|be able to be done or made
If war, famine, or sedition arises at this time of crisis, the State will inevitably be overthrown.	この危機の時に戦争、飢饉、あるいは内乱が起これば、国家は必然的に転覆するだろう。	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	famine|飢饉|noun|extreme scarcity of food	sedition|内乱|noun|conduct or speech inciting people to rebel against the authority of a state or monarch	arise|起こる|verb|come into being or existence	crisis|危機|noun|a time of intense difficulty or danger	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	inevitably|必然的に|adverb|as is certain to happen; unavoidably	be overthrown|転覆する|verb|be removed from power or office in a sudden and violent way

Not that many governments have not been set up during such storms;	このような嵐の間に多くの政府が設立されなかったわけではない。	not that|わけではない|conjunction|it is not the case that	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	set up|設立される|verb|establish or start	during|間に|preposition|in or throughout the course of	storm|嵐|noun|a violent disturbance of the atmosphere with strong winds and usually rain, snow, or hail
but in such cases these governments are themselves the State's destroyers.	しかし、そのような場合には、これらの政府自体が国家の破壊者である。	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	in such cases|そのような場合には|adverb|in the case that	these|これらの|determiner|the	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	themselves|自体|pronoun|used to emphasize the identity of the subject	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	destroyer|破壊者|noun|a person or thing that destroys
Usurpers always bring about or select troublous times to get passed, under cover of the public terror, destructive laws, which the people would never adopt in cold blood.	簒奪者は常に、人々が冷静な状態では決して採用しないような破壊的な法律を、国民の恐怖を隠れ蓑にして通過させるために、混乱した時代をもたらすか、選択する。	usurper|簒奪者|noun|someone who takes a position of power or importance illegally or by force	always|常に|adverb|on all occasions; at all times; without exception	bring about|もたらす|verb|cause to happen	select|選択する|verb|choose from a number of possibilities	troublous|混乱した|adjective|full of trouble or difficulty	time|時代|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	public|国民|adjective|of or concerning the people as a whole	terror|恐怖|noun|a state of intense fear	destructive|破壊的な|adjective|causing great and irreparable damage or harm	law|法律|noun|the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	cold blood|冷静な状態|noun|a state of mind in which one is not affected by emotion or passion
The moment chosen is one of the surest means of distinguishing the work of the legislator from that of the tyrant.	選ばれた瞬間は、立法者の仕事を暴君の仕事と区別する最も確実な手段の一つである。	moment|瞬間|noun|a very brief period of time	choose|選ぶ|verb|pick out or select from a number of alternatives	one|1つ|noun|the lowest cardinal number	surest|最も確実な|adjective|most certain	means|手段|noun|a method, style, or manner of doing something	distinguish|区別する|verb|recognize or treat as different	legislator|立法者|noun|a person who makes laws	tyrant|暴君|noun|a cruel and oppressive ruler

What people, then, is a fit subject for legislation?	では、どのような人々が立法に適した対象なのだろうか。	what|どのような|adjective|of what type or quality	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	then|では|adverb|at that time; at the time in question	fit|適した|adjective|of a suitable quality, standard, or type	subject|対象|noun|a person or thing that is being discussed, described, or dealt with	legislation|立法|noun|the process of making or enacting laws
One which, already bound by some unity of origin, interest, or convention, has never yet felt the real yoke of law;	すでに起源、利害、慣習の統一によって縛られているが、まだ法の本当のくびきを感じたことのない人々である。	one|人々|noun|a person	already|すでに|adverb|before or by now or the time in question	bound|縛られている|verb|tie or fasten with a rope or other cord	unity|統一|noun|the state of being united or joined as a whole	origin|起源|noun|the point or place where something begins, arises, or is derived	interest|利害|noun|a feeling of wanting to know or learn about something or someone	convention|慣習|noun|a way in which something is usually done	never|まだ|adverb|at no time in the past or future; on no occasion; not ever	feel|感じる|verb|be aware of (something) through touch	yoke|くびき|noun|a wooden beam used to join two oxen or other animals together so that they can pull a load	law|法|noun|the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties
one that has neither customs nor superstitions deeply ingrained, one which stands in no fear of being overwhelmed by sudden invasion;	習慣も迷信も深く根付いていない人々であり、突然の侵略に圧倒されることを恐れない人々である。	custom|習慣|noun|a practice or behavior that is usual or expected	superstition|迷信|noun|a belief or practice resulting from ignorance, fear of the unknown, trust in magic or chance, or a false conception of causation	deeply ingrained|深く根付いている|adjective|firmly established or having taken deep root	fear|恐れる|noun|an unpleasant emotion caused by the belief that someone or something is dangerous, likely to cause pain, or a threat	sudden|突然の|adjective|happening or done quickly and without warning or preparation	invasion|侵略|noun|an incursion by a large number of people or things into a place or sphere of activity
one which, without entering into its neighbours' quarrels, can resist each of them single-handed, or get the help of one to repel another;	隣人の争いに巻き込まれることなく、一人で抵抗したり、他の人を撃退するために助けを得ることができる人々である。	one|人々|noun|a person	enter into|巻き込まれる|verb|become involved in	neighbour|隣人|noun|a person who lives next door or near you	quarrel|争い|noun|an angry argument or disagreement	resist|抵抗する|verb|oppose or fight against	single-handed|一人で|adjective|done without help from other people	get|得る|verb|receive or obtain	help|助け|noun|assistance or support	repel|撃退する|verb|drive back or away
one in which every member may be known by every other, and there is no need to lay on any man burdens too heavy for a man to bear;	すべてのメンバーが他のすべてのメンバーに知られており、誰にも負担をかける必要がない人々である。	one|人々|noun|a person	member|メンバー|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization	know|知っている|verb|be aware of through observation, inquiry, or information	other|他の|adjective|the remaining one of two or more people or things	lay on|負担をかける|verb|to put a burden on someone	man|人|noun|an adult male human being	bear|耐える|verb|to carry or support
one which can do without other peoples, and without which all others can do;	他の人々なしでやっていける人々であり、その人々なしで他の人々はやっていける人々である。	one|人々|noun|a person	do without|なしでやっていける|verb|manage without	other|他の|adjective|not the same; different	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	all|すべての|determiner|the whole quantity or extent of	other|他の|adjective|not the same; different
one which is neither rich nor poor, but self-sufficient;	豊かでも貧しくもないが、自給自足できる人々である。	one|人々|noun|a person	neither|～でもない|conjunction|not either	rich|豊か|adjective|having a great deal of money or property	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little or no money, goods, or other means of support	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	self-sufficient|自給自足できる|adjective|able to supply one's own needs without external assistance
and, lastly, one which unites the consistency of an ancient people with the docility of a new one.	そして最後に、古代人の一貫性と新しい人の従順さを結びつける人々である。	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are connected	lastly|最後に|adverb|finally; in conclusion	one|人々|noun|a person	unite|結びつける|verb|join or connect two or more things together	consistency|一貫性|noun|the quality of being consistent; the quality of being in agreement or harmony	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	people|人々|noun|a group of persons living in the same country or under the same political system	docility|従順さ|noun|the quality of being easy to manage or control	new|新しい|adjective|not existing before; made, introduced, or discovered recently or now for the first time
Legislation is made difficult less by what it is necessary to build up than by what has to be destroyed;	立法は、構築する必要があるものよりも破壊しなければならないものによって困難になる。	legislation|立法|noun|the process of making or enacting laws	make difficult|困難にする|verb|cause difficulty or problems for	less|より少なく|adverb|to a smaller extent	build up|構築する|verb|construct or create	destroy|破壊する|verb|cause to cease to exist; cause the destruction of
and what makes success so rare is the impossibility of finding natural simplicity together with social requirements.	そして、成功をとてもまれなものにしているのは、社会的要件と共に自然な単純性を見つけることが不可能であることである。	make|する|verb|cause to be or become	success|成功|noun|the accomplishment of an aim or purpose	rare|まれ|adjective|not common or frequent	find|見つける|verb|discover or notice	natural|自然な|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	simplicity|単純性|noun|the quality or condition of being easy to understand or do	together|共に|adverb|with or at the same time as another person or thing	social|社会的|adjective|relating to society or its organization	requirement|要件|noun|a thing that is needed or wanted
All these conditions are indeed rarely found united, and therefore few States have good constitutions.	これらの条件がすべて揃うことは確かにまれであり、そのため良い憲法を持つ国家は少ない。	all|すべて|determiner|the whole amount of	condition|条件|noun|a state of affairs that must exist or be brought about before something else can happen	indeed|確かに|adverb|really; truly; certainly	rarely|まれに|adverb|not often; seldom	find|見つける|verb|discover or notice	united|揃う|adjective|joined or connected together	therefore|そのため|adverb|for that reason; consequently	few|少ない|determiner|a small number of	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	have|持つ|verb|possess, own, or hold

There is still in Europe one country capable of being given laws—Corsica.	ヨーロッパには、まだ法律を与えられる国が一つある。コルシカである。	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	one|一つの|determiner|the lowest cardinal number; half of two	country|国|noun|a political state or nation or its territory	capable|できる|adjective|having the ability to do something	be given|与えられる|verb|receive as a gift or present	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	Corsica|コルシカ|noun|a French island in the Mediterranean Sea
The valour and persistency with which that brave people has regained and defended its liberty well deserves that some wise man should teach it how to preserve what it has won.	この勇敢な国民が自由を取り戻し、守り抜いた勇気と忍耐は、賢者が彼らに勝ち取ったものを守る方法を教えるのに十分値する。	valour|勇気|noun|great courage in the face of danger, especially in battle	persistency|忍耐|noun|the quality of continuing to do something or to try to do something even though it is difficult or opposed by other people	brave|勇敢な|adjective|ready to face and endure danger or pain; showing courage	people|国民|noun|all the inhabitants of a country or territory	regain|取り戻す|verb|get or have (something) again	defend|守り抜く|verb|resist an attack made on (someone or something); protect from harm or danger	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life, behavior, or political views	deserve|値する|verb|be worthy of or have a right to (something)	wise|賢い|adjective|having or showing experience, knowledge, and good judgment	teach|教える|verb|impart knowledge to or instruct (someone) as to how to do something	preserve|守る|verb|keep in its original state or in good condition
I have a feeling that some day that little island will astonish Europe.	私は、いつかこの小さな島がヨーロッパを驚かせるだろうという予感がある。	have a feeling|予感がある|verb|to have a premonition or intuition	some day|いつか|adverb|at some future time	little|小さな|adjective|small in size	island|島|noun|a piece of land surrounded by water	astonish|驚かせる|verb|to surprise greatly


## CHAPTER XI: THE VARIOUS SYSTEMS OF LEGISLATION	第十一章: 立法の諸制度	CHAPTER XI|第十一章|noun|the eleventh chapter	VARIOUS SYSTEMS|諸制度|noun|various systems	LEGISLATION|立法|noun|the process of making or enacting laws

If we ask in what precisely consists the greatest good of all, which should be the end of every system of legislation, we shall find it reduce itself to two main objects, liberty and equality—liberty, because all particular dependence means so much force taken from the body of the State, and equality, because liberty cannot exist without it.	あらゆる立法制度の目的であるべき、万人の最大の利益とは何かと問うならば、それは二つの主要な対象、すなわち自由と平等に帰着する。自由とは、あらゆる特殊な依存関係は国家の体から奪われた力に等しいからであり、平等とは、自由は平等なしには存在し得ないからである。	ask|問う|verb|say something in order to obtain an answer or some information	precisely|正確に|adverb|in an exact manner	consist|成る|verb|be composed or made up of	greatest|最大の|adjective|of the highest quality or degree	good|善|noun|that which is morally right	all|万人|noun|the whole number of people or things	end|目的|noun|the final part of something	system|制度|noun|a set of principles or procedures according to which something is done; an organized scheme or method	legislation|立法|noun|the process of making or enacting laws	reduce|帰着する|verb|make or become smaller or less	object|対象|noun|a person or thing to which a specified action or feeling is directed	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life, behavior, or political views	equality|平等|noun|the state of being equal, especially in status, rights, and opportunities	particular|特殊な|adjective|relating to a single person, thing, or instance	dependence|依存関係|noun|the state of relying on and needing someone or something for aid, support, or the like	force|力|noun|strength or energy exerted or brought to bear	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	exist|存在する|verb|have objective reality or being

I have already defined civil liberty;	私はすでに市民的自由を定義した。	define|定義する|verb|state or describe exactly the nature, scope, or meaning of	civil liberty|市民的自由|noun|the freedom of individuals to exercise their rights as citizens
by equality, we should understand, not that the degrees of power and riches are to be absolutely identical for everybody;	平等とは、権力や富の程度が万人にとって絶対的に同一であることではなく、	equality|平等|noun|the state of being equal	understand|理解する|verb|perceive the intended meaning of words, language, or a speaker	degree|程度|noun|the amount, level, or extent to which something happens or is present	power|権力|noun|the ability or capacity to perform or act	riches|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	absolutely|絶対的に|adverb|completely and totally	identical|同一|adjective|being the same in every detail	everybody|万人|noun|every person
but that power shall never be great enough for violence, and shall always be exercised by virtue of rank and law;	権力が暴力を行使できるほど大きくならず、常に地位と法の力によって行使されることを意味する。	power|権力|noun|the ability to do or act	great|大きい|adjective|of major significance or importance	violence|暴力|noun|the use of physical force so as to injure, abuse, damage, or destroy	exercise|行使する|verb|use or apply	rank|地位|noun|a position or grade in the armed forces	law|法|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority
and that, in respect of riches, no citizen shall ever be wealthy enough to buy another, and none poor enough to be forced to sell himself: which implies, on the part of the great, moderation in goods and position, and, on the side of the common sort, moderation in avarice and covetousness.	そして富に関して言えば、市民は誰も他人を買えるほど裕福であってはならず、また誰も自分を売らざるを得ないほど貧乏であってはならない。これは、偉大な者にとっては、財産や地位の節度を意味し、一般人にとっては、貪欲や強欲の節度を意味する。	respect|に関して|noun|a particular aspect, feature, or point	riches|富|noun|an abundance of valuable material possessions	citizen|市民|noun|an inhabitant of a city or town; especially : one entitled to the rights and privileges of a freeman	wealthy|裕福な|adjective|having a great deal of money or property	enough|十分な|adjective|as much or as many as required	buy|買う|verb|acquire by paying money	another|他人|noun|a person or thing that is different or distinct from the one already mentioned or implied	poor|貧乏な|adjective|having little or no money, goods, or other means of support	enough|十分な|adjective|as much or as many as required	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	himself|自分|pronoun|that male person or animal which is being discussed	imply|意味する|verb|indicate or suggest without being explicitly stated	part|側|noun|something less than the whole of a thing	great|偉大な|adjective|of major significance or importance	moderation|節度|noun|the quality of being moderate; restraint	goods|財産|noun|a movable possession	position|地位|noun|a place where someone or something is located or has been put	side|側|noun|something less than the whole of a thing	common|一般の|adjective|of or relating to the great body of people	sort|人|noun|a category of people	moderation|節度|noun|the quality of being moderate; restraint	avarice|貪欲|noun|an excessive or insatiable desire for wealth or gain	covetousness|強欲|noun|an inordinate desire for wealth or possessions

Such equality, we are told, is an unpractical ideal that cannot actually exist.	このような平等は、実際には存在し得ない非現実的な理想であると言われている。	such|このような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	equality|平等|noun|the state of being equal	unpractical|非現実的な|adjective|not practical	ideal|理想|noun|a person or thing regarded as perfect	actually|実際に|adverb|in fact; really	exist|存在する|verb|be or continue to be; have being
But if its abuse is inevitable, does it follow that we should not at least make regulations concerning it?	しかし、その乱用が避けられない場合、少なくともそれに関する規制をすべきではないということになるのだろうか?	abuse|乱用|noun|the improper use of something	inevitable|避けられない|adjective|certain to happen; unavoidable	follow|従う|verb|go or come after	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as much as	make|作る|verb|cause to exist or happen	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or order that is made and maintained by an authority
It is precisely because the force of circumstances tends continually to destroy equality that the force of legislation should always tend to its maintenance.	状況の力が絶えず平等を破壊する傾向にあるからこそ、立法の力は常に平等を維持する傾向にあるべきである。	force|力|noun|strength or energy exerted or brought to bear	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	tend|傾向がある|verb|be inclined or disposed	destroy|破壊する|verb|cause the destruction of	equality|平等|noun|the state of being equal	legislation|立法|noun|the action of legislating	maintenance|維持|noun|the action of maintaining something

But these general objects of every good legislative system need modifying in every country in accordance with the local situation and the temper of the inhabitants;	しかし、あらゆる優れた立法制度のこれらの一般的な目的は、各国の状況や住民の気質に応じて修正する必要がある。	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	these|これらの|determiner|the ones mentioned	general|一般的な|adjective|involving or affecting the whole of a class or group	object|目的|noun|the purpose or aim of something	every|あらゆる|determiner|each and all of a group	good|優れた|adjective|to be desired or approved of	legislative|立法の|adjective|having the power to make laws	system|制度|noun|a set of principles or procedures according to which something is done; an organized scheme or method	need|必要である|verb|require (something) because it is essential or very important	modifying|修正する|verb|make partial or minor changes to (something)	accordance|応じて|noun|the action or fact of agreeing with or conforming to something	local|各国の|adjective|belonging or relating to a particular area or neighborhood	situation|状況|noun|all the circumstances and conditions of a particular place or time	temper|気質|noun|a person's state of mind seen in terms of their being angry or calm
and these circumstances should determine, in each case, the particular system of institutions which is best, not perhaps in itself, but for the State for which it is destined.	そして、これらの状況は、それぞれの場合に、おそらくそれ自体ではなく、それが運命づけられている国家にとって最良である特定の制度体系を決定するべきである。	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	determine|決定する|verb|cause to occur in a particular way	case|場合|noun|an instance of a situation; an example	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	system|制度|noun|a set of principles or procedures according to which something is done; an organized scheme or method	best|最良|adjective|of the highest quality, excellence, or standing	itself|それ自体|pronoun|that thing or person itself	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	destined|運命づけられている|verb|to be intended for a particular purpose or end
If, for instance, the soil is barren and unproductive, or the land too crowded for its inhabitants, the people should turn to industry and the crafts, and exchange what they produce for the commodities they lack.	例えば、土壌が不毛で非生産的であったり、土地が住民に対して過密な場合、人々は工業や工芸に目を向け、生産したものを不足している商品と交換するべきである。	for instance|例えば|adverb|as an example	soil|土壌|noun|the upper layer of earth in which plants grow, a black or dark brown material typically consisting of a mixture of organic remains, clay, and rock particles	barren|不毛の|adjective|unable to produce offspring	unproductive|非生産的な|adjective|not producing or capable of producing	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	crowded|過密な|adjective|full of people or things	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	turn to|目を向ける|verb|direct one's attention to	industry|工業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	craft|工芸|noun|an activity involving skill in making things by hand	exchange|交換する|verb|give and receive (something) in return for something else	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold
If, on the other hand, a people dwells in rich plains and fertile slopes, or, in a good land, lacks inhabitants, it should give all its attention to agriculture, which causes men to multiply, and should drive out the crafts, which would only result in depopulation, by grouping in a few localities the few inhabitants there are.	一方、豊かな平野や肥沃な斜面に住んでいる人々や、良い土地に住んでいる人々が不足している場合、人々は農業に全力を注ぐべきであり、農業は人々を増殖させ、工芸品を追い出すべきであり、工芸品は少数の地域に少数の住民を集団化することで過疎化をもたらすだけである。	on the other hand|一方|adverb|from another point of view	dwell|住む|verb|live in or at	rich|豊かな|adjective|having a great deal of money or property	plain|平野|noun|a large area of flat land with only a few trees on it	fertile|肥沃な|adjective|producing or capable of producing many young, seeds, or fruit	slope|斜面|noun|a surface of which one end or side is at a higher level than the other	lack|不足している|verb|be without or not have enough of	give all its attention to|全力を注ぐ|verb|concentrate all one's efforts on	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	cause|増殖させる|verb|make something happen	drive out|追い出す|verb|force to leave	craft|工芸品|noun|an activity involving skill in making things by hand	result in|をもたらす|verb|have as a result	depopulation|過疎化|noun|a reduction in the number of people living in an area	grouping|集団化する|verb|form into a group	locality|地域|noun|a place or area
If a nation dwells on an extensive and convenient coast-line, let it cover the sea with ships and foster commerce and navigation.	国が広大で便利な海岸線に住んでいるなら、海を船で覆い、商業と航海を育てよう。	dwell|住む|verb|live in a place	extensive|広大な|adjective|covering a large area	convenient|便利な|adjective|easy to use or to do	coast-line|海岸線|noun|the line along which the sea meets the land	cover|覆う|verb|be spread over the surface of	ship|船|noun|a large vessel for traveling on water	foster|育てる|verb|help to grow or develop	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	navigation|航海|noun|the process or activity of directing the course of a ship, aircraft, or other type of vehicle
It will have a life that will be short and glorious.	それは短く栄光に満ちた人生を送るだろう。	have a life|人生を送る|verb|live a life	short|短い|adjective|having little length or duration	glorious|栄光に満ちた|adjective|having or worthy of glory
If, on its coasts, the sea washes nothing but almost inaccessible rocks, let it remain barbarous and ichthyophagous: it will have a quieter, perhaps a better, and certainly a happier life.	もし、その海岸で、海がほとんど近づきがたい岩以外何も洗い流さないなら、それを野蛮で魚食のままにしておこう。それはより静かで、おそらくより良く、そして確かにより幸せな生活を送るだろう。	coast|海岸|noun|the land next to the sea	sea|海|noun|a large expanse of salt water covering most of the earth's surface and surrounding its land masses	wash|洗い流す|verb|clean with water	nothing|何も|pronoun|not anything; no single thing	rock|岩|noun|a large mass of stone, especially one projecting out of the ground or water	let|～のままにしておこう|verb|not prevent or forbid	remain|残る|verb|be left after others have gone	barbarous|野蛮な|adjective|uncivilized	ichthyophagous|魚食の|adjective|fish-eating	quieter|より静かな|adjective|more quiet	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly	better|より良い|adjective|more good	certainly|確かに|adverb|without doubt	happier|より幸せな|adjective|more happy
In a word, besides the principles that are common to all, every nation has in itself something that gives them a particular application, and makes its legislation peculiarly its own.	一言で言えば、すべての国に共通する原則の他に、どの国にもそれ自体に特別な適用を与え、その立法を独自のものにする何かがある。	in a word|一言で言えば|adverb|briefly	besides|他に|preposition|in addition to	common|共通する|adjective|belonging to or shared by two or more parties	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	itself|それ自体|pronoun|used to emphasize the identity of the subject	give|与える|verb|transfer the possession of something concrete or abstract to someone	particular|特別な|adjective|relating to a single person, thing, or instance	application|適用|noun|the act of putting something into operation	make|作る|verb|cause to exist or happen	legislation|立法|noun|the action of legislating	peculiarly|独自に|adverb|in a strange or unusual way	own|自身の|adjective|belonging to (the person or thing mentioned)
Thus, among the Jews long ago and more recently among the Arabs, the chief object was religion, among the Athenians letters, at Carthage and Tyre commerce, at Rhodes shipping, at Sparta war, at Rome virtue.	このように、昔のユダヤ人の間では、そして最近ではアラブ人の間では、主な目的は宗教であり、アテネ人の間では文学、カルタゴとティルスでは商業、ロードスでは海運、スパルタでは戦争、ローマでは美徳であった。	among|間で|preposition|in the middle of	Jews|ユダヤ人|noun|a member of the people and cultural community whose traditional religion is Judaism and who trace their origins through the ancient Hebrew people of Israel to Abraham	long ago|昔|adverb|a long time in the past	more recently|最近|adverb|not long ago; in the recent past	Arabs|アラブ人|noun|a member of a Semitic people originally from the Arabian peninsula and now inhabiting much of the Middle East and North Africa	chief|主な|adjective|most important	object|目的|noun|the purpose or aim of something	religion|宗教|noun|a particular system of faith and worship	Athenians|アテネ人|noun|a native or inhabitant of Athens	letters|文学|noun|the study of literature	Carthage|カルタゴ|noun|an ancient city on the coast of North Africa near modern Tunis	Tyre|ティルス|noun|an ancient Phoenician city on the Mediterranean coast	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	Rhodes|ロードス|noun|a Greek island in the Aegean Sea	shipping|海運|noun|the transport of people or goods by sea	Sparta|スパルタ|noun|an ancient city in Greece	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	Rome|ローマ|noun|the capital of Italy	virtue|美徳|noun|behaviour showing high moral standards
The author of The Spirit of the Laws has shown with many examples by what art the legislator directs the constitution towards each of these objects.	法の精神の著者は、立法者がどのような技術によって憲法をこれらの目的のそれぞれに向けるかを多くの例で示した。	The Spirit of the Laws|法の精神|noun|a book by Montesquieu	author|著者|noun|a person who writes a book, article, or report	show|示す|verb|to make something known or clear	example|例|noun|a particular fact, event, or thing that is used to show that something is true or possible	legislator|立法者|noun|a person who makes laws	direct|向ける|verb|to control the course of	constitution|憲法|noun|the basic laws and principles that govern a country or state	object|目的|noun|a thing that you want to achieve

What makes the constitution of a State really solid and lasting is the due observance of what is proper, so that the natural relations are always in agreement with the laws on every point, and law only serves, so to speak, to assure, accompany and rectify them.	国家の憲法を本当に堅固で永続的なものにしているのは、自然の関係が常にあらゆる点で法律と一致し、法律は、いわば、それらを保証し、伴い、是正するためにのみ役立つように、適切なものを適切に守ることである。	constitution|憲法|noun|the system of fundamental principles according to which a state or other organization is governed	State|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	solid|堅固な|adjective|strong and firm	lasting|永続的な|adjective|continuing for a long time	due observance|適切な遵守|noun|the act of following a rule or law	proper|適切な|adjective|suitable or right in the circumstances	natural relation|自然の関係|noun|a relationship that is based on the nature of things	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	agreement|一致|noun|a situation in which people have the same opinion about something	law|法律|noun|a rule or set of rules made by the government of a country	serve|役立つ|verb|be of use to	assure|保証する|verb|make (something) certain to happen	accompany|伴う|verb|go with	rectify|是正する|verb|put right; correct
But if the legislator mistakes his object and adopts a principle other than circumstances naturally direct;	しかし、立法者が自分の目的を誤り、状況が自然に指示する以外の原則を採用した場合、	mistake|誤る|verb|be wrong about	object|目的|noun|the purpose or aim of something	adopt|採用する|verb|take up and use as one's own	principle|原則|noun|a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behaviour or for a chain of reasoning	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	direct|指示する|verb|control the operations of; manage or govern
if his principle makes for servitude while they make for liberty, or if it makes for riches, while they make for populousness, or if it makes for peace, while they make for conquest—the laws will insensibly lose their influence, the constitution will alter, and the State will have no rest from trouble till it is either destroyed or changed, and nature has resumed her invincible sway.	もし彼の原則が自由のために作られている間に奴隷制のために作られているなら、あるいはそれが富のために作られているなら、彼らが人口のために作られているなら、あるいはそれが平和のために作られているなら、彼らが征服のために作られているなら、法律はいつの間にかその影響力を失い、憲法は変わり、国家は破壊されるか変わるまで問題から解放されることはなく、自然は彼女の無敵の支配を取り戻す。	make for|のために作られる|verb|to be conducive to	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life, behavior, or political views	servitude|奴隷制|noun|the state of being a slave	riches|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	populousness|人口|noun|the state of having a large population	peace|平和|noun|a state of tranquility or quiet	conquest|征服|noun|the subjugation and assumption of control of a country or territory by military force	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	influence|影響力|noun|the capacity to have an effect on the character, development, or behavior of someone or something, or the effect itself	constitution|憲法|noun|a body of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or other organization is acknowledged to be governed	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	trouble|問題|noun|difficulty or problems	destroy|破壊される|verb|to cause the complete ruin or wreckage of	change|変わる|verb|to make or become different	nature|自然|noun|the physical world and everything in it, especially as experienced by humans	resume|取り戻す|verb|to return to a previous position or condition


## CHAPTER XII: THE DIVISION OF THE LAWS	第12章: 法律の分類	CHAPTER XII|第12章|noun|the twelfth chapter	DIVISION|分類|noun|the action of dividing something into parts

If the whole is to be set in order, and the commonwealth put into the best possible shape, there are various relations to be considered.	全体を整え、国家を可能な限り最良の形にするためには、考慮すべき様々な関係がある。	set in order|整える|verb|put in order; arrange	commonwealth|国家|noun|a political unit	put into|する|verb|cause to be in a certain state	best|最良|adjective|of the highest quality	shape|形|noun|the external form, contours, or outline of someone or something	consider|考慮する|verb|think carefully about
First, there is the action of the complete body upon itself, the relation of the whole to the whole, of the Sovereign to the State; and this relation, as we shall see, is made up of the relations of the intermediate terms.	第一に、完全な身体が自分自身に及ぼす作用、全体と全体の関係、主権者と国家の関係がある。そして、この関係は、後で述べるように、中間項の関係から成り立っている。	first|第一に|adverb|before anything else	complete|完全な|adjective|having all the necessary or appropriate parts	body|身体|noun|the physical structure, including the bones, flesh and organs, of a person or an animal	action|作用|noun|the fact or process of doing something	itself|自分自身|pronoun|used to refer to the thing mentioned	whole|全体|noun|all of something	relation|関係|noun|the state of being connected or related	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	intermediate|中間項|adjective|coming between two things in time, place, or order

The laws which regulate this relation bear the name of political laws, and are also called fundamental laws, not without reason if they are wise.	この関係を規制する法律は、政治法と呼ばれ、また、賢明な法律であれば、理由もなく基本法とも呼ばれる。	regulate|規制する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	relation|関係|noun|the state of being connected or related	bear|呼ばれる|verb|have or give a name	political|政治的|adjective|of or relating to government, a government, or the conduct of government	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	fundamental|基本的な|adjective|forming a necessary base or core; of central importance	wise|賢明な|adjective|having or showing experience, knowledge, and good judgment
For, if there is, in each State, only one good system, the people that is in possession of it should hold fast to this;	なぜなら、各国家に良い制度が一つしかないのであれば、それを所有している国民はそれに固執するべきだからである。	for|なぜなら|conjunction|because	if|もし|conjunction|in the event that; on condition that	there is|ある|verb|exist	in|に|preposition|inside	each|各|adjective|every	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	only|一つしかない|adjective|no more than; solely	one|一つ|noun|the lowest cardinal number	good|良い|adjective|to be desired or approved of	system|制度|noun|a set of principles or procedures according to which something is done; an organized scheme or method	the people|国民|noun|the citizens of a country	that|それ|pronoun|the thing mentioned before	is in possession of|所有している|verb|have as one's own	it|それ|pronoun|the thing mentioned before	should|するべきだ|modal verb|ought to; must	hold fast to|固執する|verb|cling to; refuse to give up
but if the established order is bad, why should laws that prevent men from being good be regarded as fundamental?	しかし、確立された秩序が悪い場合、なぜ人々が善良になることを妨げる法律が基本的な法律と見なされるべきなのだろうか?	established order|確立された秩序|noun|the existing social, political, or economic system	bad|悪い|adjective|of poor quality; unsatisfactory	prevent|妨げる|verb|keep from happening or arising	fundamental|基本的な|adjective|serving as an essential component
Besides, in any case, a people is always in a position to change its laws, however good;	その上、いずれにせよ、国民はどんなに良い法律であれ、いつでも法律を変えることができる立場にある。	besides|その上|adverb|in addition to; as well as	in any case|いずれにせよ|adverb|whatever the circumstances may be	a people|国民|noun|the inhabitants of a particular country or area	always|いつでも|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	in a position to|できる立場にある|verb|have the power or ability to do something	change|変える|verb|make or become different	law|法律|noun|a rule or system of rules recognized by a country or community as regulating the actions of its members and having binding legal force	good|良い|adjective|to be desired or approved of
for, if it choose to do itself harm, who can have a right to stop it?	なぜなら、もし国民が自らを傷つけることを選んだとしても、誰がそれを止める権利を持つことができるだろうか?	for|なぜなら|conjunction|because	choose|選ぶ|verb|pick out or select from a number of alternatives	harm|傷つける|verb|cause damage to	stop|止める|verb|cause to cease moving or operating

The second relation is that of the members one to another, or to the body as a whole;	第二の関係は、各構成員同士の関係、または各構成員と全体との関係である。	second|第二|adjective|coming after the first in position	relation|関係|noun|the state of being connected or related	member|構成員|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization	one another|互い|pronoun|each other	whole|全体|noun|all of something; the entire amount or extent of something
and this relation should be in the first respect as unimportant, and in the second as important, as possible.	そして、この関係は、最初の点では可能な限り重要ではなく、二番目の点では可能な限り重要であるべきである。	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	this|この|determiner|used to identify a specific person or thing close at hand or being indicated or experienced	relation|関係|noun|the state of being connected or related	should be|であるべきである|auxiliary verb|used to express a duty, possibility, or probability	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest; 1st	respect|点|noun|a particular aspect, feature, or point	unimportant|重要ではない|adjective|not important; of minor importance	second|二番目の|adjective|coming after the first in time or order; 2nd	important|重要である|adjective|of great significance or value
Each citizen would then be perfectly independent of all the rest, and at the same time very dependent on the city;	そうすれば、各市民は他のすべての市民から完全に独立し、同時に都市に非常に依存することになる。	each|各|adjective|every one of two or more people or things	citizen|市民|noun|an inhabitant of a city or town; especially : one entitled to the rights and privileges of a freeman	perfectly|完全に|adverb|in a perfect manner	independent|独立した|adjective|not dependent on or influenced by others	rest|残り|noun|the remaining part of something	same|同じ|adjective|being the same one or ones	time|時|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	very|非常に|adverb|to a high degree; extremely	dependent|依存する|adjective|determined or conditioned by another	city|都市|noun|a large human settlement
which is brought about always by the same means, as the strength of the State can alone secure the liberty of its members.	それは常に同じ手段によってもたらされる。なぜなら、国家の力だけがその構成員の自由を保障できるからである。	bring about|もたらす|verb|cause to happen	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	same|同じ|adjective|not different or other	means|手段|noun|a method, style, or manner of doing something	strength|力|noun|the quality or state of being physically strong	State|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	secure|保障する|verb|make safe; make certain	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions or limitations
From this second relation arise civil laws.	この第二の関係から民法が生じる。	second|第二の|adjective|coming after the first in position	relation|関係|noun|the state of being connected or related	arise|生じる|verb|come into existence or prominence

We may consider also a third kind of relation between the individual and the law, a relation of disobedience to its penalty.	個人と法との間には第三の関係、つまり違反とその刑罰の関係も考えられる。	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinguished from a group	law|法|noun|the system of rules that a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and may enforce by the imposition of penalties	third|第三|adjective|coming after two others in a series	relation|関係|noun|the state of being connected or related	disobedience|違反|noun|the refusal to obey	penalty|刑罰|noun|a punishment imposed for breaking a law, rule, or contract
This gives rise to the setting up of criminal laws, which, at bottom, are less a particular class of law than the sanction behind all the rest.	これによって刑法が制定されるが、それは基本的には、法の特定の分野というよりは、他のすべての法の背後にある制裁である。	give rise to|生じる|verb|cause to happen or exist	setting up|制定|noun|the establishment or foundation of something	criminal law|刑法|noun|the body of law that deals with crimes and their punishments	at bottom|基本的に|adverb|in reality; in fact	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	class|分野|noun|a set or category of things having some property in common	sanction|制裁|noun|a penalty for breaking a law, rule, or contract

Along with these three kinds of law goes a fourth, most important of all, which is not graven on tablets of marble or brass, but on the hearts of the citizens.	これらの三つの法に伴って、最も重要な第四の法があるが、それは大理石や真鍮の板に刻まれているのではなく、市民の心に刻まれている。	along with|伴って|preposition|together with	three|三つの|adjective|the number 3	law|法|noun|a rule or set of rules that is made by the government of a country or state	fourth|第四の|adjective|the number 4	most important|最も重要な|adjective|the most important	all|すべて|noun|the whole amount or quantity	which|それは|pronoun|the thing that	marble|大理石|noun|a hard, metamorphic rock that can be polished to a high shine	brass|真鍮|noun|a yellow alloy of copper and zinc	tablet|板|noun|a small, flat piece of wood, stone, or metal with writing on it	heart|心|noun|the organ that pumps blood around the body	citizen|市民|noun|a person who lives in a particular town or city
This forms the real constitution of the State, takes on every day new powers, when other laws decay or die out, restores them or takes their place, keeps a people in the ways in which it was meant to go, and insensibly replaces authority by the force of habit.	これが国家の真の憲法を形成し、他の法律が衰退したり消滅したりすると、毎日新しい権力を取り、それらを回復させたり、その代わりを務めたり、人々を本来の道に留めたり、無意識のうちに権威を習慣の力に置き換えたりする。	form|形成する|verb|make or produce	real|真の|adjective|not fake or false	constitution|憲法|noun|the basic principles and laws of a nation, state, or social group that determine the powers and duties of the government and guarantee certain rights to the people in it	take on|取る|verb|assume or undertake	every day|毎日|adverb|on each day	new|新しい|adjective|not existing before; made, introduced, or discovered recently or now for the first time	power|権力|noun|the ability or capacity to perform or act	decay|衰退する|verb|rot or decompose	die out|消滅する|verb|become extinct	restore|回復させる|verb|bring back to a former or original state	take the place of|代わりを務める|verb|act or serve instead of	keep|留める|verb|cause to remain in a specified state, position, or course	way|道|noun|a method, style, or manner of doing something	mean to|本来の|verb|intend to	go|行く|verb|move or travel	insensibly|無意識のうちに|adverb|without being aware of it	replace|置き換える|verb|take the place of	authority|権威|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	force|力|noun|strength or energy exerted or brought to bear	habit|習慣|noun|a settled or regular tendency or practice
I am speaking of morality, of custom, above all of public opinion;	私は道徳、習慣、とりわけ世論について語っている。	speak of|語る|verb|talk about	morality|道徳|noun|a system of values and beliefs	custom|習慣|noun|a practice or behavior that is usual or expected	above all|とりわけ|adverb|most importantly	public opinion|世論|noun|the beliefs or views of the general public
a power unknown to political thinkers, on which none the less success in everything else depends.	政治思想家には知られていない権力であり、それにもかかわらず、他のすべての成功はそれにかかっている。	power|権力|noun|the ability to do or act	unknown|知られていない|adjective|not known	political|政治的|adjective|of or relating to government, a government, or the conduct of government	thinker|思想家|noun|a person who thinks	none the less|それにもかかわらず|adverb|nevertheless	success|成功|noun|the accomplishment of an aim or purpose	depend|かかっている|verb|be controlled or determined by
With this the great legislator concerns himself in secret, though he seems to confine himself to particular regulations;	偉大な立法者は、特定の規制に限定されているように見えても、このことを密かに気にかけている。	concern oneself|気にかける|verb|be interested in or worried about	secret|秘密|noun|something that is kept or meant to be kept unknown or unseen by others	great|偉大な|adjective|of major significance or importance	legislator|立法者|noun|a person who makes laws	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	confine|限定する|verb|keep or restrict within limits	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or order that is made and maintained by an authority
for these are only the arc of the arch, while manners and morals, slower to arise, form in the end its immovable keystone.	これらはアーチの弧にすぎないが、マナーやモラルは、生じるのが遅く、最終的には動かせない要石を形成する。	for|なぜなら|conjunction|because	these|これら|pronoun|the things mentioned before	are|である|verb|be	only|だけ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	the arc|弧|noun|a part of a circle	of|の|preposition|belonging to or connected with	the arch|アーチ|noun|a curved structure with a flat upper surface	while|一方で|conjunction|on the other hand	manners|マナー|noun|a way of behaving	and|と|conjunction|used to connect words of the same part of speech, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are connected	morals|モラル|noun|a person's standards of behavior or beliefs concerning what is and is not acceptable for them to do	slower|遅い|adjective|moving or operating or done at less than the usual or average speed	to arise|生じる|verb|to come into being or existence	in the end|最終的に|adverb|at the end of a period of time or an event	its|その|pronoun|belonging to or connected with a person or thing previously mentioned or easily identified	immovable|動かせない|adjective|not able to be moved	keystone|要石|noun|the central stone at the summit of an arch, locking the whole together

Among the different classes of laws, the political, which determine the form of the government, are alone relevant to my subject.	さまざまな種類の法律の中で、政府の形態を決定する政治的なものだけが私の主題に関連している。	among|の中で|preposition|in the middle of; surrounded by	class|種類|noun|a set of things having some property in common	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	political|政治的|adjective|of or relating to government, a government, or the conduct of government	determine|決定する|verb|cause to occur in a particular manner; settle or decide	form|形態|noun|the shape and structure of something as distinguished from its substance	government|政府|noun|the body with the authority to govern a state or country	alone|だけ|adverb|only; solely	relevant|関連している|adjective|having a bearing on or connection with the matter at hand


## BOOK III	第三編	book|編|noun|a set of printed sheets of paper, parchment, or similar materials that are fastened together to hinge at one side

Before speaking of the different forms of government, let us try to fix the exact sense of the word, which has not yet been very clearly explained.	政府のさまざまな形態について話す前に、まだあまり明確に説明されていない言葉の正確な意味を固定してみよう。	before|前に|preposition|earlier than; in front of	speak|話す|verb|talk; say words	different|さまざまな|adjective|not the same	form|形態|noun|the shape of something	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	let|～しよう|verb|allow or permit	try|試す|verb|make an attempt	fix|固定する|verb|repair or mend	exact|正確な|adjective|accurate; correct	sense|意味|noun|a meaning	word|言葉|noun|a unit of language	yet|まだ|adverb|up until now; so far	clearly|明確に|adverb|in a clear manner	explain|説明する|verb|make something clear or easy to understand


## CHAPTER I: GOVERNMENT IN GENERAL	第一章: 政府一般について	chapter|章|noun|a main division of a book	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	general|一般|adjective|affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things; widespread

I warn the reader that this chapter requires careful reading, and that I am unable to make myself clear to those who refuse to be attentive.	この章は注意深く読む必要があることを読者に警告しておく。注意深く読むことを拒む人には、私は自分の考えを明確に伝えることができない。	warn|警告する|verb|give notice of danger or evil	reader|読者|noun|someone who reads	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	careful|注意深い|adjective|taking care to avoid harm or damage	reading|読書|noun|the activity of reading	refuse|拒む|verb|express unwillingness to do or accept something	attentive|注意深い|adjective|taking care to notice or attend to something

Every free action is produced by the concurrence of two causes;	すべての自由な行為は、二つの原因の合致によって生み出される。	every|すべての|adjective|each and all of a group	free|自由な|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes	action|行為|noun|something done or performed	produce|生み出す|verb|cause to happen or exist	concurrence|合致|noun|agreement in opinion or action	two|二つの|adjective|one more than one	cause|原因|noun|a person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or condition
one moral, i.e. the will which determines the act;	一つは道徳的なもの、つまり行為を決定する意志である。	one|一つ|noun|the lowest cardinal number	moral|道徳的|adjective|concerned with the principles of right and wrong behavior	will|意志|noun|the faculty by which a person decides on and initiates action	determine|決定する|verb|cause to occur in a particular manner; be the decisive factor in
the other physical, i.e. the power which executes it.	もう一つは物理的なもの、つまりそれを実行する力である。	other|もう一つ|adjective|the remaining one of two or more things	physical|物理的|adjective|of or relating to the body	power|力|noun|the ability to do something or act in a particular way
When I walk towards an object, it is necessary first that I should will to go there, and, in the second place, that my feet should carry me.	私が何かに向かって歩くとき、まずそこへ行こうとする意志が必要であり、次に私の足が私を運んでくれる必要がある。	walk|歩く|verb|move at a regular and fairly slow pace by lifting and setting down each foot in turn, never having both feet off the ground at once	object|何か|noun|a material thing that can be seen and touched	first|まず|adverb|before anything else; initially	second|次に|adverb|after the first; next	foot|足|noun|the end of the leg on which a person or animal stands or walks	carry|運ぶ|verb|take or support from one place to another
If a paralytic wills to run and an active man wills not to, they will both stay where they are.	麻痺した人が走ろうとし、活動的な人が走ろうとしなければ、どちらもその場に留まるだろう。	paralytic|麻痺した人|noun|a person affected with paralysis	will|走ろうとする|verb|intend or wish	active|活動的な人|adjective|characterized by energetic action or movement	will|走ろうとしない|verb|intend or wish	stay|留まる|verb|remain in the same place
The body politic has the same motive powers;	国家も同じ動機力を持っている。	body politic|国家|noun|a state or nation considered as a political entity	have|持っている|verb|possess, own, or hold	same|同じ|adjective|not different or other; identical	motive power|動機力|noun|the force that causes something to move or happen
here too force and will are distinguished, will under the name of legislative power and force under that of executive power.	ここでも力と意志は区別され、意志は立法権という名の下に、力は執行権という名の下に置かれる。	here|ここで|adverb|in this place	too|も|adverb|also; as well	force|力|noun|strength or energy exerted or brought to bear	will|意志|noun|the faculty of conscious and especially of deliberate action	distinguish|区別する|verb|recognize as different	name|名|noun|a word or set of words using which a person is referred to	legislative power|立法権|noun|the power to make laws	executive power|執行権|noun|the power to put laws into effect
Without their concurrence, nothing is, or should be, done.	両者の合意なしには、何も行われないし、行われるべきでもない。	concurrence|合意|noun|agreement in opinion or action	nothing|何も|pronoun|not anything; no single thing	should|べき|auxiliary verb|used to express obligation, duty, or correctness	be done|行われるべき|verb|be finished or completed

We have seen that the legislative power belongs to the people, and can belong to it alone.	立法権は人民に属し、人民だけに属しうることを我々は見た。	legislative power|立法権|noun|the power to make laws	belong to|属する|verb|be a member of	people|人民|noun|the citizens of a country
It may, on the other hand, readily be seen, from the principles laid down above, that the executive power cannot belong to the generality as legislature or Sovereign, because it consists wholly of particular acts which fall outside the competency of the law, and consequently of the Sovereign, whose acts must always be laws.	他方、執行権は、それが法の権限の外にある個々の行為のみから成り、従って、その行為は常に法でなければならない主権者の権限の外にあるため、立法権や主権者としての一般性に属しえないことは、上に述べた原理から容易に理解できる。	on the other hand|他方|adverb|from another point of view	readily|容易に|adverb|easily	be seen|理解できる|verb|be perceived or understood	principle|原理|noun|a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior or for a chain of reasoning	lay down|述べる|verb|put into words	above|上|adverb|in or to a higher place or position	belong|属する|verb|be a member of	generality|一般性|noun|the quality or state of being general	legislature|立法権|noun|the legislative branch of a government	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	consist|成る|verb|be composed or made up of	particular|個々の|adjective|relating to a single person, thing, or instance	act|行為|noun|something that is done	fall outside|外にある|verb|be excluded from	competency|権限|noun|the ability to do something successfully or efficiently	law|法|noun|a rule or system of rules recognized by a country or community as regulating the actions of its members and having binding legal force	consequently|従って|adverb|as a result	whose|その|pronoun|of or belonging to which person

The public force therefore needs an agent of its own to bind it together and set it to work under the direction of the general will, to serve as a means of communication between the State and the Sovereign, and to do for the collective person more or less what the union of soul and body does for man.	したがって、公権力は、それを結びつけ、一般意志の指示のもとで働かせ、国家と主権者の間のコミュニケーションの手段として役立ち、魂と肉体の結合が人間に対して行うことを集団的人間に対して行うために、それ自身の代理人を必要とする。	public force|公権力|noun|the power of the state	bind|結びつける|verb|tie or fasten together	general will|一般意志|noun|the will of the people as a whole	State|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	Sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	collective person|集団的人間|noun|a group of people	soul|魂|noun|the spiritual or immaterial part of a human being or animal	body|肉体|noun|the physical structure, including the bones, flesh and organs, of a person or an animal	man|人間|noun|an adult male human being
Here we have what is, in the State, the basis of government, often wrongly confused with the Sovereign, whose minister it is.	ここに、国家における政府の基礎があり、それはしばしば、その大臣である主権者と誤って混同される。	here|ここに|adverb|in this place	have|ある|verb|possess, own, or hold	State|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	basis|基礎|noun|the underlying support or foundation for an idea, argument, or process	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	often|しばしば|adverb|many times; frequently	wrongly|誤って|adverb|in a mistaken or erroneous manner	confused|混同される|verb|cause to be unclear about something	Sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	minister|大臣|noun|a person appointed by a state leader to head a ministry

What then is government?	では、政府とは何か?	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it
An intermediate body set up between the subjects and the Sovereign, to secure their mutual correspondence, charged with the execution of the laws and the maintenance of liberty, both civil and political.	臣民と主権者の間に設置され、両者の相互通信を確保し、法律の執行と市民的、政治的自由の維持を担当する中間機関である。	set up|設置される|verb|establish or create	intermediate|中間の|adjective|in the middle	body|機関|noun|an organization or group of people	subject|臣民|noun|a person who is under the authority of a state or monarch	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	secure|確保する|verb|make safe or certain	mutual|相互の|adjective|shared by two or more people or things	correspondence|通信|noun|communication by exchanging letters	charge|担当する|verb|be responsible for	execution|執行|noun|the carrying out of a sentence of death on a legally condemned person	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	maintenance|維持|noun|the process of keeping something in good condition	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions or limitations

The members of this body are called magistrates or kings, that is to say governors, and the whole body bears the name prince.	この機関のメンバーは、行政官や王、つまり知事と呼ばれ、機関全体は君主という名を冠している。	member|メンバー|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization	body|機関|noun|an organization or group of people with a particular purpose	magistrate|行政官|noun|a civil officer or lay judge who administers the law	king|王|noun|the male ruler of an independent state	governor|知事|noun|the elected head of a state government	prince|君主|noun|the son of a king or queen
Thus those who hold that the act, by which a people puts itself under a prince, is not a contract, are certainly right.	したがって、国民が君主の下に身を置く行為は契約ではないと主張する人々は、確かに正しい。	hold|主張する|verb|to state as an opinion	act|行為|noun|something that is done	put|置く|verb|to move something or someone into a particular place or position	prince|君主|noun|the son of a king or queen	contract|契約|noun|a legally binding agreement	right|正しい|adjective|correct or true
It is simply and solely a commission, an employment, in which the rulers, mere officials of the Sovereign, exercise in their own name the power of which it makes them depositaries.	それは単に、主権者の単なる役人である支配者たちが、主権者が彼らに預けた権力を自分たちの名において行使する、委任であり、雇用にすぎない。	simply|単に|adverb|in a simple manner	solely|単に|adverb|only; merely	commission|委任|noun|the act of granting certain powers or the authority to carry out a particular task or duty	employment|雇用|noun|the state of being employed	ruler|支配者|noun|a person exercising government or dominion	mere|単なる|adjective|being nothing more than	official|役人|noun|a person appointed or elected to an office or charged with a public duty	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	exercise|行使する|verb|use or apply	power|権力|noun|the ability to do or act	depositary|預け先|noun|a person with whom something is deposited
This power it can limit, modify or recover at pleasure;	この権力は、主権者が自由に制限、変更、または回復することができる。	power|権力|noun|the ability to do or act	limit|制限する|verb|set or serve as a limit to	modify|変更する|verb|make minor changes in	recover|回復する|verb|return to a normal state
for the alienation of such a right is incompatible with the nature of the social body, and contrary to the end of association.	なぜなら、そのような権利の譲渡は、社会体の性質と相容れず、結社の目的に反するからである。	alienation|譲渡|noun|the action of alienating someone or something	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	incompatible|相容れない|adjective|unable to exist or be used together	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features of something	social body|社会体|noun|a group of people who live together in a society	contrary|反する|adjective|opposite in nature or direction	end|目的|noun|the final part of something	association|結社|noun|a group of people organized for a joint purpose

I call then government, or supreme administration, the legitimate exercise of the executive power, and prince or magistrate the man or the body entrusted with that administration.	だから私は、政府、または最高行政機関を、執行権の合法的な行使と呼び、君主または行政官を、その行政を委任された人または団体と呼ぶ。	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	supreme administration|最高行政機関|noun|the highest administrative organ	legitimate exercise|合法的な行使|noun|the exercise of power in accordance with the law	executive power|執行権|noun|the power to execute the laws and to command the armed forces	prince|君主|noun|the son of a king or queen	magistrate|行政官|noun|a civil officer with power to administer and enforce law	entrust|委任する|verb|give a task or responsibility to someone

In government reside the intermediate forces whose relations make up that of the whole to the whole, or of the Sovereign to the State.	政府には、全体と全体、または主権者と国家の関係を構成する中間的な力が存在する。	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	reside|存在する|verb|be present or live permanently in a place	intermediate|中間的な|adjective|coming between two things in time, place, or order	force|力|noun|strength or energy exerted or brought to bear	relation|関係|noun|the state of being connected or related	make up|構成する|verb|form or constitute	whole|全体|noun|all of something	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory
This last relation may be represented as that between the extreme terms of a continuous proportion, which has government as its mean proportional.	この最後の関係は、連続比例の両端の関係として表すことができ、その中間項は政府である。	last|最後の|adjective|coming after all others in time or order	relation|関係|noun|the state of being connected or related	represent|表す|verb|to serve as a symbol of	extreme|両端|adjective|very great in degree	continuous|連続|adjective|forming an unbroken whole; without interruption	proportion|比例|noun|a relationship between quantities such that one is a constant multiple of the other	mean|中間項|noun|the average of a set of numbers	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it
The government gets from the Sovereign the orders it gives the people, and, for the State to be properly balanced, there must, when everything is reckoned in, be equality between the product or power of the government taken in itself, and the product or power of the citizens, who are on the one hand sovereign and on the other subject.	政府は主権者から国民に与える命令を受け取り、国家が適切にバランスを保つためには、すべてが考慮された上で、政府の産物または権力と、一方では主権者であり、他方では臣民である市民の産物または権力との間に平等がなければならない。	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	get|受け取る|verb|receive	Sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	order|命令|noun|an authoritative command or instruction	people|国民|noun|the inhabitants of a country or area	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	balance|バランス|noun|an even distribution of weight or amount	everything|すべて|noun|all that exists	reckon|考慮する|verb|take into account	product|産物|noun|something produced	power|権力|noun|the ability to do or act	citizen|市民|noun|an inhabitant of a city or town; especially : one entitled to the rights and privileges of a freeman	one hand|一方では|noun|on the one hand	other|他方では|noun|on the other hand	subject|臣民|noun|a person who owes allegiance to a monarch or other sovereign

Furthermore, none of these three terms can be altered without the equality being instantly destroyed.	さらに、これらの三つの項はどれも、平等が即座に破壊されることなく変更することはできない。	furthermore|さらに|adverb|in addition; moreover	none of|どれも|pronoun|not one of	three|三つの|adjective|being one more than two	term|項|noun|a word or phrase that has a particular meaning in a language or subject	alter|変更する|verb|make or become different	equality|平等|noun|the state of being equal	instantly|即座に|adverb|immediately; at once	destroy|破壊する|verb|cause to cease to exist; cause to be ruined
If the Sovereign desires to govern, or the magistrate to give laws, or if the subjects refuse to obey, disorder takes the place of regularity, force and will no longer act together, and the State is dissolved and falls into despotism or anarchy.	主権者が統治を望んだり、行政官が法律を制定したり、臣民が従うことを拒否したりすると、秩序の代わりに無秩序が起こり、力と意志はもはや一緒に作用せず、国家は解体され、専制政治や無政府状態に陥る。	desire|望む|verb|to want or wish for	govern|統治する|verb|to rule or control	magistrate|行政官|noun|a civil officer or lay judge who administers the law	give|制定する|verb|to make or enact	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or action prescribed or formally recognized as binding or enforced by a controlling authority	refuse|拒否する|verb|to decline to accept, consider, or do something	disorder|無秩序|noun|a lack of order or regular arrangement	take the place of|起こる|verb|to be used or accepted instead of	regularity|秩序|noun|the quality or condition of being regular	force|力|noun|strength or energy exerted or brought to bear	will|意志|noun|the faculty of conscious and especially of deliberate action	no longer|もはや|adverb|not any more	act|作用する|verb|to do something	together|一緒に|adverb|with or in the company of another or others	dissolve|解体する|verb|to cause to disappear or disintegrate	fall into|陥る|verb|to become involved in or affected by	despotism|専制政治|noun|a system of government in which the ruler has unlimited power	anarchy|無政府状態|noun|a state of disorder due to absence or nonrecognition of authority
Lastly, as there is only one mean proportional between each relation, there is also only one good government possible for a State.	最後に、それぞれの関係の間には中間項が一つしかないので、国家にとっても良い政府は一つしかない。	lastly|最後に|adverb|finally; in conclusion	mean proportional|中間項|noun|the geometric mean of two numbers	relation|関係|noun|the state of being connected or related	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it
But, as countless events may change the relations of a people, not only may different governments be good for different peoples, but also for the same people at different times.	しかし、無数の出来事が人々の関係を変える可能性があるため、異なる政府が異なる人々にとって良いだけでなく、異なる時期に同じ人々にとって良い場合もある。	countless|無数の|adjective|too many to be counted	event|出来事|noun|something that happens or takes place	change|変える|verb|make or become different	relation|関係|noun|the state of being connected or related	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as another or each other	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	good|良い|adjective|to be desired or approved of	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as another or each other	time|時期|noun|a point of time as measured in hours and minutes

In attempting to give some idea of the various relations that may hold between these two extreme terms, I shall take as an example the number of a people, which is the most easily expressible.	これら二つの極端な項の間に成立するかもしれない様々な関係について、ある程度の考えを与えようとして、私は最も簡単に表現できる人民の数を例に挙げよう。	attempt|試みる|verb|make an effort to do something	give|与える|verb|cause someone to have something	idea|考え|noun|a thought or suggestion as to a possible course of action	various|様々な|adjective|more than one; several	relation|関係|noun|the state of being connected or related	hold|成立する|verb|be valid or true	between|間に|preposition|in the space or interval that separates two things	two|二つの|numeral|one more than one	extreme|極端な|adjective|very great or intense	term|項|noun|a word or phrase used to describe a thing or to express a concept	example|例|noun|a thing characteristic of its kind or illustrating a general rule	number|数|noun|a quantity representing a particular amount	people|人民|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	easily|簡単に|adverb|without difficulty or effort	expressible|表現できる|adjective|able to be expressed

Suppose the State is composed of ten thousand citizens.	国家が一万人の市民からなると仮定しよう。	suppose|仮定する|verb|assume that something is true for the sake of argument or discussion	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	be composed of|からなる|verb|be made up of	ten thousand|一万人|noun|the number 10000	citizen|市民|noun|an inhabitant of a city or town; especially : one entitled to the rights and privileges of a freeman
The Sovereign can only be considered collectively and as a body;	主権者は集団として、また一つの体としてのみ考えることができる。	Sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	only|のみ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	collectively|集団として|adverb|in a group	body|体|noun|the physical structure, including the bones, flesh and organs, of a person or an animal
but each member, as being a subject, is regarded as an individual: thus the Sovereign is to the subject as ten thousand to one, i.e. each member of the State has as his share only a ten-thousandth part of the sovereign authority, although he is wholly under its control.	しかし、各構成員は臣民として、一個人として見なされる。こうして主権者は臣民に対して一万対一となる。つまり、国家の各構成員は、主権者の権威の下に完全に服従しているにもかかわらず、その権威のわずか一万分の一しか持っていない。	member|構成員|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization	subject|臣民|noun|a person who owes allegiance to a monarch or other sovereign	individual|一個人|noun|a single human being as distinguished from a group	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	ten thousand|一万|noun|the number 10000	one|一|noun|the number 1	State|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	authority|権威|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	control|支配|noun|the power to influence or direct people's behavior or the course of events
If the people numbers a hundred thousand, the condition of the subject undergoes no change, and each equally is under the whole authority of the laws, while his vote, being reduced to one hundred thousandth part, has ten times less influence in drawing them up.	人民が十万人なら、臣民の状態は変化せず、各人は平等に法の権威の下にある一方、彼の投票は十万分の一に減り、法の制定に及ぼす影響は十倍小さくなる。	number|数える|verb|count	hundred thousand|十万|noun|100,000	undergo|受ける|verb|experience	change|変化|noun|the act or instance of making or becoming different	equally|平等に|adverb|in a way that is fair and just	authority|権威|noun|the power to command or enforce obedience	vote|投票|noun|a formal expression of opinion or choice	reduce|減らす|verb|make or become smaller or less	hundred thousandth|十万分の一|noun|1/100,000	influence|影響|noun|the capacity to have an effect on the character, development, or behavior of someone or something, or the effect itself	draw up|制定する|verb|to write or create something, such as a contract or a plan
The subject therefore remaining always a unit, the relation between him and the Sovereign increases with the number of the citizens.	したがって、臣民は常に単位のままなので、彼と主権者の関係は市民の数に応じて増大する。	subject|臣民|noun|a person who owes allegiance to a monarch or other sovereign	remain|残る|verb|be left after others have gone	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	unit|単位|noun|a single thing or person	relation|関係|noun|the state of being connected or related	increase|増大する|verb|become or make greater or more numerous
From this it follows that, the larger the State, the less the liberty.	このことから、国家が大きければ大きいほど、自由は少なくなるということになる。	from this|このことから|adverb|from this fact	follow|なる|verb|be the result or consequence of	the larger|大きければ大きいほど|adjective|of greater size or extent	the less|少なくなる|adjective|of smaller size or extent	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions or limitations

When I say the relation increases, I mean that it grows more unequal.	関係が増大すると私が言うとき、私はそれがより不平等になることを意味する。	increase|増大する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	mean|意味する|verb|intend to convey, indicate, or refer to (something)	grow|なる|verb|become larger or greater over a period of time
Thus the greater it is in the geometrical sense, the less relation there is in the ordinary sense of the word.	したがって、それが幾何学的意味において大きいほど、その言葉の通常の意味においての関係は小さくなる。	geometrical|幾何学的|adjective|of or relating to geometry	sense|意味|noun|a way in which something can be understood	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	word|言葉|noun|a unit of language that can be pronounced in isolation
In the former sense, the relation, considered according to quantity, is expressed by the quotient;	前者の意味では、量に応じて考慮される関係は商によって表される。	in the former sense|前者の意味では|adverb|in the first of the two senses	relation|関係|noun|the state of being connected or related	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	quotient|商|noun|the number resulting from the division of one number by another
in the latter, considered according to identity, it is reckoned by similarity.	後者の意味では、同一性によって考慮される関係は類似性によって計算される。	in the latter|後者の意味では|adverb|in the second of two things mentioned	consider|考慮される|verb|think carefully about	according to|によって|preposition|as stated or reported by	identity|同一性|noun|the fact of being who or what a person or thing is	reckon|計算される|verb|calculate	similarity|類似性|noun|the state or fact of being similar

Now, the less relation the particular wills have to the general will, that is, morals and manners to laws, the more should the repressive force be increased.	さて、個々の意志が一般意志との関係が小さいほど、つまり道徳や風習が法律との関係が小さいほど、抑圧的な力はより増大するべきである。	particular will|個々の意志|noun|the will of an individual	general will|一般意志|noun|the will of the people as a whole	relation|関係|noun|the state of being connected or related	less|より小さい|adjective|smaller in amount or degree	more|より大きい|adjective|greater in amount or degree	repressive force|抑圧的な力|noun|a force that suppresses or restrains	increase|増大する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, or degree
The government, then, to be good, should be proportionately stronger as the people is more numerous.	したがって、政府が善良であるためには、国民の数が多いほどそれに比例して強力でなければならない。	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	good|善良|adjective|to be desired or approved of	people|国民|noun|the inhabitants of a country or area	numerous|多い|adjective|great in number; many

On the other hand, as the growth of the State gives the depositaries of the public authority more temptations and chances of abusing their power, the greater the force with which the government ought to be endowed for keeping the people in hand, the greater too should be the force at the disposal of the Sovereign for keeping the government in hand.	一方で、国家の成長は公権力の保管者に権力を乱用する誘惑や機会を与えるので、国民を統制するために政府に与えられるべき力が大きいほど、政府を統制するために主権者が自由に使える力も大きくなければならない。	on the other hand|一方で|adverb|from another point of view	growth|成長|noun|the process of increasing in size	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	give|与える|verb|transfer the possession of something concrete or abstract to someone	public authority|公権力|noun|the power of the state	depositary|保管者|noun|a person with whom something is deposited	temptation|誘惑|noun|the desire to do something, even though one knows that it is wrong or not sensible	chance|機会|noun|a possibility of something happening	abuse|乱用|verb|use something in a wrong or harmful way	power|権力|noun|the ability to control or influence people or things	greater|大きい|adjective|of a size that is above average or usual	force|力|noun|strength or energy exerted or brought to bear	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	endow|与える|verb|provide with a quality or property	people|国民|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	hand|手|noun|the end of the arm beyond the wrist	greater|大きい|adjective|of a size that is above average or usual	force|力|noun|strength or energy exerted or brought to bear	disposal|自由に使える|noun|the action or process of getting rid of something	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	hand|手|noun|the end of the arm beyond the wrist
I am speaking, not of absolute force, but of the relative force of the different parts of the State.	私は絶対的な力ではなく、国家の異なる部分の相対的な力について話している。	absolute|絶対的な|adjective|not qualified or diminished in any way; total	force|力|noun|strength or energy exerted or brought to bear	relative|相対的な|adjective|considered in relation or in proportion to something else	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as another or each other; unlike	part|部分|noun|something less than the whole	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory

It follows from this double relation that the continuous proportion between the Sovereign, the prince and the people, is by no means an arbitrary idea, but a necessary consequence of the nature of the body politic.	この二重の関係から、主権者、君主、人民の間の連続的な比例は決して恣意的な考えではなく、政治体制の本質から必然的に生じるものであることがわかる。	follow|わかる|verb|be able to understand	double|二重|adjective|having two parts, elements, or aspects	relation|関係|noun|the state of being connected or related	continuous|連続的|adjective|without interruption or break	proportion|比例|noun|a relationship between quantities such that one is a constant multiple of the other	arbitrary|恣意的|adjective|based on or determined by individual preference or convenience rather than by necessity or the intrinsic nature of something	idea|考え|noun|a thought or suggestion as to a possible course of action	necessary|必然的|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present; needed	consequence|結果|noun|a result or effect of an action or condition	nature|本質|noun|the basic or inherent features, character, or qualities of something	body politic|政治体制|noun|a state or nation considered as a political entity
It follows further that, one of the extreme terms, viz.	さらに、極端な言葉の一つである「人民」が定まると、もう一方の「君主」も定まる。	follow|従う|verb|go after someone or something	extreme|極端な|adjective|very great in degree	term|言葉|noun|a word or phrase used to describe a thing or to express a concept	viz|すなわち|adverb|namely; that is to say	people|人民|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	fix|定まる|verb|make or become stable or firm	other|もう一方の|adjective|used to refer to the remaining one of two people or things	prince|君主|noun|the male ruler of a principality
the people, as subject, being fixed and represented by unity, whenever the duplicate ratio increases or diminishes, the simple ratio does the same, and is changed accordingly.	人民は、主権者として、固定され、統一によって表されるので、二重比率が増加または減少するたびに、単純比率も同じことをし、それに応じて変化する。	people|人民|noun|the inhabitants of a country or area	subject|主権者|noun|a person who is under the authority of a state or monarch	fix|固定する|verb|make or become firm, stable, or stationary	unity|統一|noun|the state of being united or joined as a whole	whenever|～するたびに|conjunction|at any or every time that	duplicate|二重|adjective|consisting of two identical or similar parts	ratio|比率|noun|the quantitative relation between two amounts showing the number of times one value contains or is contained within the other	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	diminish|減少する|verb|make or become less	simple|単純|adjective|easily understood or done; presenting few problems	do the same|同じことをする|verb|do the same thing	change|変化する|verb|make or become different
From this we see that there is not a single unique and absolute form of government, but as many governments differing in nature as there are States differing in size.	このことから、政府には唯一無二の絶対的な形態があるのではなく、国家の大きさの違いと同じくらい本質的に異なる政府があることがわかる。	from this|このことから|adverb|from this fact	see|わかる|verb|perceive or notice	single|唯一無二の|adjective|not accompanied by another	unique|唯一無二の|adjective|being the only one of its kind; unlike anything else	absolute|絶対的な|adjective|not qualified or diminished in any way; total	form|形態|noun|the shape of a thing or person	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	differ|異なる|verb|be unlike or dissimilar	nature|本質|noun|the basic or inherent features of something	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	size|大きさ|noun|the physical magnitude of something

If, ridiculing this system, any one were to say that, in order to find the mean proportional and give form to the body of the government, it is only necessary, according to me, to find the square root of the number of the people,	もし、このシステムを嘲笑して、平均比例を見つけて政府の体制を整えるためには、私の考えでは、人民の数の平方根を見つけるだけでよいと言う人がいたら、	ridicule|嘲笑する|verb|make fun of	system|システム|noun|a set of things working together as a mechanism or an interconnecting network	mean proportional|平均比例|noun|the geometric mean of two numbers	give form to|形を与える|verb|make something take a particular shape	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	square root|平方根|noun|a number that when multiplied by itself equals a given number	people|人民|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively
I should answer that I am here taking this number only as an instance;	私は、ここではこの数を例として挙げているにすぎないと答えるだろう。	take|挙げる|verb|to pick up or hold in one's hands	number|数|noun|a mathematical object used to count, measure, and label	instance|例|noun|an example or single occurrence of something
that the relations of which I am speaking are not measured by the number of men alone, but generally by the amount of action, which is a combination of a multitude of causes;	私が話している関係は、人の数だけで測られるのではなく、一般的に、多数の原因の組み合わせである行動の量によって測られる。	relation|関係|noun|the state of being connected or related	measure|測られる|verb|ascertain the size, amount, or degree of (something) by using an instrument or device marked in standard units or by comparing it with an object of known size	number|数|noun|a quantity representing a particular amount	alone|だけで|adverb|without any other people or things	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	amount|量|noun|a quantity of something, especially the total of two or more quantities	action|行動|noun|the fact or process of doing something, typically to achieve a purpose	combination|組み合わせ|noun|a joining or merging of different parts or qualities in which the component elements are individually distinct	cause|原因|noun|a person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or condition
and that, further, if, to save words, I borrow for a moment the terms of geometry, I am none the less well aware that moral quantities do not allow of geometrical accuracy.	さらに、言葉を節約するために、私が一時的に幾何学の用語を借用したとしても、道徳的な量が幾何学的な正確さを許さないことを私はよく知っている。	save|節約する|verb|keep from being used or spent	borrow|借用する|verb|take and use something temporarily with the intention of returning it	term|用語|noun|a word or phrase used to describe a thing or to express a concept, especially in a particular kind of language or branch of knowledge	geometry|幾何学|noun|the branch of mathematics concerned with the properties and relations of points, lines, surfaces, solids, and higher dimensional analogues	accuracy|正確さ|noun|the quality or state of being correct or precise

The government is on a small scale what the body politic which includes it is on a great one.	政府は小規模なものであり、それを含めた政治体は大規模なものである。	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	small scale|小規模|noun|a small extent or size	body politic|政治体|noun|a state or nation considered as a political entity	great one|大規模|noun|a large extent or size
It is a moral person endowed with certain faculties, active like the Sovereign and passive like the State, and capable of being resolved into other similar relations.	それは、主権者のように能動的で、国家のように受動的であり、他の同様の関係に分解できる、ある種の能力を備えた道徳的な人格である。	moral|道徳的な|adjective|concerned with the principles of right and wrong behavior	person|人格|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	endow|備える|verb|provide with a quality or property	faculty|能力|noun|an inherent mental or physical power	active|能動的|adjective|characterized by energetic and forceful action or movement	passive|受動的|adjective|accepting or allowing what happens or what others do, without active response or resistance	capable|できる|adjective|having the ability to do something	resolve|分解できる|verb|find a solution to	relation|関係|noun|the state of being connected or related
This accordingly gives rise to a new proportion, within which there is yet another, according to the arrangement of the magistracies, till an indivisible middle term is reached, i.e. a single ruler or supreme magistrate, who may be represented, in the midst of this progression, as the unity between the fractional and the ordinal series.	したがって、これは新しい比率を生み出し、その中に、分割できない中間項に達するまで、つまり、この進行の途中で、分数と序数列の間の単位として表される単一の支配者または最高裁判官に達するまで、裁判官の配置に従って、さらに別の比率がある。	give rise to|生み出す|verb|cause to happen or exist	proportion|比率|noun|a relationship in which one number or amount is divided by another	within|中に|preposition|inside	yet|さらに|adverb|in addition; still; even	arrangement|配置|noun|the way in which something is organized or arranged	magistracy|裁判官|noun|the office or function of a magistrate	indivisible|分割できない|adjective|unable to be divided	middle term|中間項|noun|the term in a syllogism that appears in both premises but not in the conclusion	single|単一の|adjective|only one	ruler|支配者|noun|a person who rules or governs	supreme|最高の|adjective|highest in rank or authority	magistrate|裁判官|noun|a civil officer or lay judge who administers the law	midst|真っ只中|noun|the middle part or point	progression|進行|noun|a movement from one place to another	fractional|分数の|adjective|of or relating to a fraction	ordinal|序数の|adjective|of or relating to a numerical order	series|列|noun|a number of things arranged in a row or coming one after the other

Without encumbering ourselves with this multiplication of terms, let us rest content with regarding government as a new body within the State, distinct from the people and the Sovereign, and intermediate between them.	このような用語の増加に煩わされることなく、政府を国民と主権者とは異なる国家内の新しい組織であり、両者の中間に位置するものと考えることに満足しよう。	without|なしに|preposition|not having or not doing something	encumber|煩わす|verb|to weigh down or burden	multiplication|増加|noun|the action or process of increasing in number	term|用語|noun|a word or phrase used to describe a thing or to express a concept, especially in a particular kind of language or branch of knowledge	let|しよう|verb|to allow or permit	rest|満足する|verb|to be content with	content|満足する|adjective|happy with what one has	regard|考える|verb|to think of or consider in a specified way	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	new|新しい|adjective|not existing before; made, introduced, or discovered recently or now for the first time	body|組織|noun|the physical structure, including the bones, flesh and organs, of a person or an animal	distinct|異なる|adjective|not the same as each other	people|国民|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler, especially a monarch	intermediate|中間|adjective|coming between two things in time, place, or order

There is between these two bodies this essential difference, that the State exists by itself, and the government only through the Sovereign.	この二つの組織の間には、国家がそれ自体で存在し、政府は主権者を通してのみ存在するという本質的な違いがある。	between|間に|preposition|in the space or interval that separates two things	two|二つの|adjective|being one more than one	body|組織|noun|a group of people with a particular purpose	essential|本質的な|adjective|of the utmost importance	difference|違い|noun|the state or fact of being different	State|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	exist|存在する|verb|have objective reality or being	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	Sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler
Thus the dominant will of the prince is, or should be, nothing but the general will or the law;	したがって、君主の支配的な意志は、一般意志または法に他ならない、あるいはそうあるべきである。	prince|君主|noun|the son of a king or queen	dominant|支配的な|adjective|having power and influence over others	will|意志|noun|the faculty by which a person decides on and initiates action	general will|一般意志|noun|the will of the people as a whole	law|法|noun|the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties
his force is only the public force concentrated in his hands, and, as soon as he tries to base any absolute and independent act on his own authority, the tie that binds the whole together begins to be loosened.	彼の力は彼の手に集中した公的な力に過ぎず、彼が自分の権限に基づいて絶対的かつ独立した行動をしようとするとすぐに、全体を結びつける結びつきが緩み始める。	force|力|noun|strength or energy exerted or brought to bear	public|公的な|adjective|of or concerning the people as a whole	concentrate|集中する|verb|focus all of one's attention on something	hand|手|noun|the end of an arm	as soon as|するとすぐに|conjunction|immediately after	try|しようとする|verb|make an effort to do something	base|基づいて|verb|use as a point from which to develop something	absolute|絶対的|adjective|not qualified or diminished in any way; total	independent|独立した|adjective|not depending on another for livelihood or subsistence	act|行動|noun|something that people do	authority|権限|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	tie|結びつき|noun|a bond or connection between people or things	bind|結びつける|verb|tie or fasten together	loosen|緩む|verb|make or become less tight or firm
If finally the prince should come to have a particular will more active than the will of the Sovereign, and should employ the public force in his hands in obedience to this particular will, there would be, so to speak, two Sovereigns, one rightful and the other actual, the social union would evaporate instantly, and the body politic would be dissolved.	最後に、君主が主権者の意志よりもより活動的な個別意志を持つようになり、この個別意志に従って彼の手にある公的な力を行使するならば、いわば、一人は正当な、もう一人は実際の、二人の主権者が存在することになり、社会連合は即座に蒸発し、政治体は解散するだろう。	finally|最後に|adverb|after a long time	prince|君主|noun|a male member of a royal family	come to|持つようになる|verb|reach a certain state or condition	particular|個別|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or instance	will|意志|noun|the faculty of conscious and especially of deliberate action	more active|より活動的|adjective|more energetic or vigorous	Sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	employ|行使する|verb|make use of	public|公的な|adjective|of or relating to the people as a whole	force|力|noun|strength or energy exerted or brought to bear	obedience|従って|noun|the quality or state of being obedient	particular|個別|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or instance	will|意志|noun|the faculty of conscious and especially of deliberate action	two|二人|adjective|one more than one	Sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	one|一人|adjective|the number 1	rightful|正当な|adjective|having a just or lawful claim	other|もう一人|adjective|being the remaining one of two or more	actual|実際の|adjective|existing in fact or reality	social|社会|adjective|of or relating to society	union|連合|noun|an act or instance of uniting or joining two or more things into one	evaporate|蒸発する|verb|turn from a liquid into a vapor	instantly|即座に|adverb|immediately; at once	body politic|政治体|noun|a politically organized body of people usually forming a state or one of its political subdivisions

However, in order that the government may have a true existence and a real life distinguishing it from the body of the State, and in order that all its members may be able to act in concert and fulfil the end for which it was set up, it must have a particular personality, a sensibility common to its members, and a force and will of its own making for its preservation.	しかし、政府が国家の組織から区別される真の存在と現実の生活を持ち、そのすべての構成員が協調して行動し、それが設立された目的を達成することができるようにするためには、それは特定の人格、その構成員に共通の感性、そしてその保存のために自ら作り出す力と意志を持たなければならない。	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	true|真の|adjective|being in accordance with fact or reality	existence|存在|noun|the fact or state of existing	real|現実の|adjective|not imaginary; having objective existence	life|生活|noun|the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death	distinguish|区別する|verb|recognize or treat as different	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	order|ために|noun|a state of peace, law, and order	member|構成員|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization	act|行動する|verb|take action; do something	concert|協調|noun|a performance of music by several performers or of several compositions at one event	fulfil|達成する|verb|bring to completion or reality	end|目的|noun|a final part of something	set up|設立する|verb|establish or start	must|しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; should	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	personality|人格|noun|the combination of characteristics or qualities that form an individual's distinctive character	sensibility|感性|noun|the ability to appreciate and respond to complex emotional or aesthetic influences; sensitivity	common|共通の|adjective|belonging to or shared by two or more people or things	force|力|noun|strength or energy exerted or brought to bear	will|意志|noun|the faculty by which a person decides on and initiates action	preservation|保存|noun|the act of keeping something in its original state
This particular existence implies assemblies, councils, power of deliberation and decision, rights, titles, and privileges belonging exclusively to the prince and making the office of magistrate more honourable in proportion as it is more troublesome.	この特定の存在は、集会、評議会、審議と決定の権限、君主だけに属する権利、称号、特権を意味し、より面倒なほど行政官の職をより名誉あるものにする。	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	existence|存在|noun|the fact or state of existing	imply|意味する|verb|indicate or suggest without being explicitly stated	assembly|集会|noun|a group of people gathered together in one place for a particular purpose	council|評議会|noun|an assembly of people formally constituted and meeting regularly	power|権限|noun|the ability or capacity to perform or act	deliberation|審議|noun|careful consideration before decision	decision|決定|noun|a conclusion or resolution reached after consideration	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	title|称号|noun|a name that describes someone's position or job	privilege|特権|noun|a special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to a particular person or group of people	belong|属する|verb|be a member of or be connected with	exclusively|だけ|adverb|to the exclusion of others; only	prince|君主|noun|a male member of a royal family other than the king	magistrate|行政官|noun|a civil officer or lay judge who administers the law	office|職|noun|a room or set of rooms or a building where people work, usually sitting at desks	honourable|名誉ある|adjective|worthy of honour or respect	proportion|ほど|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	troublesome|面倒な|adjective|causing difficulty or problems
The difficulties lie in the manner of so ordering this subordinate whole within the whole, that it in no way alters the general constitution by affirmation of its own, and always distinguishes the particular force it possesses, which is destined to aid in its preservation, from the public force, which is destined to the preservation of the State;	困難なのは、この従属的な全体を全体の中で秩序立てる方法にあり、それは決してそれ自身の肯定によって一般的な憲法を変えることはなく、常にそれが所有する特定の力を区別し、それはその保存を助ける運命にあり、国家の保存を運命づけられた公的な力から区別される。	difficulty|困難|noun|a thing that is hard to do or understand	lie|ある|verb|be in a specified state or condition	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	order|秩序立てる|verb|arrange in a systematic way	subordinate|従属的な|adjective|lower in rank or position	whole|全体|noun|all of something	in no way|決して〜ない|adverb|not at all; absolutely not	alter|変える|verb|make or become different	general|一般的な|adjective|affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things	constitution|憲法|noun|a body of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or other organization is acknowledged to be governed	affirmation|肯定|noun|the action or process of affirming something	distinguish|区別する|verb|recognize or treat as different	particular|特定の|adjective|used to refer to a specific person, thing, or situation that is being discussed	force|力|noun|strength or energy as an attribute of physical action or movement	possess|所有する|verb|have as belonging to one; own	destined|運命づけられた|adjective|(of a person or thing) intended or likely to have a particular fate	preservation|保存|noun|the action of preserving something	state|国家|noun|a nation or its territory
and, in a word, is always ready to sacrifice the government to the people, and never to sacrifice the people to the government.	そして、一言で言えば、常に政府を国民のために犠牲にする準備ができており、国民を政府のために犠牲にすることは決してない。	in a word|一言で言えば|adverb|briefly	sacrifice|犠牲にする|verb|give up something important for the sake of achieving something else	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	people|国民|noun|the inhabitants of a country or area	never|決してない|adverb|not ever; on no occasion; at no time

Furthermore, although the artificial body of the government is the work of another artificial body, and has, we may say, only a borrowed and subordinate life, this does not prevent it from being able to act with more or less vigour or promptitude, or from being, so to speak, in more or less robust health.	さらに、政府という人工的な組織は別の人工的な組織の働きであり、借り物で従属的な生活しかしていないと言えるが、だからといって、多かれ少なかれ活力や機敏さを持って行動したり、いわば多かれ少なかれ頑健な健康状態にあることを妨げるわけではない。	furthermore|さらに|adverb|in addition; moreover	artificial|人工的な|adjective|made or produced by human beings rather than occurring naturally	body|組織|noun|a group of people with a particular purpose	work|働き|noun|the effort exerted to do or accomplish something	borrow|借り物|verb|take and use something temporarily with the intention of returning it	subordinate|従属的な|adjective|lower in rank or position	life|生活|noun|the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death	prevent|妨げる|verb|keep or stop from happening	more or less|多かれ少なかれ|adverb|to some extent; in some degree	vigour|活力|noun|physical or mental strength or energy	promptitude|機敏さ|noun|the quality of being quick and decisive in action	speak|いわば|verb|say words out loud	robust|頑健な|adjective|strong and healthy
Finally, without departing directly from the end for which it was instituted, it may deviate more or less from it, according to the manner of its constitution.	最後に、それが制定された目的から直接逸れることなく、その憲法のあり方に応じて、多かれ少なかれ逸れる可能性がある。	finally|最後に|adverb|after all others; at the end	depart|逸れる|verb|go away from a place	directly|直接|adverb|without changing direction or stopping	end|目的|noun|the final part of something	institute|制定する|verb|establish or introduce	manner|あり方|noun|a way of doing something	constitution|憲法|noun|the system of fundamental laws and principles that govern a state or country

From all these differences arise the various relations which the government ought to bear to the body of the State, according to the accidental and particular relations by which the State itself is modified, for often the government that is best in itself will become the most pernicious, if the relations in which it stands have altered according to the defects of the body politic to which it belongs.	これらすべての違いから、国家そのものが修正される偶然的で特殊な関係に応じて、政府が国家の体に対して負うべき様々な関係が生じる。なぜなら、政府が属する政治体制の欠陥に応じて、政府が立っている関係が変化した場合、それ自体が最良の政府が最も有害なものになることが多いからである。	arise|生じる|verb|come into existence or prominence	ought to|負うべきである|auxiliary verb|should	bear|負う|verb|carry or support	body|体|noun|the physical structure, including the bones, flesh and organs, of a person or an animal	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	accidental|偶然的|adjective|happening by chance or accident	particular|特殊な|adjective|relating to a particular person, thing, or situation	relation|関係|noun|the state of being connected or related	modify|修正される|verb|make partial or minor changes to	often|しばしば|adverb|frequently; many times	best|最良|adjective|of the most excellent or desirable type or quality	pernicious|有害な|adjective|causing great or serious harm	stand|立っている|verb|be in a specified state or condition	alter|変化する|verb|change in character, appearance, or condition	defect|欠陥|noun|a lack of something or a fault in something	belong|属する|verb|be a member of or be connected with


## CHAPTER II: THE CONSTITUENT PRINCIPLE IN THE VARIOUS FORMS OF GOVERNMENT	第2章: 様々な統治形態における構成原理	chapter|章|noun|a main division of a book	government|統治|noun|the action or manner of governing	form|形態|noun|the shape of something

To set forth the general cause of the above differences, we must here distinguish between government and its principle, as we did before between the State and the Sovereign.	上記の違いの一般的な原因を説明するためには、ここでは、これまで国家と主権者を区別したのと同様に、政府とその原理を区別しなければならない。	set forth|説明する|verb|to state or explain something	general cause|一般的な原因|noun|the cause that is most common or most likely	above difference|上記の違い|noun|the difference that is mentioned above	distinguish|区別する|verb|to recognize or treat as different	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	principle|原理|noun|a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior or for a chain of reasoning	State|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	Sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler

The body of the magistrate may be composed of a greater or a less number of members.	行政官の集団は、多かれ少なかれ多くのメンバーで構成される。	body|集団|noun|a group of people	magistrate|行政官|noun|a civil officer or lay judge who administers the law	be composed of|構成される|verb|be made up of	greater|より多い|adjective|larger in size or amount	less|より少ない|adjective|smaller in size or amount	number|数|noun|a quantity that can be counted
We said that the relation of the Sovereign to the subjects was greater in proportion as the people was more numerous, and, by a clear analogy, we may say the same of the relation of the government to the magistrates.	主権者と臣下の関係は、人民の数が多いほど比例して大きくなると述べたが、明確な類推によって、政府と行政官の関係についても同じことが言える。	relation|関係|noun|the state of being connected or related	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	subject|臣下|noun|a person who owes allegiance to a monarch or other ruler	people|人民|noun|the inhabitants of a country or area	numerous|多い|adjective|consisting of a great number	analogy|類推|noun|a comparison between two things that are similar in some way	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	magistrate|行政官|noun|a civil officer or lay judge who administers the law

But the total force of the government, being always that of the State, is invariable;	しかし、政府の総力は常に国家の力であり、不変である。	total|総|adjective|complete; entire	force|力|noun|strength or energy exerted or brought to bear	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	State|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	invariable|不変|adjective|not subject to variation or change
so that, the more of this force it expends on its own members, the less it has left to employ on the whole people.	そのため、この力を自らの構成員に費やすほど、国民全体に費やす力が減ってしまう。	so that|そのため|conjunction|with the result that	the more|より|determiner|a greater or higher amount or degree	this|この|determiner|the person or thing that is close to you or that you are thinking about	force|力|noun|strength or energy as an attribute of physical action or movement	it|それ|pronoun|the thing that has just been mentioned	expend|費やす|verb|spend or use up	on|に|preposition|used to indicate the place or time of an action	its|その|determiner|belonging to or connected with a person or thing previously mentioned	own|自身の|adjective|belonging to (the person or thing mentioned)	member|構成員|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization	the less|より少なく|determiner|a smaller amount or degree	it|それ|pronoun|the thing that has just been mentioned	has|持っている|verb|possess, own, or hold	left|残す|verb|go away from a place	to|に|preposition|used to indicate the place or time of an action	employ|費やす|verb|use or engage the services of (someone) in return for payment	on|に|preposition|used to indicate the place or time of an action	the whole|全体|determiner|all of something	people|国民|noun|the inhabitants of a country or area

The more numerous the magistrates, therefore, the weaker the government.	したがって、行政官の数が多ければ多いほど、政府は弱くなる。	the more|より|adjective|a greater or higher number	numerous|多い|adjective|consisting of a great number	magistrate|行政官|noun|a civil officer or lay judge who administers the law	the weaker|より弱い|adjective|a lesser or lower number	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it
This principle being fundamental, we must do our best to make it clear.	この原理は根本的なものなので、それを明確にするために最善を尽くさなければならない。	principle|原理|noun|a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior or for a chain of reasoning	fundamental|根本的|adjective|serving as an essential component	do one's best|最善を尽くす|verb|make the greatest effort possible	make clear|明確にする|verb|make easy to understand

In the person of the magistrate we can distinguish three essentially different wills: first, the private will of the individual, tending only to his personal advantage;	行政官の人物像には、本質的に異なる三つの意志を区別することができる。第一に、個人の私的な意志であり、それは個人の利益のみを追求する。	person|人物像|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	magistrate|行政官|noun|a civil officer or lay judge who administers the law	distinguish|区別する|verb|recognize as different	three|三つ|numeral|the number 3	essentially|本質的に|adverb|in or relating to the essential nature of something	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	first|第一に|adverb|before all others in time or order	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinguished from a group	private|私的な|adjective|belonging to or for the use of one particular person or group of people only	will|意志|noun|the faculty by which a person decides on and initiates action	tend|追求する|verb|regularly or frequently behave in a particular manner	personal|個人の|adjective|belonging to or connected with a particular person	advantage|利益|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favourable or superior position
secondly, the common will of the magistrates, which is relative solely to the advantage of the prince, and may be called corporate will, being general in relation to the government, and particular in relation to the State, of which the government forms part;	第二に、行政官の共通の意志であり、それは専ら君主の利益に関係するものであり、政府との関係では一般的であり、政府がその一部を形成する国家との関係では特殊であるため、団体意志と呼ぶことができる。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	common will|共通の意志|noun|the will of the majority	magistrate|行政官|noun|a civil officer or lay judge who administers the law	relative|関係する|adjective|connected with or belonging to a person by blood or marriage	solely|専ら|adverb|only	advantage|利益|noun|a benefit or gain	prince|君主|noun|a male member of a royal family other than the king	corporate will|団体意志|noun|the will of a group of people	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory
and, in the third place, the will of the people or the sovereign will, which is general both in relation to the State regarded as the whole, and to the government regarded as a part of the whole.	そして第三に、人民の意志、または主権者の意志であり、それは全体と見なされる国家との関係においても、全体の一部と見なされる政府との関係においても一般的である。	in the third place|第三に|adverb|thirdly	will|意志|noun|the faculty of conscious and especially of deliberate action	people|人民|noun|the inhabitants of a country or area	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	general|一般的|adjective|affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things; widespread	State|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	whole|全体|noun|all of something	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it

In a perfect act of legislation, the individual or particular will should be at zero;	完全な立法行為においては、個人または特定の意志はゼロでなければならない。	act|行為|noun|something that is done	legislation|立法|noun|the process of making laws	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinguished from a group	particular|特定|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	will|意志|noun|the faculty of conscious and especially of deliberate action	zero|ゼロ|noun|the numerical symbol 0
the corporate will belonging to the government should occupy a very subordinate position;	政府に属する団体意志は、非常に従属的な位置を占めるべきである。	corporate will|団体意志|noun|the will of a group of people	belong to|属する|verb|be a member of	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	occupy|占める|verb|take up a certain amount of space, time, or resources	subordinate|従属的な|adjective|lower in rank or position
and, consequently, the general or sovereign will should always predominate and should be the sole guide of all the rest.	そして、結果として、一般意志または主権者の意志が常に優勢であり、他のすべての唯一の指針となるべきである。	general|一般|adjective|involving or affecting all or most people, places, or things	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler, especially a monarch	will|意志|noun|the faculty by which a person decides on and initiates action	predominate|優勢である|verb|be greater in number or amount	sole|唯一の|adjective|one and only	guide|指針|noun|a person who shows the way to others, especially one employed to show tourists around a place

According to the natural order, on the other hand, these different wills become more active in proportion as they are concentrated.	一方、自然の秩序によると、これらの異なる意志は集中するにつれてより活発になる。	according to|によると|preposition|as stated or reported by	natural order|自然の秩序|noun|the natural arrangement of things	on the other hand|一方|adverb|from another point of view	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	will|意志|noun|the faculty of conscious and especially of deliberate action	become|なる|verb|come to be	active|活発|adjective|characterized by energetic action or movement	proportion|つれて|noun|a relationship of size or quantity between two or more things
Thus, the general will is always the weakest, the corporate will second, and the individual will strongest of all:	このように、一般意志は常に最も弱く、団体意志は二番目であり、個人意志はすべての中で最も強い。	general will|一般意志|noun|the will of the people as a whole	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	weakest|最も弱い|adjective|lacking the power to perform; lacking in physical or mental strength	corporate will|団体意志|noun|the will of a group of people	second|二番目|adjective|coming after the first in position	individual will|個人意志|noun|the will of a single person	strongest|最も強い|adjective|having the greatest power or force
so that, in the government, each member is first of all himself, then a magistrate, and then a citizen —in an order exactly the reverse of what the social system requires.	そのため、政府では、各メンバーはまず自分自身であり、次に行政官であり、次に市民である。これは、社会システムが必要とする順序とは正反対である。	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	member|メンバー|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization	first|最初|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest	himself|自分自身|pronoun|that male person or animal	magistrate|行政官|noun|a civil officer or lay judge who administers the law	citizen|市民|noun|an inhabitant of a city or town; especially : one entitled to the rights and privileges of a freeman	order|順序|noun|the arrangement or disposition of people or things in relation to each other according to a particular sequence, pattern, or method	social system|社会システム|noun|a system of social organization	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose

This granted, if the whole government is in the hands of one man, the particular and the corporate will are wholly united, and consequently the latter is at its highest possible degree of intensity.	これを認めると、政府全体が一人の人間の手に委ねられている場合、個別意志と団体意志は完全に一致しており、その結果、後者は可能な限り最高の強度になる。	grant|認める|verb|to agree to give or allow something	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	hand|手|noun|an organ in the human body	particular|個別|adjective|relating to a single person, thing, or instance	corporate|団体|adjective|relating to a corporation	will|意志|noun|the faculty by which a person decides on and initiates action	wholly|完全に|adverb|completely	united|一致する|adjective|joined or connected together	consequently|結果として|adverb|as a result	latter|後者|adjective|the second of two things mentioned	highest|最高|adjective|of the greatest vertical extent	degree|程度|noun|the amount, level, or extent to which something happens or is present	intensity|強度|noun|the quality of being intense
But, as the use to which the force is put depends on the degree reached by the will, and as the absolute force of the government is invariable, it follows that the most active government is that of one man.	しかし、力の行使は意志の程度に依存し、政府の絶対的な力は不変であるため、最も活動的な政府は一人の人間の政府であるということになる。	put|行使|verb|use	depend on|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by	degree|程度|noun|the amount, level, or extent to which something happens or is present	will|意志|noun|the faculty by which a person decides on and initiates action	absolute|絶対的な|adjective|not qualified or diminished in any way; total	force|力|noun|strength or energy exerted or brought to bear	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	invariable|不変の|adjective|not subject to variation or change	active|活動的な|adjective|characterized by energetic action or movement	one|一人の|adjective|the lowest cardinal number; half of two	man|人間|noun|an adult male human being

Suppose, on the other hand, we unite the government with the legislative authority, and make the Sovereign prince also, and all the citizens so many magistrates: then the corporate will, being confounded with the general will, can possess no greater activity than that will, and must leave the particular will as strong as it can possibly be.	一方、政府を立法権と結びつけ、主権者を君主とし、すべての市民を行政官とすると、団体意志は一般意志と混同され、それ以上の活動力を持つことはできず、個別意志を可能な限り強く残さなければならない。	suppose|仮定する|verb|assume that something is the case on the basis of evidence or probability but without proof or certain knowledge	on the other hand|一方|adverb|from another point of view	unite|結びつける|verb|join or combine	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	legislative authority|立法権|noun|the power to make laws	make|する|verb|cause to be or become	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	prince|君主|noun|a male member of a royal family other than the king	citizen|市民|noun|an inhabitant of a city or town; especially : one entitled to the rights and privileges of a freeman	magistrate|行政官|noun|a civil officer or lay judge who administers the law	corporate will|団体意志|noun|the will of a group of people	general will|一般意志|noun|the will of the people as a whole	possess|持つ|verb|have as belonging to oneself or oneself as a part	activity|活動力|noun|the quality or state of being active	leave|残す|verb|go away from	particular will|個別意志|noun|the will of an individual	strong|強い|adjective|having great power or force
Thus, the government, having always the same absolute force, will be at the lowest point of its relative force or activity.	このように、政府は常に同じ絶対的な力を持つため、相対的な力や活動の最も低い点にあることになる。	thus|このように|adverb|in this way; like this	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	same|同じ|adjective|not different or other	absolute|絶対的な|adjective|not qualified or diminished in any way; total	force|力|noun|strength or energy exerted or brought to bear	lowest|最も低い|adjective|of the least height	point|点|noun|a particular place, especially one with an established purpose

These relations are incontestable, and there are other considerations which still further confirm them.	これらの関係は議論の余地がなく、さらにそれを裏付ける他の考慮事項がある。	relation|関係|noun|the state of being connected or related	incontestable|議論の余地がない|adjective|not open to question or dispute	consideration|考慮事項|noun|something that is taken into account when making a decision	confirm|裏付ける|verb|establish the truth or correctness of
We can see, for instance, that each magistrate is more active in the body to which he belongs than each citizen in that to which he belongs, and that consequently the particular will has much more influence on the acts of the government than on those of the Sovereign; for each magistrate is almost always charged with some governmental function, while each citizen, taken singly, exercises no function of Sovereignty.	例えば、各行政官は、各市民が属する団体よりも、自分が属する団体においてより活動的であり、その結果、個別意志は、主権者の行為よりも政府の行為に対してより大きな影響力を持つことがわかる。なぜなら、各行政官はほとんど常に何らかの政府の機能を担っているが、各市民は単独では主権の機能を行使していないからである。	for instance|例えば|adverb|as an example	magistrate|行政官|noun|a civil officer or lay judge who administers the law	citizen|市民|noun|a person who lives in a particular town or city	body|団体|noun|a group of people with a particular purpose	belong|属する|verb|be a member of	active|活動的|adjective|doing or involving a lot of things	consequently|結果として|adverb|as a result	particular|個別|adjective|specific	will|意志|noun|the ability to choose your own actions	influence|影響力|noun|the capacity to have an effect on the character, development, or behavior of someone or something, or the effect itself	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	function|機能|noun|the special activity for which a person, organ, or thing is fitted or employed	exercise|行使する|verb|use or apply	singly|単独で|adverb|alone
Furthermore, the bigger the State grows, the more its real force increases, though not in direct proportion to its growth;	さらに、国家が大きくなればなるほど、その成長に正比例するわけではないが、その実質的な力は増大する。	Furthermore|さらに|adverb|in addition; moreover	the bigger|大きくなればなるほど|adjective|of great size or extent	State|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	grows|成長する|verb|become larger or greater over a period of time	the more|増大する|adjective|a greater or additional amount or degree	real|実質的な|adjective|not imaginary; having objective existence	force|力|noun|strength or energy exerted or brought to bear	increases|増大する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree
but, the State remaining the same, the number of magistrates may increase to any extent, without the government gaining any greater real force;	しかし、国家が同じままであれば、行政官の数はいくら増えても、政府が実質的な力を増すことはない。	State|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	remain|同じままである|verb|stay in the same place or condition	magistrate|行政官|noun|a civil officer or lay judge who administers the law	increase|増える|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	extent|いくら|noun|the area covered by something	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	gain|増す|verb|obtain or win something
for its force is that of the State, the dimension of which remains equal.	なぜなら、その力は国家の力であり、その規模は同じままだからである。	for|なぜなら|conjunction|because	force|力|noun|strength or energy exerted or brought to bear	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	dimension|規模|noun|a measurable extent of some kind	remain|同じままである|verb|stay in the same place, condition, or position
Thus the relative force or activity of the government decreases, while its absolute or real force cannot increase.	このように、政府の相対的な力や活動は減少するが、絶対的または実質的な力は増加することができない。	thus|このように|adverb|in this way; like this	relative|相対的な|adjective|existing or having its effect only in relation to something else	force|力|noun|strength or energy as an attribute of physical action or movement	activity|活動|noun|the condition in which things are happening or being done	decrease|減少する|verb|become or make smaller or fewer	absolute|絶対的な|adjective|not qualified or diminished in any way; total	real|実質的な|adjective|not imaginary; having objective existence	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater or more

Moreover, it is a certainty that promptitude in execution diminishes as more people are put in charge of it:	さらに、執行に携わる人が増えれば増えるほど、執行の迅速性が低下することは確かである。	moreover|さらに|adverb|in addition to what has been said	promptitude|迅速性|noun|the quality of being prompt	execution|執行|noun|the carrying out of a sentence of death on a legally condemned person	diminish|低下する|verb|become or make smaller or less	certainty|確かである|noun|the quality of being certain or inevitable
where prudence is made too much of, not enough is made of fortune;	慎重さを重視しすぎると、運を軽視することになる。	prudence|慎重さ|noun|the quality of being careful and not taking risks	make too much of|重視しすぎる|verb|to give too much importance to	not enough|軽視する|adjective|not sufficient	fortune|運|noun|chance or luck as an external, arbitrary force affecting human affairs
opportunity is let slip, and deliberation results in the loss of its object.	機会を逃し、熟考の結果、目的を失うことになる。	opportunity|機会|noun|a time or set of circumstances that makes it possible to do something	let slip|逃す|verb|fail to take advantage of	deliberation|熟考|noun|careful consideration of all the facts and arguments involved in a situation	result in|～になる|verb|have a particular outcome	loss|喪失|noun|the fact or process of losing something	object|目的|noun|the purpose or aim of an action

I have just proved that the government grows remiss in proportion as the number of the magistrates increases;	行政官の数が増えれば増えるほど、政府が怠慢になることを証明した。	grow remiss|怠慢になる|verb|become careless or negligent	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	number|数|noun|a quantity that is one or more than one	increase|増える|verb|become or make greater or more
and I previously proved that, the more numerous the people, the greater should be the repressive force.	そして、私は以前に、人民の数が増えれば増えるほど、抑圧的な力も大きくなることを証明した。	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	previously|以前に|adverb|earlier; before	prove|証明する|verb|to show that something is true or correct	the more|増えれば増えるほど|determiner|used to refer to an amount or quantity that increases	people|人民|noun|the citizens of a country	the greater|大きくなること|determiner|used to refer to an amount or quantity that increases	force|力|noun|strength or energy as an attribute of physical action or movement
From this it follows that the relation of the magistrates to the government should vary inversely to the relation of the subjects to the Sovereign;	このことから、行政官と政府の関係は、臣民と主権者との関係に反比例することになる。	magistrate|行政官|noun|a civil officer or lay judge who administers the law	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	vary inversely|反比例する|verb|be related in such a way that one quantity increases in inverse proportion to the other	subject|臣民|noun|a person who owes allegiance to a monarch or other sovereign	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler
that is to say, the larger the State, the more should the government be tightened, so that the number of the rulers diminish in proportion to the increase of that of the people.	つまり、国家が大きければ大きいほど、政府はより厳しく統制されるべきであり、人民の数の増加に比例して統治者の数は減少することになる。	that is to say|つまり|adverb|in other words	the larger|大きいほど|adjective|of greater size or extent	the State|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	the more|より|adverb|to a greater extent	should|べき|auxiliary verb|used to express obligation, duty, or correctness	be tightened|厳しく統制される|verb|to be made more strict or severe	the government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	the number|数|noun|the total amount or quantity	the rulers|統治者|noun|a person exercising government or dominion	diminish|減少する|verb|to make or become smaller or less	in proportion to|に比例して|adverb|in a manner that is directly related to something else	the increase|増加|noun|the action of increasing something	the people|人民|noun|the citizens of a country

It should be added that I am here speaking of the relative strength of the government, and not of its rectitude: for, on the other hand, the more numerous the magistracy, the nearer the corporate will comes to the general will;	付け加えると、私はここで政府の相対的な強さについて話しているのであって、その正しさについて話しているわけではない。一方で、行政官の数が増えれば増えるほど、団体意志は一般意志に近づく。	add|付け加える|verb|say something further	strength|強さ|noun|the quality or state of being physically strong	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	rectitude|正しさ|noun|morally correct behavior or thinking	magistracy|行政官|noun|the office or function of a magistrate	corporate will|団体意志|noun|the will of a group of people	general will|一般意志|noun|the will of the majority of the people
while, under a single magistrate, the corporate will is, as I said, merely a particular will.	一方、単独の行政官の下では、団体意志は、私が言ったように、単なる個別意志である。	under|下で|preposition|below or beneath	single|単独の|adjective|only one	magistrate|行政官|noun|a civil officer or lay judge who administers the law	corporate|団体|adjective|of or belonging to a corporation	will|意志|noun|the faculty of conscious and especially of deliberate action	as I said|私が言ったように|phrase|as I have already said	merely|単なる|adverb|only; no more than	particular|個別|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or instance
Thus, what may be gained on one side is lost on the other, and the art of the legislator is to know how to fix the point at which the force and the will of the government, which are always in inverse proportion, meet in the relation that is most to the advantage of the State.	このように、一方で得られるものは他方で失われ、立法者の技は、常に反比例する政府の力と意志が、国家にとって最も有利な関係で出会う点をいかに定めるかを知ることにある。	one side|一方|noun|one of two or more parts or aspects of something	the other|他方|noun|the remaining one of two or more parts or aspects of something	legislator|立法者|noun|a person who makes laws	art|技|noun|the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination	fix|定める|verb|to make or become firm, stable, or stationary	point|点|noun|a particular place, especially one with an established purpose	force|力|noun|strength or energy exerted or brought to bear	will|意志|noun|the faculty by which a person decides on and initiates action	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	inverse proportion|反比例|noun|a relationship between two quantities such that one increases in direct proportion as the other decreases	meet|出会う|verb|come into the presence of	relation|関係|noun|the state of being connected or related	advantage|有利|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favourable or superior position


## CHAPTER III: THE DIVISION OF GOVERNMENTS	第3章: 政府の分類	chapter|章|noun|a main division of a book	division|分類|noun|the action of separating something into parts, or the state of being divided	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it

We saw in the last chapter what causes the various kinds or forms of government to be distinguished according to the number of the members composing them: it remains in this to discover how the division is made.	前章では、政府を構成するメンバーの数に応じて、さまざまな種類や形態の政府が区別される原因を見た。この章では、どのように分類されるかを見ていく。	see|見る|verb|perceive with the eyes	last chapter|前章|noun|the chapter immediately preceding the current one	cause|原因|noun|something that produces an effect	various|さまざまな|adjective|different from one another	kind|種類|noun|a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic	form|形態|noun|the shape and structure of something	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	distinguish|区別する|verb|recognize or treat as different	number|数|noun|a mathematical object used to count, measure, and label	member|メンバー|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization	compose|構成する|verb|make up	remain|残る|verb|be left after others have gone	discover|見ていく|verb|find out or notice	division|分類|noun|the action of separating something into parts

In the first place, the Sovereign may commit the charge of the government to the whole people or to the majority of the people, so that more citizens are magistrates than are mere private individuals.	まず、主権者は政府の責任を国民全体または国民の過半数に委ねることができるので、単なる私人よりも多くの市民が行政官となる。	in the first place|まず|adverb|first of all; before anything else	commit|委ねる|verb|do or perform	charge|責任|noun|the duty or task assigned to a person or group	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	whole|全体|adjective|all of; the entire	majority|過半数|noun|the greater part or number; more than half	citizen|市民|noun|an inhabitant of a city or town; a person who lives in a particular town or city	magistrate|行政官|noun|a civil officer or lay judge who administers the law	private individual|私人|noun|a person who is not in the military or a public official
This form of government is called democracy.	この形態の政府は民主主義と呼ばれる。	form|形態|noun|the shape of something	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	call|呼ぶ|verb|give a name to	democracy|民主主義|noun|a system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state

Or it may restrict the government to a small number;	あるいは、政府を少数の者に限定するかもしれない。	restrict|限定する|verb|limit or confine	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	small number|少数|noun|a small quantity or amount
so that there are more private citizens than magistrates;	そのため、行政官よりも私人の方が多くなる。	so that|そのため|conjunction|with the result that	private citizen|私人|noun|a person who is not a public official	magistrate|行政官|noun|a civil officer or lay judge who administers the law
and this is named aristocracy.	そして、これは貴族制と呼ばれる。	and|そして|conjunction|in addition to; also; too	this|これ|pronoun|the thing that is close to you or that you are pointing at	be named|と呼ばれる|verb|be called	aristocracy|貴族制|noun|a government in which power is held by the nobility

Lastly, it may concentrate the whole government in the hands of a single magistrate from whom all others hold their power.	最後に、政府全体を単一の行政官の手に集中させ、他のすべての行政官がその権力を握ることもある。	lastly|最後に|adverb|finally; in conclusion	concentrate|集中させる|verb|direct one's attention on something	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	single|単一の|adjective|only one; not one of several	magistrate|行政官|noun|a civil officer or lay judge who administers the law	hand|手|noun|an organ at the end of the arm	other|他の|adjective|the remaining one or ones of a number of things	hold|握る|verb|keep or maintain in a certain state, position, or course
This third form is the most usual, and is called monarchy, or royal government.	この三番目の形態が最も一般的で、君主制、または王政と呼ばれる。	third|三番目|adjective|coming after two others in a series	usual|一般的|adjective|happening or done often or regularly	monarchy|君主制|noun|a political system in which a country is ruled by a king or queen	royal|王政|adjective|of or relating to a king or queen or a member of their family

It should be remarked that all these forms, or at least the first two, admit of degree, and even of very wide differences;	これらのすべての形態、または少なくとも最初の二つは、程度の差があり、非常に大きな違いがあることに注意すべきである。	all|すべての|adjective|the whole amount of	these|これらの|adjective|the ones being discussed	form|形態|noun|the shape of something	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	two|二つ|noun|the number 2	admit|認める|verb|to recognize the existence or truth of	degree|程度|noun|the amount, level, or extent to which something happens or is present	even|非常に|adverb|to a very great extent	wide|大きな|adjective|having a large distance from one side to the other
for democracy may include the whole people, or may be restricted to half.	民主主義は国民全体を含むこともあれば、半分に制限されることもある。	democracy|民主主義|noun|a system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state	include|含む|verb|comprise or contain as a part	whole|全体|adjective|all of; the entire	people|国民|noun|the inhabitants of a country or area	restrict|制限する|verb|limit or confine	half|半分|noun|one of two equal parts into which something is or can be divided
Aristocracy, in its turn, may be restricted indefinitely from half the people down to the smallest possible number.	貴族制は、国民の半分から可能な限り最小の数まで無期限に制限される可能性がある。	aristocracy|貴族制|noun|a system of government in which power is held by the nobility	in turn|順番に|adverb|one after the other	be restricted|制限される|verb|be limited	indefinitely|無期限に|adverb|for an unlimited or unspecified period of time	half|半分|noun|one of two equal parts into which something is or can be divided	people|国民|noun|the citizens of a country	down to|まで|preposition|all the way to	smallest|最小|adjective|of the least size or extent	number|数|noun|a mathematical object used to count, measure, and label
Even royalty is susceptible of a measure of distribution.	王政でさえ、ある程度の分布の影響を受けやすい。	royalty|王政|noun|the system of government in which a country is ruled by a king or queen	susceptible|影響を受けやすい|adjective|likely to be influenced or affected by something	measure|程度|noun|the extent, size, or amount of something	distribution|分布|noun|the action of sharing something out among a number of recipients
Sparta always had two kings, as its constitution provided;	スパルタは、その憲法が定めているように、常に二人の王がいた。	Sparta|スパルタ|noun|a city-state in ancient Greece	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	two|二人|numeral|one more than one	king|王|noun|the male ruler of a country	constitution|憲法|noun|the basic law of a country or state
and the Roman Empire saw as many as eight emperors at once, without it being possible to say that the Empire was split up.	ローマ帝国は、帝国が分裂したとは言えないものの、一度に八人もの皇帝を見た。	Roman Empire|ローマ帝国|noun|the ancient Roman state	see|見る|verb|perceive with the eyes	as many as|八人もの|adverb|as much as	emperor|皇帝|noun|the sovereign ruler of an empire	at once|一度に|adverb|immediately; without delay	without|とは言えないものの|conjunction|not having or not doing something	being possible|可能である|verb|be able to be done	say|言う|verb|express (something) in words	empire|帝国|noun|a group of countries or states under the control of one ruler, government, or emperor
Thus there is a point at which each form of government passes into the next, and it becomes clear that, under three comprehensive denominations, government is really susceptible of as many diverse forms as the State has citizens.	このように、それぞれの政体が次の政体に移行するポイントがあり、三つの包括的な名称の下で、政体は実際には国家が市民を持つのと同じくらい多くの多様な形態の影響を受けやすいことが明らかになる。	point|ポイント|noun|a particular place, especially one with an established purpose	pass|移行する|verb|move on to the next stage	three|三つ|noun|the number 3	comprehensive|包括的な|adjective|complete; including everything	denomination|名称|noun|a name or descriptive phrase	susceptible|影響を受けやすい|adjective|likely to be influenced or affected	form|形態|noun|the shape of something	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	citizen|市民|noun|an inhabitant of a city or town; especially one entitled to the rights and privileges of a freeman

There are even more: for, as the government may also, in certain aspects, be subdivided into other parts, one administered in one fashion and one in another, the combination of the three forms may result in a multitude of mixed forms, each of which admits of multiplication by all the simple forms.	さらに、政府は、ある側面では、ある部分は一つの方法で管理され、別の部分は別の方法で管理されるように、他の部分に細分化される可能性があるため、三つの形式の組み合わせは、それぞれがすべての単純な形式で乗算を認める多数の混合形式をもたらす可能性がある。	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	aspect|側面|noun|a particular part or feature of something	subdivide|細分化する|verb|divide into smaller parts	part|部分|noun|something that is less than the whole	fashion|方法|noun|a manner of doing something	combination|組み合わせ|noun|the result of combining two or more things	multitude|多数|noun|a large number of people or things	mixed|混合|adjective|made up of different things	form|形式|noun|the way that something is done or organized	admit|認める|verb|to agree that something is true	multiplication|乗算|noun|the mathematical operation of combining two numbers to produce a third	simple|単純|adjective|easy to understand or do

There has been at all times much dispute concerning the best form of government, without consideration of the fact that each is in some cases the best, and in others the worst.	それぞれの政体が、ある場合には最良であり、他の場合には最悪であるという事実を考慮せずに、最良の政体に関して常に多くの論争があった。	at all times|常に|adverb|on every occasion; always	much|多くの|adjective|great in quantity or degree	dispute|論争|noun|a disagreement between people or groups	best|最良|adjective|of the highest quality	form|形|noun|the shape of something	government|政体|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	consideration|考慮|noun|thinking about the possible effects of an action	fact|事実|noun|something that is known or proved to be true	each|それぞれの|adjective|every one of two or more people or things	case|場合|noun|an instance of something occurring	other|他の|adjective|used to refer to a different person or thing from the one already mentioned	worst|最悪|adjective|of the poorest quality

If, in the different States, the number of supreme magistrates should be in inverse ratio to the number of citizens, it follows that, generally, democratic government suits small States, aristocratic government those of middle size, and monarchy great ones.	異なる国家において、最高裁判官の数が市民の数に反比例するならば、一般的に、民主主義政府は小国に、貴族制政府は中規模の国に、君主制は大国に適しているということになる。	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	State|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	number|数|noun|a quantity of something	supreme|最高|adjective|highest in rank or authority	magistrate|裁判官|noun|a civil officer or lay judge who administers the law	citizen|市民|noun|an inhabitant of a city or town; especially : one entitled to the rights and privileges of a freeman	inverse ratio|反比例|noun|a relationship between two quantities such that one increases in value as the other decreases	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	democratic|民主主義の|adjective|of or relating to democracy	government|政府|noun|the body of persons that constitutes the governing authority of a state	suit|適している|verb|be right or appropriate for	small|小|adjective|of a size that is less than average or usual	aristocratic|貴族制の|adjective|of or relating to the aristocracy	middle|中規模|adjective|being of average or moderate size, amount, or rank	monarchy|君主制|noun|a political system in which a monarch rules	great|大|adjective|of an extent, amount, or intensity considerably above average
This rule is immediately deducible from the principle laid down.	この規則は、定められた原則からすぐに導き出される。	rule|規則|noun|a statement that tells you what is or is not allowed	immediately|すぐに|adverb|at once; without delay	deducible|導き出される|adjective|able to be deduced	principle|原則|noun|a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior or for a chain of reasoning
But it is impossible to count the innumerable circumstances which may furnish exceptions.	しかし、例外を提供する無数の状況を数えることは不可能である。	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	impossible|不可能|adjective|not possible; unable to be done	count|数える|verb|determine the total number of	innumerable|無数の|adjective|too many to be counted	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	furnish|提供する|verb|supply or provide	exception|例外|noun|a person or thing that is excluded from a general statement or rule


## CHAPTER IV: DEMOCRACY	第4章: 民主主義	chapter|章|noun|a main division of a book	democracy|民主主義|noun|a system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state

He who makes the law knows better than any one else how it should be executed and interpreted.	法律を作る者は、それがどのように執行され、解釈されるべきかを誰よりもよく知っている。	make|作る|verb|create or produce	law|法律|noun|a rule or set of rules made by the government	know|知る|verb|be aware of	better|よりよく|adverb|to a higher standard or more effectively	anyone|誰も|pronoun|any person	else|ほかに|adverb|in addition; besides	how|どのように|adverb|in what way or manner	execute|執行する|verb|carry out or put into effect	interpret|解釈する|verb|explain the meaning of
It seems then impossible to have a better constitution than that in which the executive and legislative powers are united;	すると、執行権と立法権が合体している憲法よりも良い憲法を持つことは不可能であるように思われる。	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be	impossible|不可能|adjective|not possible	have|持つ|verb|possess	constitution|憲法|noun|the system of fundamental principles according to which a state or other organization is governed	executive|執行権|noun|the power to put plans, actions, or laws into effect	legislative|立法権|noun|the power to make laws	power|権力|noun|the ability to do or act	unite|合体する|verb|join together
but this very fact renders the government in certain respects inadequate, because things which should be distinguished are confounded, and the prince and the Sovereign, being the same person, form, so to speak, no more than a government without government.	しかし、この事実そのものが、ある点で政府を不十分なものにしている。なぜなら、区別されるべきものが混同され、君主と主権者が同一人物であるため、いわば政府のない政府にすぎないからである。	fact|事実|noun|something that is known or proved to be true	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	certain|ある|adjective|having a specific but not explicitly stated value	respect|点|noun|a particular aspect or point	inadequate|不十分|adjective|lacking the quality or quantity required; insufficient	distinguish|区別する|verb|recognize or treat as different	confound|混同する|verb|cause to become mixed up or confused	prince|君主|noun|a male member of a royal family other than the king	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	same|同一|adjective|being the same one or ones	form|形|noun|the visible shape or configuration of something	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it

It is not good for him who makes the laws to execute them, or for the body of the people to turn its attention away from a general standpoint and devote it to particular objects.	法律を作る者がそれを執行したり、人民全体が一般的な観点から注意をそらして特定の対象に専念したりすることは好ましくない。	make|作る|verb|create or produce	law|法律|noun|a rule or set of rules made by the government of a country	execute|執行する|verb|carry out or put into effect	people|人民|noun|the inhabitants of a country or area	turn|そらす|verb|change direction	attention|注意|noun|the mental faculty or power of applying the mind to something	general|一般的な|adjective|affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things	standpoint|観点|noun|a position from which something is viewed or considered	devote|専念する|verb|give all of one's time or energy to	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group
Nothing is more dangerous than the influence of private interests in public affairs, and the abuse of the laws by the government is a less evil than the corruption of the legislator, which is the inevitable sequel to a particular standpoint.	公務における私利の影響ほど危険なものはなく、政府による法律の濫用は、特定の立場から必然的に生じる立法者の腐敗よりも害が少ない。	influence|影響|noun|the capacity to have an effect on the character, development, or behavior of someone or something, or the effect itself	private interest|私利|noun|the interest of an individual or group of individuals	public affair|公務|noun|the business of government	abuse|濫用|noun|the improper use of something	law|法律|noun|the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	legislator|立法者|noun|a person who makes laws	corruption|腐敗|noun|dishonest or fraudulent conduct by those in power, typically involving bribery	particular standpoint|特定の立場|noun|a specific point of view	inevitable|必然的|adjective|certain to happen; unavoidable	sequel|結果|noun|a published, broadcast, or recorded work that continues the story or develops the theme of an earlier one
In such a case, the State being altered in substance, all reformation becomes impossible.	そのような場合、国家は実質的に変更され、すべての改革は不可能になる。	in such a case|そのような場合|adverb|in that situation	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	be altered|変更される|verb|be changed	substance|実質|noun|the real or essential part of something	reformation|改革|noun|the act of reforming something	become|なる|verb|come to be
A people that would never misuse governmental powers would never misuse independence;	政府の権力を決して悪用しない国民は、独立を決して悪用しない。	misuse|悪用する|verb|use wrongly or improperly	governmental|政府の|adjective|of or relating to a government	power|権力|noun|the ability to do or act	independence|独立|noun|the state of being independent
a people that would always govern well would not need to be governed.	常にうまく統治する国民は、統治される必要がないだろう。	people|国民|noun|the inhabitants of a country or area	govern|統治する|verb|rule or control	well|うまく|adverb|in a good manner	need|必要|noun|a requirement for something

If we take the term in the strict sense, there never has been a real democracy, and there never will be.	厳密な意味でこの言葉をとれば、真の民主主義は存在したことがなく、また存在することもないだろう。	take|とる|verb|to get into one's possession, power, or control	term|言葉|noun|a word or phrase used to describe a thing or to express a concept, especially in a particular kind of language or branch of knowledge	strict|厳密な|adjective|in accordance with or involving the strictest rules or standards	sense|意味|noun|a meaning conveyed or intended	real|真の|adjective|not imitation or artificial; genuine	democracy|民主主義|noun|a system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state	never|決して|adverb|at no time in the past or future; on no occasion; not ever
It is against the natural order for the many to govern and the few to be governed.	多数が統治し、少数が統治されるのは自然の秩序に反している。	many|多数|noun|a large number of people or things	govern|統治する|verb|conduct the policy, actions, and affairs of a state, organization, or people	few|少数|noun|a small number of people or things	natural order|自然の秩序|noun|the natural arrangement of things in the universe
It is unimaginable that the people should remain continually assembled to devote their time to public affairs, and it is clear that they cannot set up commissions for that purpose without the form of administration being changed.	国民が公務に時間を割くために絶えず集まっていなければならないとは考えられないし、行政の形態を変えずにその目的のために委員会を設置することはできないことは明らかである。	devote|割く|verb|give all of one's time or energy to	public affairs|公務|noun|the business of government	remain|残る|verb|be left after others have gone	continually|絶えず|adverb|without stopping	assemble|集まる|verb|come together as a group	set up|設置する|verb|establish or start	commission|委員会|noun|a group of people officially charged with a particular function	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something	administration|行政|noun|the management of a business or organization	change|変える|verb|make or become different

In fact, I can confidently lay down as a principle that, when the functions of government are shared by several tribunals, the less numerous sooner or later acquire the greatest authority, if only because they are in a position to expedite affairs, and power thus naturally comes into their hands.	実際、私は自信を持って原則として、政府の機能が複数の裁判所によって共有されている場合、数が少ない方が遅かれ早かれ最大の権限を獲得する、なぜなら彼らは事態を迅速に処理する立場にあり、権力は自然に彼らの手に渡るからである。	in fact|実際|adverb|used to introduce a new statement that provides additional information about something that has been said previously	lay down|定める|verb|to establish or set forth	principle|原則|noun|a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior or for a chain of reasoning	function|機能|noun|the action for which a person or thing is specially fitted or used	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	share|共有する|verb|have or use something at the same time as someone else	tribunal|裁判所|noun|a court of justice	less|少ない|adjective|not as much or as many as usual or expected	sooner or later|遅かれ早かれ|adverb|eventually	acquire|獲得する|verb|to gain or obtain	authority|権限|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	expedite|迅速に処理する|verb|to make the progress of something happen more quickly	power|権力|noun|the ability or capacity to perform or act	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a natural manner	come into|渡る|verb|to pass into the possession or use of

Besides, how many conditions that are difficult to unite does such a government presuppose!	その上、そのような政府はどれほど多くの統一しにくい条件を前提としているだろうか!	besides|その上|adverb|in addition to; as well as	how many|どれほど多くの|determiner|what number of	condition|条件|noun|something that must happen or be done before another thing can happen or be done	difficult|難しい|adjective|not easy; requiring much effort	unite|統一する|verb|make or become one	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	presuppose|前提とする|verb|assume as a necessary condition
First, a very small State, where the people can readily be got together and where each citizen can with ease know all the rest;	第一に、国民がすぐに集まることができ、各市民が他のすべての市民を容易に知ることができる非常に小さな国家である。	first|第一に|adverb|before all others; first in time, order, or importance	very|非常に|adverb|to a high degree; extremely	small|小さな|adjective|of a size that is less than average or usual	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	people|国民|noun|the inhabitants of a country or area	readily|すぐに|adverb|without difficulty or hesitation	get together|集まる|verb|come together; meet	each|各|adjective|every one of two or more people or things	citizen|市民|noun|an inhabitant of a city or town; especially : one entitled to the rights and privileges of a freeman	rest|残り|noun|the remaining part of something
secondly, great simplicity of manners, to prevent business from multiplying and raising thorny problems;	第二に、仕事が増えて厄介な問題が起こらないように、マナーを非常に単純にすることである。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	great|非常に|adjective|of major significance or importance	simplicity|単純|noun|the quality or condition of being easy to understand or do	manners|マナー|noun|a way of behaving that is considered polite or correct	prevent|起こらないように|verb|keep from happening or arising	business|仕事|noun|a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade	multiply|増えて|verb|increase in number or quantity	thorny|厄介な|adjective|full of difficulties or problems	problem|問題|noun|a question raised for inquiry, consideration, or solution
next, a large measure of equality in rank and fortune, without which equality of rights and authority cannot long subsist;	次に、身分や財産の平等を大いに図ることであり、これがなければ権利や権限の平等は長く続かない。	next|次に|adverb|immediately after the time being considered	measure|図ること|noun|a plan or course of action taken to achieve a particular end	equality|平等|noun|the state of being equal	rank|身分|noun|a position in the hierarchy of a society	fortune|財産|noun|a large amount of money or property	without|なければ|preposition|not having or not accompanied by	equality|平等|noun|the state of being equal	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	authority|権限|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	long|長く|adverb|for a long time	subsist|続かない|verb|maintain or support oneself, especially at a minimal level
lastly, little or no luxury—for luxury either comes of riches or makes them necessary;	最後に、贅沢はほとんど、あるいは全くないことである。贅沢は富から生じるか、富を必要とするからである。	lastly|最後に|adverb|finally; in conclusion	little|ほとんどない|adjective|small in size, amount, or degree	no|全く|adverb|not at all; in no way	luxury|贅沢|noun|the state of great comfort and extravagant living	for|から|conjunction|because	either|どちらか|conjunction|one or the other of two things	comes|生じる|verb|move or travel toward or into a place thought of as near or familiar to the speaker	riches|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	makes|必要とする|verb|cause to be or become	necessary|必要|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite
it corrupts at once rich and poor, the rich by possession and the poor by covetousness;	それは富裕層と貧困層を同時に堕落させ、富裕層は所有によって、貧困層は貪欲によって堕落させる。	corrupt|堕落させる|verb|cause to act dishonestly	at once|同時に|adverb|immediately; without delay	rich|富裕層|noun|a person who has a great deal of money	poor|貧困層|noun|a person who has little or no money	possession|所有|noun|the state of having, owning, or controlling something	covetousness|貪欲|noun|a strong desire to have something that belongs to someone else
it sells the country to softness and vanity, and takes away from the State all its citizens, to make them slaves one to another, and one and all to public opinion.	それは国を柔弱と虚栄に売り渡し、国家からすべての市民を奪い、彼らを互いに奴隷にし、一人残らず世論の奴隷にする。	sell|売り渡す|verb|give or hand over in return for money	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	softness|柔弱|noun|the quality or state of being soft	vanity|虚栄|noun|excessive pride in oneself or one's appearance	take away|奪い|verb|remove or take from a place	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	citizen|市民|noun|an inhabitant of a city or town; especially : one entitled to the rights and privileges of a freeman	slave|奴隷|noun|a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them	one another|互いに|pronoun|each other	one and all|一人残らず|pronoun|every single person	public opinion|世論|noun|the beliefs or views of the majority of the people

This is why a famous writer has made virtue the fundamental principle of Republics; for all these conditions could not exist without virtue.	これが、ある有名な作家が徳を共和国の基本原理とした理由である。なぜなら、これらの条件はすべて徳がなければ存在し得ないからである。	this is why|これが理由である|phrase|this is the reason	famous|有名な|adjective|known about by many people	writer|作家|noun|a person who writes books, stories, or articles as a job or regular occupation	virtue|徳|noun|behavior showing high moral standards	fundamental principle|基本原理|noun|a basic truth or law	republic|共和国|noun|a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly by them	all|すべて|determiner|the whole amount of	condition|条件|noun|a situation that must exist before something else can happen or be done	exist|存在する|verb|have objective reality or being
But, for want of the necessary distinctions, that great thinker was often inexact, and sometimes obscure, and did not see that, the sovereign authority being everywhere the same, the same principle should be found in every well-constituted State, in a greater or less degree, it is true, according to the form of the government.	しかし、この偉大な思想家は、必要な区別を欠いていたために、しばしば不正確で、時には不明瞭であり、主権はどこでも同じであるから、政府の形態に応じて、程度の差こそあれ、すべてのよく構成された国家に同じ原理が見出されるべきであることに気づいていなかった。	want|欠く|noun|a lack or deficiency	necessary|必要な|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	distinction|区別|noun|a difference or contrast between similar things or people	great|偉大な|adjective|of major significance or importance	thinker|思想家|noun|a person who thinks deeply and seriously about a subject	often|しばしば|adverb|frequently; many times	inexact|不正確な|adjective|not exact; inaccurate	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	obscure|不明瞭な|adjective|not discovered or known about; uncertain	see|気づく|verb|perceive or notice	sovereign|主権|noun|supreme power or authority	authority|権威|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	everywhere|どこでも|adverb|in all places or situations	same|同じ|adjective|being the same as something or someone previously mentioned	principle|原理|noun|a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief, behavior, or for a chain of reasoning	find|見出される|verb|discover or notice	well-constituted|よく構成された|adjective|having a good constitution or composition	State|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	greater or less degree|程度の差こそあれ|noun|to a greater or lesser extent	true|本当である|adjective|being in accordance with fact or reality	form|形態|noun|the visible shape or configuration of something

It may be added that there is no government so subject to civil wars and intestine agitations as democratic or popular government, because there is none which has so strong and continual a tendency to change to another form, or which demands more vigilance and courage for its maintenance as it is.	付け加えると、民主主義政府や人民政府ほど内戦や内乱にさらされる政府はない。なぜなら、他の形態に変化しようとする傾向がこれほど強く継続的なものはなく、現状維持のためにこれほど警戒心と勇気を必要とする政府はないからである。	add|付け加える|verb|say something further	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	subject to|さらされる|verb|be exposed to	civil war|内戦|noun|a war between citizens of the same country	intestine agitation|内乱|noun|a state of confusion or disorder within a country	democratic|民主主義の|adjective|of or relating to democracy	popular|人民の|adjective|of or relating to the general public	strong|強い|adjective|having the power to move heavy weights or perform other physically demanding tasks	continual|継続的な|adjective|continuing in an uninterrupted manner	tendency|傾向|noun|a general direction in which something is developing or changing	change|変化する|verb|become different	form|形態|noun|the visible shape or configuration of something	demand|必要とする|verb|require (something) urgently or insistently	vigilance|警戒心|noun|the action or state of keeping careful watch for possible danger or difficulties	courage|勇気|noun|the ability to do something that frightens one
Under such a constitution above all, the citizen should arm himself with strength and constancy, and say, every day of his life, what a virtuous Count Palatine said in the Diet of Poland: Malo periculosam libertatem quam quietum servitium.	とりわけ、このような憲法の下では、市民は強さと不変性で武装し、人生の毎日、高潔なパラティン伯爵がポーランドの議会で言ったことを言うべきである。Malo periculosam libertatem quam quietum servitium。	under|下で|preposition|below or beneath	constitution|憲法|noun|the basic principles and laws of a nation, state, or social group that determine the powers and duties of the government and guarantee certain rights to the people in it	above all|とりわけ|adverb|more than anything else	citizen|市民|noun|an inhabitant of a city or town; especially : one entitled to the rights and privileges of a freeman	arm|武装する|verb|equip with weapons	strength|強さ|noun|the quality or state of being strong	constancy|不変性|noun|the quality of being unchanging	say|言う|verb|express (something) in words	every day|毎日|noun|each day	life|人生|noun|the period of time during which a person is alive	what|何|pronoun|that which	virtuous|高潔な|adjective|having or showing high moral standards	Count Palatine|パラティン伯爵|noun|a count who exercised royal authority in his own domains	Diet of Poland|ポーランドの議会|noun|the national legislature of Poland	Malo periculosam libertatem quam quietum servitium|Malo periculosam libertatem quam quietum servitium|noun|a Latin phrase meaning "I prefer dangerous freedom over peaceful slavery"

Were there a people of gods, their government would be democratic.	神々の民がいたとしたら、彼らの政府は民主主義であろう。	people|民|noun|the inhabitants of a particular country, area, or period	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	democratic|民主主義|adjective|of or relating to democracy
So perfect a government is not for men.	そのような完璧な政府は人間には向いていない。	perfect|完璧な|adjective|having all the required or desirable elements, qualities, or characteristics; as good as it is possible to be	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	man|人間|noun|an adult male human being


## CHAPTER V: ARISTOCRACY	第五章: 貴族制	chapter|章|noun|a main division of a book	aristocracy|貴族制|noun|a government in which power is held by the nobility

We have here two quite distinct moral persons, the government and the Sovereign, and in consequence two general wills, one general in relation to all the citizens, the other only for the members of the administration.	ここに、政府と主権者という二つの全く異なる道徳的人格があり、その結果、二つの一般意志がある。一つはすべての市民に関係する一般意志であり、もう一つは行政のメンバーだけのための一般意志である。	two|二つ|numeral|one more than one	quite|全く|adverb|to the fullest extent	distinct|異なる|adjective|not identical; different	moral|道徳的|adjective|concerned with the principles of right and wrong behavior	person|人格|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	Sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	consequence|結果|noun|the effect, result, or outcome of something	two|二つの|numeral|one more than one	general|一般|adjective|affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things; widespread	will|意志|noun|the faculty by which a person decides on and initiates action	one|一つ|numeral|the lowest cardinal number; half of two	general|一般|adjective|affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things; widespread	relation|関係|noun|the state of being connected or associated	citizen|市民|noun|an inhabitant of a city or town; a person who lives in a particular town or city	other|もう一つ|adjective|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or distinct from one already mentioned or known about	member|メンバー|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization	administration|行政|noun|the management of a business, organization, or system
Thus, although the government may regulate its internal policy as it pleases, it can never speak to the people save in the name of the Sovereign, that is, of the people itself, a fact which must not be forgotten.	このように、政府は内部政策を自由に規制できるが、主権者、つまり国民自身の名においてでなければ国民に語りかけることができないということは忘れてはならない事実である。	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	regulate|規制する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	internal|内部の|adjective|situated or occurring within or on the inside	policy|政策|noun|a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government, party, business, or individual	please|自由に|verb|do as one wishes or thinks best	speak|語りかける|verb|talk or converse with	people|国民|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	save|名においてでなければ|preposition|except	Sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	people|国民|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	itself|自身の|pronoun|(used for emphasis) that or this person, thing, or action and no other	fact|事実|noun|a thing that is known or proved to be true	forget|忘れる|verb|not be able to remember

The first societies governed themselves aristocratically.	最初の社会は貴族制で統治されていた。	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	govern|統治する|verb|rule or control	aristocratically|貴族制で|adverb|in an aristocratic manner
The heads of families took counsel together on public affairs.	家族の長たちは公務について相談し合った。	head|長|noun|the person in charge of a group	family|家族|noun|a group of people who are related to each other	take counsel|相談する|verb|to seek advice from someone	public affairs|公務|noun|the business of government or of the community as a whole
The young bowed without question to the authority of experience.	若者は経験の権威に疑問を抱くことなく従った。	young|若者|noun|a young person	bow|従う|verb|bend the head or body as a sign of respect	question|疑問|noun|a statement asking for something and expecting an answer	authority|権威|noun|the power to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	experience|経験|noun|practical contact with and observation of facts or events
Hence such names as priests, elders, senate, and gerontes.	そのため、司祭、長老、元老院、老年者などの名称がある。	hence|そのため|adverb|for this reason; therefore	name|名称|noun|a word or set of words using which a person is referred to	priest|司祭|noun|a person who has the authority to perform the sacred rites of a religion	elder|長老|noun|a person who is older than most other people in a group	senate|元老院|noun|the upper house of the US Congress	gerontes|老年者|noun|an old man
The savages of North America govern themselves in this way even now, and their government is admirable.	北アメリカの野蛮人は、今でもこの方法で自分たちを統治しており、彼らの統治は賞賛に値する。	North America|北アメリカ|noun|the northern continent of the western hemisphere	savage|野蛮人|noun|a member of a people regarded as primitive and uncivilized	govern|統治する|verb|rule or control	themselves|自分たち|pronoun|the reflexive form of they	even now|今でも|adverb|at this time; now	admirable|賞賛に値する|adjective|worthy of admiration

But, in proportion as artificial inequality produced by institutions became predominant over natural inequality, riches or power were put before age, and aristocracy became elective.	しかし、制度によって生み出された人工的な不平等が自然の不平等よりも優勢になるにつれて、富や権力が年齢よりも優先され、貴族制は選挙制となった。	institution|制度|noun|an established law, custom, or practice	artificial|人工的な|adjective|made or produced by human beings rather than occurring naturally	inequality|不平等|noun|the condition of being unequal	natural|自然な|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	predominant|優勢な|adjective|having superior strength, influence, or authority	riches|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	power|権力|noun|the ability or capacity to perform or act	age|年齢|noun|the number of years that a person has lived	aristocracy|貴族制|noun|a government or state ruled by an aristocracy	elective|選挙制|adjective|filled or chosen by election
Finally, the transmission of the father's power along with his goods to his children, by creating patrician families, made government hereditary, and there came to be senators of twenty.	最後に、父親の権力と財産を子供たちに譲り渡すことで、貴族の家系が生まれ、政府は世襲制となり、20歳の上院議員が誕生した。	finally|最後に|adverb|after a long time, process, or series of events	transmission|譲り渡すこと|noun|the process of sending something from one place to another	father|父親|noun|a man who has a child	power|権力|noun|the ability to control or influence people or things	goods|財産|noun|a thing or things belonging to someone	children|子供たち|noun|a young human being below the age of puberty or below the legal age of majority	patrician|貴族|noun|a member of the highest social class in ancient Rome	family|家系|noun|a group of people who are related to each other	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	hereditary|世襲制|adjective|passed or capable of being passed genetically from one generation to another	senator|上院議員|noun|a member of a senate	twenty|20歳|noun|the cardinal number that is the product of two and ten

There are then three sorts of aristocracy—natural, elective and hereditary.	つまり、貴族制には自然的なもの、選挙制のもの、世襲制のものの三種類がある。	aristocracy|貴族制|noun|a government in which power is held by the nobility	sort|種類|noun|a category of things or people having some common feature; a type	natural|自然的|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	elective|選挙制|adjective|filled or chosen by election	hereditary|世襲制|adjective|passed or capable of being passed genetically from one generation to another
The first is only for simple peoples;	最初のものは単純な人々のためのものであり、	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest	only|のみ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else; solely	simple|単純な|adjective|easily understood or done; presenting few problems	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively
the third is the worst of all governments;	三番目はすべての政府の中で最悪である。	third|三番目|noun|the ordinal number of three	worst|最悪|adjective|of the poorest quality or the lowest standard; bad	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it
the second is the best, and is aristocracy properly so called.	二番目は最良であり、正しく貴族制と呼ばれるものである。	second|二番目|noun|the number 2 in a series	best|最良|adjective|of the highest quality	aristocracy|貴族制|noun|a government in which power is held by the nobility

Besides the advantage that lies in the distinction between the two powers, it presents that of its members being chosen;	二つの権力の区別にある利点のほかに、それはその成員が選ばれるという利点がある。	besides|ほかに|preposition|in addition to; as well as	advantage|利点|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favourable or superior position	lie|ある|verb|be in a specified state or condition	distinction|区別|noun|the quality or state of being distinguishable	two|二つの|adjective|one more than one	power|権力|noun|the ability or capacity to perform or act	present|ある|verb|be in a specified state or condition	member|成員|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization	choose|選ばれる|verb|pick out or select from a number of alternatives
for, in popular government, all the citizens are born magistrates;	なぜなら、民主政では、すべての市民が生まれながらに行政官だからである。	for|なぜなら|conjunction|because	popular government|民主政|noun|a government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised by them directly or indirectly through a system of representation usually involving periodically held free elections	citizen|市民|noun|an inhabitant of a city or town; especially : one entitled to the rights and privileges of a freeman	born|生まれながらに|verb|come into existence as a result of birth	magistrate|行政官|noun|a civil officer or lay judge who administers the law
but here magistracy is confined to a few, who become such only by election.	しかし、ここでは行政官は選挙によってのみ行政官になる少数の者に限定される。	magistracy|行政官|noun|the office or function of a magistrate	be confined to|限定される|verb|be limited to	a few|少数の|noun|a small number of people or things	only|のみ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	election|選挙|noun|the process of choosing a person or group of people for a position, especially a political position, by voting
By this means uprightness, understanding, experience and all other claims to pre-eminence and public esteem become so many further guarantees of wise government.	この方法によって、正直さ、理解力、経験、そして優越性と世間の尊敬に対する他のすべての要求は、賢明な政府のさらなる保証となる。	by this means|この方法によって|adverb|in this way	uprightness|正直さ|noun|the quality of being honest and morally upright	understanding|理解力|noun|the ability to understand something	experience|経験|noun|practical contact with and observation of facts or events	claim|要求|noun|an assertion of the truth of something	pre-eminence|優越性|noun|the state of being superior to all others	public esteem|世間の尊敬|noun|the respect that people have for someone or something	become|なる|verb|come to be	guarantee|保証|noun|a promise that something will be done or will happen	wise|賢明な|adjective|having or showing experience, knowledge, and good judgment

Moreover, assemblies are more easily held, affairs better discussed and carried out with more order and diligence, and the credit of the State is better sustained abroad by venerable senators than by a multitude that is unknown or despised.	その上、集会はより簡単に開かれ、事柄はよりよく議論され、より秩序正しく勤勉に行われ、国家の信用は、知られていないか軽蔑されている多数の人々よりも、尊敬すべき上院議員によって海外でよりよく維持される。	assembly|集会|noun|a group of people gathered together	affair|事柄|noun|a matter of public concern	order|秩序|noun|the arrangement or disposition of people or things in relation to each other according to a particular sequence, pattern, or method	diligence|勤勉|noun|careful and persistent work or effort	credit|信用|noun|the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that the customer will pay for these goods or services in the future	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	abroad|海外|adverb|in or to a foreign country or countries	venerable|尊敬すべき|adjective|accorded a great deal of respect, especially because of age, wisdom, or character	senator|上院議員|noun|a member of a senate	multitude|多数|noun|a large number of people	unknown|知られていない|adjective|not known or familiar	despised|軽蔑されている|adjective|regarded with intense aversion

In a word, it is the best and most natural arrangement that the wisest should govern the many, when it is assured that they will govern for its profit, and not for their own.	一言で言えば、最も賢い者が多数者を統治することが最善であり、最も自然な仕組みであるが、それは彼らが自分たちの利益のためではなく、多数者の利益のために統治することが保証されている場合である。	in a word|一言で言えば|adverb|briefly	wise|賢い|adjective|having or showing experience, knowledge, and good judgment	govern|統治する|verb|rule or control	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	assure|保証する|verb|make (something) certain; ensure	their own|自分たちの|pronoun|belonging to or connected with the people or things previously mentioned
There is no need to multiply instruments, or get twenty thousand men to do what a hundred picked men can do even better, but it must not be forgotten mat corporate interest here begins to direct the public power less under the regulation of the general will, and that a further inevitable propensity takes away from the laws part of the executive power.	道具を増やしたり、百人の選ばれた人間がよりよくできることを二万人の人間にさせたりする必要はないが、ここでは団体利益が一般意志の規制の下で公権力をあまり指揮し始めず、さらに避けられない傾向が執行権の一部を法律から奪い取ることを忘れてはならない。	multiply|増やす|verb|increase in number	instrument|道具|noun|a tool or implement	get|させる|verb|cause to be or do something	twenty thousand|二万|numeral|20000	hundred|百|numeral|100	pick|選ぶ|verb|choose or select	forget|忘れる|verb|fail to remember	corporate|団体|adjective|of or relating to a corporation	interest|利益|noun|the advantage or benefit of someone or something	begin|始める|verb|start to do something	direct|指揮する|verb|control the operations of	public|公|adjective|of or concerning the people as a whole	power|権力|noun|the ability or capacity to perform or act	less|あまり|adverb|to a smaller extent	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or order issued by an executive authority or regulatory agency of a government	general|一般|adjective|affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things	will|意志|noun|the faculty of conscious and especially of deliberate action	further|さらに|adverb|to a greater extent or degree	inevitable|避けられない|adjective|certain to happen; unavoidable	propensity|傾向|noun|an inclination or natural tendency to behave in a particular way	take away|奪い取る|verb|remove or take from a place	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	part|一部|noun|a piece or portion of something	executive|執行|adjective|having the power to execute	power|権力|noun|the ability or capacity to perform or act

If we are to speak of what is individually desirable, neither should the State be so small, nor a people so simple and upright, that the execution of the laws follows immediately from the public will, as it does in a good democracy.	個別に望ましいことを言うならば、国家があまりに小さかったり、国民があまりに単純で正直であったりして、良い民主主義のように法の執行が国民の意思からすぐに行われるべきではない。	individually|個別に|adverb|one by one; separately	desirable|望ましい|adjective|worth having or doing	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	small|小さい|adjective|of a size that is less than average or usual	people|国民|noun|the inhabitants of a particular country or area	simple|単純|adjective|easy to understand or do	upright|正直|adjective|honest and just	execution|執行|noun|the carrying out of a sentence of death on a legally condemned person	law|法|noun|the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties	public|国民|noun|the people as a whole	will|意思|noun|the faculty by which a person decides on and initiates action	democracy|民主主義|noun|a system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state
Nor should the nation be so great that the rulers have to scatter in order to govern it and are able to play the Sovereign each in his own department, and, beginning by making themselves independent, end by becoming masters.	また、国家があまりに大きくて、統治者が統治するために散らばらなければならず、それぞれが自分の部署で主権者を演じることができ、自分たちを独立させることから始めて、主人になることで終わるようなことがあってはならない。	nation|国家|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	great|あまりに大きい|adjective|of major significance or importance	ruler|統治者|noun|a person exercising government or dominion	scatter|散らばる|verb|throw in various random directions	govern|統治する|verb|conduct the policy, actions, and affairs of (a state, organization, or people) with authority	department|部署|noun|a division of a large organization	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	play|演じる|verb|act out the part of	independent|独立した|adjective|not dependent on another for livelihood or subsistence	master|主人|noun|a person who has control over another person or thing

But if aristocracy does not demand all the virtues needed by popular government, it demands others which are peculiar to itself;	しかし、貴族政治が民主政治に必要なすべての徳を要求しないとしても、貴族政治に特有の他の徳を要求する。	aristocracy|貴族政治|noun|a government in which power is held by the nobility	demand|要求する|verb|ask authoritatively or urgently for	virtue|徳|noun|behaviour showing high moral standards	popular government|民主政治|noun|a government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised by them directly or indirectly through a system of representation usually involving periodically held free elections	peculiar|特有の|adjective|strange or odd; unusual
for instance, moderation on the side of the rich and contentment on that of the poor;	例えば、富裕層の側の節度と貧困層の側の満足感である。	for instance|例えば|adverb|as an example	moderation|節度|noun|the quality of being moderate; restraint	rich|富裕層|noun|a person who has a great deal of money	contentment|満足感|noun|a state of happiness and satisfaction	poor|貧困層|noun|a person who has little or no money
for it seems that thorough-going equality would be out of place, as it was not found even at Sparta.	なぜなら、徹底的な平等は、スパルタでさえ見られなかったように、場違いであるように思われるからである。	for|なぜなら|conjunction|because	it seems that|ように思われる|verb|appear to be	thorough-going|徹底的な|adjective|complete and thorough	equality|平等|noun|the state of being equal	would be|であろう|auxiliary verb|a modal verb expressing possibility	out of place|場違い|adjective|inappropriate	as|ように|conjunction|in the way that	it was not found|見られなかった|verb|be unable to find	even|でさえ|adverb|to an extreme degree	at Sparta|スパルタ|noun|a city-state in ancient Greece

Furthermore, if this form of government carries with it a certain inequality of fortune, this is justifiable in order that as a rule the administration of public affairs may be entrusted to those who are most able to give them their whole time, but not, as Aristotle maintains, in order that the rich may always be put first.	さらに、この政体がある程度の富の不平等を伴うとしても、それは、原則として公務の管理を、それに全時間を費やすことができる人々に委ねることができるようにするためであり、アリストテレスが主張するように、金持ちが常に優先されるようにするためではない。	Furthermore|さらに|adverb|in addition; moreover	form of government|政体|noun|the system or type of government of a country	carry with it|伴う|verb|to have something as a result or consequence	a certain inequality of fortune|富の不平等|noun|a situation in which some people have more money or possessions than others	justifiable|正当化できる|adjective|able to be shown to be right or reasonable	as a rule|原則として|adverb|usually; generally	administration of public affairs|公務の管理|noun|the management of the government and its policies	be entrusted to|委ねられる|verb|to be given to someone to take care of or deal with	those who are most able to give them their whole time|それに全時間を費やすことができる人々|noun|people who are able to devote all of their time to something	Aristotle|アリストテレス|noun|a Greek philosopher and polymath during the Classical period in Ancient Greece	maintain|主張する|verb|to state or assert something as true	in order that|～するために|conjunction|with the intention that; so that	the rich|金持ち|noun|people who have a lot of money	be put first|優先される|verb|to be given the highest priority
On the contrary, it is of importance that an opposite choice should occasionally teach the people that the deserts of men offer claims to pre-eminence more important than those of riches.	それどころか、反対の選択が時折人々に、人間の功績は富よりも重要な優越性の主張を提供するということを教えることが重要である。	on the contrary|それどころか|adverb|quite the opposite; rather	importance|重要性|noun|the quality or state of being important	opposite|反対|adjective|facing or going in the opposite direction	choice|選択|noun|the act of choosing	occasionally|時折|adverb|now and then; sometimes	teach|教える|verb|impart knowledge to or instruct (someone) as to how to do something	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	desert|功績|noun|a dry, sandy region of little rainfall, extreme temperature, and sparse vegetation	offer|提供する|verb|present or proffer (something) for consideration, discussion, or use	claim|主張|noun|an assertion of the truth of something, typically one that is disputed or in doubt	pre-eminence|優越性|noun|the state of being pre-eminent; superiority	wealth|富|noun|an abundance of valuable possessions or money


## CHAPTER VI: MONARCHY	第六章: 君主制	chapter|章|noun|a main division of a book	monarchy|君主制|noun|a political system in which a monarch rules over a state or a part of a state

So far, we have considered the prince as a moral and collective person, unified by the force of the laws, and the depositary in the State of the executive power.	これまでのところ、我々は君主を、法の力によって統一された道徳的かつ集団的な人格であり、国家における執行権の保管者であると考えてきた。	so far|これまでのところ|adverb|to the extent or degree attained or described	consider|考える|verb|think carefully about	prince|君主|noun|the son of a king or queen	moral|道徳的|adjective|concerned with the principles of right and wrong behavior	collective|集団的|adjective|done with or shared by all members of a group	person|人格|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	unify|統一する|verb|make or become one	force|力|noun|strength or energy exerted or brought to bear	law|法|noun|the system of rules that a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and may enforce by the imposition of penalties	depositary|保管者|noun|a person or institution that is entrusted with something	state|国家|noun|a nation or its territory	executive|執行権|noun|having the power to put plans, actions, or laws into effect
We have now to consider this power when it is gathered together into the hands of a natural person, a real man, who alone has the right to dispose of it in accordance with the laws.	我々は、この権力が、法律に従ってそれを処分する権利を単独で持つ自然人、実在の人間の手中に集められた場合に、この権力について考慮しなければならない。	have to|しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; must	consider|考慮する|verb|think carefully about	power|権力|noun|the ability to do or act	gather|集める|verb|come together	hand|手|noun|the end of an arm	natural person|自然人|noun|a human being as distinguished from an artificial person (such as a corporation)	real man|実在の人間|noun|a man who is not imaginary	alone|単独で|adverb|without any other people	have the right to|権利を持つ|verb|be entitled to	dispose of|処分する|verb|get rid of	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority
Such a person is called a monarch or king.	そのような人は君主または王と呼ばれる。	such|そのような|adjective|of the type or kind described	person|人|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	call|呼ばれる|verb|give a name to	monarch|君主|noun|the head of a monarchy	king|王|noun|the male ruler of an independent state

In contrast with other forms of administration, in which a collective being stands for an individual, in this form an individual stands for a collective being;	集団的存在が個人を代表する他の統治形態とは対照的に、この形態では個人が集団的存在を代表する。	in contrast with|とは対照的に|preposition|in a way that is very different from	administration|統治形態|noun|the management of a business or organization	collective|集団的|adjective|of or relating to a group of people	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinct from a group	stand for|代表する|verb|be a symbol of or represent
so that the moral unity that constituted the prince is at the same time a physical unity, and all the qualities, which in the other case are only with difficulty brought together by the law, are found naturally united.	そのため、君主を構成する道徳的統一は同時に物理的統一でもあり、他の場合には法律によってのみ困難に集められるすべての資質が、自然に統一されていることがわかる。	constitute|構成する|verb|be a part of	prince|君主|noun|the son of a king or queen	moral|道徳的|adjective|concerned with the principles of right and wrong behavior	unity|統一|noun|the state of being joined or connected as a whole	physical|物理的|adjective|relating to the body as opposed to the mind	quality|資質|noun|a feature or characteristic belonging typically to a person, place, or thing and serving to identify it	difficulty|困難|noun|a thing that is hard to do or understand	law|法律|noun|the system of rules that a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and may enforce by the imposition of penalties	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a natural manner	unite|統一する|verb|join or connect as a whole

Thus the will of the people, the will of the prince, the public force of the State, and the particular force of the government, all answer to a single motive power;	このように、人民の意志、君主の意志、国家の公権力、政府の個別権力はすべて単一の動力に応える。	will|意志|noun|the faculty of conscious and especially of deliberate action	people|人民|noun|the body of persons who are citizens of a state or who live in a particular country or area	prince|君主|noun|a male member of a royal family other than the king	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	public force|公権力|noun|the power of the government to enforce the law	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	particular|個別|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or instance	force|権力|noun|the power to influence or control	answer|応える|verb|to say or write something in reply	single|単一|adjective|not accompanied by another; solitary	motive power|動力|noun|the power that moves something
all the springs of the machine are in the same hands, the whole moves towards the same end;	機械のすべてのバネは同じ手の中にあり、全体が同じ目的に向かって動く。	all|すべての|adjective|the whole quantity or extent of	spring|バネ|noun|a device that can be pressed or pulled and that returns to its original shape when released	machine|機械|noun|an apparatus using or applying mechanical power and having several parts, each with a definite function and together performing a particular task	hand|手|noun|the end of an arm	whole|全体|noun|all of something	move|動く|verb|change position or posture	end|目的|noun|the final part of something
there are no conflicting movements to cancel one another, and no kind of constitution can be imagined in which a less amount of effort produces a more considerable amount of action.	互いに相殺し合うような相反する動きはなく、より少ない努力でより多くの行動を生み出すような憲法は想像できない。	cancel|相殺する|verb|to make or become ineffective or invalid	effort|努力|noun|a vigorous or determined attempt	action|行動|noun|the fact or process of doing something, typically to achieve an aim
Archimedes, seated quietly on the bank and easily drawing a great vessel afloat, stands to my mind for a skilful monarch, governing vast states from his study, and moving everything while he seems himself unmoved.	アルキメデスは、岸辺に静かに座って、大きな船を浮かべて楽々と引っ張っているが、私の頭の中では、広大な国を研究室から統治し、自分は動かないように見えながらもすべてを動かしている、巧みな君主の姿が浮かぶ。	Archimedes|アルキメデス|noun|a Greek mathematician, physicist, engineer, inventor, and astronomer	seat|座る|verb|be in or assume a sitting position	quietly|静かに|adverb|making little or no noise	bank|岸辺|noun|the land alongside or sloping down to a river, lake, or other body of water	easily|楽々と|adverb|without difficulty or effort	draw|引っ張る|verb|pull or move something in a specified way	vessel|船|noun|a ship or large boat	afloat|浮かべて|adjective|on or in water	stand|浮かぶ|verb|be in or assume a standing position	mind|頭|noun|the element of a person that enables them to be aware of the world and their experiences, to think, and to feel; the faculty of consciousness and thought	skilful|巧みな|adjective|having or showing skill	monarch|君主|noun|the head of a monarchy	govern|統治する|verb|conduct the policy, actions, and affairs of (a state, organization, or people) with authority	vast|広大な|adjective|of very great extent or quantity; immense	state|国|noun|a nation or its territory	study|研究室|noun|a room in which a person studies	move|動かす|verb|change position or cause to change position	everything|すべて|noun|all that exists; the whole world

But if no government is more vigorous than this, there is also none in which the particular will holds more sway and rules the rest more easily.	しかし、これよりも強力な政府がなければ、個々の意志がより大きな影響力を持ち、残りの部分をより簡単に支配する政府もない。	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	vigorous|強力な|adjective|strong and forceful	particular|個々の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or instance	will|意志|noun|the faculty by which a person decides on and initiates action	hold|持つ|verb|keep or retain in one's possession	sway|影響力|noun|the power to influence or control	rule|支配する|verb|exercise ultimate power or authority over	rest|残りの部分|noun|the remaining part of something
Everything moves towards the same end indeed, but this end is by no means that of the public happiness, and even the force of the administration constantly shows itself prejudicial to the State.	確かにすべてが同じ目的に向かって動いているが、この目的は決して公衆の幸福ではなく、行政の力でさえ常に国家に不利益をもたらしている。	everything|すべて|noun|all the things	move|動く|verb|change position	same|同じ|adjective|not different	end|目的|noun|the final part of something	indeed|確かに|adverb|really; truly	public|公衆|noun|the people as a whole	happiness|幸福|noun|the state of being happy	administration|行政|noun|the management of a business or organization	force|力|noun|strength or energy exerted or brought to bear	constantly|常に|adverb|all the time; continuously	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory

Kings desire to be absolute, and men are always crying out to them from afar that the best means of being so is to get themselves loved by their people.	王は絶対的であることを望み、人々は常に遠くから王に向かって、そうするための最善の方法は国民に愛されることだと叫んでいる。	desire|望む|verb|want or wish for	absolute|絶対的|adjective|not qualified or diminished in any way; total	cry out|叫ぶ|verb|say something loudly, as in pain, surprise, or anger	best|最善|adjective|of the highest quality, excellence, or standing	means|方法|noun|a method, style, or manner of doing something	love|愛する|verb|have a strong feeling of affection for
This precept is all very well, and even in some respects very true.	この教えは非常によく、ある意味非常に真実である。	precept|教え|noun|a general rule intended to regulate behavior or thought	very well|非常によく|adverb|to a high standard; very well	some respect|ある意味|noun|a particular aspect, feature, or point	very true|非常に真実である|adjective|being in accordance with fact or reality
Unfortunately, it will always be derided at court.	残念ながら、それは常に法廷で嘲笑されるだろう。	unfortunately|残念ながら|adverb|it is unfortunate that	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	be derided|嘲笑される|verb|ridicule or make fun of
The power which comes of a people's love is no doubt the greatest;	国民の愛から生まれる力は間違いなく最も偉大である。	come of|生まれる|verb|be the result of	people|国民|noun|the inhabitants of a country or area	love|愛|noun|a strong feeling of affection	power|力|noun|the ability to do something or act in a particular way	great|偉大な|adjective|of major significance or importance
but it is precarious and conditional, and princes will never rest content with it.	しかし、それは不安定で条件付きであり、君主は決してそれに満足することはない。	precarious|不安定な|adjective|not securely held or in position	conditional|条件付きの|adjective|subject to one or more conditions	prince|君主|noun|the son of a king or queen	rest content|満足する|verb|be happy with something
The best kings desire to be in a position to be wicked, if they please, without forfeiting their mastery: political sermonisers may tell them to their hearts' content that, the people's strength being their own, their first interest is that the people should be prosperous, numerous and formidable;	最良の王は、もし望むなら、支配権を失うことなく悪事をなせる立場にいることを望む。政治的説教師は、国民の力が自分たちのものであるため、国民が繁栄し、数多く、手強い存在であることが第一の関心事であると、心から満足して語ることができる。	best|最良の|adjective|of the highest quality	king|王|noun|the male ruler of an independent state	desire|望む|verb|want or wish for	position|立場|noun|a place where someone or something is located	wicked|悪事をなせる|adjective|morally bad	mastery|支配権|noun|complete control of something	political|政治的|adjective|of or relating to government, a government, or the conduct of government	sermoniser|説教師|noun|a person who delivers a sermon	heart|心|noun|the organ that pumps blood around the body	content|満足|noun|a state of happiness and satisfaction	people|国民|noun|the inhabitants of a country or area	strength|力|noun|the quality or state of being physically strong	first|第一の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	interest|関心事|noun|a feeling of wanting to know or learn about something or someone
they are well aware that this is Untrue.	彼らはこれが真実ではないことをよく知っている。	be well aware|よく知っている|verb|know something well	untrue|真実ではない|adjective|not true
Their first personal interest is that the people should be weak, wretched, and unable to resist them.	彼らの最初の個人的な関心は、人々が弱く、惨めで、彼らに抵抗できないことである。	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	personal|個人的な|adjective|of or concerning a particular person	interest|関心|noun|a feeling of wanting to know or learn about something or someone	weak|弱い|adjective|lacking the power to perform	wretched|惨めな|adjective|extremely unhappy or unfortunate	unable|できない|adjective|not having the necessary power, skill, or resources to do something
I admit that, provided the subjects remained always in submission, the prince's interest would indeed be that it should be powerful, in order that its power, being his own, might make him formidable to his neighbours;	臣下が常に服従している限り、君主の関心は、その力が自分自身のものであり、隣国にとって手強い存在となるために、それが強力であることにあることを認める。	admit|認める|verb|to recognize the existence or truth of	subject|臣下|noun|a person who is under the authority of another	remain|残る|verb|to stay in the same place or condition	submission|服従|noun|the action of accepting or yielding to a superior force or to the will or authority of another person	prince|君主|noun|a male member of a royal family other than the king	interest|関心|noun|a feeling of wanting to know or learn about something or someone	indeed|確かに|adverb|really; truly; certainly	powerful|強力な|adjective|having great power or strength	order|ために|noun|a state of peace, law, and justice	power|力|noun|the ability or capacity to perform or act	own|自分自身の|adjective|belonging to (the person or thing mentioned)	neighbour|隣国|noun|a person who lives next door or near to the speaker or person referred to
but, this interest being merely secondary and subordinate, and strength being incompatible with submission, princes naturally give the preference always to the principle that is more to their immediate advantage.	しかし、この関心は単に二次的であり、従属的であり、強さは服従と相容れないため、君主は当然のことながら、常に自分たちの直接的な利益になる原則を優先する。	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	interest|関心|noun|a feeling of wanting to know or learn about something or someone	merely|単に|adverb|only; no more than	secondary|二次的|adjective|less important than the main thing	subordinate|従属的|adjective|lower in rank or position	strength|強さ|noun|the quality or state of being physically strong	incompatible|相容れない|adjective|unable to exist or be used together	submission|服従|noun|the action of accepting or yielding to a superior force or to the will or authority of another person	naturally|当然のことながら|adverb|in a way that is expected or not surprising	give the preference|優先する|verb|like (one thing or person) better than another or others	always|常に|adverb|on all occasions; at all times; forever	principle|原則|noun|a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior or for a chain of reasoning	immediate|直接的な|adjective|happening or done without delay; instant	advantage|利益|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position
This is what Samuel put strongly before the Hebrews, and what Macchiavelli has clearly shown.	これがサミュエルがヘブライ人の前に強く示したことであり、マキャヴェリが明確に示したことである。	Samuel|サミュエル|noun|a Hebrew prophet	Hebrew|ヘブライ人|noun|a member of an ancient Semitic people	Macchiavelli|マキャヴェリ|noun|an Italian diplomat, politician, and philosopher
He professed to teach kings;	彼は王を教えることを公言した。	profess|公言する|verb|declare openly	teach|教える|verb|impart knowledge to or instruct (someone) as to how to do something	king|王|noun|the male ruler of an independent state, especially one who inherits the position by right of birth
but it was the people he really taught.	しかし、彼が本当に教えたのは人々だった。	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	really|本当に|adverb|in reality; in fact; actually
His Prince is the book of Republicans.	彼の君主論は共和主義者の本である。	Prince|君主論|noun|a treatise on political philosophy by Niccolò Machiavelli	Republican|共和主義者|noun|a person who advocates or supports republicanism

We found, on general grounds, that monarchy is suitable only for great States, and this is confirmed when we examine it in itself.	一般的な根拠から、君主制は大国にのみ適していることがわかったが、君主制そのものを調べてみると、これが裏付けられる。	find|わかる|verb|discover or notice	general ground|一般的な根拠|noun|a general principle or rule	monarchy|君主制|noun|a system of government in which one person, usually a king or queen, rules over a country	suitable|適している|adjective|right or appropriate for a particular person, purpose, or situation	great State|大国|noun|a powerful and influential country	examine|調べる|verb|inspect or study closely and thoroughly
The more numerous the public administration, the smaller becomes the relation between the prince and the subjects, and the nearer it comes to equality, so that in democracy the ratio is unity, or absolute equality.	行政の数が増えれば増えるほど、君主と臣下の関係は小さくなり、平等に近づくので、民主主義では比率は1、つまり絶対的な平等になる。	public administration|行政|noun|the implementation of government policy	the more numerous|数が増えれば増えるほど|adjective|having a large number of	the smaller|小さくなり|adjective|having a small size	relation|関係|noun|the state of being connected or related	prince|君主|noun|the son of a king or queen	subject|臣下|noun|a person who owes allegiance to a monarch or other ruler	equality|平等|noun|the state of being equal	democracy|民主主義|noun|a system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state	ratio|比率|noun|the relationship in quantity, amount, or size between two or more things	unity|1|noun|the state of being united or joined as a whole	absolute|絶対的な|adjective|not qualified or diminished in any way; total
Again, as the government is restricted in numbers the ratio increases and reaches its maximum when the government is in the hands of a single person.	同様に、政府の数が制限されると、その比率は増加し、政府が一人の手にあるときに最大に達する。	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	be restricted in|制限される|verb|be limited in	number|数|noun|a mathematical object used to count, measure, and label	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	reach|達する|verb|stretch out so as to touch or grasp something	maximum|最大|noun|the highest amount, value, or degree that is possible or permitted	hand|手|noun|the end of an arm of a person or an animal that has fingers and a thumb and that is used for holding, touching, or grasping things
There is then too great a distance between prince and people and the State lacks a bond of union.	すると、君主と国民の間には大きな距離ができ、国家には連合の絆が欠けてしまう。	prince|君主|noun|a male member of a royal family other than the king	people|国民|noun|the citizens of a country	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	lack|欠ける|verb|be without or deficient in
To form such a bond, there must be intermediate orders, and princes, personages and nobility to compose them.	そのような絆を形成するためには、中間的な秩序と、それを構成する君主、人物、貴族がなければならない。	form|形成する|verb|make or produce	bond|絆|noun|a connection or link	intermediate|中間的な|adjective|in the middle	order|秩序|noun|a state of peace, freedom from confused or unsystematic activity, and respect for law and proper authority	prince|君主|noun|a male member of a royal family other than the king	personage|人物|noun|a person of importance or distinction	nobility|貴族|noun|the quality of being noble
But no such things suit a small State, to which all class differences mean ruin.	しかし、そのようなことは小さな国家には適していない。小さな国家では、階級の違いはすべて破滅を意味する。	suit|適している|verb|be right or appropriate for	small|小さな|adjective|little in size	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	class|階級|noun|a division of society based on social and economic status	difference|違い|noun|the state or relation of being different	mean|意味する|verb|intend to convey, indicate, or refer to

If, however, it is hard for a great State to be well governed, it is much harder for it to be so by a single man;	しかし、大国がうまく統治されるのが難しいのであれば、一人の人間によって統治されるのはもっと難しい。	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	great|大|adjective|of major significance or importance	State|国|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	hard|難しい|adjective|not easy; requiring much effort	govern|統治する|verb|rule or control	single|一人の|adjective|not married	man|人間|noun|an adult male human being
and every one knows what happens when kings substitute others for themselves.	そして、王が自分以外の人間を代役に立てるとどうなるかは誰もが知っている。	every one|誰もが|pronoun|each person	know|知っている|verb|be aware of	what|どうなるか|pronoun|the thing that	happen|起こる|verb|take place; occur	king|王|noun|the male ruler of an independent state	substitute|代役に立てると|verb|use instead of another	other|自分以外の|adjective|different from the one already mentioned

An essential and inevitable defect, which will always rank monarchical below republican government, is that in a republic the public voice hardly ever raises to the highest positions men who are not enlightened and capable, and such as to fill them with honour;	本質的で避けられない欠陥は、常に君主制を共和制政府より下に位置づけるものであるが、共和国では、公衆の声が、啓蒙され、有能で、名誉に満ちた人々を最高の地位に引き上げることはほとんどない。	essential|本質的|adjective|of, relating to, or constituting the essence of something	inevitable|避けられない|adjective|unable to be avoided, evaded, or escaped	defect|欠陥|noun|a lack of something or a failure to meet a certain standard	rank|位置づける|verb|take a specified place in a graded or hierarchical series	monarchical|君主制|adjective|of, relating to, or characteristic of a monarch or monarchy	republican|共和制|adjective|of, relating to, or characteristic of a republic or republicanism	government|政府|noun|the body with the authority to govern a state or country	republic|共和国|noun|a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly by them	public|公衆|noun|the people as a whole	voice|声|noun|the sound produced in a person's larynx and uttered through the mouth, as speech or song	hardly ever|ほとんどない|adverb|almost never	raise|引き上げる|verb|move something to a higher position	highest|最高|adjective|of the greatest vertical extent	position|地位|noun|a place where someone or something is located or has been put	enlightened|啓蒙され|adjective|having or showing a rational, modern, and well-informed outlook	capable|有能|adjective|having the ability to do something well; competent	honour|名誉|noun|high respect; great esteem
while in monarchies these who rise to the top are most often merely petty blunderers petty swindlers, and petty intriguers, whose petty talents cause them to get into the highest positions at Court, but, as soon as they have got there, serve only to make their ineptitude clear to the public.	一方、君主制では、トップに上り詰める人々は、たいていは些細な失敗を犯す人、些細な詐欺師、些細な陰謀家であり、その些細な才能によって宮廷で最高の地位に就くことができるが、そこに着くとすぐに、その無能さを国民に明らかにするだけである。	rise to the top|トップに上り詰める|verb|become the most successful or powerful person in a group or organization	monarchy|君主制|noun|a system of government in which one person, usually a king or queen, has all the power	petty|些細な|adjective|of little importance; trivial	blunderer|失敗を犯す人|noun|a person who makes a lot of mistakes	swindler|詐欺師|noun|a person who cheats others by means of deception or fraud	intriguer|陰謀家|noun|a person who schemes or plots	talent|才能|noun|a natural ability to do something well	cause|もたらす|verb|make something happen	get into|就く|verb|reach or enter a place or position	position|地位|noun|a place where someone or something is located	as soon as|するとすぐに|conjunction|immediately after	serve|明らかにする|verb|work as	ineptitude|無能さ|noun|lack of skill or ability	public|国民|noun|the people of a country or area as a whole
The people is far less often mistaken in its choice than the prince;	人民は君主よりもはるかに選択を誤ることが少ない。	people|人民|noun|the citizens of a country	far less|はるかに少ない|adverb|to a much smaller extent	often|しばしば|adverb|frequently; many times	mistaken|誤る|verb|make a wrong judgment about something	choice|選択|noun|the act of choosing	prince|君主|noun|the son of a king or queen
and a man of real worth among the king's ministers is almost as rare as a fool at the head of a republican government.	そして、王の大臣の中に真に価値のある人物がいることは、共和制政府のトップに愚か者がいるのと同じくらい稀である。	among|の中に|preposition|in the middle of	minister|大臣|noun|a person appointed by a state leader to head a ministry	real|真に|adjective|true; genuine	worth|価値のある|adjective|meriting attention or respect	republican|共和制|adjective|of or relating to a republic	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it
Thus, when, by some fortunate chance, one of these born governors takes the helm of State in some monarchy that has been nearly overwhelmed by swarms of 'gentlemanly' administrators, there is nothing but amazement at the resources he discovers, and his coming marks an era in his country's history.	このように、幸運な偶然によって、これらの生まれながらの統治者の一人が、「紳士的な」管理者の群れにほとんど圧倒されている君主制国家の舵を取ったとき、彼が発見した資源には驚くばかりであり、彼の登場はその国の歴史に一つの時代の印を刻むことになる。	thus|このように|adverb|in this way	fortunate|幸運な|adjective|having good luck	chance|偶然|noun|a possibility of something happening	one|一人|noun|the lowest cardinal number	born|生まれながらの|adjective|having a particular quality or ability from birth	governor|統治者|noun|a person appointed to govern a colony	take|取る|verb|get into one's possession, power, or control	helm|舵|noun|a tiller or wheel for steering a ship or boat	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	monarchy|君主制|noun|a political system in which supreme authority is vested in the monarch	nearly|ほとんど|adverb|very close or very similar	overwhelm|圧倒する|verb|defeat completely	swarm|群れ|noun|a large number of people or things	gentlemanly|紳士的な|adjective|having or showing the qualities or manners of a gentleman	administrator|管理者|noun|a person responsible for running a business, organization, etc.	nothing but|驚くばかり|adverb|only	amazement|驚き|noun|a feeling of great surprise or wonder	resource|資源|noun|a source of supply or support	discover|発見する|verb|find unexpectedly or in the course of a search	coming|登場|noun|the action of moving toward or into a place thought of as near or familiar to the speaker	mark|印|noun|a sign or indication of something	era|時代|noun|a period of time in which events occur	history|歴史|noun|the study of past events

For a monarchical State to have a chance of being well governed, its population and extent must be proportionate to the abilities of its governor.	君主制国家がうまく統治される機会を得るためには、その人口と規模が統治者の能力に比例していなければならない。	monarchical State|君主制国家|noun|a state with a monarch	have a chance|機会を得る|verb|have an opportunity	well governed|うまく統治される|adjective|governed well	population|人口|noun|the total number of people living in a particular area or country	extent|規模|noun|the size, amount, or importance of something	proportionate|比例する|adjective|being in a proper or suitable relation in terms of size, quantity, or scale	governor|統治者|noun|a person who governs a state or country
If is easier to conquer than to rule.	征服することは支配することよりも簡単である。	conquer|征服する|verb|overcome and take control of a country or area by force	rule|支配する|verb|exercise ultimate power or authority over
With a long enough lever, the world could be moved with a single finger;	十分に長いレバーがあれば、世界は一本の指で動かすことができる。	long|長い|adjective|having a great distance from one end to the other	lever|レバー|noun|a simple machine consisting of a rigid object pivoted on a fixed point	world|世界|noun|the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on	move|動かす|verb|change position or posture
to sustain it needs the shoulders of Hercules.	それを支えるにはヘラクレスの肩が必要である。	sustain|支える|verb|to keep in existence; maintain	need|必要である|verb|require (something) because it is essential or very important
However small a State may be, the prince is hardly ever big enough for it.	国家がどんなに小さくても、君主がそれに十分な大きさであることはほとんどない。	however|どんなに|adverb|to whatever extent or degree	small|小さい|adjective|of a size that is less than average or usual	State|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	prince|君主|noun|the son of a king or queen	hardly ever|ほとんどない|adverb|almost never; very rarely
When, on the other hand, it happens that the State is too small for its ruler, in these rare cases too it is ill governed, because the ruler, constantly pursuing his great designs, forgets the interests of the people, and makes it no less wretched by misusing the talents he has, than a ruler of less capacity would make it for want of those he had not.	一方、国家がその支配者にとって小さすぎることが起こると、これらのまれなケースでも、支配者が常に彼の偉大なデザインを追求し、人々の利益を忘れ、彼が持っている才能を悪用することによって、それほど悲惨なものにするので、それはうまく統治されない。	on the other hand|一方|adverb|from another point of view	happen|起こる|verb|take place; occur	State|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	too small|小さすぎる|adjective|not big enough	ruler|支配者|noun|a person exercising supreme authority	rare|まれ|adjective|not common or frequent	ill governed|うまく統治されない|adjective|not governed well	ruler|支配者|noun|a person exercising supreme authority	constantly|常に|adverb|continuously over a period of time; always	great|偉大な|adjective|of major significance or importance	design|デザイン|noun|a plan or drawing produced to show the look and function or workings of a building, garment, or other object before it is made	forget|忘れる|verb|not be able to remember	interest|利益|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	make|作る|verb|cause to exist or happen	wretched|悲惨な|adjective|extremely unhappy or unfortunate	talent|才能|noun|a natural aptitude or skill	misuse|悪用|verb|use wrongly or improperly	less|より少ない|adjective|not as much or as many as	capacity|能力|noun|the ability or power to do something	want|欠如|noun|the state of not having something that is needed or wanted
A kingdom should, so to speak, expand or contract with each reign, according to the prince's capabilities;	王国は、いわば、君主の能力に応じて、各治世で拡大または縮小するべきである。	kingdom|王国|noun|a country ruled by a king or queen	expand|拡大する|verb|become or make larger or more extensive	contract|縮小する|verb|make or become shorter, smaller, or tighter	prince|君主|noun|a male member of a royal family other than the king	capability|能力|noun|the power or ability to do something
but, the abilities of a senate being more constant in quantity, the State can then have permanent frontiers without the administration suffering.	しかし、元老院の能力は量においてより一定であるので、国家は行政が苦しむことなく永続的な国境を持つことができる。	ability|能力|noun|the power or capacity to perform or achieve	senate|元老院|noun|the upper house of the U.S. Congress	constant|一定|adjective|non-varying	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	administration|行政|noun|the management of a business or organization	suffer|苦しむ|verb|experience or be subjected to something bad or unpleasant

The disadvantage that is most felt in monarchical government is the want of the continuous succession which, in both the other forms, provides an unbroken bond of union.	君主制政府で最も感じられる不利な点は、他の二つの形態では連合の切れ目のない絆を提供する継続的な継承の欠如である。	disadvantage|不利な点|noun|an unfavorable circumstance or condition that reduces the chances of success or effectiveness	feel|感じる|verb|to be aware of (something) through touch or emotion	monarchical government|君主制政府|noun|a government in which the supreme power is actually or nominally lodged in a monarch	want|欠如|noun|a lack or deficiency of something	continuous|継続的な|adjective|without interruption or break	succession|継承|noun|the right to inherit power or position	provide|提供する|verb|to give or make available (something) for use	unbroken|切れ目のない|adjective|not broken or interrupted	bond|絆|noun|a uniting force or tie	union|連合|noun|the state of being joined or connected together
When one king dies, another is needed;	一人の王が死ぬと、別の王が必要になる。	one|一人の|adjective|the lowest cardinal number; half of two	king|王|noun|the male ruler of an independent state	die|死ぬ|verb|stop living	another|別の|adjective|one more; an additional; a further
elections leave dangerous intervals and are full of storms;	選挙は危険な間隔を残し、嵐に満ちている。	election|選挙|noun|the process of choosing a person or group of people for a position, especially a political position, by voting	leave|残す|verb|go away from a place	dangerous|危険な|adjective|able or likely to cause harm or injury	interval|間隔|noun|a space of time between two events	storm|嵐|noun|a violent disturbance of the atmosphere with strong winds and usually rain, snow, or hail
and unless the citizens are disinterested and upright to a degree which very seldom goes with this kind of government, intrigue and corruption abound.	そして、市民がこの種の政府にはめったにない程度に公平で正直でなければ、陰謀と腐敗が蔓延する。	citizen|市民|noun|an inhabitant of a city or town; especially : one entitled to the rights and privileges of a freeman	disinterested|公平な|adjective|not influenced by personal feelings or interests	upright|正直な|adjective|morally correct	degree|程度|noun|the extent to which something happens or is present	seldom|めったにない|adverb|not often; rarely	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	intrigue|陰謀|noun|a secret plan or scheme to achieve some purpose	corruption|腐敗|noun|dishonest or fraudulent conduct by those in power
He to whom the State has sold itself can hardly help selling it in his turn and repaying himself, at the expense of the weak, the money the powerful have wrung from him.	国家が自らを売った相手は、今度はそれを売り、弱者を犠牲にして、権力者が彼から搾り取った金を返済せずにはいられない。	State|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	turn|今度|noun|an opportunity to do something	repay|返済する|verb|pay back (money)	expense|犠牲|noun|a cost or charge incurred in making or doing something	weak|弱者|adjective|lacking the power to perform	powerful|権力者|adjective|having great power or influence	wring|搾り取る|verb|squeeze or twist (something) so as to force out liquid
Under such an administration, venality sooner or later spreads through every part, and peace so enjoyed under a king is worse than the disorders of an interregnum.	このような政権の下では、遅かれ早かれあらゆる部分に堕落が広がり、王の下で享受される平和は、空位時代の混乱よりもひどい。	under|下で|preposition|below or beneath	administration|政権|noun|the management of a country's affairs	venality|堕落|noun|the quality of being corrupt or venal	sooner or later|遅かれ早かれ|adverb|eventually; at some later time	spread|広がる|verb|extend or stretch out over a wide area	every part|あらゆる部分|noun|all of the parts	peace|平和|noun|a state of tranquility or quiet	enjoy|享受する|verb|take delight or pleasure in	king|王|noun|a male sovereign or monarch	worse|ひどい|adjective|of poorer quality or a lower standard	disorder|混乱|noun|a lack of order or regular arrangement	interregnum|空位時代|noun|a period of time during which a country has no king or queen

What has been done to prevent these evils?	これらの悪を防ぐために何がなされたか?	prevent|防ぐ|verb|keep from happening or arising	evil|悪|noun|something that is harmful or undesirable
Crowns have been made hereditary in certain families, and an order of succession has been set up, to prevent disputes from arising on the death of kings.	王冠は特定の家系で世襲制となり、王の死後に紛争が起こらないように継承順位が定められた。	crown|王冠|noun|a circular head ornament worn by a monarch	hereditary|世襲制|adjective|passed or capable of being passed genetically from one generation to another	family|家系|noun|a group of people who are closely related to each other	order|順位|noun|a state of peace, lawfulness, and obedience to authority	succession|継承|noun|the action or process of inheriting a title, office, property, etc.	prevent|起こらないように|verb|keep from happening or arising	dispute|紛争|noun|a disagreement between two or more people or groups	arise|起こる|verb|come into being or existence
That is to say, the disadvantages of regency have been put in place of those of election, apparent tranquillity has been preferred to wise administration, and men have chosen rather to risk having children, monstrosities, or imbeciles as rulers to having disputes over the choice of good kings.	つまり、摂政の不利な点が選挙の不利な点に取って代わられ、賢明な政権よりも見かけ上の平穏が好まれ、人々は善良な王の選出を巡って争うよりも、子供、怪物、あるいは愚か者を支配者にする危険を冒すことを選んだのである。	that is to say|つまり|adverb|in other words	disadvantage|不利な点|noun|an unfavorable circumstance or condition that reduces the chances of success or effectiveness	regency|摂政|noun|the office or jurisdiction of a regent	election|選挙|noun|the process of choosing a person or group of people for a position, especially a political position, by voting	apparent|見かけ上の|adjective|seeming real or true on the basis of evidence that may not be valid	tranquillity|平穏|noun|the quality or state of being tranquil	wise|賢明な|adjective|having or showing experience, knowledge, and good judgment	administration|政権|noun|the management of a government or business	risk|危険を冒す|verb|expose (someone or something valued) to danger, harm, or loss	child|子供|noun|a young human being below the age of puberty or below the legal age of majority	monstrosity|怪物|noun|a creature of unusually or grotesquely hideous appearance	imbecile|愚か者|noun|a stupid or foolish person	ruler|支配者|noun|a person exercising government or dominion	dispute|争う|verb|argue about (something)	choice|選出|noun|the act of choosing	good|善良な|adjective|to be desired or approved of
It has not been taken into account that, in so exposing ourselves to the risks this possibility entails, we are setting almost all the chances against us.	この可能性に伴うリスクに身をさらすことにより、ほとんどすべての可能性を自分たちに不利にしていることを考慮に入れていない。	take into account|考慮に入れる|verb|to consider something when making a decision	risk|リスク|noun|the possibility of something bad happening	entail|伴う|verb|involve or imply as a necessary logical consequence	expose|さらす|verb|make (something) visible, accessible, or known	set|設定する|verb|put in a specified state	chance|可能性|noun|the possibility of something happening
There was sound sense in what the younger Dionysius said to his father, who reproached him for doing some shameful deed by asking, “Did I set you the example?”	ディオニュシオス2世が父親に言った言葉には、正しい意味があった。父親は、恥ずべき行為をしたことを「私があなたに手本を見せたのか?」と問いかけて非難したという。	younger|2世|adjective|having lived or existed for a short time	Dionysius|ディオニュシオス|noun|a tyrant of Syracuse	father|父親|noun|a man who has a child	reproach|非難する|verb|express disapproval of or disappointment with	shameful|恥ずべき|adjective|causing feelings of shame	deed|行為|noun|something that is done	set an example|手本を見せる|verb|be a good model for others to follow
“No,” answered his son, “but your father was not king.”	「いいえ」と息子は答えた。「でも、あなたの父親は王ではありませんでした」	answer|答える|verb|say something in reply	father|父親|noun|a man who has a child	king|王|noun|the male ruler of an independent state

Everything conspires to take away from a man who is set in authority over others the sense of justice and reason.	あらゆることが、他人を支配する権力を与えられた人間から正義と理性の感覚を奪い取ろうとする。	everything|あらゆること|noun|all that exists	conspire|奪い取ろうとする|verb|act together to achieve a common goal	take away|奪い取る|verb|remove or take away something from someone or something	set in|与えられる|verb|start to happen or exist	authority|権力|noun|the power to give orders or make decisions	justice|正義|noun|the quality of being just or fair	reason|理性|noun|the power of the mind to think, understand, and form judgments by a process of logic
Much trouble, we are told, is taken to teach young princes the art of reigning;	若い王子たちに統治の術を教えるのには、多くの苦労が伴うという。	much trouble|多くの苦労|noun|a lot of difficulty	young|若い|adjective|having lived or existed for only a short time	prince|王子|noun|a male member of a royal family other than the king	teach|教える|verb|impart knowledge to or instruct (someone) as to how to do something	art|術|noun|a skill at doing something that is acquired through practice	reign|統治|verb|rule as monarch
but their education seems to do them no good.	しかし、彼らの教育は彼らに何の利益ももたらさないようだ。	education|教育|noun|the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at a school or university	do good|利益をもたらす|verb|be beneficial to
It would be better to begin by teaching them the art of obeying.	彼らに従うことの術を教えることから始める方がよいだろう。	begin|始める|verb|start to do something	teach|教える|verb|impart knowledge to or instruct (someone) as to how to do something	art|術|noun|a skill at doing a specified thing, typically one acquired through practice
The greatest kings whose praises history tells were not brought up to reign: reigning is a science we are never so far from possessing as when we have learnt too much of it, and one we acquire better by obeying than by commanding.	歴史が称賛する最も偉大な王たちは、統治するために育てられたわけではない。統治は、あまりにも多くを学んだときほど身につけることができない科学であり、命令するよりも従うことによってよりよく身につくものである。	history|歴史|noun|the study of past events	tell|語る|verb|communicate information, facts, or news to someone in spoken or written words	king|王|noun|the male ruler of an independent state	reign|統治する|verb|rule as a monarch	bring up|育てる|verb|care for and educate a child	science|科学|noun|the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behaviour of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment	learn|学ぶ|verb|gain knowledge or skills	command|命令する|verb|give an authoritative order	obey|従う|verb|act in accordance with the command, direction, or request of
“Nam utilissimus idem ac brevissimus bonarum malarumque rerum delectus cogitare quid aut nolueris sub alio principe, aut volueris.”	「善悪の選択に最も有益で最も簡潔な方法は、他の君主の下で何を望み、何を望まないかを考えることである」	utilissimus|最も有益な|adjective|most useful	idem|同じ|adjective|the same	brevissimus|最も簡潔な|adjective|shortest	delectus|選択|noun|choice	cogitare|考える|verb|to think	quid|何|noun|what	nolueris|望まない|verb|to be unwilling	sub|下で|preposition|under	alio|他の|adjective|other	principe|君主|noun|prince	volueris|望む|verb|to want

One result of this lack of coherence is the inconstancy of royal government, which, regulated now on one scheme and now on another, according to the character of the reigning prince or those who reign for him, cannot for long have a fixed object or a consistent policy—and this variability, not found in the other forms of government, where the prince is always the same, causes the State to be always shifting from principle to principle and from project to project.	この一貫性の欠如の結果の一つは、王政の不安定さであり、王政は、君主やその代理人の性格によって、ある計画に基づいて統治されたり、別の計画に基づいて統治されたりするため、長い間、固定した目的や一貫した政策を持つことができない。そして、この変動性は、君主が常に同じである他の統治形態には見られないものであり、国家が常に原理から原理へ、計画から計画へと移行する原因となっている。	lack|欠如|noun|the state or fact of being without something	coherence|一貫性|noun|the quality of being logical and consistent	result|結果|noun|something that happens or comes about as a consequence of something else	inconstancy|不安定さ|noun|the quality of being inconsistent or unreliable	royal government|王政|noun|a system of government in which a monarch is the head of state	regulate|統治する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	scheme|計画|noun|a plan or program of action	character|性格|noun|the mental and moral qualities distinctive to an individual	prince|君主|noun|a male member of a royal family other than the king	reign|統治する|verb|rule as a monarch	long|長い間|adverb|for a long time	fixed|固定した|adjective|not subject to change or variation	object|目的|noun|a thing aimed at or sought; a goal	consistent|一貫した|adjective|acting or done in the same way over time	policy|政策|noun|a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government, party, business, or individual	variability|変動性|noun|the quality or state of being variable	find|見られる|verb|discover or notice	form|形態|noun|a particular way in which something exists or appears	government|統治|noun|the action or manner of governing	prince|君主|noun|a male member of a royal family other than the king	same|同じ|adjective|being the same as something or someone previously mentioned	cause|原因|noun|a person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or condition	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	shift|移行する|verb|change from one thing to another
Thus we may say that generally, if a court is more subtle in intrigue, there is more wisdom in a senate, and Republics advance towards their ends by more consistent and better considered policies;	このように、一般的に言えば、宮廷がより巧妙な陰謀を企てるならば、元老院にはより多くの知恵があり、共和国はより一貫性があり、よりよく考慮された政策によって目的に向かって前進する。	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	court|宮廷|noun|the residence of a sovereign or other high-ranking person	subtle|巧妙な|adjective|making use of clever and indirect methods to achieve something	intrigue|陰謀|noun|a secret plan or plot to achieve something	wisdom|知恵|noun|the quality of having experience, knowledge, and good judgment	senate|元老院|noun|the upper house of the US Congress	republic|共和国|noun|a state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives, and which has an elected or nominated president rather than a monarch	advance|前進する|verb|move forward	end|目的|noun|the final part of something	consistent|一貫性がある|adjective|acting or done in the same way over time	policy|政策|noun|a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government, party, business, or individual
while every revolution in a royal ministry creates a revolution in the State; for the principle common to all ministers and nearly all kings is to do in every respect the reverse of what was done by their predecessors.	一方、王政のあらゆる革命は国家に革命をもたらす。なぜなら、すべての大臣とほとんどすべての王に共通する原則は、あらゆる点で前任者が行ったことの逆を行うことである。	revolution|革命|noun|a forcible overthrow of a government or social order in favor of a new system	royal|王政の|adjective|of or relating to a king or queen or their family	ministry|大臣|noun|a person appointed by a state leader to head a ministry	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	common|共通する|adjective|belonging to or shared by two or more parties	principle|原則|noun|a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior or for a chain of reasoning	minister|大臣|noun|a person appointed by a state leader to head a ministry	king|王|noun|a male sovereign or monarch	predecessor|前任者|noun|a person who held a job or office before the current holder

This incoherence further clears up a sophism that is very familiar to royalist political writers;	この矛盾は、王党派の政治作家に非常によく知られている詭弁をさらに明らかにする。	incoherence|矛盾|noun|the quality of being incoherent	clear up|明らかにする|verb|make clear or plain	sophism|詭弁|noun|a false argument intended to deceive	royalist|王党派|noun|a person who supports the principle of monarchy	political|政治|adjective|of or relating to government, a government, or the conduct of government	writer|作家|noun|a person who writes
not only is civil government likened to domestic government, and the prince to the father of a family—this error has already been refuted—but the prince is also freely credited with all the virtues he ought to possess, and is supposed to be always what he should be.	市民政府が国内政府に、君主が家族の父親に例えられるだけでなく、この誤りはすでに論駁されているが、君主はまた、彼が持つべきすべての美徳を自由に認められ、常に彼がそうあるべき姿であると考えられている。	civil government|市民政府|noun|a government of the people, by the people, and for the people	domestic government|国内政府|noun|a government that is not foreign	prince|君主|noun|a male member of a royal family	family|家族|noun|a group of people who are related to each other	father|父親|noun|a male parent	error|誤り|noun|a mistake	refute|論駁する|verb|prove to be false or incorrect	virtue|美徳|noun|a quality that is considered morally good	freely|自由に|adverb|without restriction or limitation	credit|認める|verb|give someone credit for something	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	be supposed to|であると考えられている|verb|be expected or required to
This supposition once made, royal government is clearly preferable to all others, because it is incontestably the strongest, and, to be the best also, wants only a corporate will more in conformity with the general will.	一度この仮定を立てれば、王政は他のどの政体よりも明らかに好ましい。なぜなら、王政は議論の余地なく最も強く、また最善であるためには、一般意志にもっと従った団体意志だけを必要とするからである。	supposition|仮定|noun|a hypothesis that is taken for granted	once|一度|adverb|on one occasion or for one time only	royal government|王政|noun|a government in which the head of state is a king or queen	clearly|明らかに|adverb|in a way that is easy to understand	preferable|好ましい|adjective|more desirable or suitable	all others|他のどの政体よりも|noun|all the other things	incontestably|議論の余地なく|adverb|in a way that cannot be argued against	strongest|最も強い|adjective|having the greatest strength	best|最善|adjective|of the highest quality	only|だけ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	corporate will|団体意志|noun|the will of a group of people	conformity|従った|noun|the action of conforming to something	general will|一般意志|noun|the will of the people as a whole

But if, according to Plato, the “king by nature” is such a rarity, how often will nature and fortune conspire to give him a crown?	しかし、プラトンによれば、「生まれながらの王」がそれほど珍しいのであれば、自然と運命が共謀して彼に王冠を与えることはどれほどあるだろうか?	Plato|プラトン|noun|a Greek philosopher and mathematician	nature|自然|noun|the physical world and everything in it	fortune|運命|noun|the course of someone's life	conspire|共謀する|verb|to act together secretly to do something illegal or harmful
And, if royal education necessarily corrupts those who receive it, what is to be hoped from a series of men brought up to reign?	そして、もし王侯教育が必然的にそれを受けた者を堕落させるのであれば、統治するために育てられた一連の人間から何が期待できるだろうか?	royal|王侯|adjective|of or relating to a king or queen or a member of their family	education|教育|noun|the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at a school or university	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	corrupt|堕落させる|verb|cause to act dishonestly in return for money or personal gain	receive|受ける|verb|be given, presented with, or paid	reign|統治|noun|the period during which a sovereign rules	hope|期待|verb|want something to happen or be the case
It is, then, wanton self-deception to confuse royal government with government by a good king.	したがって、王政と善良な王による統治を混同するのは、勝手な自己欺瞞である。	royal government|王政|noun|a system of government in which the monarch is the head of state	government|統治|noun|the action or manner of governing	good king|善良な王|noun|a king who is kind and fair	wanton|勝手な|adjective|deliberate and unprovoked	self-deception|自己欺瞞|noun|the action or fact of deceiving oneself
To see such government as it is in itself, we must consider it as it is under princes who are incompetent or wicked: for either they will come to the throne wicked or incompetent, or the throne will make them so.	そのような政府をそれ自体として見るには、無能または邪悪な君主の下にあるものとして考えなければならない。なぜなら、彼らは邪悪または無能なまま王位に就くか、王位が彼らをそうさせるからである。	see|見る|verb|perceive with the eyes	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	itself|それ自体|pronoun|that thing or person itself	consider|考える|verb|think carefully about	prince|君主|noun|the son of a king or queen	incompetent|無能な|adjective|lacking the necessary skill or knowledge to do something successfully	wicked|邪悪な|adjective|morally bad	throne|王位|noun|the seat of a king, queen, or other sovereign	come to|就く|verb|reach a place	make|させる|verb|cause to be or become

These difficulties have not escaped our writers, who, all the same, are not troubled by them.	これらの困難は、私たちの作家たちの目を逃れたわけではないが、彼らはそれに悩まされることはなかった。	difficulty|困難|noun|a thing that is hard to do or understand	escape|逃れる|verb|get free from a situation	writer|作家|noun|a person who writes books, stories, or articles as a job or regular occupation	trouble|悩ます|verb|cause distress to
The remedy, they say, is to obey without a murmur: God sends bad kings in His wrath, and they must be borne as the scourges of Heaven.	彼らは、その解決策は、つぶやくことなく従うことだと言う。神は怒りの中で悪い王を送り、彼らは天の災いとして耐えなければならない。	remedy|解決策|noun|a medicine or treatment for a disease or injury	murmur|つぶやき|noun|a low continuous sound	God|神|noun|the creator and ruler of the universe and source of all moral authority; the supreme being	wrath|怒り|noun|extreme anger	send|送る|verb|cause to go or be taken to a destination; arrange for the delivery of	king|王|noun|the male ruler of an independent state	bear|耐える|verb|carry or support	scourge|災い|noun|a person or thing that causes great trouble or suffering	Heaven|天|noun|the sky or the universe as seen from the earth
Such talk is doubtless edifying;	そのような話は間違いなく教訓的である。	such|そのような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	talk|話|noun|an informal discussion	doubtless|間違いなく|adverb|without doubt; certainly	edifying|教訓的|adjective|providing moral or intellectual instruction
but it would be more in place in a pulpit than in a political book.	しかし、それは政治書よりも説教壇にふさわしいだろう。	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	be in place|ふさわしい|verb|be appropriate or suitable	pulpit|説教壇|noun|a raised platform in a church or chapel from which the preacher delivers a sermon	political book|政治書|noun|a book about politics
What are we to think of a doctor who promises miracles, and whose whole art is to exhort the sufferer to patience?	奇跡を約束し、その技術のすべてが患者に忍耐を説くことにある医者をどう考えたらいいだろうか。	promise|約束する|verb|assure someone that one will or will not do something	miracle|奇跡|noun|an extraordinary event manifesting divine intervention in human affairs	doctor|医者|noun|a person qualified to practice medicine	think of|考える|verb|direct one's mind toward someone or something; use one's mind actively to form connected ideas	sufferer|患者|noun|a person who is experiencing pain or hardship	patience|忍耐|noun|the capacity to accept or tolerate delay, problems, or suffering without becoming annoyed or anxious
We know for ourselves that we must put up with a bad government when it is there;	私たちは、悪い政府が存在するときにはそれに耐えなければならないことを知っている。	know for oneself|知っている|verb|be aware of	put up with|耐える|verb|tolerate	bad government|悪い政府|noun|a government that is not good
the question is how to find a good one.	問題は、どうやって良い政府を見つけるかである。	question|問題|noun|a statement asking for something and expecting an answer	find|見つける|verb|discover or notice	good|良い|adjective|to be desired or approved of


## CHAPTER VII: MIXED GOVERNMENTS	第七章: 混合政体	chapter|章|noun|a main division of a book	government|政体|noun|the system by which a state or community is governed

Strictly speaking, there is no such thing as a simple government.	厳密に言えば、単純な政府というものは存在しない。	strictly speaking|厳密に言えば|adverb|in a strict sense	simple|単純な|adjective|not complicated or elaborate	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it
An isolated ruler must have subordinate magistrates;	孤立した支配者には、従属する行政官が必要である。	isolated|孤立した|adjective|far away from other places, buildings, or people	ruler|支配者|noun|a person exercising supreme or sovereign power	subordinate|従属する|adjective|lower in rank or position	magistrate|行政官|noun|a civil officer or lay judge who administers the law
a popular government must have a head.	民主政には、長が必要である。	popular government|民主政|noun|a government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised by them directly or indirectly through a system of representation usually involving periodically held free elections	must|必要である|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; should	have|持つ|verb|possess, own, or hold
There is therefore, in the distribution of the executive power, always a gradation from the greater to the lesser number, with the difference that sometimes the greater number is dependent on the smaller, and sometimes the smaller on the greater.	したがって、執行権の配分には、常に多数から少数への段階があり、多数が少数に依存する場合と、少数が多数に依存する場合とがある。	distribution|配分|noun|the action of sharing something out among a number of recipients	executive power|執行権|noun|the power to put a law into effect	gradation|段階|noun|a series of gradual changes	greater|多数|adjective|larger in size or amount	lesser|少数|adjective|smaller in size or amount	sometimes|場合|adverb|on some occasions or in some cases	dependent|依存する|adjective|relying on someone or something for aid, support, or the like	greater|多数|adjective|larger in size or amount	smaller|少数|adjective|smaller in size or amount

Sometimes the distribution is equal, when either the constituent parts are in mutual dependence, as in the government of England, or the authority of each section is independent, but imperfect, as in Poland.	イギリス政府のように構成要素が相互に依存している場合や、ポーランドのように各部門の権限が独立しているが不完全な場合には、配分が平等になることもある。	distribution|配分|noun|the action of sharing something out among a number of recipients	equal|平等|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status	constituent part|構成要素|noun|a part of a whole	mutual dependence|相互依存|noun|a relationship in which each person or thing depends on the other	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	authority|権限|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	section|部門|noun|a part of something	independent|独立|adjective|not dependent on another for livelihood or subsistence	imperfect|不完全|adjective|not perfect; having a defect or weakness
This last form is bad; for it secures no unity in the government, and the State is left without a bond of union.	この最後の形態は悪い。なぜなら、政府の統一が確保されず、国家は連合の絆を失ってしまうからである。	last|最後の|adjective|coming after all others in time or order	form|形態|noun|the shape of something	bad|悪い|adjective|of poor quality or a low standard	secure|確保する|verb|make safe or certain	unity|統一|noun|the state of being united or joined as a whole	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	bond|絆|noun|something that unites or connects	union|連合|noun|the state of being joined or connected

Is a simple or a mixed government the better?	単一政体と混合政体ではどちらが優れているか?	simple|単一|adjective|having only one part	mixed|混合|adjective|made up of different parts or elements	government|政体|noun|the system by which a state or community is governed
Political writers are always debating the question, which must be answered as we have already answered a question about all forms of government.	政治評論家は常にこの問題について議論しているが、この問題は、すでにあらゆる政体について答えたように答えなければならない。	political writer|政治評論家|noun|a person who writes about politics	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	debate|議論する|verb|discuss or argue about (a subject)	question|問題|noun|a statement asking for something and expecting an answer	answer|答える|verb|say or write something in reply	government|政体|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it

Simple government is better in itself, just because it is simple.	単一政体は、単純であるというだけで、それ自体が優れている。	simple|単純な|adjective|easy to understand or do	government|政体|noun|the system or group of people governing an organized community	better|優れている|adjective|of a more excellent or effective type or quality
But when the executive power is not sufficiently dependent upon the legislative power, i.e. when the prince is more closely related to the Sovereign than the people to the prince, this lack of proportion must be cured by the division of the government;	しかし、執行権が立法権に十分に依存していない場合、つまり、君主が人民よりも主権者と密接に関係している場合、この不均衡は政府の分割によって是正されなければならない。	executive power|執行権|noun|the power to put laws into effect	legislative power|立法権|noun|the power to make laws	sufficiently|十分に|adverb|to a satisfactory degree	dependent|依存する|adjective|relying on someone or something else for aid, support, or the like	prince|君主|noun|a male member of a royal family other than the king	people|人民|noun|the body of persons who constitute a particular nation, community, or ethnic group	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	closely|密接に|adverb|in a way that is very near or connected	related|関係する|verb|connected by blood or marriage	lack|欠如|noun|the state or fact of being without something	proportion|均衡|noun|a part or share in due or proper relation to the whole	cured|是正される|verb|to restore to health	division|分割|noun|the action of separating something into parts, or the state of being divided
for all the parts have then no less authority over the subjects, while their division makes them all together less strong against the Sovereign.	なぜなら、すべての部分が臣民に対して権限を持ち、分割によって主権者に対して全体的に弱くなるからである。	for|なぜなら|conjunction|because	all|すべての|determiner|the whole amount of	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	have|持つ|verb|to hold or possess	no less|劣らず|adverb|to the same extent	authority|権限|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	over|に対して|preposition|above or higher than	subject|臣民|noun|a person who lives in a country, state, etc., and is subject to its laws	while|一方で|conjunction|at the same time that	division|分割|noun|the action of separating something into parts	make|なる|verb|to become	them|それら|pronoun|the people or things previously mentioned	all together|全体的に|adverb|as a whole	less|より少なく|adverb|to a smaller extent	strong|強い|adjective|having the power to perform well or to withstand force, pressure, or wear	against|に対して|preposition|in opposition to	Sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler

The same disadvantage is also prevented by the appointment of intermediate magistrates, who leave the government entire, and have the effect only of balancing the two powers and maintaining their respective rights.	同じ不利益は、政府を丸ごと任せ、二つの権力のバランスをとり、それぞれの権利を維持する効果しかない中間的な行政官の任命によっても防ぐことができる。	disadvantage|不利益|noun|an unfavorable circumstance or condition that reduces the chances of success or effectiveness	prevent|防ぐ|verb|keep from happening or arising	appointment|任命|noun|the act of appointing someone to a position	intermediate|中間の|adjective|being between two extremes	magistrate|行政官|noun|a civil officer or lay judge who administers the law	leave|任せる|verb|go away from a place	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	entire|丸ごと|adjective|with no part left out; whole	balance|バランスをとる|verb|keep or put (something) in a state of equilibrium	power|権力|noun|the ability or capacity to perform or act	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something
Government is then not mixed, but moderated.	政府は混合されるのではなく、緩和される。	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	mix|混合する|verb|combine or be combined	moderate|緩和する|verb|make or become less extreme, intense, rigorous, or violent

The opposite disadvantages may be similarly cured, and, when the government is too lax, tribunals may be set up to concentrate it.	反対の不利益も同様に是正することができ、政府があまりにも緩慢な場合には、それを集中させるために裁判所を設立することができる。	opposite|反対の|adjective|facing or going in the opposite direction	disadvantage|不利益|noun|an unfavorable circumstance or condition that reduces the chances of success or effectiveness	similarly|同様に|adverb|in a similar way	cure|是正する|verb|relieve of the symptoms of a disease or condition	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	lax|緩慢な|adjective|not strict or severe	tribunal|裁判所|noun|a court of justice	set up|設立する|verb|establish or start
This is done in all democracies.	これはすべての民主主義国家で行われている。	this|これ|pronoun|the thing that is being discussed	be done|行われている|verb|be finished or completed	democracy|民主主義国家|noun|a system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state
In the first case, the government is divided to make it weak;	最初のケースでは、政府は弱体化するために分割される。	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest	case|ケース|noun|an instance of something occurring	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	divide|分割される|verb|separate into two or more parts	weak|弱体化|adjective|lacking the power to perform; lacking force or effectiveness
in the second, to make it strong: for the maxima of both strength and weakness are found in simple governments, while the mixed forms result in a mean strength.	二つ目は、それを強くするためである。強さと弱さの両方の最大値は単純な政府に見出されるが、混合型は平均的な強さになる。	second|二つ目|noun|the number 2	make|するため|verb|cause to be or become	strong|強く|adjective|having great physical power	maxima|最大値|noun|the highest value	strength|強さ|noun|the quality or state of being physically strong	weakness|弱さ|noun|the quality or state of being physically weak	found|見出される|verb|discover or notice	simple|単純な|adjective|easy to understand or do	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	mixed|混合型|adjective|combining two or more things	result|なる|verb|have a particular outcome	mean|平均的な|adjective|the average of a set of numbers


## CHAPTER VIII: THAT ALL FORMS OF GOVERNMENT DO NOT SUIT ALL COUNTRIES	第8章: すべての統治形態がすべての国に適しているわけではない	CHAPTER VIII|第8章|noun|the eighth chapter	GOVERNMENT|統治形態|noun|the system or group of people governing an organized community	COUNTRY|国|noun|a political state or nation or its territory

Liberty not being a fruit of all climates, is not within the reach of all peoples.	自由はすべての風土の産物ではなく、すべての民族が享受できるわけではない。	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free	fruit|産物|noun|the product of a plant or tree	climate|風土|noun|the weather conditions prevailing in an area in general or over a long period	reach|享受できる|verb|stretch out so as to touch or grasp something	people|民族|noun|a group of persons forming a community and usually a nation
The more this principle, laid down by Montesquieu, is considered, the more its truth is felt;	モンテスキューによって定められたこの原理は、考えれば考えるほど、その真理が感じられる。	the more|より|adverb|to a greater extent	principle|原理|noun|a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior or for a chain of reasoning	lay down|定める|verb|to establish or prescribe	Montesquieu|モンテスキュー|noun|a French political philosopher	consider|考える|verb|to think carefully about something	truth|真理|noun|the body of real things, events, and facts	feel|感じる|verb|to be aware of through touch or sensation
the more it is combated, the more chance is given to confirm it by new proofs.	戦えば戦うほど、新しい証拠によってそれを確認する機会が増える。	the more|より|adverb|to a greater extent	combat|戦う|verb|take part in a violent confrontation	the more|より|adverb|to a greater extent	chance|機会|noun|a possibility of something happening	give|与える|verb|cause someone to have or receive something	confirm|確認する|verb|establish the truth or correctness of	new|新しい|adjective|recently created or having been in existence for a short time	proof|証拠|noun|evidence or argument establishing a fact or the truth of a statement

In all the governments that there are, the public person consumes without producing.	あらゆる政府において、公人は生産せずに消費する。	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	public person|公人|noun|a person who is known to many people	consume|消費する|verb|eat, drink, or ingest	produce|生産する|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials
Whence then does it get what it consumes?	では、公人は消費するものをどこから得るのか?	whence|どこから|adverb|from what place or source	get|得る|verb|come to have or hold	consume|消費する|verb|eat, drink, or ingest
From the labour of its members.	公人は、その構成員の労働から得る。	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	member|構成員|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization
The necessities of the public are supplied out of the superfluities of individuals.	公衆の必需品は、個人の余剰から供給される。	necessity|必需品|noun|something that is required or indispensable	public|公衆|noun|the people as a whole	supply|供給する|verb|provide or furnish with	superfluity|余剰|noun|something that is beyond what is required or sufficient
It follows that the civil State can subsist only so long as men's labour brings them a return greater than their needs.	したがって、市民国家は、人間の労働が彼らの必要以上の見返りをもたらす限りにおいてのみ存続できる。	civil State|市民国家|noun|a state in which the citizens have the right to vote	subsist|存続する|verb|to exist or continue to exist	long|限りにおいて|adverb|for a great period of time	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	bring|もたらす|verb|to cause to come or happen	return|見返り|noun|the profit from an investment	need|必要|noun|a thing that is wanted or required

The amount of this excess is not the same in all countries.	この余剰の量は、すべての国で同じではない。	amount|量|noun|the total of two or more quantities	excess|余剰|noun|an amount of something that is more than necessary	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
In some it is considerable, in others middling, in yet others nil, in some even negative.	ある国では相当なものであり、他の国では中程度であり、さらに他の国ではゼロであり、一部の国ではマイナスである。	in some|ある国では|adverb|in some cases	considerable|相当なもの|adjective|large in amount or extent	in others|他の国では|adverb|in other cases	middling|中程度|adjective|of medium quality	in yet others|さらに他の国では|adverb|in still other cases	nil|ゼロ|noun|nothing	in some|一部の国では|adverb|in some cases	negative|マイナス|adjective|less than zero
The relation of product to subsistence depends on the fertility of the climate, on the sort of labour the land demands, on the nature of its products, on the strength of its inhabitants, on the greater or less consumption they find necessary, and on several further considerations of which the whole relation is made up.	生産物と生存の関係は、気候の肥沃度、土地が必要とする労働の種類、生産物の性質、住民の強さ、彼らが必要とする消費量の多寡、そして関係全体を構成するいくつかのさらなる考慮事項に依存する。	relation|関係|noun|the state of being connected or related	product|生産物|noun|something that is made or produced	subsistence|生存|noun|the condition of remaining in existence	depend|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by	fertility|肥沃度|noun|the ability to produce young or fruit	climate|気候|noun|the weather conditions prevailing in an area in general or over a long period	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	demand|必要とする|verb|ask authoritatively or urgently for	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features of something	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	strength|強さ|noun|the quality or state of being physically strong	greater|多い|adjective|of a size that is more than average	less|少ない|adjective|of a size that is less than average	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	necessary|必要|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present	consideration|考慮事項|noun|a fact or a thing that is taken into account when making a decision	whole|全体|adjective|all of something	make up|構成する|verb|form or constitute

On the other side, all governments are not of the same nature: some are less voracious than others, and the differences between them are based on this second principle, that the further from their source the public contributions are removed, the more burdensome they become.	一方で、すべての政府が同じ性質を持っているわけではない。ある政府は他の政府よりも貪欲ではなく、それらの間の違いは、この第二の原則に基づいている。つまり、公的貢献がその源から遠ざかるほど、より重荷になるということである。	on the other side|一方で|adverb|on the other hand	all|すべての|adjective|the whole amount of	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	same|同じ|adjective|being the same as something or someone else	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features of something	some|ある|adjective|an unspecified number or amount of	less|より少なく|adjective|a smaller amount of	voracious|貪欲な|adjective|wanting or devouring great quantities of food	second|第二の|adjective|coming after the first in position	principle|原則|noun|a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior or for a chain of reasoning	further|遠ざかるほど|adverb|to a greater extent	source|源|noun|a place, person, or thing from which something comes or can be obtained	public|公的|adjective|of or concerning the people as a whole	contribution|貢献|noun|a gift or payment given for a particular purpose	remove|遠ざける|verb|move something from one place to another	burdensome|重荷になる|adjective|causing hardship or difficulty

The charge should be measured not by the amount of the impositions, but by the path they have to travel in order to get back to those from whom they came.	課徴金は、課徴金の額ではなく、課徴金が課せられた人に戻るまでにたどらなければならない道のりで測られるべきである。	charge|課徴金|noun|a fee or payment	measure|測られる|verb|ascertain the size, amount, or degree of	amount|額|noun|a quantity of something	imposition|課徴金|noun|a tax or other compulsory payment	path|道のり|noun|a route or course	travel|たどる|verb|go from one place to another	get back|戻る|verb|return to a previous place or state	those|人|noun|the people or things previously mentioned
When the circulation is prompt and well-established, it does not matter whether much or little is paid;	流通が迅速かつ確立されている場合、支払われる金額の大小は問題ではない。	circulation|流通|noun|the movement of something from one place to another	prompt|迅速|adjective|done without delay	well-established|確立されている|adjective|firmly established	matter|問題|noun|a subject of concern	much|多い|adjective|a large amount or number	little|少ない|adjective|a small amount or number	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed
the people is always rich and, financially speaking, all is well.	人々は常に豊かで、財政的に言えばすべてが順調である。	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	rich|豊か|adjective|having a great deal of money or assets	financially|財政的に|adverb|in terms of money	speaking|言えば|verb|say something
On the contrary, however little the people gives, if that little does not return to it, it is soon exhausted by giving continually: the State is then never rich, and the people is always a people of beggars.	逆に、国民がどんなに少ししか与えなくても、その少しが国民に戻ってこなければ、国民はすぐに疲弊してしまう。そうすると、国家は決して豊かになることはなく、国民は常に乞食の国民である。	on the contrary|逆に|adverb|in a way that is opposite to what has been said or expected	however little|どんなに少しでも|adverb|no matter how small	give|与える|verb|transfer something to someone	return|戻る|verb|go or come back to a place or person	soon|すぐに|adverb|in a short time	exhaust|疲弊させる|verb|use up completely	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	never|決して|adverb|at no time in the past or future; on no occasion; not ever	rich|豊か|adjective|having a great deal of money or assets	people|国民|noun|the inhabitants of a particular country or area	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	beggar|乞食|noun|a person who lives by asking for money or food

It follows that, the more the distance between people and government increases, the more burdensome tribute becomes: thus, in a democracy, the people bears the least charge;	その結果、国民と政府の距離が遠くなればなるほど、貢物はより重荷になる。つまり、民主主義では、国民は最も少ない負担を負うことになる。	distance|距離|noun|the space between two points	people|国民|noun|the inhabitants of a country	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	increase|遠くなる|verb|become or make greater or bigger	burdensome|重荷になる|adjective|causing hardship or difficulty	tribute|貢物|noun|something that is given as a mark of respect or admiration	democracy|民主主義|noun|a system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state	bear|負う|verb|carry or support	least|最も少ない|adjective|smallest in amount or extent	charge|負担|noun|a financial burden or responsibility
in an aristocracy, a greater charge;	貴族制では、より大きな負担を負う。	aristocracy|貴族制|noun|a government in which power is held by the nobility	greater|より大きな|adjective|larger in size or amount or extent	charge|負担|noun|a financial burden
and, in monarchy, the weight becomes heaviest.	そして、君主制では、重荷が最も重くなる。	monarchy|君主制|noun|a system of government in which a single person (a monarch) is the source of all political power	weight|重荷|noun|a burden of responsibility or worry
Monarchy therefore suits only wealthy nations;	したがって、君主制は裕福な国にしか適していない。	monarchy|君主制|noun|a system of government in which a single person (a monarch) is the source of all political power	suit|適している|verb|be right or appropriate for	wealthy|裕福な|adjective|having a great deal of money, resources, or assets
aristocracy, States of middling size and wealth;	貴族制は、中規模で中程度の富裕層の国に適している。	aristocracy|貴族制|noun|a government in which power is held by the nobility	middling|中程度の|adjective|of medium quality, amount, or size	size|規模|noun|the physical magnitude of something	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions
and democracy, States that are small and poor.	そして民主主義は、小さくて貧しい国に適している。	democracy|民主主義|noun|a system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state	state|国|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory

In fact, the more we reflect, the more we find the difference between free and monarchical States to be this: in the former, everything is used for the public advantage;	実際、考えれば考えるほど、自由国家と君主制国家の違いは次のようになる。前者では、すべてが公益のために使われる。	In fact|実際|adverb|in reality; in truth	the more|より|adverb|to a greater extent	reflect|考える|verb|to think carefully about something	the more|より|adverb|to a greater extent	find|分かる|verb|to discover or notice something	difference|違い|noun|the state of being unlike or dissimilar	free|自由な|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes	monarchical|君主制の|adjective|of or relating to a monarch or monarchy	State|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	be|である|verb|to exist or live	this|これ|pronoun|the person or thing mentioned or indicated	in the former|前者では|adverb|in the first of two or more things mentioned	everything|すべて|pronoun|all that exists; all that is	use|使う|verb|to convert to one's own purposes	for|のために|preposition|with the object or purpose of	public|公の|adjective|of or concerning the people as a whole	advantage|利益|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favourable or superior position
in the latter, the public forces and those of individuals are affected by each other, and either increases as the other grows weak;	後者では、公の力と個人の力が互いに影響し合い、一方が弱くなると他方が増大する。	in the latter|後者では|adverb|in the second of two things mentioned	public|公の|adjective|of or concerning the people as a whole	force|力|noun|strength or energy exerted or brought to bear	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinguished from a group	affect|影響し合う|verb|have an effect on; make a difference to	each other|互いに|pronoun|one another	increase|増大する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree
finally, instead of governing subjects to make them happy, despotism makes them wretched in order to govern them.	最後に、臣民を幸福にするために統治する代わりに、専制政治は臣民を統治するために彼らを惨めにする。	finally|最後に|adverb|after all others	instead of|代わりに|preposition|as an alternative to	govern|統治する|verb|rule over	subject|臣民|noun|a person who owes allegiance to a monarch or other sovereign	make|する|verb|cause to be or become	happy|幸福|adjective|feeling or showing pleasure or contentment	despotism|専制政治|noun|a system of government in which the ruler has unlimited power	wretched|惨め|adjective|extremely unhappy or unfortunate

We find then, in every climate, natural causes according to which the form of government which it requires can be assigned, and we can even say what sort of inhabitants it should have.	こうして、あらゆる気候において、それに必要な政府の形態を割り当てることができる自然的原因を見つけることができ、さらには、どのような住民がいるべきかまで言うことができる。	find|見つける|verb|discover or notice	climate|気候|noun|the weather conditions prevailing in an area in general or over a long period	natural cause|自然的原因|noun|a cause that is not the result of human intervention	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	assign|割り当てる|verb|allocate or allot	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	should|べき|auxiliary verb|used to express obligation, duty, or correctness

Unfriendly and barren lands, where the product does;	不親切で不毛な土地、そこでは生産物がそうである。	unfriendly|不親切な|adjective|not friendly	barren|不毛な|adjective|not producing or capable of producing offspring	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	product|生産物|noun|something that is produced
not repay the labour, should remain desert and uncultivated, or peopled only by savages;	労働に報いることなく、砂漠のままで未開のままであるか、あるいは野蛮人だけが住むべきである。	repay|報いる|verb|pay back	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	remain|残る|verb|be left after others have gone	desert|砂漠|noun|a dry, sandy region of little rainfall, extreme temperature, and sparse vegetation	uncultivated|未開の|adjective|not cultivated	savage|野蛮人|noun|a member of a people regarded as primitive and uncivilized
lands where men's labour brings in no more than the exact minimum necessary to subsistence should be inhabited by barbarous peoples: in such places all polity is impossible.	人間の労働が生存に必要な最低限のものしか生み出さない土地には、野蛮な民族が住むべきである。そのような場所では、あらゆる政治は不可能である。	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	bring in|生み出す|verb|produce or earn	no more than|しか|adverb|only	exact|正確な|adjective|accurate or correct in all details	minimum|最低限|noun|the least or smallest amount or number	necessary|必要な|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present	subsistence|生存|noun|the state or fact of existing or living	should be inhabited|住むべきである|verb|live in or occupy	barbarous|野蛮な|adjective|uncivilized or savage	people|民族|noun|a group of persons living in a particular country or area	such|そのような|adjective|of the type or kind described	place|場所|noun|a particular position or point in space	all|あらゆる|adjective|the whole quantity or extent of	polity|政治|noun|a form or system of government
Lands where the surplus of product over labour is only middling are suitable for free peoples;	労働に対する生産物の余剰が中程度の土地は、自由な人々に適している。	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount of something left over when requirements have been met	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	middling|中程度|adjective|of average or moderate quality	suitable|適している|adjective|right or appropriate for a particular person, purpose, or situation	free|自由な|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively
those in which the soil is abundant and fertile and gives a great product for a little labour call for monarchical government, in order that the surplus of superfluities among the subjects may be consumed by the luxury of the prince: for it is better for this excess to be absorbed by the government than dissipated among the individuals.	土壌が豊かで肥沃で、少しの労働で大きな生産物を生み出す土地は、臣民の余剰が君主の贅沢によって消費されるように、君主制を必要とする。なぜなら、この過剰分は個人の間に散逸するよりも、政府によって吸収される方がよいからである。	soil|土壌|noun|the upper layer of earth in which plants grow, a black or dark brown material typically consisting of a mixture of organic remains, clay, and rock particles	abundant|豊か|adjective|existing or available in large quantities; plentiful	fertile|肥沃|adjective|producing many offspring or much fruit or vegetation	give|生み出す|verb|cause to be received	great|大きな|adjective|of an extent, amount, or intensity considerably above average	product|生産物|noun|an article or substance that is manufactured or refined for sale	little|少しの|adjective|small in size, amount, or degree	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	call for|必要とする|verb|require as suitable or necessary	monarchical government|君主制|noun|a system of government in which the supreme power is actually or nominally lodged in a single person	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount of something left over when requirements have been met	superfluity|余分|noun|something that is unnecessary or more than enough	subject|臣民|noun|a person who owes allegiance to a monarch or other sovereign	prince|君主|noun|a male member of a royal family other than the reigning king	luxury|贅沢|noun|the state of great comfort and extravagant living	consume|消費する|verb|eat, drink, or ingest	better|よりよい|adjective|of a more excellent or effective type or quality	excess|過剰|noun|an amount of something that is more than necessary, permitted, or desirable	absorbed|吸収される|verb|take in or soak up	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinct from a group
I am aware that there are exceptions;	例外があることは承知している。	be aware|承知している|verb|know or have knowledge of	exception|例外|noun|a person or thing that is excluded from a general statement or does not follow a rule
but these exceptions themselves confirm the rule, in that sooner or later they produce revolutions which restore things to the natural order.	しかし、これらの例外自体が、遅かれ早かれ物事を自然の秩序に戻す革命を生み出すという点で、この法則を裏付けている。	exception|例外|noun|a person or thing that is excluded from a general statement or does not follow a rule	confirm|裏付ける|verb|establish the truth or correctness of	rule|法則|noun|a statement that describes what always or usually happens	sooner or later|遅かれ早かれ|adverb|eventually; at some later time	produce|生み出す|verb|cause to happen or exist	revolution|革命|noun|a forcible overthrow of a government or social order in favor of a new system	restore|戻す|verb|bring back to a former condition, place, or position

General laws should always be distinguished from individual causes that may modify their effects.	一般法は、その効果を変更する可能性のある個々の原因と常に区別されるべきである。	general law|一般法|noun|a law that applies to all cases or to a large category of cases	distinguish|区別する|verb|recognize as different	individual cause|個々の原因|noun|a cause that is specific to a particular case	modify|変更する|verb|make partial or minor changes to	effect|効果|noun|a change that is a result or consequence of an action or other cause
If all the South were covered with Republics and all the North with despotic States, it would be none the less true that, in point of climate, despotism is suitable to hot countries, barbarism to cold countries, and good polity to temperate regions.	南部全体が共和国で覆われ、北部全体が専制国家で覆われたとしても、気候の観点から、専制政治は暑い国に適し、野蛮は寒い国に適し、良い政治は温帯に適しているということは真実である。	South|南部|noun|the southern part of a country or region	North|北部|noun|the northern part of a country or region	cover|覆われる|verb|to be spread over the surface of	Republic|共和国|noun|a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly by them	despotic|専制的な|adjective|exercising power in a cruel and oppressive way	State|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	climate|気候|noun|the weather conditions prevailing in an area in general or over a long period	despotism|専制政治|noun|a system of government in which the ruler has unlimited power	barbarism|野蛮|noun|the state of being uncivilized or primitive	good|良い|adjective|to be desired or approved of	polity|政治|noun|a form or system of government	temperate|温帯|adjective|having a moderate climate
I see also that, the principle being granted, there may be disputes on its application;	私はまた、原則が認められれば、その適用について論争が起こる可能性があることも理解している。	see|理解する|verb|perceive with the eyes	principle|原則|noun|a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior or for a chain of reasoning	grant|認める|verb|give or allow something to someone	application|適用|noun|the act of putting something into operation	dispute|論争|noun|a disagreement between people or groups
it may be said that there are cold countries that are very fertile, and tropical countries that are very unproductive.	非常に肥沃な寒冷国や、非常に非生産的な熱帯国があると言えるかもしれない。	cold|寒冷な|adjective|having a low temperature	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	fertile|肥沃な|adjective|producing many offspring or much fruit or vegetation	tropical|熱帯の|adjective|relating to the tropics	unproductive|非生産的な|adjective|not producing or capable of producing
But this difficulty exists only for those who do not consider the question in all its aspects.	しかし、この困難は、問題をあらゆる側面から考慮しない人々にとってのみ存在する。	difficulty|困難|noun|a thing that is hard to do or understand	exist|存在する|verb|have objective reality or being	only|のみ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	those|人々|noun|the people or things previously mentioned	consider|考慮する|verb|think carefully about	question|問題|noun|a statement asking for something and expecting an answer	aspect|側面|noun|a particular part or feature of something
We must, as I have already said, take labour, strength, consumption, etc., into account.	すでに述べたように、労働、強さ、消費などを考慮に入れなければならない。	take into account|考慮に入れる|verb|to consider something when making a decision	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	strength|強さ|noun|the quality or state of being physically strong	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource

Take two tracts of equal extent, one of which brings in five and the other ten.	同じ広さの土地を二つ取り、一方は五倍、もう一方は十倍の収穫があるとする。	take|取る|verb|get into one's possession, power, or control	two|二つ|numeral|one more than one	tract|土地|noun|a large area of land	equal|同じ|adjective|being the same in quantity, size, degree, or value	extent|広さ|noun|the area covered by something	one|一方|numeral|the lowest cardinal number; half of two	five|五倍|numeral|one more than four	other|もう一方|adjective|being the remaining one of two or more	ten|十倍|numeral|one more than nine
If the inhabitants of the first consume four and those of the second nine, the surplus of the first product will be a fifth and that of the second a tenth.	一方の住民が四倍、もう一方の住民が九倍消費すると、一方の余剰生産物は五分の一、もう一方の余剰生産物は十分の一となる。	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	consume|消費する|verb|eat, drink, or ingest	four|四倍|noun|the number 4	nine|九倍|noun|the number 9	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount of something left over when requirements have been met	product|生産物|noun|something that is made or produced	fifth|五分の一|noun|one of five equal parts	tenth|十分の一|noun|one of ten equal parts
The ratio of these two surpluses will then be inverse to that of the products, and the tract which produces only five will give a surplus double that of the tract which produces ten.	すると、この二つの余剰の比率は生産物の比率と逆になり、五倍しか生産しない土地は十倍生産する土地の二倍の余剰を生み出すことになる。	ratio|比率|noun|the relationship in quantity, amount, or size between two or more things	inverse|逆|adjective|opposite in position, direction, order, or effect	product|生産物|noun|something produced	tract|土地|noun|a large area of land	produce|生産する|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount of something left over when requirements have been met	double|二倍|adjective|having two parts, units, or members	ten|十|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of nine and one

But there is no question of a double product, and I think no one would put the fertility of cold countries, as a general rule, on an equality with that of hot ones.	しかし、二倍の生産物については問題がなく、寒い国の肥沃度を、一般的なルールとして、暑い国の肥沃度と等しくする人はいないと思う。	question|問題|noun|a statement asking for something and expecting an answer	double|二倍|adjective|having two parts, units, or members	product|生産物|noun|something that is made or produced	cold|寒い|adjective|having a low temperature	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	fertility|肥沃度|noun|the ability to produce young or fruit	general rule|一般的なルール|noun|a rule that is generally true	hot|暑い|adjective|having a high temperature
Let us, however, suppose this equality to exist: let us, if you will, regard England as on the same level as Sicily, and Poland as Egypt—further south, we shall have Africa and the Indies; further north, nothing at all.	しかし、この平等が存在すると仮定してみよう。イギリスをシチリアと同じレベル、ポーランドをエジプトと同じレベルと考えよう。さらに南にはアフリカとインドがあり、さらに北には何もないだろう。	let us|仮定してみよう|verb|suppose	exist|存在する|verb|be or continue to be	regard|考える|verb|think of or consider in a specified way	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	Sicily|シチリア|noun|a large island in the Mediterranean Sea	Poland|ポーランド|noun|a country in Europe	Egypt|エジプト|noun|a country in North Africa	further|さらに|adverb|to a greater extent or degree	south|南|noun|the direction that is on your right when you are facing east	Africa|アフリカ|noun|a continent in the southern hemisphere	Indies|インド|noun|a country in South Asia	further|さらに|adverb|to a greater extent or degree	north|北|noun|the direction that is on your left when you are facing east	nothing|何も|noun|not anything; no single thing
To get this equality of product, what a difference there must be in tillage: in Sicily, there is only need to scratch the ground;	この生産物の平等を得るためには、耕作にどれほどの違いがあるだろうか。シチリアでは、地面をひっかくだけでいい。	get|得る|verb|receive or obtain	equality|平等|noun|the state of being equal	product|生産物|noun|something that is produced	difference|違い|noun|the state of being different	tillage|耕作|noun|the cultivation of land	Sicily|シチリア|noun|an island in the Mediterranean Sea	scratch|ひっかく|verb|scrape or rub with a sharp or rough object
in England, how men must toil!	イギリスでは、人々はどれほど苦労しなければならないことか!	England|イギリス|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	must|しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be compelled to	toil|苦労する|verb|work extremely hard
But, where more hands are needed to get the same product, the superfluity must necessarily be less.	しかし、同じ生産物を得るためにより多くの手が必要とされるところでは、余剰は必然的に少なくならなければならない。	more|より多くの|adjective|a greater or additional amount or degree	hand|手|noun|the end of an arm	need|必要とする|verb|require (something) because it is essential or very important rather than just desirable	same|同じ|adjective|being the same one or ones	product|生産物|noun|an article or substance that is manufactured or refined for sale	superfluity|余剰|noun|something that is more than is needed	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	less|少なく|adjective|a smaller amount of; not as much

Consider, besides, that the same number of men consume much less in hot countries.	その上、同じ人数でも暑い国では消費量がずっと少ないことを考えてみよう。	consider|考えてみよう|verb|think carefully about	besides|その上|adverb|in addition to; as well as	same|同じ|adjective|being the same as something or someone else	number|人数|noun|a quantity or amount	much|ずっと|adverb|to a great extent or degree	less|少ない|adjective|not as much or as many as usual or expected	hot|暑い|adjective|having a high temperature
The climate requires sobriety for the sake of health;	気候は健康のために節制を必要とする。	climate|気候|noun|the weather conditions prevailing in an area in general or over a long period	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	sobriety|節制|noun|the quality or state of being sober	sake|ため|noun|purpose; reason
and Europeans who try to live there as they would at home all perish of dysentery and indigestion.	そして、そこでも自国と同じように生活しようとするヨーロッパ人は、みな赤痢や消化不良で死んでしまう。	European|ヨーロッパ人|noun|a person from Europe	try|しようとする|verb|make an effort to do something	live|生活する|verb|be alive	home|自国|noun|the place where one lives permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	perish|死んでしまう|verb|die	dysentery|赤痢|noun|a disease characterized by severe diarrhea with blood and mucus in the feces	indigestion|消化不良|noun|a condition of impaired digestion
“We are,” says Chardin, “carnivorous animals, wolves, in comparison with the Asiatics.	「我々は、アジア人と比べれば、肉食動物、狼である」とシャルダンは言う。	Chardin|シャルダン|noun|Jean Chardin, a French jeweller and traveller	Asiatics|アジア人|noun|a native of Asia
Some attribute the sobriety of the Persians to the fact that their country is less cultivated;	ペルシア人の節制を、彼らの国があまり開拓されていないことに帰する者もいる。	attribute|帰する|verb|regard something as being caused by	sobriety|節制|noun|the quality or state of being sober	Persian|ペルシア人|noun|a native or inhabitant of Persia	fact|事実|noun|something that is known or proved to be true	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	cultivated|開拓された|adjective|brought under cultivation; tilled
but it is my belief that their country abounds less in commodities because the inhabitants need less.	しかし、私の考えでは、彼らの国が物資に乏しいのは、住民の必要が少ないためである。	country|国|noun|a nation or its territory	abound|乏しい|verb|be plentiful or numerous	commodity|物資|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	need|必要|noun|a requirement for something
If their frugality,” he goes on, “were the effect of the nakedness of the land, only the poor would eat little;	彼らの節制が、もし土地の貧弱さから生じているのなら、貧しい人だけが少ししか食べないはずである。	frugality|節制|noun|the quality of being careful with money or food	nakedness|貧弱さ|noun|the state of being without clothes	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little money or few possessions	little|少し|adverb|to a small extent; slightly
but everybody does so.	しかし、誰もがそうしている。	everybody|誰もが|pronoun|every person	do so|そうする|verb|do the same thing
Again, less or more would be eaten in various provinces, according to the land's fertility;	また、土地の肥沃度に応じて、各地方において食べる量は多かったり少なかったりするはずである。	again|また|adverb|once more; another time	less|少なかったり|adjective|a smaller amount of	more|多かったり|adjective|a greater amount of	various|各地方において|adjective|different from one another; of different kinds	province|地方|noun|a principal administrative division of a country or empire	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	fertility|肥沃度|noun|the ability to produce young or fruit
but the same sobriety is found throughout the kingdom.	しかし、王国全体で同じ節制が見られる。	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	same|同じ|adjective|not different or other	sobriety|節制|noun|the quality or state of being sober	find|見られる|verb|discover or notice	throughout|全体で|preposition|in every part of	kingdom|王国|noun|a country, state, or territory ruled by a king or queen
They are very proud of their manner of life, saying that you have only to look at their hue to recognise how far it excels that of the Christians.	彼らは、自分たちの生活様式を非常に誇りに思っており、キリスト教徒の生活様式よりもどれほど優れているかを知るには、自分たちの肌の色を見ればよいと言う。	be proud of|誇りに思う|verb|be pleased about something that you have done or something that you own	manner of life|生活様式|noun|the way in which a person lives	say|言う|verb|express (something) in words	have only to|すればよい|verb|need only to	look at|見る|verb|direct one's gaze at	hue|肌の色|noun|a particular shade or tint of a color	recognise|知る|verb|be aware of the existence or truth of	excel|優れている|verb|be exceptionally good at something
In fact, the Persians are of an even hue;	実際、ペルシア人は肌の色が均一である。	in fact|実際|adverb|in reality; in truth	Persian|ペルシア人|noun|a native or inhabitant of Persia	even|均一|adjective|level or smooth	hue|肌の色|noun|a color or shade
their skins are fair, fine and smooth;	彼らの肌は色白で、きめ細かく、滑らかである。	skin|肌|noun|the outer layer of the body of a person or animal	fair|色白|adjective|light in color	fine|きめ細かい|adjective|of high quality	smooth|滑らか|adjective|having a continuous even surface
while the hue of their subjects, the Armenians, who live after the European fashion, is rough and blotchy, and their bodies are gross and unwieldy.”	一方、ヨーロッパ風の生活を送る彼らの臣民であるアルメニア人の肌の色は粗く、しみだらけで、体は太りすぎで扱いにくい。」	while|一方|conjunction|at the same time that	hue|肌の色|noun|a color or shade	subject|臣民|noun|a person who owes allegiance to a monarch or other sovereign	Armenian|アルメニア人|noun|a member of the Armenian ethnic group	live|生活する|verb|be alive	European|ヨーロッパ|adjective|of or relating to Europe or its peoples, languages, or cultures	fashion|風|noun|a manner of doing something	rough|粗い|adjective|having a texture that is not smooth or regular	blotchy|しみだらけ|adjective|marked with blotches	gross|太りすぎ|adjective|very obvious and unacceptable	unwieldy|扱いにくい|adjective|difficult to carry or move because of its size, shape, or weight

The nearer you get to the equator, the less people live on.	赤道に近づくほど、住んでいる人は少なくなる。	the nearer|近づくほど|adverb|the more closely	get to|近づく|verb|reach a destination	equator|赤道|noun|an imaginary line drawn around the middle of the earth	less|少なくなる|adjective|not as much or as many as before
Meat they hardly touch; rice, maize, curcur, millet and cassava are their ordinary food.	彼らは肉にはほとんど手をつけず、米、トウモロコシ、クルクル、キビ、キャッサバが彼らの普通の食べ物である。	meat|肉|noun|the flesh of an animal or a bird that is eaten as food	hardly|ほとんど～ない|adverb|almost not	touch|手を付ける|verb|come into or be in contact with	rice|米|noun|a grass that is cultivated in warm climates and is the source of the staple food of many people	maize|トウモロコシ|noun|a tall plant that is grown in many parts of the world for its large yellow seeds	curcur|クルクル|noun|a plant of the gourd family that is grown for its edible fruit	millet|キビ|noun|a cereal crop that is grown in many parts of the world	cassava|キャッサバ|noun|a tropical plant with a large root that is used as food	ordinary|普通の|adjective|of the usual or common type or standard
There are in the Indies millions of men whose subsistence does not cost a halfpenny a day.	インドには、一日の生活費が半ペニーにも満たない人々が何百万人もいる。	Indies|インド|noun|a country in South Asia	millions|何百万|noun|a very large number	men|人々|noun|a human being	subsistence|生活費|noun|the minimum amount of food and shelter necessary to maintain life	cost|かかる|verb|require the payment of	halfpenny|半ペニー|noun|a former British coin worth half a penny	day|一日|noun|a period of time from one midnight to the next
Even in Europe we find considerable differences of appetite between Northern and Southern peoples.	ヨーロッパでさえ、北方人と南方人の間には食欲にかなりの違いが見られる。	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	find|見られる|verb|discover or notice	considerable|かなりの|adjective|large in amount or extent	difference|違い|noun|the state of being unlike or dissimilar	appetite|食欲|noun|a natural desire to satisfy a bodily need, especially for food
A Spaniard will live for a week on a German's dinner.	スペイン人はドイツ人の夕食で1週間生きられる。	Spaniard|スペイン人|noun|a native or inhabitant of Spain	live|生きる|verb|be alive	week|1週間|noun|a period of seven days	German|ドイツ人|noun|a native or inhabitant of Germany	dinner|夕食|noun|the main meal of the day, typically eaten in the evening
In the countries in which men are more voracious, luxury therefore turns in the direction of consumption.	人々がより貪欲な国では、贅沢は消費の方向に向かう。	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	man|人々|noun|a human being of either sex; a person	voracious|貪欲な|adjective|having or showing a very great desire for something	luxury|贅沢|noun|a state of great comfort or elegance, especially when involving great expense	turn|向かう|verb|change direction, position, or course	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource
In England, luxury appears in a well-filled table;	イギリスでは、贅沢は食卓に現れる。	England|イギリス|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	luxury|贅沢|noun|the state of great comfort and extravagant living	appear|現れる|verb|come into sight; become visible
in Italy, you feast on sugar and flowers.	イタリアでは、砂糖と花を食べる。	Italy|イタリア|noun|a republic in southern Europe	feast|食べる|verb|eat a large meal, typically on a special occasion

Luxury in clothes shows similar differences.	衣服の贅沢も同様の違いを示す。	luxury|贅沢|noun|a state of great comfort or elegance, especially when involving great expense	clothes|衣服|noun|things that people wear	show|示す|verb|to make visible or noticeable	difference|違い|noun|the state of being unlike or dissimilar
In climates in which the changes of season are prompt and violent, men have better and simpler clothes;	季節の変化が急激で激しい気候では、人々はより良いシンプルな服を着る。	change|変化|noun|the act or instance of making or becoming different	season|季節|noun|one of the four periods of the year (spring, summer, autumn, and winter)	prompt|急激な|adjective|done without delay	violent|激しい|adjective|using or involving physical force intended to hurt or kill	climate|気候|noun|the weather conditions prevailing in an area in general or over a long period	have|着る|verb|be dressed in	better|より良い|adjective|of a more excellent or effective type or quality	simpler|よりシンプルな|adjective|less complicated or elaborate
where they clothe themselves only for adornment, what is striking is more thought of than what is useful;	装飾のためだけに服を着るところでは、役に立つものよりも印象的なものが重視される。	clothe|着る|verb|put clothes on	adornment|装飾|noun|a decoration or an ornament	striking|印象的な|adjective|having a strong visual impact	useful|役に立つ|adjective|able to be used advantageously
clothes themselves are then a luxury.	衣服そのものが贅沢品である。	clothes|衣服|noun|things that people wear	themselves|そのもの|pronoun|used to emphasize the identity of the subject	luxury|贅沢品|noun|an inessential, desirable item that is expensive or difficult to obtain
At Naples, you may see daily walking in the Pausilippeum men in gold-embroidered upper garments and nothing else.	ナポリでは、金の刺繍を施した上着を着て、それ以外は何も身に着けていない男たちが、毎日パウシリペウムを歩いているのを見かける。	Naples|ナポリ|noun|a city in southern Italy	daily|毎日|adverb|every day	walk|歩く|verb|move at a regular and fairly slow pace by lifting and setting down each foot in turn, never having both feet off the ground at once	Pausilippeum|パウシリペウム|noun|a hill in Naples, Italy	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	embroider|刺繍する|verb|decorate with needlework	upper garment|上着|noun|a garment for the upper part of the body	nothing|何も|pronoun|not anything; no single thing
It is the same with buildings;	建物も同じである。	building|建物|noun|a structure with a roof and walls, such as a house or factory
magnificence is the sole consideration where there is nothing to fear from the air.	空気から恐れるものが何もないところでは、壮麗さだけが考慮される。	magnificence|壮麗さ|noun|the quality of being magnificent; splendor	sole|唯一の|adjective|being the only one	consideration|考慮|noun|careful thought, typically over a period of time, about something	air|空気|noun|the mixture of gases that surrounds the earth and forms its atmosphere
In Paris and London, you desire to be lodged warmly and comfortably;	パリやロンドンでは、暖かく快適な宿泊施設を望む。	Paris|パリ|noun|the capital of France	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital of the United Kingdom	desire|望む|verb|want or wish for	lodge|宿泊する|verb|live temporarily in a place	warmly|暖かく|adverb|in a warm manner	comfortably|快適に|adverb|in a comfortable manner
in Madrid, you have superb salons, but not a window that closes, and you go to bed in a mere hole.	マドリードでは、素晴らしいサロンがあるが、閉まる窓はなく、ただの穴の中で寝ることになる。	Madrid|マドリード|noun|the capital and largest city of Spain	superb|素晴らしい|adjective|extremely good or impressive	salon|サロン|noun|a place where people gather for social interaction	close|閉まる|verb|move or cause to move so as to cover an opening	window|窓|noun|an opening in a wall or roof that allows light and air to come in	go to bed|寝る|verb|go to sleep	mere|ただの|adjective|being only what is specified	hole|穴|noun|an opening through something

In hot countries foods are much more substantial and succulent;	暑い国では、食べ物はずっと充実していて、みずみずしい。	hot|暑い|adjective|having a high temperature	country|国|noun|a political state or nation or its territory	food|食べ物|noun|any substance that can be eaten	substantial|充実している|adjective|of considerable importance, size, or worth	succulent|みずみずしい|adjective|full of juice or sap
and the third difference cannot but have an influence on the second.	そして、第三の違いは第二の違いに影響を与えざるを得ない。	third|第三|adjective|coming after the second and before the fourth in position	second|第二|adjective|coming after the first and before the third in position
Why are so many vegetables eaten in Italy? Because there they are good, nutritious and excellent in taste.	なぜイタリアでは野菜をたくさん食べるのか? それは、そこでは野菜がおいしく、栄養価が高く、味が優れているからだ。	so many|たくさん|adverb|a lot of	vegetable|野菜|noun|a plant or part of a plant that is eaten as food	Italy|イタリア|noun|a republic in southern Europe	good|おいしい|adjective|to be desired or approved of	nutritious|栄養価が高い|adjective|providing nourishment essential for growth and for maintaining health	excellent|優れている|adjective|very good; of the highest quality
In France, where they are nourished only on water, they are far from nutritious and are thought nothing of at table.	フランスでは、水だけで育てられているため、栄養価が低く、食卓ではほとんど食べられない。	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	nourish|育てる|verb|provide with the food or other substances necessary for growth, health, and good condition	water|水|noun|the liquid that descends from the clouds as rain, forms streams, lakes, and seas, and is the major constituent of all living matter and that when pure is an odorless, tasteless, very slightly compressible liquid oxide of hydrogen H2O which appears bluish in thick layers, freezes at 0° C and boils at 100° C, has a maximum density at 4° C and a high specific heat, is feebly ionized to hydrogen and hydroxyl ions, and is a poor conductor of electricity and a good solvent	far from|ほど遠い|adverb|not at all	nutritious|栄養価が高い|adjective|providing nourishment essential for growth and for maintenance of life	thought nothing of|ほとんど食べられない|verb|not to be considered important or worthy of attention
They take up all the same no less ground, and cost at least as much pains to cultivate.	彼らは同じく土地を占領し、耕作するのに少なくとも同じくらいの苦労を要する。	take up|占領する|verb|occupy	all the same|同じく|adverb|nevertheless	no less|少なくとも|adverb|at least	ground|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	cost|要する|verb|require	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than	as much|同じくらいの|adverb|to the same extent	pain|苦労|noun|a state of great suffering or unhappiness	cultivate|耕作する|verb|prepare and use land for crops or gardening
It is a proved fact that the wheat of Barbary, in other respects inferior to that of France, yields much more flour, and that the wheat of France in turn yields more than that of northern countries;	他の点ではフランスの小麦に劣るバーバリーの小麦がはるかに多くの小麦粉を生産し、フランスの小麦が北欧諸国の小麦よりも多くの小麦粉を生産することは証明された事実である。	Barbary|バーバリー|noun|a region in North Africa	France|フランス|noun|a country in Europe	wheat|小麦|noun|a cereal plant that is the most important crop in the world	flour|小麦粉|noun|a powder made by grinding grain	northern countries|北欧諸国|noun|the countries in the northern part of Europe
from which it may be inferred that a like gradation in the same direction, from equator to pole, is found generally.	そこから、赤道から極まで同じ方向に同様の段階が一般的に見られると推測できる。	from which|そこから|adverb|from that place	it may be inferred|推測できる|verb|it is possible to conclude	like gradation|同様の段階|noun|a similar progression	in the same direction|同じ方向に|adverb|towards the same place	from equator to pole|赤道から極まで|noun|from the equator to the pole	is found generally|一般的にみられる|verb|is commonly seen
But is it not an obvious disadvantage for an equal product to contain less nourishment?	しかし、同等の製品に栄養価が低いということは明らかな欠点ではないだろうか。	equal|同等の|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status	product|製品|noun|a thing that is made or produced	contain|含む|verb|have or hold within itself	nourishment|栄養|noun|the food that a person or animal needs in order to live and grow	disadvantage|欠点|noun|an unfavorable circumstance or condition that reduces the chances of success or effectiveness

To all these points may be added another, which at once depends on and strengthens them.	これらすべての点に、それらに依存し、それらを強化する別の点を加えることができる。	all|すべての|adjective|the whole amount of	point|点|noun|a particular place, especially one with an established purpose	add|加える|verb|join or combine two or more things together	another|別の|adjective|an additional one	depend on|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by	strengthen|強化する|verb|make or become stronger
Hot countries need inhabitants less than cold countries, and can support more of them.	暑い国は寒い国ほど住民を必要とせず、より多くの住民を養うことができる。	hot|暑い|adjective|having a high temperature	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	need|必要とする|verb|require (something) because it is essential or very important	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	less|より少なく|adjective|a smaller amount of	cold|寒い|adjective|having a low temperature	support|養う|verb|give assistance to, especially financially
There is thus a double surplus, which is all to the advantage of despotism.	こうして二重の余剰があり、それはすべて専制政治に有利に働く。	there is|ある|verb|exist	double|二重の|adjective|having two parts, elements, or aspects	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount of something left over when requirements have been met	advantage|有利|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favourable or superior position	despotism|専制政治|noun|a system of government in which the ruler has unlimited power
The greater the territory occupied by a fixed number of inhabitants, the more difficult revolt becomes, because rapid or secret concerted action is impossible, and the government can easily unmask projects and cut communications;	一定数の住民が占める領土が広ければ広いほど、迅速な行動や秘密の協調行動が不可能であり、政府は容易に計画を暴露し、通信を遮断することができるため、反乱はより困難になる。	the greater|より大きい|adjective|larger	territory|領土|noun|an area of land under the jurisdiction of a ruler or state	occupy|占める|verb|take up (a place or position)	fixed|一定の|adjective|not changing or varying	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	difficult|困難な|adjective|hard to do or accomplish	revolt|反乱|noun|an attempt to put an end to the authority of a person or group by force	rapid|迅速な|adjective|done or occurring with great speed	secret|秘密の|adjective|not known or seen or meant to be known or seen by others	concerted|協調した|adjective|involving the joint activity of two or more	action|行動|noun|the fact or process of doing something	impossible|不可能|adjective|not possible; unable to be done	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	easily|容易に|adverb|without difficulty or effort	unmask|暴露する|verb|reveal the true nature of	project|計画|noun|a plan or scheme to do something	cut|遮断する|verb|break the continuity of
but the more a numerous people is gathered together, the less can the government usurp the Sovereign's place: the people's leaders can deliberate as safely in their houses as the prince in council, and the crowd gathers as rapidly in the squares as the prince's troops in their quarters.	しかし、より多くの人々が集まれば集まるほど、政府は主権者の地位を奪うことはできない。人民の指導者たちは、評議会の王子と同じように自宅で安全に審議することができ、群衆は王子の軍隊が宿舎に集まるように広場に素早く集まる。	the more|より|adverb|to a greater extent	numerous|多くの|adjective|consisting of a great number	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	gather|集まる|verb|come together	the less|より少なく|adverb|to a smaller extent	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	usurp|奪う|verb|take (something) for oneself by force or without right	place|地位|noun|a position or location	people's leader|人民の指導者|noun|a person who leads a group of people	house|自宅|noun|a place where people live permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	safely|安全に|adverb|in a safe manner	deliberate|審議する|verb|think carefully about something	prince|王子|noun|a male member of a royal family other than the king	council|評議会|noun|an assembly of people formally constituted and meeting regularly	crowd|群衆|noun|a large number of people gathered together	gather|集まる|verb|come together	square|広場|noun|a flat area of land with four straight sides and four right angles	prince's troop|王子の軍隊|noun|a military unit commanded by a prince	quarter|宿舎|noun|a place where people live, especially soldiers
The advantage of tyrannical government therefore lies in acting at great distances.	したがって、専制政治の利点は、遠くで行動することにある。	advantage|利点|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position	tyrannical|専制的な|adjective|exercising power in a cruel or arbitrary way	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	lie|ある|verb|be in a specified state or condition	great distance|遠く|noun|a long way
With the help of the rallying-points it establishes, its strength, like that of the lever, grows with distance.	それが確立する結集点の助けを借りて、その強さは、てこのように、距離とともに増大する。	with the help of|の助けを借りて|preposition|with the assistance of	rallying-point|結集点|noun|a place where people gather	establish|確立する|verb|to set up or lay the foundation for	strength|強さ|noun|the quality or state of being physically strong	lever|てこ|noun|a simple machine consisting of a rigid object pivoted on a fixed point	distance|距離|noun|the space between two points
The strength of the people, on the other hand, acts only when concentrated: when spread abroad, it evaporates and is lost, like powder scattered on the ground, which catches fire only grain by grain.	一方、人民の力は集中したときにのみ作用する。広がると、地面に散らばった火薬のように蒸発して失われ、一粒一粒しか火がつかない。	strength|力|noun|the quality or state of being physically strong	people|人民|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	on the other hand|一方|adverb|from another point of view	act|作用する|verb|take action; do something	only|のみ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	when|とき|conjunction|at or during the time that	spread|広がる|verb|stretch out over a wide area	abroad|広がる|adverb|in or to a foreign country or countries	evaporate|蒸発する|verb|turn from a liquid into a vapor	be lost|失われる|verb|become unable to find one's way; get lost	like|ように|preposition|similar to	powder|火薬|noun|a dry substance in the form of tiny particles	scattered|散らばった|adjective|thrown around here and there	ground|地面|noun|the solid surface of the earth	catch fire|火がつく|verb|start to burn	grain|粒|noun|a small, hard seed, especially of a cereal
The least populous countries are thus the fittest for tyranny: fierce animals reign only in deserts.	したがって、最も人口の少ない国が専制政治に最も適している。猛獣は砂漠でのみ支配する。	least|最も少ない|adjective|smallest in amount or degree	populous|人口の多い|adjective|having a large population	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	fittest|最も適している|adjective|most suitable	tyranny|専制政治|noun|cruel and oppressive government or rule	fierce|猛獣|adjective|violent or aggressive; ferocious	animal|動物|noun|a living organism of the kingdom Animalia	reign|支配する|verb|hold royal office; be a monarch	desert|砂漠|noun|a dry, sandy region of little rainfall, extreme temperature, and sparse vegetation


## CHAPTER IX: THE MARKS OF A GOOD GOVERNMENT	第九章: 良い政府のしるし	CHAPTER IX|第九章|noun|the ninth chapter	MARKS|しるし|noun|a sign or indication of something	GOOD GOVERNMENT|良い政府|noun|a government that is effective and efficient

The question “What absolutely is the best government?” is unanswerable as well as indeterminate;	絶対的に最良の政府とは何か」という問いは、答えられないだけでなく、不確定である。	question|問い|noun|a statement asking for something and expecting an answer	absolutely|絶対的に|adverb|completely and totally	best|最良の|adjective|of the highest quality, excellence, or standing	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	unanswerable|答えられない|adjective|not able to be answered	indeterminate|不確定な|adjective|not fixed or decided
or rather, there are as many good answers as there are possible combinations in the absolute and relative situations of all nations.	あるいはむしろ、すべての国の絶対的状況と相対的状況において考えられる組み合わせの数だけ正解がある。	or rather|あるいはむしろ|conjunction|or more accurately	there are|ある|verb|exist	as many as|数だけ|adverb|to the same extent or degree as	combination|組み合わせ|noun|the result of combining two or more things	possible|考えられる|adjective|that may be done or achieved	absolute|絶対的|adjective|not qualified or diminished in any way; total	relative|相対的|adjective|existing or having its effect only in relation to something else	situation|状況|noun|the combination of circumstances at a particular time and place

But if it is asked by what sign we may know that a given people is well or ill governed, that is another matter, and the question, being one of fact, admits of an answer.	しかし、ある国民が善政か悪政かをどのようなしるしで知ることができるかと問われるならば、それは別の問題であり、事実に関する問題であるから、答えることができる。	ask|問う|verb|say something in order to obtain an answer or some information	sign|しるし|noun|an object, quality, or event whose presence or occurrence indicates the probable presence or occurrence of something else	know|知る|verb|be aware of through observation, inquiry, or information	people|国民|noun|the inhabitants of a particular country or area	well|善政|adverb|in a good or proper manner	ill|悪政|adjective|sick or unwell	govern|統治する|verb|conduct the policy, actions, and affairs of (a state, organization, or people) with authority	another|別の|adjective|different from the one already mentioned or considered	matter|問題|noun|a subject or situation that is being dealt with or considered	question|問題|noun|a statement asking for something and expecting an answer	fact|事実|noun|a thing that is known or proved to be true	admit|認める|verb|accept as true; acknowledge the existence or truth of

It is not, however, answered, because every-one wants to answer it in his own way.	しかし、誰もが自分のやり方で答えたがるので、答えは出ない。	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	answer|答える|verb|say or write something in reply to a question	everyone|誰もが|pronoun|every person	own|自分の|adjective|belonging to (the person or thing mentioned)	way|やり方|noun|a method, style, or manner of doing something
Subjects extol public tranquillity, citizens individual liberty;	臣民は公共の平和を、市民は個人の自由を賞賛する。	subject|臣民|noun|a person who owes allegiance to a monarch or other sovereign	extol|賞賛する|verb|to praise highly	public|公共の|adjective|of or concerning the people as a whole	tranquillity|平和|noun|the quality or state of being tranquil	citizen|市民|noun|a person who lives in a particular town or city	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinguished from a group	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions or limitations
the one class prefers security of possessions, the other that of person;	一方は所有の安全を、他方は身体の安全を好む。	one|一方|noun|the number 1	class|階級|noun|a group of people sharing the same social or economic status	prefer|好む|verb|like (something) better than another	security|安全|noun|the state of being free from danger or threat	possession|所有|noun|the state of having something	person|身体|noun|a human being regarded as an individual
the one regards as the best government that which is most severe, the other maintains that the mildest is the best;	一方は最も厳しい政府を最良と考え、他方は最も穏やかな政府を最良と主張する。	regard as|考える|verb|consider to be	best|最良|adjective|of the highest quality	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	severe|厳しい|adjective|very great or intense	maintain|主張する|verb|assert or defend as valid or right	mildest|最も穏やかな|adjective|least severe or intense
the one wants crimes punished, the other wants them prevented;	一方は犯罪を罰することを望み、他方は犯罪を予防することを望む。	one|一方|noun|the number 1	want|望む|verb|feel a need or a wish for	crime|犯罪|noun|an action or omission that constitutes an offense that may be prosecuted by the state and is punishable by law	punish|罰する|verb|inflict a penalty or sanction on (someone) as retribution for an offense	other|他方|noun|the remaining one of two or more people or things	prevent|予防する|verb|keep or stop from happening or arising
the one wants the State to be feared by its neighbours, the other prefers that it should be ignored;	一方は国家が隣国に恐れられることを望み、他方は国家が無視されることを好む。	one|一方|noun|the number 1	want|望む|verb|feel a need or a wish for	State|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	be feared|恐れられる|verb|be afraid of	neighbour|隣国|noun|a person living near or next door to the speaker or person referred to	other|他方|noun|the remaining one of two or more people or things	prefer|好む|verb|like (one thing or person) better than another	be ignored|無視される|verb|refuse to take notice of or acknowledge; disregard intentionally
the one is content if money circulates, the other demands that the people shall have bread.	一方は貨幣が流通すれば満足し、他方は人民がパンを持つことを要求する。	one|一方|noun|the number 1	content|満足する|adjective|in a state of peaceful happiness	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	circulate|流通する|verb|move or cause to move continuously or freely through a closed system or area	other|他方|adjective|the remaining one of two or more people or things	people|人民|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	have|持つ|verb|possess, own, or hold	bread|パン|noun|a food made of flour or meal that is mixed with a liquid, usually water, and kneaded, shaped, and baked
Even if an agreement were come to on these and similar points, should we have got any further?	これらの点や類似の点について合意に達したとしても、それ以上先に進むことができるだろうか。	even if|たとえ|conjunction|although; even though	agreement|合意|noun|a situation in which people have the same opinion about something	come to|達する|verb|reach or arrive at	these|これらの|determiner|the ones mentioned	similar|類似した|adjective|having a likeness or resemblance	point|点|noun|a particular place, especially one with an established purpose	should|できるだろうか|auxiliary verb|expressing a strong recommendation or obligation	have got|進む|verb|move forward
As moral qualities do not admit of exact measurement, agreement about the mark does not mean agreement about the valuation.	道徳的資質は正確に測定することができないので、評価基準について合意したとしても、評価について合意したわけではない。	moral|道徳的|adjective|concerned with the principles of right and wrong behavior	quality|資質|noun|a feature or characteristic belonging typically to a person, place, or thing and serving to identify it	admit|認める|verb|to recognize the existence or truth of	exact|正確な|adjective|not approximated in any way; precise	measurement|測定|noun|the action of measuring something	agreement|合意|noun|an arrangement or understanding between two or more parties	mark|評価基準|noun|a sign or indication of something	valuation|評価|noun|an estimation of the worth of something

For my part, I am continually astonished that a mark so simple is not recognised, or that men are of so bad faith as not to admit it.	私としては、これほど単純な基準が認められないこと、あるいは人々がそれを認めないほど不誠実であることに、いつも驚かされる。	for my part|私としては|adverb|as far as I am concerned	mark|基準|noun|a standard or point of reference	simple|単純な|adjective|easy to understand or do	recognise|認める|verb|to be aware of the existence or truth of	bad faith|不誠実|noun|intent to deceive	admit|認める|verb|to accept as true; to acknowledge
What is the end of political association?	政治的結合の目的は何だろうか。	end|目的|noun|the final part of something	political|政治的|adjective|of or relating to government, a government, or the conduct of government	association|結合|noun|the state of being joined or connected
The preservation and prosperity of its members.	その構成員の保存と繁栄である。	preservation|保存|noun|the act of keeping something in its original state	prosperity|繁栄|noun|the state of being prosperous; flourishing condition
And what is the surest mark of their preservation and prosperity?	そして、彼らの保存と繁栄の最も確かな印は何だろうか。	preservation|保存|noun|the act of keeping something in its original state	prosperity|繁栄|noun|the state of being prosperous	surest|最も確かな|adjective|most certain
Their numbers and population.	彼らの数と人口である。	number|数|noun|a quantity of something	population|人口|noun|the total number of people living in a particular area or country
Seek then nowhere else this mark that is in dispute.	だから、この論争の的となっている印を他のどこにも求めてはならない。	seek|求める|verb|try to obtain or achieve	nowhere|どこにも|adverb|not anywhere	else|他の|adjective|other than the one or ones already mentioned	mark|印|noun|a sign or indication of something	dispute|論争|noun|a disagreement between people or groups
The rest being equal, the government under which, without external aids, without naturalisation or colonies, the citizens increase and multiply most, is beyond question the best.	他の条件が同じならば、外部からの援助も帰化も植民地もなく、市民が最も増加し、繁殖する政府が、疑いなく最良の政府である。	the rest|他の条件|noun|the remaining part	be equal|同じである|verb|be the same as	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	under which|その下で|preposition|below or beneath which	external aid|外部からの援助|noun|assistance from outside	naturalisation|帰化|noun|the process of becoming a citizen of a country	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	citizen|市民|noun|an inhabitant of a city or town; especially : one entitled to the rights and privileges of a freeman	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	multiply|繁殖する|verb|increase in number	beyond question|疑いなく|adverb|without doubt	best|最良|adjective|of the highest quality
The government under which a people wanes and diminishes is worst.	国民が衰退し、減少する政府は最悪である。	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	under|下で|preposition|below or beneath	people|国民|noun|the inhabitants of a country or area	wane|衰退する|verb|decrease in size, amount, or intensity	diminish|減少する|verb|become or make smaller or less	worst|最悪|adjective|of the poorest quality or the lowest standard
Calculators, it is left for you to count, to measure, to compare.	計算する人々よ、数え、測り、比べるのはあなた方の仕事である。	calculator|計算する人|noun|a person who makes calculations	count|数える|verb|determine the total number of	measure|測る|verb|ascertain the size, amount, or degree of	compare|比べる|verb|estimate, measure, or note the similarity or dissimilarity between


## CHAPTER X: THE ABUSE OF GOVERNMENT AND ITS TENDENCY TO DEGENERATE	第十章: 政府の濫用とその堕落傾向	CHAPTER X|第十章|noun|the tenth chapter	ABUSE|濫用|noun|the improper use of something	GOVERNMENT|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	TENDENCY|傾向|noun|a general direction in which something is developing or changing	DEGENERATE|堕落する|verb|become worse in quality

As the particular will acts constantly in opposition to the general will, the government continually exerts itself against the Sovereignty.	個別意志が常に一般意志に反して作用するように、政府は絶えず主権に対して努力する。	particular will|個別意志|noun|the will of an individual person	general will|一般意志|noun|the will of the people as a whole	act|作用する|verb|do something	constantly|常に|adverb|all the time; continuously	opposition|反して|noun|the action of opposing something	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	exert|努力する|verb|make a physical or mental effort
The greater this exertion becomes, the more the constitution changes;	この努力が大きければ大きいほど、憲法はより変化する。	the greater|大きければ大きいほど|adjective|of a size that is more than average	this|この|adjective|the person or thing that is close to you or that you are talking about	exertion|努力|noun|a vigorous or determined attempt	becomes|なる|verb|come to be	the more|より|adjective|to a greater extent	constitution|憲法|noun|the system of fundamental principles according to which a state or other organization is governed	change|変化する|verb|become different
and, as there is in this case no other corporate will to create an equilibrium by resisting the will of the prince, sooner or later the prince must inevitably suppress the Sovereign and break the social treaty.	そして、この場合、君主の意志に抵抗することによって均衡を作り出す他の団体意志が存在しないので、遅かれ早かれ君主は必然的に主権者を抑圧し、社会契約を破らなければならない。	in this case|この場合|adverb|in the situation that is being discussed	no other|他の～がない|determiner|not any other	corporate will|団体意志|noun|the will of a group of people	create an equilibrium|均衡を作り出す|verb|create a state of balance	resisting|抵抗する|verb|oppose or fight against	the will of the prince|君主の意志|noun|the will of the ruler	sooner or later|遅かれ早かれ|adverb|eventually	inevitably|必然的に|adverb|unavoidably	suppress|抑圧する|verb|forcibly put an end to	the Sovereign|主権者|noun|the person or group of people who have supreme power within a state	break|破る|verb|cause to come apart by force
This is the unavoidable and inherent defect which, from the very birth of the body politic, tends ceaselessly to destroy it, as age and death end by destroying the human body.	これは避けられない内在する欠陥であり、老化と死が人体を破壊することで終わるように、政治体の誕生から絶えずそれを破壊する傾向がある。	unavoidable|避けられない|adjective|not able to be avoided	inherent|内在する|adjective|existing in something as a permanent, essential, or characteristic attribute	defect|欠陥|noun|a lack of something or a failure to meet a certain standard	birth|誕生|noun|the beginning of life	ceaselessly|絶えず|adverb|without stopping	destroy|破壊する|verb|cause so much damage to something that it no longer exists or cannot be repaired	age|老化|noun|the number of years that a person has lived or a thing has existed	death|死|noun|the end of all physical and mental activity in a person or an animal	human body|人体|noun|the physical structure, including the bones, flesh and organs, of a human being

There are two general courses by which government degenerates: i.e. when it undergoes contraction, or when the State is dissolved.	政府が退化する一般的な経路は二つある。すなわち、政府が縮小するとき、または国家が解散するときである。	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	degenerate|退化する|verb|become worse or deteriorate	two|二つ|numeral|one more than one	general|一般的な|adjective|involving or affecting the whole of a class or group	course|経路|noun|a way of doing or proceeding	undergo|受ける|verb|experience or be subjected to	contraction|縮小|noun|the process of becoming smaller	when|とき|conjunction|at or during the time that	State|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory

Government undergoes contraction when it passes from the many to the few, that is, from democracy to aristocracy, and from aristocracy to royalty.	政府は、多数から少数、つまり民主主義から貴族制、貴族制から王政へと移行するときに縮小する。	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	undergo|受ける|verb|experience or be subjected to	contraction|縮小|noun|the process of becoming shorter, smaller, or tighter	pass|移行する|verb|move on to a different place, stage, or situation	many|多数|noun|a large number of people or things	few|少数|noun|a small number of people or things	democracy|民主主義|noun|a system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state	aristocracy|貴族制|noun|a system of government by the best individuals or by a small privileged group	royalty|王政|noun|a member of a royal family
To do so is its natural propensity.	そうすることがその自然な傾向である。	do|する|verb|perform, execute, or accomplish	natural|自然な|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	propensity|傾向|noun|a natural inclination or tendency
If it took the backward course from the few to the many, it could be said that it was relaxed;	少数から多数への後退コースをとったとしたら、それは緩和されたと言えるだろう。	take|とる|verb|to get into one's possession, power, or control	backward|後退|adjective|directed or moving toward the back	course|コース|noun|a series of actions or steps taken in order to achieve a particular end	few|少数|noun|a small number of people or things	many|多数|noun|a large number of people or things	relax|緩和|verb|to make or become less tense or anxious
by this inverse sequence is impossible.	この逆順序では不可能である。	by|によって|preposition|near or next to	inverse|逆|adjective|opposite in position, direction, order, or effect	sequence|順序|noun|the following of one thing after another in time	impossible|不可能|adjective|not possible; unable to be done or achieved

Indeed, governments never change their form except when their energy is exhausted and leaves them too weak to keep what they have.	実際、政府は、そのエネルギーが使い果たされ、持っているものを維持するには弱すぎる場合を除いて、その形態を変更することはない。	indeed|実際|adverb|really; truly; in fact	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	never|決して～ない|adverb|not ever; on no occasion; at no time	change|変更する|verb|make or become different	form|形態|noun|the visible shape or configuration of something	except|～の場合を除いて|preposition|not including; other than	energy|エネルギー|noun|the ability to do work	exhausted|使い果たされる|adjective|used up; consumed	leave|～になる|verb|go away from a place	weak|弱い|adjective|lacking the power to perform; lacking in force or effectiveness	keep|維持する|verb|continue to have or do something
If a government at once extended its sphere and relaxed its stringency, its force would become absolutely nil, and it would persist still less.	もし政府が一度にその範囲を拡大し、その厳しさを緩和したら、その力は絶対にゼロになり、それはさらに持続しなくなるだろう。	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	at once|一度に|adverb|immediately; without delay	extend|拡大する|verb|make or become longer or wider	sphere|範囲|noun|the extent of knowledge, influence, or activity	relax|緩和する|verb|make or become less tense or anxious	stringency|厳しさ|noun|the quality of being strict	force|力|noun|strength or energy exerted or brought to bear	absolutely|絶対に|adverb|completely; totally	nil|ゼロ|noun|nothing; zero	persist|持続する|verb|continue firmly or obstinately in a course of action in spite of difficulty or opposition
It is therefore necessary to wind up the spring and tighten the hold as it gives way: or else the State it sustains will come to grief.	したがって、バネを巻き上げ、それが道を譲るにつれてホールドを締めることが必要である。さもなければ、それが支えている国家は悲しみに陥るだろう。	wind up|巻き上げる|verb|to tighten the spring of	spring|バネ|noun|a device that can be compressed or stretched and that will return to its original shape when released	tighten|締める|verb|to make or become tight or tighter	give way|道を譲る|verb|to allow someone or something to go first	State|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	come to grief|悲しみに陥る|verb|to suffer a misfortune

The dissolution of the State may come about in either of two ways.	国家の解体は、二つの方法のいずれかで起こりうる。	dissolution|解体|noun|the breaking up of a whole into its parts	State|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	come about|起こりうる|verb|happen; take place

First, when the prince ceases to administer the State in accordance with the laws, and usurps the Sovereign power.	第一に、君主が法律に従って国家を統治することをやめ、主権を奪ったときである。	first|第一に|adverb|before all others; first in time, order, or importance	prince|君主|noun|the son of a king or queen	cease|やめる|verb|come or bring to an end	administer|統治する|verb|manage and be responsible for the running of	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	law|法律|noun|the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties	usurp|奪う|verb|take (something) for oneself by force or without right
A remarkable change then occurs: not the government, but the State, undergoes contraction;	すると、驚くべき変化が起こる。政府ではなく国家が縮小するのである。	remarkable|驚くべき|adjective|worthy of attention	change|変化|noun|the act or instance of making or becoming different	occur|起こる|verb|come to pass; happen	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	undergo|受ける|verb|experience	contraction|縮小|noun|the act of becoming shorter or smaller
I mean that the great State is dissolved, and another is formed within it, composed solely of the members of the government, which becomes for the rest of the people merely master and tyrant.	つまり、大国家が解体され、その中に政府のメンバーだけで構成された別の国家が形成され、残りの国民にとっては単なる主人であり暴君となるのである。	mean|意味する|verb|intend to convey, indicate, or refer to (something)	great|大|adjective|of major significance or importance	State|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	dissolve|解体する|verb|(with reference to an assembly or organization) break up or cause to break up	another|別の|adjective|used to refer to an additional person or thing of the same type as one already mentioned or known about	form|形成する|verb|bring into existence	within|中に|preposition|inside	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	member|メンバー|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization	rest|残り|noun|the remaining part of something	people|国民|noun|the citizens of a country	merely|単なる|adverb|only	master|主人|noun|a man who has people working for him, especially servants or slaves	tyrant|暴君|noun|a cruel and oppressive ruler
So that the moment the government usurps the Sovereignty, the social compact is broken and all private citizens recover by right their natural liberty, and are forced, but not bound, to obey.	そのため、政府が主権を奪った瞬間に社会契約は破られ、すべての私人は権利によって自然の自由を取り戻し、従うことを強制されるが、拘束されるわけではない。	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	usurp|奪う|verb|take (something) for oneself by force or without right	sovereignty|主権|noun|supreme power or authority	social compact|社会契約|noun|an agreement among the members of an organized society or between the governed and the government defining and limiting the rights and duties of each	break|破る|verb|cause to come apart by force	private citizen|私人|noun|a person who is not a public official	recover|取り戻す|verb|return to a normal state of health, mind, or strength	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	natural liberty|自然の自由|noun|the freedom of the individual in a state of nature	force|強制する|verb|make (someone) do something against their will	bind|拘束する|verb|tie or fasten (something) tightly	obey|従う|verb|comply with the commands, instructions, or orders of

The same thing happens when the members of the government severally usurp the power they should exercise only as a body;	政府のメンバーが、集団としてのみ行使すべき権力を個別に奪ったときにも同じことが起こる。	member|メンバー|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	severally|個別に|adverb|separately	usurp|奪う|verb|take (something) for oneself by force or without right	power|権力|noun|the ability to do or act	exercise|行使する|verb|use or apply	body|集団|noun|a group of people
this is as great an infraction of the laws, and results in even greater disorders.	これは法律違反であり、さらに大きな混乱を招く。	great|大きな|adjective|of major significance or importance	infraction|違反|noun|an act of breaking a law or rule	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	result|招く|verb|to have a particular end or outcome
There are then, so to speak, as many princes as there are magistrates, and the State, no less divided than the government, either perishes or changes its form.	いわば、行政官の数だけ君主が存在し、国家は政府と同じように分断され、滅亡するか、その形態を変えるかのどちらかである。	so to speak|いわば|adverb|in a manner of speaking	magistrate|行政官|noun|a civil officer or lay judge who administers the law	prince|君主|noun|the son of a king or queen	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	perish|滅亡する|verb|die or be destroyed	change|変える|verb|make or become different

When the State is dissolved, the abuse of government, whatever it is, bears the common name of anarchy.	国家が解散すると、政府の乱用は、それが何であれ、無政府状態という共通の名前を持つ。	State|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	dissolve|解散する|verb|(with reference to an assembly or organization) break up or cause to break up	abuse|乱用|noun|the improper use of something	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	bear|持つ|verb|carry or hold	common|共通の|adjective|belonging to or shared by two or more people or things	name|名前|noun|a word or set of words using which a person is referred to	anarchy|無政府状態|noun|a state of disorder due to absence or nonrecognition of authority
To distinguish, democracy degenerates into ochlocracy and aristocracy into oligarchy and I would add that royalty degenerates into tyranny;	区別すると、民主主義は衆愚政治に、貴族政治は寡頭政治に退化し、王政は専制政治に退化すると付け加えておこう。	distinguish|区別する|verb|recognize or treat as different	democracy|民主主義|noun|a system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state	degenerate|退化する|verb|become worse or deteriorate	ochlocracy|衆愚政治|noun|a government by mob or a mob rule	aristocracy|貴族政治|noun|a government by the best individuals or by a small privileged group	oligarchy|寡頭政治|noun|a government by a small group of people	royalty|王政|noun|a system of government with a king or queen as head of state	tyranny|専制政治|noun|a government in which absolute power is vested in a single ruler
but this last word is ambiguous and needs explanation.	しかし、この最後の言葉は曖昧で説明が必要である。	last|最後|adjective|coming after all others in time or order	word|言葉|noun|a unit of language that native speakers can identify	ambiguous|曖昧|adjective|having more than one possible meaning	need|必要|noun|a requirement for something

In vulgar usage, a tyrant is a king who governs violently and without regard for justice and law.	俗語では、暴君とは正義や法を無視して暴力的に統治する王のことである。	vulgar|俗語|adjective|lacking sophistication or good taste	tyrant|暴君|noun|a cruel and oppressive ruler	govern|統治する|verb|rule over; exercise authority over	violently|暴力的に|adverb|in a violent manner	justice|正義|noun|the quality of being just; righteousness	law|法|noun|a rule or system of rules recognized by a country or community as regulating the actions of its members and having binding legal force
In the exact sense, a tyrant is an individual who arrogates to himself the royal authority without having a right to it.	正確な意味では、暴君とは王権に対する権利を持たずに王権を横領する個人のことである。	exact|正確な|adjective|not deviating from truth or fact	tyrant|暴君|noun|a cruel and oppressive ruler	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinguished from a group	arrogate|横領する|verb|take or claim for oneself without right	royal|王権|adjective|of or relating to a king or queen or their family	authority|権利|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience
This is how the Greeks understood the word “tyrant”: they applied it indifferently to good and bad princes whose authority was not legitimate.	これがギリシャ人が「暴君」という言葉を理解した方法である。彼らは権威が正当ではない善良な君主と悪徳な君主に無差別にそれを適用した。	Greek|ギリシャ人|noun|a native or inhabitant of Greece	understand|理解する|verb|perceive the intended meaning of words, language, or a speaker	word|言葉|noun|a unit of language, consisting of one or more spoken sounds or their written representation, that functions as a principal carrier of meaning	tyrant|暴君|noun|an absolute ruler unrestrained by law or constitution	apply|適用する|verb|make use of	indifferently|無差別に|adverb|without caring one way or the other	authority|権威|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	legitimate|正当な|adjective|in accordance with the law or with established legal forms and requirements
Tyrant and usurper are thus perfectly synonymous terms.	したがって、暴君と簒奪者は完全に同義語である。	tyrant|暴君|noun|a cruel and oppressive ruler	usurper|簒奪者|noun|a person who takes a position of power or importance illegally or by force	perfectly|完全に|adverb|in a complete manner	synonymous|同義語|adjective|having the same meaning

In order that I may give different things different names, I call him who usurps the royal authority tyrant, and him who usurps the sovereign power a despot.	私が異なるものに異なる名前を付けるために、私は王権を簒奪する者を暴君と呼び、主権を簒奪する者を独裁者と呼ぶ。	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	name|名前|noun|a word or set of words using which a person is referred to	usurp|簒奪する|verb|take (something) for oneself by force or without right	royal|王権|adjective|of or relating to a king or queen or a member of their family	authority|権威|noun|the power to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	tyrant|暴君|noun|a cruel and oppressive ruler	sovereign|主権|noun|supreme power or authority	power|権力|noun|the ability to do or act	despot|独裁者|noun|a ruler with absolute power
The tyrant is he who thrusts himself in contrary to the laws to govern in accordance with the laws;	暴君とは、法律に従って統治するために法律に反して自分を押し付ける者である。	tyrant|暴君|noun|a cruel and oppressive ruler	thrust|押し付ける|verb|push or drive with force	law|法律|noun|a rule or set of rules made by the government of a country or state
the despot is he who sets himself above the laws themselves.	独裁者とは、自分を法律そのものより上に置く者である。	despot|独裁者|noun|a ruler with absolute power	set oneself above|上に置く|verb|to consider oneself to be better than	law|法律|noun|a rule or set of rules that is made by the government of a country or state and that people must obey
Thus the tyrant cannot be a despot, but the despot is always a tyrant.	したがって、暴君は独裁者になることはできないが、独裁者は常に暴君である。	tyrant|暴君|noun|a cruel and oppressive ruler	despot|独裁者|noun|a ruler with absolute power	cannot|できない|auxiliary verb|be unable to	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions


## CHAPTER XI: THE DEATH OF THE BODY POLITIC	第十一章: 政治体の死	CHAPTER XI|第十一章|noun|the eleventh chapter	DEATH|死|noun|the end of life	BODY POLITIC|政治体|noun|a group of people organized under a single governmental authority

Such is the natural and inevitable tendency of the best constituted governments.	これが、最もよく組織された政府の自然で避けられない傾向である。	such|そのような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	natural|自然な|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	inevitable|避けられない|adjective|certain to happen; unavoidable	tendency|傾向|noun|a general direction in which something is developing or changing
If Sparta and Rome perished, what State can hope to endure for ever?	スパルタやローマが滅亡したのであれば、永遠に存続できると期待できる国家がどこにあるだろうか。	Sparta|スパルタ|noun|a city-state in ancient Greece	Rome|ローマ|noun|the capital city of Italy	perish|滅亡する|verb|die or be destroyed	State|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	endure|存続する|verb|continue to exist; last	for ever|永遠に|adverb|always; eternally
If we would set up a long-lived form of government, let us not even dream of making it eternal.	長命の政府を樹立したいのであれば、それを永遠にしようとは夢にも思ってはならない。	set up|樹立する|verb|establish or create	long-lived|長命の|adjective|having a long life	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	eternal|永遠の|adjective|lasting forever
If we are to succeed, we must not attempt the impossible, or flatter ourselves that we are endowing the work of man with a stability of which human conditions do not permit.	成功するためには、不可能なことを試みたり、人間の条件が許さない安定性を人間の仕事に与えていると思い込んだりしてはならない。	succeed|成功する|verb|achieve a goal or purpose	attempt|試みる|verb|make an effort to achieve something	impossible|不可能|adjective|not possible	flatter|思い込む|verb|to praise or compliment someone excessively	endow|与える|verb|provide with a quality or property	stability|安定性|noun|the state of being stable	condition|条件|noun|a state of affairs that must exist or be brought about before something else can happen	permit|許す|verb|allow to do something

The body politic, as well as the human body, begins to die as soon as it is born, and carries in itself the causes of its destruction.	政治体は、人間の身体と同様に、生まれるとすぐに死に始め、その破壊の原因を自らの中に抱えている。	body politic|政治体|noun|a state or nation considered as a political entity	as well as|と同様に|conjunction|in addition to; also; too	human body|人間の身体|noun|the physical structure, including the bones, flesh and organs, of a human being	begin to|し始める|verb|start to do something	as soon as|するとすぐに|conjunction|at the moment that; immediately after	be born|生まれる|verb|come into existence	carry|抱える|verb|have or hold as a possession	cause|原因|noun|a person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or condition	destruction|破壊|noun|the action or process of causing so much damage to something that it no longer exists or cannot be repaired
But both may have a constitution that is more or less robust and suited to preserve them a longer or a shorter time.	しかし、どちらも、多かれ少なかれ頑丈で、長くまたは短く保存するのに適した体質を持っているかもしれない。	more or less|多かれ少なかれ|adverb|to some extent; somewhat	robust|頑丈な|adjective|strong and healthy	suited|適した|adjective|right or appropriate for a particular purpose	preserve|保存する|verb|keep in its original state	longer|長く|adjective|having a great or greater than average length	shorter|短く|adjective|having a small or shorter than average length
The constitution of man is the work of nature;	人間の体質は自然の働きである。	constitution|体質|noun|the way in which someone or something is composed	nature|自然|noun|the physical world and everything in it
that of the State the work of art.	国家の体質は芸術の働きである。	that of|の|preposition|belonging to	State|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	work|働き|noun|the effort exerted to do or accomplish something
It is not in men's power to prolong their own lives;	人間には自分の寿命を延ばす力はない。	be in one's power|人の力でできる|verb|be able to do something	prolong|延ばす|verb|extend the duration of	life|寿命|noun|the period of time during which a person is alive
but it is for them to prolong as much as possible the life of the State, by giving it the best possible constitution.	しかし、人間には、国家に可能な限り最良の体質を与えることで、国家の寿命を可能な限り延ばす力がある。	prolong|延ばす|verb|extend the duration of	as much as possible|可能な限り|adverb|to the greatest extent or degree possible	life|寿命|noun|the period of time during which a person or animal is alive	give|与える|verb|transfer the possession of something to someone	best|最良|adjective|of the highest quality	constitution|体質|noun|the composition or structure of something
The best constituted State will have an end;	最もよく構成された国家にも終わりがある。	best|最もよく|adjective|of the highest quality	constitute|構成する|verb|be a part of	State|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	have an end|終わりがある|verb|come to an end; stop
but it will end later than any other, unless some unforeseen accident brings about its untimely destruction.	しかし、予期せぬ事故がその早すぎる破壊をもたらさない限り、それは他のどの国家よりも遅く終わるだろう。	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	end|終わる|verb|come or bring to a final point; finish	later|遅く|adverb|after the usual or expected time	other|他の|adjective|different from the one or ones already mentioned or implied	unless|～ない限り|conjunction|except if; if not	some|ある|determiner|an unspecified number or amount of	unforeseen|予期せぬ|adjective|not anticipated or expected	accident|事故|noun|an unfortunate event that happens unexpectedly and usually results in harm or damage	bring about|もたらす|verb|cause to happen	untimely|早すぎる|adjective|happening or done before the usual or proper time	destruction|破壊|noun|the action or process of causing so much damage to something that it no longer exists or cannot be repaired

The life-principle of the body politic lies in the sovereign authority.	政治体の生命原理は主権にある。	life-principle|生命原理|noun|the principle that gives life	body politic|政治体|noun|a group of people organized under a single governmental authority	lie|ある|verb|be in a certain state or condition	sovereign authority|主権|noun|the supreme authority within a political unit
The legislative power is the heart of the State; the executive power is its brain, which causes the movement of all the parts.	立法権は国家の心臓であり、執行権は国家の脳であり、すべての部分の動きを起こす。	legislative power|立法権|noun|the power to make laws	heart|心臓|noun|the organ that pumps blood around the body	executive power|執行権|noun|the power to put laws into effect	brain|脳|noun|the organ that controls thought, memory, and emotion	cause|起こす|verb|make something happen
The brain may become paralysed and the individual still live.	脳が麻痺しても、人は生き続けることがある。	brain|脳|noun|the organ of the body that controls all mental and physical actions	become|なる|verb|come to be	paralysed|麻痺する|adjective|unable to move or feel	individual|人|noun|a single human being as distinct from a group	still|まだ|adverb|even now or even then; even so; nevertheless
A man may remain an imbecile and live;	人は愚か者のままで生き続けることがある。	remain|残る|verb|be left after others have gone	imbecile|愚か者|noun|a person who is extremely stupid or foolish	live|生きる|verb|be alive; have life
but as soon as the heart ceases to perform its functions, the animal is dead.	しかし、心臓がその機能を停止するとすぐに、動物は死んでしまう。	as soon as|するとすぐに|conjunction|immediately after	cease|停止する|verb|come or bring to an end	function|機能|noun|the action for which a person or thing is specially fitted or used	animal|動物|noun|a living organism of the kingdom Animalia

The State subsists by means not of the laws, but of the legislative power.	国家は法律によってではなく、立法権によって存続する。	State|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	subsist|存続する|verb|continue to live or exist	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or action prescribed or formally recognized as binding or enforced by a controlling authority	legislative power|立法権|noun|the power to make laws
Yesterday's law is not binding to-day; but silence is taken for tacit consent, and the Sovereign is held to confirm incessantly the laws it does not abrogate as it might.	昨日の法律は今日拘束力を持たない。しかし、沈黙は暗黙の同意とみなされ、主権者は、廃止し得る法律を廃止しない限り、絶えずその法律を承認しているとみなされる。	yesterday|昨日|noun|the day before today	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	binding|拘束力を持つ|adjective|having the power to bind	today|今日|noun|the present day	silence|沈黙|noun|the absence of sound or noise	tacit|暗黙の|adjective|expressed or understood without being directly stated	consent|同意|noun|permission for something to happen or agreement to do something	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	incessantly|絶えず|adverb|without interruption	abrogate|廃止する|verb|repeal or do away with	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority
All that it has once declared itself to will it wills always, unless it revokes its declaration.	主権者が一度意志を表明したことは、その表明を撤回しない限り、常に意志を表明したこととなる。	declare|表明する|verb|make a formal statement about a fact or intention	revoke|撤回する|verb|officially cancel or withdraw	declaration|表明|noun|a formal statement about a fact or intention

Why then is so much respect paid to old laws?	では、なぜ古い法律がそれほど尊重されるのか?	so much|それほど|adverb|to such a great extent	respect|尊重|noun|a feeling of deep admiration for someone or something elicited by their abilities, qualities or achievements	pay|払う|verb|give (money) in exchange for a service or product
For this very reason.	まさにこの理由からである。	for this very reason|まさにこの理由からである|adverb|for this exact reason
We must believe that nothing but the excellence of old acts of will can have preserved them so long: if the Sovereign had not recognised them as throughout salutary, it would have revoked them a thousand times.	古い意志の行為の卓越性だけが、それらを長い間保存することができたと信じなければならない。主権者がそれらを終始有益なものとして認めなかったならば、それらを何千回も撤回していたであろう。	nothing but|以外にない|adverb|only	excellence|卓越性|noun|the quality of being outstanding or extremely good	old|古い|adjective|having lived or existed for a long time	act|行為|noun|something that is done	will|意志|noun|the faculty of conscious and especially of deliberate action	preserve|保存する|verb|keep in its original state	so long|長い間|adverb|for a long time	believe|信じる|verb|accept that (something) is true, especially without proof	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	recognise|認める|verb|be aware of the existence or truth of	throughout|終始|adverb|in or to every part of	salutary|有益な|adjective|producing good effects	revoke|撤回する|verb|officially cancel	thousand|千|noun|the number 1000
This is why, so far from growing weak, the laws continually gain new strength in any well constituted State; the precedent of antiquity makes them daily more venerable: while wherever the laws grow weak as they become old, this proves that there is no longer a legislative power, and that the State is dead.	これが、法律が弱くなるどころか、よく構成された国家では常に新たな力を得ている理由である。古代の先例は、日々法律をより尊敬すべきものにしている。法律が古くなるにつれて弱くなるところはどこでも、もはや立法権が存在せず、国家が死んでいることを証明している。	grow weak|弱くなる|verb|become less strong	gain new strength|新たな力を得る|verb|become stronger	well constituted State|よく構成された国家|noun|a state that is well-organized	precedent|先例|noun|an earlier event or action that is regarded as an example or guide to be considered in subsequent similar circumstances	antiquity|古代|noun|the period of history in western civilization extending from about 500 BC to about AD 500	venerable|尊敬すべき|adjective|worthy of respect	wherever|どこでも|adverb|in or to whatever place	grow weak|弱くなる|verb|become less strong	old|古い|adjective|having lived or existed for a long time	legislative power|立法権|noun|the power to make laws	State|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory


## CHAPTER XII: HOW THE SOVEREIGN AUTHORITY MAINTAINS ITSELF	第十二章: 主権権力がいかに維持されるか	CHAPTER XII|第十二章|noun|the twelfth chapter	SOVEREIGN AUTHORITY|主権権力|noun|the highest power in a state	MAINTAIN|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state

The Sovereign, having no force other than the legislative power, acts only by means of the laws;	主権者は、立法権以外の権力を持たないので、法律によってのみ行動する。	Sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	have no force|権力を持たない|verb|not have the power to do something	other than|以外の|preposition|apart from; besides	legislative power|立法権|noun|the power to make laws	act|行動する|verb|do something	by means of|によって|preposition|using; with the help of	law|法律|noun|a rule or set of rules made by the government of a country or area
and the laws being solely the authentic acts of the general will, the Sovereign cannot act save when the people is assembled.	そして、法律は一般意志の正当な行為にすぎないので、主権者は人民が集まったとき以外は行動できない。	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	solely|にすぎない|adverb|only; merely	authentic|正当な|adjective|of undisputed origin; genuine	act|行為|noun|something that is done	save|以外は|preposition|except; other than	people|人民|noun|the inhabitants of a particular country, area, or period	assemble|集まる|verb|come or bring together
The people in assembly, I shall be told, is a mere chimera.	集会を開いた人民は、単なる幻想だと言われるだろう。	assembly|集会|noun|a group of people gathered together	people|人民|noun|the inhabitants of a country or area	mere|単なる|adjective|that is the only thing mentioned	chimera|幻想|noun|a thing that is hoped or wished for but in fact is illusory or impossible to achieve
It is so to-day, but two thousand years ago it was not so.	今日ではそうかもしれないが、二千年前はそうではない。	to-day|今日|noun|the present day	two thousand years ago|二千年前|noun|two thousand years before the present	not|そうではない|adverb|a word that expresses negation or denial
Has man's nature changed?	人間の本性は変わったのだろうか?	man|人間|noun|an adult male human being	nature|本性|noun|the basic or inherent features, character, or qualities of something	change|変わる|verb|become different

The bounds of possibility, in moral matters, are less narrow than we imagine: it is our weaknesses, our vices and our prejudices that confine them.	道徳的な事柄において、可能性の限界は我々が想像するほど狭くない。それを制限しているのは、我々の弱さ、悪徳、偏見である。	bound|限界|noun|a limit on the extent of something	possibility|可能性|noun|the state or fact of being possible	moral|道徳的な|adjective|concerned with the principles of right and wrong behavior	matter|事柄|noun|a subject or situation that is being dealt with or considered	imagine|想像する|verb|form a mental image or concept of	weakness|弱さ|noun|the state or quality of lacking the power to perform	vice|悪徳|noun|immoral or wicked behavior	prejudice|偏見|noun|preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience
Base souls have no belief in great men;	卑劣な魂は偉大な人を信じない。	base|卑劣な|adjective|of little worth or value	soul|魂|noun|the spiritual or immaterial part of a human being or animal	have no belief in|信じない|verb|not believe in	great|偉大な|adjective|of major significance or importance	man|人|noun|an adult male human being
vile slaves smile in mockery at the name of liberty.	卑劣な奴隷は自由という名を嘲笑する。	vile|卑劣な|adjective|extremely unpleasant	slave|奴隷|noun|a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them	smile|笑う|verb|to have a pleased, kind, or amused expression	mockery|嘲笑|noun|words or behavior that are intended to make fun of someone or something	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions or limitations

Let us judge of what can be done by what has been done.	何ができるかを、これまでに行われたことから判断しよう。	let|～しよう|verb|allow or permit	judge|判断する|verb|form an opinion or conclusion about	what|何|pronoun|that which; the thing that	can|できる|auxiliary verb|be able to	be done|行われる|verb|be performed or accomplished	what|何|pronoun|that which; the thing that	has been done|行われた|verb|be performed or accomplished
I shall say nothing of the Republics of ancient Greece; but the Roman Republic was, to my mind, a great State, and the town of Rome a great town.	私は古代ギリシャの共和国については何も言わないが、ローマ共和国は私の考えでは偉大な国家であり、ローマの町は偉大な町であった。	say nothing of|何も言わない|verb|not to mention	ancient Greece|古代ギリシャ|noun|the period of Greek history from the end of the Mycenaean civilization in the 12th century BC to the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC	Roman Republic|ローマ共和国|noun|the period of ancient Roman civilization from the overthrow of the Roman monarchy in 509 BC to the establishment of the Roman Empire in 27 BC	great State|偉大な国家|noun|a large and powerful country	town of Rome|ローマの町|noun|the capital city of Italy	great town|偉大な町|noun|a large and important town
The last census showed that there were in Rome four hundred thousand citizens capable of bearing arms, and the last computation of the population of the Empire showed over four million citizens, excluding subjects, foreigners, women, children and slaves.	最後の国勢調査では、ローマには武器を携帯できる市民が40万人いたことが示され、帝国の人口の最後の計算では、臣民、外国人、女性、子供、奴隷を除いて400万人以上の市民がいることが示された。	last|最後の|adjective|coming after all others in time or order	census|国勢調査|noun|an official count or survey of a population	show|示される|verb|be or make visible	Rome|ローマ|noun|capital of Italy	four hundred thousand|40万人|numeral|400,000	citizen|市民|noun|an inhabitant of a city or town; especially : one entitled to the rights and privileges of a freeman	capable|できる|adjective|having the ability to do something	bear|携帯する|verb|carry	arm|武器|noun|a means (such as a weapon) of offense or defense	last|最後の|adjective|coming after all others in time or order	computation|計算|noun|the act or process of computing	population|人口|noun|the total number of people or inhabitants in a country or region	show|示される|verb|be or make visible	over|以上|preposition|more than	four million|400万人|numeral|4,000,000	citizen|市民|noun|an inhabitant of a city or town; especially : one entitled to the rights and privileges of a freeman	exclude|除く|verb|keep or shut out	subject|臣民|noun|a person or thing that is subjected to something	foreigner|外国人|noun|a person from a foreign country	woman|女性|noun|an adult human female	child|子供|noun|a young human being below the age of puberty or below the legal age of majority	slave|奴隷|noun|a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them

What difficulties might not be supposed to stand in the way of the frequent assemblage of the vast population of this capital and its neighbourhood.	この首都とその周辺の膨大な人口が頻繁に集まることに、どんな困難が立ちはだかるか想像もつかない。	difficulty|困難|noun|a problem or situation that is difficult to deal with	stand in the way of|立ちはだかる|verb|be an obstacle to	frequent|頻繁な|adjective|happening or done often	assemblage|集まり|noun|a collection or gathering of people or things	vast|膨大な|adjective|of very great extent or quantity	population|人口|noun|all the inhabitants of a particular town, area, or country	capital|首都|noun|the city or town that functions as the seat of government and administrative centre of a country or region	neighbourhood|周辺|noun|the area around a place
Yet few weeks passed without the Roman people being in assembly, and even being so several times.	それでも、ローマの人々が集会を開かずに数週間が過ぎることはなく、何度も集会を開いていた。	few weeks|数週間|noun|a small number of weeks	pass|過ぎる|verb|go by	Roman|ローマの|adjective|of or relating to Rome or its people or culture	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	assembly|集会|noun|a group of people gathered together in one place for a common purpose	even|何度も|adverb|to a greater extent or degree than is usual or expected
It exercised not only the rights of Sovereignty, but also a part of those of government.	それは主権の権利だけでなく、政府の権利の一部を行使した。	exercise|行使する|verb|use or apply	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	sovereignty|主権|noun|supreme power or authority	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it
It dealt with certain matters, and judged certain cases, and this whole people was found in the public meeting-place hardly less often as magistrates than as citizens.	それは特定の問題を扱い、特定の事件を裁き、この国民全体が市民としてよりも行政官として公の集会所に集まっていた。	deal with|扱う|verb|take care of	judge|裁く|verb|form an opinion about	case|事件|noun|an occurrence of something	whole|全体|adjective|all of	public|公の|adjective|of or concerning the people as a whole	meeting-place|集会所|noun|a place where people meet	citizen|市民|noun|an inhabitant of a city or town; a person who lives in a particular town or city	magistrate|行政官|noun|a civil officer or lay judge who administers the law

If we went back to the earliest history of nations, we should find that most ancient governments, even those of monarchical form, such as the Macedonian and the Frankish, had similar councils.	国家の最も古い歴史を振り返ってみると、マケドニアやフランクのような君主制の政府でさえ、ほとんどの古代政府が同様の評議会を持っていたことがわかるだろう。	go back|振り返る|verb|return to a previous place or state	earliest|最も古い|adjective|occurring or done before the usual or expected time	history|歴史|noun|the study of past events	nation|国家|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	find|わかる|verb|discover or notice	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	even|でさえ|adverb|to an extreme or excessive degree	monarchical|君主制|adjective|relating to a system of government with a monarch	form|形態|noun|the visible shape or configuration of something	Macedonian|マケドニア|noun|a person from Macedonia	Frankish|フランク|noun|a member of the Germanic peoples who conquered Gaul in the 6th century	council|評議会|noun|an assembly of people who are chosen to make decisions or give advice
In any case, the one incontestable fact I have given is an answer to all difficulties;	いずれにせよ、私が挙げた唯一の議論の余地のない事実は、すべての困難に対する答えである。	in any case|いずれにせよ|adverb|whatever the circumstances	one|唯一の|adjective|the number 1	incontestable|議論の余地のない|adjective|not open to question or dispute	fact|事実|noun|something that is known or proved to be true	answer|答え|noun|a reply to a question	difficulty|困難|noun|a problem or situation that is difficult to deal with
it is good logic to reason from the actual to the possible.	現実から可能性を推論するのは良い論理である。	good|良い|adjective|to be desired or approved of	logic|論理|noun|a particular mode of reasoning viewed as valid or faulty	reason|推論する|verb|think, understand, and form judgments by a process of logic


## CHAPTER XIII: THE SAME (continued)	第十三章: 同上(続き)	CHAPTER XIII|第十三章|noun|the thirteenth chapter	THE SAME|同上|noun|the same thing	continued|続き|verb|to carry on or keep up without stopping

It is not enough for the assembled people to have once fixed the constitution of the State by giving its sanction to a body of law;	集まった人々が、法体系に制裁を与えることで国家の憲法を一度定めただけでは十分ではない。	assemble|集まる|verb|come together as a group	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	once|一度|adverb|on one occasion or for one time only	fix|定める|verb|make or become stable or firm	constitution|憲法|noun|the basic principles and laws of a nation, state, or social group that determine the powers and duties of the government and guarantee certain rights to the people in it	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	give|与える|verb|transfer to another as a gift	sanction|制裁|noun|a threatened penalty for disobeying a law or rule	body|体系|noun|the physical structure, including the bones, flesh and organs, of a person or an animal	law|法|noun|the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties
it is not enough for it to have set up a perpetual government, or provided once for all for the election of magistrates.	永続的な政府を樹立したり、行政官の選挙を一度に実施したりするだけでは十分ではない。	set up|樹立する|verb|establish or create	perpetual|永続的な|adjective|continuing forever or for a very long time	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	provide|実施する|verb|give or supply	once for all|一度に|adverb|once and for all; finally and conclusively	election|選挙|noun|the process of choosing a person or group of people for a position, especially a political position, by voting	magistrate|行政官|noun|a civil officer or lay judge who administers the law, especially one who conducts a court that deals with minor offenses and holds preliminary hearings for more serious ones
Besides the extraordinary assemblies unforeseen circumstances may demand, there must be fixed periodical assemblies which cannot be abrogated or prorogued, so that on the proper day the people is legitimately called together by law, without need of any formal summoning.	予期せぬ状況が要求するかもしれない臨時の集会に加えて、廃止したり延期したりすることができない定期的な集会が定められなければならない。そうすれば、適切な日に、人々は正式な召集を必要とせずに、法律によって合法的に召集される。	extraordinary assembly|臨時の集会|noun|a meeting of people for a special purpose	unforeseen circumstance|予期せぬ状況|noun|a situation that is not expected or planned for	demand|要求する|verb|ask for something with authority	fixed periodical assembly|定期的な集会|noun|a meeting of people that happens regularly	abrogate|廃止する|verb|repeal or cancel	prorogue|延期する|verb|discontinue a session of a parliament or other legislative assembly without dissolving it	proper day|適切な日|noun|a day that is suitable for a particular purpose	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	legitimately|合法的に|adverb|in a way that is allowed by the law	call together|召集する|verb|summon or order to come together	law|法律|noun|a rule or set of rules made by the government of a country or state and enforced by its police and courts	formal summoning|正式な召集|noun|an official request for someone to come to a place

But, apart from these assemblies authorised by their date alone, every assembly of the people not summoned by the magistrates appointed for that purpose, and in accordance with the prescribed forms, should be regarded as unlawful, and all its acts as null and void, because the command to assemble should itself proceed from the law.	しかし、日付だけで認められたこれらの集会は別として、その目的のために任命された行政官によって召集されず、また定められた形式に従っていない人民の集会はすべて違法とみなされ、そのすべての行為は無効とみなされるべきである。なぜなら、集会の命令自体が法律から出ているべきだからである。	apart from|別として|preposition|except for	date|日付|noun|the day of the month or year as specified by a number	alone|だけ|adverb|only	authorised|認められた|verb|give official permission for	assembly|集会|noun|a group of people gathered together	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something	appointed|任命された|verb|assign a job or role to	magistrate|行政官|noun|a civil officer or lay judge who administers the law	summoned|召集された|verb|officially call together	prescribed|定められた|verb|officially or legally require	form|形式|noun|the way that something is done or presented	unlawful|違法|adjective|not conforming to or permitted by law	act|行為|noun|something that is done	null|無効|adjective|having no legal or binding force	void|無効|adjective|not valid or legally binding	command|命令|noun|an authoritative order	proceed|出ている|verb|move forward or onward

The greater or less frequency with which lawful assemblies should occur depends on so many considerations that no exact rules about them can be given.	合法的な集会がどの程度の頻度で行われるべきかは、非常に多くの考慮事項に依存するため、それらに関する正確な規則を与えることはできない。	greater or less|程度|noun|the extent to which something is more or less	frequency|頻度|noun|the rate at which something occurs or is repeated over a particular period of time or in a given sample	lawful|合法的な|adjective|being in accordance with the law	assembly|集会|noun|a group of people gathered together in one place for a particular purpose	occur|起こる|verb|come to pass; happen	depend on|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by	consideration|考慮事項|noun|a fact or a circumstance to be taken into account when making a decision	exact|正確な|adjective|not approximated in any way; precise	rule|規則|noun|one of a set of explicit or understood regulations or principles governing conduct within a particular area of activity	give|与える|verb|transfer the possession of something concrete or abstract to someone
It can only be said generally that the stronger the government the more often should the Sovereign show itself.	一般的に言えるのは、政府が強ければ強いほど、主権者はより頻繁に姿を現すべきだということだけである。	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	the stronger|強ければ強いほど|comparative adjective|having more power or influence	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	the more often|より頻繁に|comparative adverb|more frequently	should|すべきだ|auxiliary verb|used to express obligation, duty, or correctness	show|姿を現す|verb|be or become visible	itself|それ自体|pronoun|used to refer to the thing mentioned

This, I shall be told, may do for a single town;	これは、私に言わせれば、一つの町のためには役立つかもしれない。	this|これ|pronoun|the thing that is being discussed or referred to	do for|役立つ|verb|be of use to	single|一つの|adjective|only one; not one of several	town|町|noun|a human settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city
but what is to be done when the State includes several?	しかし、国家が複数の町を含む場合はどうすればよいのか?	State|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	include|含む|verb|comprise or contain as a part	several|複数の|adjective|more than two but not very many
Is the sovereign authority to be divided?	主権は分割されるべきか?	sovereign|主権|noun|supreme power or authority	authority|権限|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	divide|分割する|verb|separate into two or more parts
Or is it to be concentrated in a single town to which all the rest are made subject?	それとも、残りのすべてが従属する一つの町に集中させるべきか?	concentrate|集中させる|verb|focus all of one's attention on something	single|一つの|adjective|only one	town|町|noun|a human settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city	rest|残り|noun|the remaining part of something	make|従属させる|verb|cause to be or become

Neither the one nor the other, I reply.	どちらも違う、と私は答える。	neither|どちらも|conjunction|not either	one|一方|noun|the number 1	other|他方|noun|the remaining one of two or more things	reply|答える|verb|say something in response
First, the sovereign authority is one and simple, and cannot be divided without being destroyed.	まず、主権は単一で単純であり、分割されれば破壊される。	first|まず|adverb|before anything else; initially	sovereign|主権|noun|supreme power or authority	authority|権威|noun|the power to command or enforce obedience	one|単一|adjective|being or amounting to a single unit or individual	simple|単純|adjective|easily understood or done; presenting few difficulties	cannot|できない|auxiliary verb|be unable to	divide|分割|verb|separate into two or more parts	destroy|破壊|verb|cause so much damage to that it no longer exists or cannot be repaired
In the second place, one town cannot, any more than one nation, legitimately be made subject to another, because the essence of the body politic lies in the reconciliation of obedience and liberty, and the words subject and Sovereign are identical correlatives the idea of which meets in the single word “citizen.”	第二に、一つの町は、一つの国と同じく、合法的に他の町に従属させられることはない。なぜなら、政治体の本質は服従と自由の調和にあるからであり、臣民と主権者という言葉は同一の相関関係にあり、その考えは「市民」という一語に集約されるからである。	second|第二|adjective|coming after the first in position	one|一つ|adjective|the lowest cardinal number	town|町|noun|a human settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	legitimately|合法的に|adverb|in a lawful manner	subject|従属させる|verb|cause to experience or undergo	another|他の|adjective|used to refer to an additional person or thing of the same type as one already mentioned or known about	body politic|政治体|noun|a group of people organized under a single governmental authority	essence|本質|noun|the intrinsic nature or indispensable quality of something	lie|ある|verb|be in a specified state or condition	reconciliation|調和|noun|the restoration of friendly relations	obedience|服従|noun|the action or fact of obeying	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life, behavior, or political views	word|言葉|noun|a single distinct meaningful element of speech or writing	subject|臣民|noun|a person who owes allegiance to a monarch or other sovereign	Sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	identical|同一|adjective|being the same in every detail	correlative|相関関係|noun|a thing that is related to another in a way that makes them interdependent	idea|考え|noun|a thought or suggestion as to a possible course of action	meet|集約される|verb|come together; join	single|一語|adjective|only one; not one of several	citizen|市民|noun|an inhabitant of a city or town

I answer further that the union of several towns in a single city is always bad, and that, if we wish to make such a union, we should not expect to avoid its natural disadvantages.	さらに、私は、複数の町を一つにまとめるのは常に悪いことであり、もしそのような連合を作りたいのであれば、その自然な不利益を避けることを期待すべきではないと答える。	union|連合|noun|the act of uniting or joining two or more things together	several|複数の|adjective|more than two but not very many	town|町|noun|a human settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city	single|一つの|adjective|only one	city|都市|noun|a large human settlement	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	bad|悪い|adjective|of poor quality or a low standard	wish|望む|verb|feel or express a strong desire or hope for something that is not easily attainable	make|作る|verb|cause to exist or come about	expect|期待する|verb|regard something as likely to happen	avoid|避ける|verb|prevent the occurrence of; prevent from happening	natural|自然な|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	disadvantage|不利益|noun|an unfavorable circumstance or condition that reduces the chances of success or effectiveness
It is useless to bring up abuses that belong to great States against one who desires to see only small ones;	小さな国家だけを見たいと望む人に対して、大国に属する悪弊を持ち出すことは無意味である。	bring up|持ち出す|verb|to mention or introduce a topic	abuse|悪弊|noun|a corrupt practice or custom	belong to|属する|verb|to be a member of	great|大|adjective|of major significance or importance	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	desire|望む|verb|to want or wish for something	small|小さな|adjective|of a size that is less than average or usual
but how can small States be given the strength to resist great ones, as formerly the Greek towns resisted the Great King, and more recently Holland and Switzerland have resisted the House of Austria?	しかし、かつてギリシャの町々がペルシア王に抵抗し、最近ではオランダとスイスがオーストリア家に抵抗したように、小さな国家に大きな国家に抵抗する力を与えるにはどうすればよいだろうか。	small|小さな|adjective|of a size that is less than average or usual	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	be given|与えられる|verb|to be presented with or awarded something	strength|力|noun|the quality or state of being physically strong	resist|抵抗する|verb|to oppose or fight against	great|大きな|adjective|of a size that is greater than average or usual	formerly|かつて|adverb|in the past	Greek|ギリシャ|noun|a native or inhabitant of Greece	town|町|noun|a human settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city	resist|抵抗する|verb|to oppose or fight against	recently|最近|adverb|not long ago; in the near past	Holland|オランダ|noun|a country in western Europe	Switzerland|スイス|noun|a country in western Europe	resist|抵抗する|verb|to oppose or fight against	House of Austria|オーストリア家|noun|the dynasty that ruled the Austrian Empire and later the Austro-Hungarian Empire from 1282 to 1918

Nevertheless, if the State cannot be reduced to the right limits, there remains still one resource;	しかし、国家を適切な範囲に縮小できない場合でも、まだ一つの手段が残っている。	nevertheless|しかし|adverb|in spite of that; notwithstanding; all the same	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	reduce|縮小する|verb|make or become smaller or less	right|適切な|adjective|correct or proper	limit|範囲|noun|the final, utmost, or furthest point, degree, or amount of something	remain|残る|verb|be left after others have been removed or destroyed	still|まだ|adverb|even now or at this time; even then	one|一つ|noun|the lowest cardinal number; half of two	resource|手段|noun|a source of supply or support
this is, to allow no capital, to make the seat of government move from town to town, and to assemble by turn in each the Provincial Estates of the country.	それは、首都を認めず、政府の所在地を町から町へと移動させ、国の各地方議会を順番に集めることである。	allow|認める|verb|to permit to be done or occur	capital|首都|noun|the city or town that functions as the seat of government and administrative centre of a country or region	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	move|移動する|verb|change position	town|町|noun|an urban area that has a name, defined boundaries, and local government, and that is generally larger than a village and smaller than a city	assemble|集める|verb|come or bring together	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory

People the territory evenly, extend everywhere the same rights, bear to every place in it abundance and life: by these means will the State become at once as strong and as well governed as possible.	領土を均等に住民で満たし、どこにでも同じ権利を広げ、その中のあらゆる場所に豊かさと生命をもたらす。これらの手段によって、国家はすぐに可能な限り強固で、よく統治されるようになるだろう。	people|住民で満たす|verb|inhabit	territory|領土|noun|an area of land under the jurisdiction of a ruler or state	evenly|均等に|adverb|in an equal manner	extend|広げる|verb|make or become longer or wider	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	everywhere|どこにでも|adverb|in all places	bear|もたらす|verb|carry or take	abundance|豊かさ|noun|a very large quantity of something	life|生命|noun|the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death	by these means|これらの手段によって|adverb|in this way	at once|すぐに|adverb|immediately	as strong as possible|可能な限り強固で|adjective|as strong as it is possible to be	as well governed as possible|可能な限りよく統治される|adjective|as well governed as it is possible to be
Remember that the walls of towns are built of the ruins of the houses of the countryside.	町の城壁は田舎の家の廃墟でできていることを思い出してほしい。	remember|思い出す|verb|have in or be able to bring to one's mind an awareness of	wall|城壁|noun|a continuous vertical brick or stone structure that encloses or divides an area of land	town|町|noun|an urban area that has a name, defined boundaries, and local government, and that is generally larger than a village and smaller than a city	countryside|田舎|noun|the land and scenery of a rural area
For every palace I see raised in the capital, my mind's eye sees a whole country made desolate.	首都に建てられた宮殿を見るたびに、私の心の目には国全体が荒廃しているのが見える。	capital|首都|noun|the city or town that functions as the seat of government and administrative centre of a country or region	palace|宮殿|noun|a large, impressive building, usually made of stone, which was historically built for a king or queen	see|見る|verb|perceive with the eyes; discern visually	mind's eye|心の目|noun|the ability to see things in the imagination	whole|全体|adjective|all of; the entire	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	desolate|荒廃した|adjective|uninhabited and in a state of ruin


## CHAPTER XIV: THE SAME (continued)	第十四章: 同上(続き)	CHAPTER XIV|第十四章|noun|the fourteenth chapter	THE SAME|同上|noun|the same thing	continued|続き|verb|to carry on or keep up without stopping

The moment the people is legitimately assembled as a sovereign body, the jurisdiction of the government wholly lapses, the executive power is suspended, and the person of the meanest citizen is as sacred and inviolable as that of the first magistrate;	人民が主権者として合法的に集まった瞬間に、政府の管轄権は完全に失効し、執行権は停止され、最も卑しい市民の身体も最高裁判官の身体と同じく神聖で不可侵となる。	moment|瞬間|noun|a very brief period of time	people|人民|noun|the inhabitants of a particular country or area	legitimately|合法的に|adverb|in a lawful manner	assemble|集まる|verb|come together as a group	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	body|集団|noun|a group of people	jurisdiction|管轄権|noun|the official power to make legal decisions and judgments	wholly|完全に|adverb|totally; completely	lapse|失効する|verb|come to an end	executive|執行権|noun|the power or authority to enforce laws	suspend|停止される|verb|temporarily stop	meanest|最も卑しい|adjective|of very low quality	citizen|市民|noun|an inhabitant of a city or town	sacred|神聖な|adjective|consecrated to some deity, to some religious purpose, or to some special use	inviolable|不可侵の|adjective|that cannot or should not be violated or broken
for in the presence of the person represented, representatives no longer exist.	なぜなら、代表される者が存在する場合には、代表者はもはや存在しないからである。	for|なぜなら|conjunction|because	in the presence of|存在する場合には|preposition|in front of	person|者|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	represented|代表される|verb|be a symbol or image of	representative|代表者|noun|a person who is a member of a legislative body	no longer|もはや|adverb|not any more; not any longer
Most of the tumults that arose in the comitia at Rome were due to ignorance or neglect of this rule.	ローマの民会で起こった騒動のほとんどは、この規則を知らないか無視したことが原因だった。	most of|ほとんどの|determiner|the majority of	tumult|騒動|noun|a state of confusion or disorder	arise|起こる|verb|come into being or existence	comitia|民会|noun|a public assembly of the Roman people for the election of magistrates	Rome|ローマ|noun|the capital city of Italy	due to|原因で|preposition|caused by	ignorance|知らないこと|noun|the state of being unaware or uninformed	neglect|無視|noun|the state of being uncared for	rule|規則|noun|a statement that tells you what you are allowed or not allowed to do
The consuls were in them merely the presidents of the people;	執政官は、民会の議長にすぎなかった。	consul|執政官|noun|one of two annually elected chief magistrates of the Roman republic	merely|すぎなかった|adverb|only; no more than	president|議長|noun|the head of a republican state
the tribunes were mere speakers;	護民官は、単なる代弁者にすぎなかった。	tribune|護民官|noun|an official in ancient Rome appointed to protect the rights of the plebeians	mere|単なる|adjective|that is the only thing mentioned	speaker|代弁者|noun|a person who speaks
the senate was nothing at all.	元老院は、何の役にも立たなかった。	senate|元老院|noun|the upper house of the U.S. Congress	nothing|何もない|noun|not anything; no single thing	at all|全く|adverb|in any way; to any extent

These intervals of suspension, during which the prince recognises or ought to recognise an actual superior, have always been viewed by him with alarm;	君主が実際の優れた者を認めるか、認めるべきであるこれらの中断期間は、常に彼によって警戒心をもって見られてきた。	interval|期間|noun|a space of time between two events	suspension|中断|noun|the temporary stopping of something	prince|君主|noun|the son of a king or queen	recognise|認める|verb|to know or identify someone or something	superior|優れた者|noun|a person who has a higher rank or position than another person	alarm|警戒心|noun|a feeling of fear or worry that something bad is going to happen
and these assemblies of the people, which are the aegis of the body politic and the curb on the government, have at all times been the horror of rulers:	そして、政治体制の庇護であり、政府の抑制であるこれらの人民集会は、常に支配者にとって恐怖の的であった。	assembly|集会|noun|a group of people gathered together	people|人民|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	aegis|庇護|noun|protection or support	body politic|政治体制|noun|a state or nation considered as a political entity	curb|抑制|noun|something that checks, restrains, or limits	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	at all times|常に|adverb|on every occasion; always	horror|恐怖|noun|an intense feeling of fear, shock, or disgust
who therefore never spare pains, objections, difficulties, and promises, to stop the citizens from having them.	そのため、市民がそれらを持つのを阻止するために、苦労、異議、困難、約束を惜しまない。	spare|惜しまない|verb|not use or give up	pain|苦労|noun|a state of great suffering	objection|異議|noun|an expression or statement of disapproval	difficulty|困難|noun|a thing that is hard to do or understand	promise|約束|noun|a declaration or assurance that one will do a particular thing or that a particular thing will happen
When the citizens are greedy, cowardly, and pusillanimous, and love ease more than liberty, they do not long hold out against the redoubled efforts of the government;	市民が貪欲で、臆病で、小心で、自由よりも安楽を愛する時、彼らは政府の倍加した努力に長く抵抗しない。	citizen|市民|noun|an inhabitant of a city or town; especially : one entitled to the rights and privileges of a freeman	greedy|貪欲な|adjective|having or showing a selfish desire for wealth or possessions	cowardly|臆病な|adjective|lacking courage	pusillanimous|小心な|adjective|lacking courage and resolution	love|愛する|verb|have a strong feeling of affection for	ease|安楽|noun|the state of being comfortable	liberty|自由|noun|the quality or state of being free	long|長く|adverb|for a long time	hold out|抵抗する|verb|to continue to fight or resist	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it
and thus, as the resisting force incessantly grows, the sovereign authority ends by disappearing, and most cities fall and perish before their time.	こうして、抵抗する力が絶えず増大するにつれて、主権者の権威は消滅し、ほとんどの都市は時が来る前に滅亡する。	thus|こうして|adverb|in this way	resisting force|抵抗する力|noun|a force that opposes the motion of an object	incessantly|絶えず|adverb|without stopping	grow|増大する|verb|become larger or greater over a period of time	sovereign authority|主権者の権威|noun|the power of a state to govern itself or another state	disappear|消滅する|verb|cease to exist	most|ほとんど|determiner|the majority of	city|都市|noun|a large human settlement	fall|滅亡する|verb|be defeated or overthrown	time|時|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole

But between the sovereign authority and arbitrary government there sometimes intervenes a mean power of which something must be said.	しかし、主権者と独裁政府の間には、時として中間の権力が介在することがある。	sovereign authority|主権者|noun|a person or group of people with supreme authority	arbitrary government|独裁政府|noun|a government that is not limited by law	intervene|介在する|verb|come between so as to prevent or alter a result or course of events	mean power|中間の権力|noun|a power that is neither sovereign nor arbitrary


## CHAPTER XV: DEPUTIES OR REPRESENTATIVES	第十五章: 代議員または代表者	chapter|章|noun|a main division of a book	deputy|代議員|noun|a person appointed to exercise authority on behalf of another	representative|代表者|noun|a person who is a member of a legislative body

As soon as public service ceases to be the chief business of the citizens, and they would rather serve with their money than with their persons, the State is not far from its fall.	公務が市民の主要な仕事でなくなり、彼らが自分の身体よりも金で奉仕しようとするやいなや、国家は滅亡から遠くない。	as soon as|...するとすぐに|conjunction|immediately after	public service|公務|noun|a service provided by the government	cease|なくなる|verb|come to an end	chief|主要な|adjective|most important	business|仕事|noun|a person's regular paid work	citizen|市民|noun|a person who lives in a particular town or city	rather|むしろ|adverb|more readily or willingly	serve|奉仕する|verb|work as a servant	money|金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	fall|滅亡|noun|the act of becoming lower or less
When it is necessary to march out to war, they pay troops and stay at home: when it is necessary to meet in council, they name deputies and stay at home.	戦争に出征する必要がある時、彼らは軍隊に給料を払って家に居る。会議に出席する必要がある時、彼らは代議員を指名して家に居る。	march out|出征する|verb|go out to fight in a war	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	pay|払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	stay at home|家に居る|verb|not go out	meet|出席する|verb|come together with someone by chance or arrangement	name|指名する|verb|give a name to	stay at home|家に居る|verb|not go out
By reason of idleness and money, they end by having soldiers to enslave their country and representatives to sell it.	怠惰と金銭のために、彼らはついに国を奴隷にする兵士と国を売る代表者を持つに至る。	idleness|怠惰|noun|the trait of being lazy or inactive	money|金銭|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	end|至る|verb|reach a final point	soldier|兵士|noun|a person who serves in an army	enslave|奴隷にする|verb|make a slave of	country|国|noun|a political state or nation or its territory	representative|代表者|noun|a person who is a member of a legislative body	sell|売る|verb|exchange or deliver for money or its equivalent

It is through the hustle of commerce and the arts, through the greedy self-interest of profit, and through softness and love of amenities that personal services are replaced by money payments.	商業や芸術の喧騒、利益への貪欲な利己主義、そして快適さへの愛着や柔弱さによって、個人的な奉仕は金銭の支払いに取って代わられる。	hustle|喧騒|noun|a state of great activity or excitement	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	art|芸術|noun|the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination	greedy|貪欲な|adjective|having or showing a very strong wish to get or have something	self-interest|利己主義|noun|the interest or advantage of oneself	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	softness|柔弱さ|noun|the quality or state of being soft	love|愛着|noun|a strong feeling of affection	amenity|快適さ|noun|a feature that makes a place pleasant, comfortable, or easy to live in	personal|個人的な|adjective|of or concerning a particular person	service|奉仕|noun|the action of helping or doing work for someone	replace|取って代わる|verb|take the place of	money|金銭|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes
Men surrender a part of their profits in order to have time to increase them at leisure.	人々は、余暇に利益を増やす時間を持つために、利益の一部を放棄する。	surrender|放棄する|verb|give up	profit|利益|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	leisure|余暇|noun|time when you are not working or doing other duties
Make gifts of money, and you will not be long without chains.	金銭の贈り物をすれば、すぐに鎖につながれるだろう。	make|する|verb|perform or carry out	gift|贈り物|noun|something that is given	money|金銭|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	chain|鎖|noun|a series of connected metal links
The word finance is a slavish word, unknown in the city-state.	財政という言葉は奴隷の言葉であり、都市国家では知られていない。	finance|財政|noun|the management of money and other assets	word|言葉|noun|a unit of language	slavish|奴隷の|adjective|of or like a slave	city-state|都市国家|noun|an independent city that has its own government
In a country that is truly free, the citizens do everything with their own arms and nothing by means of money;	真に自由な国では、市民はすべてを自分の腕でやり、金銭によって何もしない。	truly|真に|adverb|in a true manner	free|自由な|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	citizen|市民|noun|an inhabitant of a city or town; especially : one entitled to the rights and privileges of a freeman	everything|すべて|noun|all that exists; all that is included in a group or category	own|自分の|adjective|belonging to (the person or thing mentioned)	arm|腕|noun|an upper limb of the human body	nothing|何も|noun|not anything; no single thing	money|金銭|noun|something generally accepted as a medium of exchange, a measure of value, or a means of payment
so far from paying to be exempted from their duties, they would even pay for the privilege of fulfilling them themselves.	義務を免除されるために支払うどころか、彼らは義務を果たす特権のために支払うだろう。	so far from|どころか|adverb|to the contrary	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	be exempted from|免除される|verb|be freed or excused from	duty|義務|noun|a moral or legal obligation	even|さえ|adverb|to an extent or degree beyond what is usual or expected	pay for|支払う|verb|give money in exchange for	privilege|特権|noun|a special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to a particular person or group of people
I am far from taking the common view: I hold enforced labour to be less opposed to liberty than taxes.	私は一般的な見解をとるには程遠い。私は強制労働は税金よりも自由に反対するものではないと考える。	far from|程遠い|adverb|not at all	take|とる|verb|adopt or assume	common|一般的な|adjective|of or relating to the community as a whole	view|見解|noun|a particular way of considering or regarding something; an attitude or opinion	hold|考える|verb|have or keep in the mind	enforced|強制的な|adjective|compelled or imposed by force or authority	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	less|より少なく|adjective|not as much or as many	opposed|反対する|verb|be against or hostile to	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions or limitations	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions

The better the constitution of a State is, the more do public affairs encroach on private in the minds of the citizens.	国家の憲法が優れているほど、市民の心の中で公務が私事を侵害する。	the better|より良い|adjective|to a higher standard or more advanced degree	constitution|憲法|noun|the system of fundamental principles according to which a state or other organization is governed	State|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	the more|より|adjective|to a greater degree or extent	public affairs|公務|noun|the business of government	encroach|侵害する|verb|intrude on	private|私事|adjective|belonging to or for the use of one particular person or group of people only	citizen|市民|noun|an inhabitant of a city or town; especially : one entitled to the rights and privileges of a freeman
Private affairs are even of much less importance, because the aggregate of the common happiness furnishes a greater proportion of that of each individual, so that there is less for him to seek in particular cares.	私事はさらに重要性が低い。なぜなら、共通の幸福の総計が各個人の幸福のより大きな割合を占め、その人が特別な配慮を求める必要が減るからである。	private affair|私事|noun|a matter that is of concern to an individual	even|さらに|adverb|to a greater extent	much less|より少ない|adverb|to a smaller extent	importance|重要性|noun|the quality of being important	common happiness|共通の幸福|noun|the happiness of all people	aggregate|総計|noun|a whole formed by combining several parts or members	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinguished from a group	particular care|特別な配慮|noun|special attention or consideration
In a well-ordered city every man flies to the assemblies: under a bad government no one cares to stir a step to get to them, because no one is interested in what happens there, because it is foreseen that the general will will not prevail, and lastly because domestic cares are all-absorbing.	秩序の整った都市では、誰もが集会に参加する。悪い政府の下では、誰もそこに何が起こるかに興味がないので、誰もそこにたどり着くために一歩を踏み出そうとしない。なぜなら、一般意志が勝たないことが予見されているからであり、最後に、家庭の心配事がすべてを吸収してしまうからである。	well-ordered|秩序の整った|adjective|having a good order	city|都市|noun|a large human settlement	fly|参加する|verb|move through the air with wings or a winged structure	assembly|集会|noun|a group of people gathered together	bad|悪い|adjective|of poor quality or a low standard	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	care|気にかける|verb|feel concern or interest	step|一歩|noun|the action of moving the foot forward	stir|踏み出す|verb|move or cause to move slightly	happen|起こる|verb|take place; occur	interested|興味がある|adjective|having a feeling of wanting to know or learn about something or someone	general will|一般意志|noun|the will of the people as a whole	prevail|勝つ|verb|be victorious or successful	lastly|最後に|adverb|finally; in conclusion	domestic|家庭の|adjective|of or relating to a home or family	care|心配事|noun|a cause of anxiety; a worry	absorb|吸収する|verb|take in or soak up
Good laws lead to the making of better ones;	良い法律はより良い法律の制定につながる。	good|良い|adjective|to be desired or approved of	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	lead to|つながる|verb|to be the cause of	make|制定|verb|to cause to exist or happen
bad ones bring about worse.	悪い法律はより悪い法律をもたらす。	bad|悪い|adjective|of poor quality or a low standard	bring about|もたらす|verb|cause to happen
As soon as any man says of the affairs of the State What does it matter to me?	誰かが国家の情勢について「私には関係ない」と言うとすぐに、	as soon as|とすぐに|conjunction|immediately after	affair|情勢|noun|a matter of public concern	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	matter|関係|noun|be of importance or significance
the State may be given up for lost.	その国家は失われたと見なされるかもしれない。	give up|見なす|verb|to regard or consider in a specified way	lost|失われた|adjective|no longer possessed or owned

The lukewarmness of patriotism, the activity of private interest, the vastness of States, conquest and the abuse of government suggested the method of having deputies or representatives of the people in the national assemblies.	愛国心の冷淡さ、私利私欲の活動、国家の広大さ、征服、政府の横暴は、国民議会に人民の代理人や代表者を置く方法を示唆した。	lukewarmness|冷淡さ|noun|the quality of being lukewarm	patriotism|愛国心|noun|love of one's country	private interest|私利私欲|noun|the interest of a private person	activity|活動|noun|the state of being active	vastness|広大さ|noun|the quality of being vast	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	conquest|征服|noun|the act of conquering	abuse|横暴|noun|the improper use of something	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	suggest|示唆する|verb|mention or introduce as a possibility	method|方法|noun|a way of doing something	deputy|代理人|noun|a person appointed to act for another	representative|代表者|noun|a person who represents another person or a group of people	people|人民|noun|the inhabitants of a particular country or area	national assembly|国民議会|noun|the legislature of a nation
These are what, in some countries, men have presumed to call the Third Estate.	これらは、いくつかの国で、人々が第三身分と呼ぶことを想定しているものである。	these|これら|pronoun|the ones mentioned	some|いくつかの|determiner|an unspecified number or amount of	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	call|呼ぶ|verb|give a name to	third|第三|adjective|coming after second and before fourth in position
Thus the individual interest of two orders is put first and second;	こうして、二つの身分の個々の利益が第一と第二に置かれる。	thus|こうして|adverb|in this way; therefore	individual|個々の|adjective|of or relating to a single person or thing	interest|利益|noun|money paid for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	put|置く|verb|move something to a specified place	first|第一|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest; 1st	second|第二|adjective|coming after the first in time or order; 2nd
the public interest occupies only the third place.	公益は第三の場所を占めるにすぎない。	public interest|公益|noun|the well-being of the general public	occupy|占める|verb|take up a certain amount of space, time, or resources	third|第三|adjective|coming after two others in a series; 3rd

Sovereignty, for the same reason as makes it inalienable, cannot be represented;	主権は、それを不可譲にするのと同じ理由で、代表することができない。	sovereignty|主権|noun|supreme power or authority	inalienable|不可譲|adjective|unable to be taken away from or given away by the possessor	be represented|代表される|verb|be a symbol or image of
it lies essentially in the general will, and will does not admit of representation: it is either the same, or other;	それは本質的に一般意志にあるが、意志は代表を認めない。それは同じか、そうでないかのどちらかである。	lie|ある|verb|be in a certain state or condition	essentially|本質的に|adverb|in or relating to the essential nature of something	general will|一般意志|noun|the will of the people as a whole	admit|認める|verb|accept as true; acknowledge the existence or truth of	representation|代表|noun|the action of speaking or acting on behalf of someone or the state of being so represented	same|同じ|adjective|being the same one or ones; identical	other|そうでない|adjective|different from the one or ones already mentioned or implied
there is no intermediate possibility.	中間の可能性はない。	there is|ある|verb|exist	no|ない|adverb|not any	intermediate|中間の|adjective|in between two extremes	possibility|可能性|noun|the state or fact of being possible
The deputies of the people, therefore, are not and cannot be its representatives: they are merely its stewards, and can carry through no definitive acts.	したがって、人民の代理人は、その代表者ではなく、またそうであることができない。彼らは単にその管理人であり、決定的な行為を行うことはできない。	deputy|代理人|noun|a person appointed to act for another	people|人民|noun|the citizens of a country	representative|代表者|noun|a person who is authorized to act on behalf of another	steward|管理人|noun|a person who manages another's property or financial affairs	carry through|行う|verb|to complete or finish	definitive|決定的な|adjective|decisive or final	act|行為|noun|something that is done
Every law the people has not ratified in person is null and void—is, in fact, not a law.	人民が自ら批准していないすべての法律は無効であり、事実上、法律ではない。	every|すべての|adjective|each and all of a group	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	people|人民|noun|the inhabitants of a particular country, area, or period	ratify|批准する|verb|confirm or give formal consent to	person|自ら|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	null|無効|adjective|having no legal or binding force	void|無効|adjective|not valid or legally binding	fact|事実|noun|a thing that is known or proved to be true
The people of England regards itself as free;	イギリスの人民は、自分たちが自由だと思っている。	people|人民|noun|the inhabitants of a particular country or area	England|イギリス|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	regard|思う|verb|consider or think of in a specified way	free|自由|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes
but it is grossly mistaken; it is free only during the election of members of parliament.	しかし、それは大きな間違いである。彼らは国会議員の選挙の間だけ自由なのである。	grossly|大きく|adverb|to a very large extent	mistaken|間違っている|adjective|wrong in one's opinion or judgment	only|だけ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	during|間|preposition|in or throughout the course of	election|選挙|noun|the process of choosing a person for public office by voting
As soon as they are elected, slavery overtakes it, and it is nothing.	議員が選出されるとすぐに、奴隷制が彼らを襲い、彼らは無に帰す。	as soon as|とすぐに|conjunction|at the moment that; immediately after	elect|選出する|verb|choose or select by voting	slavery|奴隷制|noun|the condition of a slave; bondage	overtake|襲う|verb|catch up with and pass	nothing|無|noun|not anything; no single thing
The use it makes of the short moments of liberty it enjoys shows indeed that it deserves to lose them.	彼らが享受する短い自由の瞬間の使い方は、確かに彼らがそれを失うに値することを示している。	make use of|利用する|verb|to use something for a particular purpose	short|短い|adjective|having little length or height	moment|瞬間|noun|a very brief period of time	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions or limitations	enjoy|享受する|verb|to take delight or pleasure in	indeed|確かに|adverb|truly; really; certainly	deserve|値する|verb|to be worthy of	lose|失う|verb|to come to be without something

The idea of representation is modern;	代表制という考えは近代的なものである。	idea|考え|noun|a thought or suggestion as to a possible course of action	representation|代表制|noun|the action of speaking or acting on behalf of someone or the state of being so represented	modern|近代的|adjective|of or relating to the present or recent times
it comes to us from feudal government, from that iniquitous and absurd system which degrades humanity and dishonours the name of man.	それは封建政府から、人類を堕落させ、人間の名を汚す不道徳で不条理な制度から来ている。	come|来る|verb|move or travel toward or into a place thought of as near or familiar to the speaker	feudal|封建的な|adjective|relating to or characteristic of a system of feudalism	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	iniquitous|不道徳な|adjective|grossly unjust or unfair	absurd|不条理な|adjective|ridiculously incongruous or inappropriate	system|制度|noun|a set of principles or procedures according to which something is done; an organized scheme or method	degrade|堕落させる|verb|cause a severe loss in the quality of	humanity|人類|noun|all human beings collectively	dishonour|汚す|verb|bring shame or disgrace to	name|名|noun|a word or set of words using which a person is referred to
In ancient republics and even in monarchies, the people never had representatives;	古代共和国や君主制においてさえ、人民は代表者を持たなかった。	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	republic|共和国|noun|a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly by them	monarchy|君主制|noun|a political system in which supreme authority is vested in the monarch	people|人民|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	never|決して|adverb|at no time in the past or future; on no occasion; not ever	representative|代表者|noun|a person who is a member of a legislative body
the word itself was unknown.	その言葉自体が知られていなかった。	word|言葉|noun|a unit of language that native speakers can identify	itself|自体|pronoun|used to emphasize the identity of the subject	unknown|知られていない|adjective|not known or familiar
It is very singular that in Rome, where the tribunes were so sacrosanct, it was never even imagined that they could usurp the functions of the people, and that in the midst of so great a multitude they never attempted to pass on their own authority a single plebiscitum.	護民官が非常に神聖視されていたローマでは、彼らが人民の機能を奪うことができるとは想像もされなかったし、また、彼らが非常に多くの人々の中で、自分たちの権限で単一のプレビシタムを通過させようとしたことは一度もなかったというのは、非常に特異なことだ。	tribune|護民官|noun|an official in ancient Rome appointed to protect the rights of the plebeians	sacrosanct|神聖視される|adjective|regarded as too important or valuable to be interfered with	Rome|ローマ|noun|capital of Italy	usurp|奪う|verb|take (something) for oneself by force or without right	function|機能|noun|the action or purpose for which a person or thing is specially fitted or used	people|人民|noun|the citizens of a country	midst|真っ只中|noun|the middle part or point	multitude|多くの人々|noun|a large number of people	attempt|試みる|verb|make an effort to do something	pass|通過させる|verb|move or cause to move through, over, or across	authority|権限|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	single|単一の|adjective|only one; not one of several	plebiscitum|プレビシタム|noun|a law enacted by the common people of ancient Rome
We can, however, form an idea of the difficulties caused sometimes by the people being so numerous, from what happened in the time of the Gracchi, when some of the citizens had to cast their votes from the roofs of buildings.	しかし、グラックス兄弟の時代に起こった、一部の市民が建物の屋上から投票しなければならなかったことから、人々が非常に多いことによって時々生じる困難について、私たちは考えを形成することができる。	form an idea|考えを形成する|verb|to create a thought or concept	difficulty|困難|noun|a problem or situation that is hard to deal with	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	numerous|非常に多い|adjective|very many	what happened|起こったこと|noun|an event or occurrence	the Gracchi|グラックス兄弟|noun|two Roman brothers who were political reformers	citizen|市民|noun|a person who lives in a particular town or city	cast a vote|投票する|verb|to give or register a vote	roof|屋上|noun|the structure forming the upper covering of a building or vehicle

Where right and liberty are everything, disadvantages count for nothing.	権利と自由がすべてであるところでは、不利な点は何も意味がない。	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life, behavior, or political views	everything|すべて|noun|all that exists; the whole	disadvantage|不利な点|noun|an unfavorable circumstance or condition that reduces the chances of success or effectiveness	count for nothing|何も意味がない|verb|be of no importance or significance
Among this wise people everything was given its just value, its lictors were allowed to do what its tribunes would never have dared to attempt;	この賢明な国民の間では、すべてに正当な価値が与えられ、護民官が決してあえて試みようとしなかったことを、そのリクトルたちが行うことができた。	among|間で|preposition|in the middle of	wise|賢明な|adjective|having or showing experience, knowledge, and good judgment	everything|すべて|noun|all that exists	give|与える|verb|transfer the possession of something	just|正当な|adjective|based on or behaving according to what is morally right and fair	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	allow|許す|verb|give (someone) permission to do something	attempt|試みる|verb|make an effort to achieve something
for it had no fear that its lictors would try to represent it.	なぜなら、そのリクトルたちがそれを代表しようとするのではないかと恐れることはなかったからだ。	for|なぜなら|conjunction|because	have no fear|恐れることはなかった|verb|not be afraid	lictor|リクトル|noun|an ancient Roman official who carried the fasces and accompanied the chief magistrates	try|しようとする|verb|make an effort to do something	represent|代表する|verb|act on behalf of

To explain, however, in what way the tribunes did sometimes represent it, it is enough to conceive how the government represents the Sovereign.	しかし、護民官が時々それをどのように代表していたかを説明するには、政府が主権者をどのように代表しているかを理解すれば十分である。	explain|説明する|verb|make (something) clear or easy to understand	tribune|護民官|noun|an official in ancient Rome appointed to protect the rights of the plebeians	represent|代表する|verb|be a symbol or example of	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	Sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler
Law being purely the declaration of the general will, it is clear that, in the exercise of the legislative power, the people cannot be represented;	法律は純粋に一般意志の宣言であるから、立法権の行使において人民が代表され得ないことは明らかである。	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	purely|純粋に|adverb|in a pure manner	declaration|宣言|noun|a formal statement	general will|一般意志|noun|the will of the people as a whole	exercise|行使|noun|the use of a right, power, or privilege	legislative power|立法権|noun|the power to make laws	people|人民|noun|the inhabitants of a particular country or area	be represented|代表される|verb|be a symbol or image of
but in that of the executive power, which is only the force that is applied to give the law effect, it both can and should be represented.	しかし、執行権の行使においては、それは法律に効力を与えるために適用される力にすぎないので、人民は代表されることができ、また代表されるべきである。	executive power|執行権|noun|the power to put laws into effect	force|力|noun|strength or energy exerted or brought to bear	give effect|効力を与える|verb|make something effective or valid	can|できる|auxiliary verb|be able to	should|べきである|auxiliary verb|ought to; must
We thus see that if we looked closely into the matter we should find that very few nations have any laws.	こうして、この問題を綿密に調べれば、法律を持つ国はほとんどないことがわかるだろう。	look closely into|綿密に調べる|verb|examine carefully	matter|問題|noun|a subject of concern	find|わかる|verb|discover or notice	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	law|法律|noun|a rule or set of rules made by the government of a country or state
However that may be, it is certain that the tribunes, possessing no executive power, could never represent the Roman people by right of the powers entrusted to them, but only by usurping those of the senate.	いずれにせよ、護民官は執行権を持たなかったので、彼らに委ねられた権限の権利によってローマ人民を代表することはできず、元老院の権限を奪うことによってのみ代表することができたのは確かである。	however that may be|いずれにせよ|adverb|in any case	tribune|護民官|noun|an official in ancient Rome appointed to protect the rights of the plebeians	possess|持つ|verb|have as belonging to one	executive power|執行権|noun|the power to put a law into effect	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	entrust|委ねる|verb|give a task or responsibility to someone	represent|代表する|verb|be a symbol or example of	Roman people|ローマ人民|noun|the people of ancient Rome	senate|元老院|noun|the governing body of ancient Rome

In Greece, all that the people had to do, it did for itself;	ギリシャでは、人民がしなければならないことはすべて、人民自身が行った。	Greece|ギリシャ|noun|a country in southeastern Europe	people|人民|noun|the citizens of a country	have to|しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; must	do|行う|verb|perform or execute	itself|自身|pronoun|the thing or person mentioned
it was constantly assembled in the public square.	人民は常に公共広場に集まっていた。	constantly|常に|adverb|continuously over a period of time; always	assemble|集まる|verb|come together as a group	public square|公共広場|noun|an open area in a town or city
The Greeks lived in a mild climate;	ギリシャ人は温暖な気候に住んでいた。	Greek|ギリシャ人|noun|a native or inhabitant of Greece	live|住む|verb|have as one's permanent home	mild|温暖な|adjective|not very cold or hot
they had no natural greed;	彼らは生来貪欲ではなかった。	have|持つ|verb|possess, own, or hold	natural|生来|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	greed|貪欲|noun|a selfish and excessive desire for more of something (such as money) than is needed
slaves did their work for them;	奴隷が彼らの仕事を代わりに行った。	slave|奴隷|noun|a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them	do|行う|verb|perform, execute, or accomplish	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result
their great concern was with liberty.	彼らの最大の関心事は自由だった。	great|最大の|adjective|of major significance or importance	concern|関心事|noun|a matter of interest or importance to someone	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions or limitations
Lacking the same advantages, how can you preserve the same rights?	同じ利点がなければ、どうやって同じ権利を守れるのか?	lack|欠く|verb|be without or deficient in	advantage|利点|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favourable or superior position	preserve|守る|verb|keep in its original state	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something
Your severer climates add to your needs;	厳しい気候があなた方の必要を増やす。	severer|厳しい|adjective|very great; intense	climate|気候|noun|the weather conditions prevailing in an area in general or over a long period	add to|増やす|verb|increase the amount or number of
for half the year your public squares are uninhabitable;	一年の半分は公共広場は住めない。	for half the year|一年の半分|noun phrase|for six months	public square|公共広場|noun|an open area in a city that people can go to	uninhabitable|住めない|adjective|not fit for living in
the flatness of your languages unfits them for being heard in the open air;	あなた方の言語の単調さは、野外で聞くのに適していない。	flatness|単調さ|noun|the quality of being flat	language|言語|noun|a system of communication using sounds or symbols that have meaning	unfit|適していない|adjective|not suitable or appropriate	open air|野外|noun|the space outside of buildings
you sacrifice more for profit than for liberty, and fear slavery less than poverty.	あなた方は自由よりも利益のために多くを犠牲にし、貧困よりも奴隷制を恐れる。	sacrifice|犠牲にする|verb|give up something important for the sake of achieving something else	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life, behavior, or political views	fear|恐れる|verb|be afraid of	slavery|奴隷制|noun|the state of being a slave	poverty|貧困|noun|the state of being extremely poor

What then? Is liberty maintained only by the help of slavery?	では、どうなのか? 自由は奴隷制の助けによってのみ維持されるのか?	what then|では、どうなのか|interjection|what is the conclusion to be drawn from this	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life, behavior, or political views	maintain|維持される|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	slavery|奴隷制|noun|the state of being a slave
It may be so.	そうかもしれない。	may|かもしれない|auxiliary verb|expressing possibility	be|である|verb|exist or live
Extremes meet.	両極端は出会う。	extreme|両極端|noun|the highest or lowest point or degree of something	meet|出会う|verb|come together with someone or something
Everything that is not in the course of nature has its disadvantages, civil society most of all.	自然の道理に従わないものはすべて欠点があり、市民社会はとりわけそうである。	course|道理|noun|the natural or proper order of things	nature|自然|noun|the physical world and everything in it	disadvantage|欠点|noun|an unfavorable circumstance or condition that reduces the chances of success or effectiveness	civil society|市民社会|noun|the aggregate of non-governmental organizations and institutions that manifest interests and will of citizens
There are some unhappy circumstances in which we can only keep our liberty at others' expense, and where the citizen can be perfectly free only when the slave is most a slave.	私たちが他人を犠牲にしてのみ自由を保つことができる不幸な状況があり、奴隷が最も奴隷であるときにのみ市民が完全に自由になることができる。	keep|保つ|verb|continue to have or do something	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life, behavior, or political views	expense|犠牲|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	slave|奴隷|noun|a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them	perfectly|完全に|adverb|in a manner or to a degree that is complete or flawless	free|自由|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes
Such was the case with Sparta.	スパルタがそうだった。	such|そう|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	be the case|そうである|verb|be the situation	Sparta|スパルタ|noun|a city-state in ancient Greece
As for you, modern peoples, you have no slaves, but you are slaves yourselves;	あなた方、現代の人々は、奴隷はいないが、あなた方自身が奴隷である。	as for|～については|preposition|with regard to; concerning	modern|現代の|adjective|of or relating to the present or recent times	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	slave|奴隷|noun|a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them	yourself|あなた方自身|pronoun|used to emphasize that you are doing something
you pay for their liberty with your own.	あなた方は彼らの自由のために自分自身の自由を支払っている。	pay|支払う|verb|give money that you owe in exchange for a service or product	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions or limitations
It is in vain that you boast of this preference;	あなた方がこの選択を自慢しても無駄である。	in vain|無駄に|adverb|to no purpose; without effect	boast|自慢する|verb|speak too proudly about oneself or one's achievements	preference|選択|noun|a greater liking for one alternative over another or others
I find in it more cowardice than humanity.	私はそこに人間性よりも臆病さを見出す。	find|見出す|verb|discover or notice	humanity|人間性|noun|the quality of being human	cowardice|臆病さ|noun|lack of courage

I do not mean by all this that it is necessary to have slaves, or that the right of slavery is legitimate:	私はこれらすべてによって、奴隷を持つことが必要であるとか、奴隷制の権利が合法であるということを意味しているわけではない。	mean|意味する|verb|intend to convey, indicate, or refer to (something)	all this|これらすべて|noun|all of this	necessary|必要である|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	slave|奴隷|noun|a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	slavery|奴隷制|noun|the state of being a slave	legitimate|合法である|adjective|being in accordance with the law; lawful
I am merely giving the reasons why modern peoples, believing themselves to be free, have representatives, while ancient peoples had none.	私は単に、自分たちが自由であると信じている現代人が代表者を持ち、古代人は代表者を持たなかった理由を述べているにすぎない。	modern|現代の|adjective|of or relating to the present or recent times	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	believe|信じる|verb|accept that (something) is true, especially without proof	free|自由な|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes	have|持つ|verb|possess, own, or hold	representative|代表者|noun|a person who is a member of a legislative body	ancient|古代の|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	none|誰もいない|pronoun|not any of the people or things previously mentioned; no one or nothing
In any case, the moment a people allows itself to be represented, it is no longer free: it no longer exists.	いずれにせよ、国民が代表されることを許した瞬間、国民はもはや自由ではなく、もはや存在しない。	in any case|いずれにせよ|adverb|whatever the circumstances may be	moment|瞬間|noun|a very brief period of time	allow|許す|verb|permit to do something	represent|代表する|verb|act on behalf of	free|自由|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes	exist|存在する|verb|have objective reality or being

All things considered, I do not see that it is possible henceforth for the Sovereign to preserve among us the exercise of its rights, unless the city is very small.	あらゆることを考慮すると、都市が非常に小さくない限り、主権者が私たちの間でその権利の行使を維持することが今後可能であるとは思えない。	all things considered|あらゆることを考慮すると|adverb|taking everything into account	do not see|思えない|verb|fail to understand	it is possible|可能である|adjective|able to be done	henceforth|今後|adverb|from this time on	for the Sovereign|主権者にとって|noun|a supreme ruler	to preserve|維持する|verb|keep in its original state	among us|私たちの間で|preposition|in the middle of	the exercise of its rights|その権利の行使|noun|the use of a right or power	unless|〜でない限り|conjunction|except if	the city|都市|noun|a large human settlement
But if it is very small, it will be conquered?	しかし、それが非常に小さい場合、それは征服されるだろうか?	very|非常に|adverb|to a high degree; extremely	small|小さい|adjective|of a size that is less than average or usual	conquer|征服する|verb|take over by military force
No. I will show later on how the external strength of a great people may be combined with the convenient polity and good order of a small State.	いいえ。偉大な国民の外的な強さと、小国の便利な政治体制と秩序をどのように組み合わせることができるかについては、後で説明する。	no|いいえ|interjection|a negative response	later on|後で|adverb|at a later time	show|説明する|verb|make something clear or easy to understand	external|外的な|adjective|of or relating to the outside	strength|強さ|noun|the quality or state of being physically strong	great|偉大な|adjective|of major significance or importance	people|国民|noun|the inhabitants of a country or area	combine|組み合わせる|verb|join or merge together	convenient|便利な|adjective|involving little trouble or effort	polity|政治体制|noun|a form or system of government	good|秩序|adjective|to be desired or approved of	order|秩序|noun|the arrangement or disposition of people or things in relation to each other according to a particular sequence, pattern, or method


## CHAPTER XVI: THAT THE INSTITUTION OF GOVERNMENT IS NOT A CONTRACT	第16章: 政府の制度は契約ではない	chapter|章|noun|a main division of a book	institution|制度|noun|an established law, custom, or practice	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	contract|契約|noun|a legally binding agreement

The legislative power once well established, the next thing is to establish similarly the executive power;	立法権がいったん確立されると、次は同様に執行権を確立することである。	legislative power|立法権|noun|the power to make laws	once|いったん|adverb|at some time in the past	well established|確立される|verb|be established firmly	next|次|adjective|coming immediately after the time being considered	similarly|同様に|adverb|in a similar way	executive power|執行権|noun|the power to put laws into effect
for this latter, which operates only by particular acts, not being of the essence of the former, is naturally separate from it.	後者は、前者の本質ではなく、特定の行為によってのみ機能するため、当然のことながら前者とは分離されている。	for|なぜなら|conjunction|because	latter|後者|noun|the second of two things mentioned	operate|機能する|verb|be in effect or in force	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	act|行為|noun|something that is done	essence|本質|noun|the intrinsic nature or indispensable quality of something	former|前者|noun|the first of two things mentioned	naturally|当然のことながら|adverb|in a natural manner	separate|分離する|verb|make or keep apart
Were it possible for the Sovereign, as such, to possess the executive power, right and fact would be so confounded that no one could tell what was law and what was not;	主権者が執行権を持つことが可能であれば、権利と事実は混乱し、何が法律で何が法律でないのか誰にも分からなくなるだろう。	be possible for|が可能である|verb|be able to be done or achieved	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	possess|持つ|verb|have as belonging to one; own	executive power|執行権|noun|the power to put a law into effect	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	fact|事実|noun|a thing that is known or proved to be true	be confounded|混乱する|verb|be confused or puzzled	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority
and the body politic, thus disfigured, would soon fall a prey to the violence it was instituted to prevent.	そして、このように変形した政治体は、すぐにそれを防ぐために制定された暴力の餌食になるだろう。	body politic|政治体|noun|a group of people organized under a single governmental authority	disfigure|変形させる|verb|spoil the appearance of	fall prey to|餌食になる|verb|be harmed or killed by	violence|暴力|noun|behavior involving physical force intended to hurt or kill someone

As the citizens, by the social contract, are all equal, all can prescribe what all should do, but no one has a right to demand that another shall do what he does not do himself.	社会契約によって市民はすべて平等であるため、誰もが何をすべきかを規定できるが、誰も自分がしていないことを他人に要求する権利はない。	citizen|市民|noun|an inhabitant of a city or town; especially : one entitled to the rights and privileges of a freeman	social contract|社会契約|noun|an implicit agreement among the members of a society to cooperate for social benefits	equal|平等|adjective|the same in quantity, size, degree, or value	prescribe|規定する|verb|to lay down as a guide, direction, or rule of action	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	demand|要求する|verb|to ask for with authority; to claim as due or just	another|他人|noun|a person or thing that is different or distinct from the one already mentioned or implied	shall|する|auxiliary verb|will	do|する|verb|perform, execute, or accomplish
It is strictly this right, which is indispensable for giving the body politic life and movement, that the Sovereign, in instituting the government, confers upon the prince.	主権者が政府を制定する際に君主に与える権利は、厳密に言えば、政治体に生命と運動を与えるために不可欠なこの権利である。	strictly|厳密に|adverb|in a strict manner	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	indispensable|不可欠な|adjective|absolutely necessary	give|与える|verb|cause someone to have something	body politic|政治体|noun|a group of people organized under a single governmental authority	life|生命|noun|the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death	movement|運動|noun|an act of moving	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	institute|制定する|verb|establish or introduce	government|政府|noun|the governing body of a nation, state, or community	confer|与える|verb|grant or bestow	prince|君主|noun|the son of a king or queen

It has been held that this act of establishment was a contract between the people and the rulers it sets over itself.—a contract in which conditions were laid down between the two parties binding the one to command and the other to obey.	この設立行為は、国民とその上に置かれた支配者との間の契約であり、一方が命令し、他方が従うことを義務付ける条件が両者の間に定められた契約であると考えられてきた。	act|行為|noun|something that is done	establishment|設立|noun|the act of establishing something	contract|契約|noun|a legally binding agreement	people|国民|noun|the inhabitants of a country	ruler|支配者|noun|a person who rules or governs	set|置く|verb|put something in a certain place	condition|条件|noun|something that must happen or be done before something else can happen or be done	lay down|定める|verb|establish or decide on	bind|義務付ける|verb|force or oblige someone to do something	command|命令|noun|an order given by someone in authority	obey|従う|verb|do what someone tells you to do
It will be admitted, I am sure, that this is an odd kind of contract to enter into.	これが奇妙な契約であることは認められるだろう。	admit|認める|verb|to recognize the existence or truth of	enter into|結ぶ|verb|to make or enter into a contract	contract|契約|noun|a legally binding agreement
But let us see if this view can be upheld.	しかし、この見解が支持できるかどうかを見てみよう。	let|～しよう|verb|allow or permit	see|見る|verb|perceive with the eyes	view|見解|noun|a particular way of considering or regarding something; an attitude or opinion	uphold|支持する|verb|maintain or defend

First, the supreme authority can no more be modified than it can be alienated;	第一に、最高権力は譲渡できないのと同様に変更することもできない。	first|第一に|adverb|before anything else; initially	supreme|最高の|adjective|of the highest quality or degree	authority|権力|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	can|できる|auxiliary verb|be able to	no more|これ以上ない|adverb|not any more; not any longer	be modified|変更される|verb|be changed	than|よりも|conjunction|used to introduce the second element in a comparison	it|それ|pronoun|the thing previously mentioned	can|できる|auxiliary verb|be able to	be alienated|譲渡される|verb|be transferred to another
to limit it is to destroy it.	それを制限することは、それを破壊することである。	limit|制限する|verb|set or serve as a limit to	destroy|破壊する|verb|cause the destruction of
It is absurd and contradictory for the Sovereign to set a superior over itself;	主権者が自分より上位の者を置くことは、不合理で矛盾している。	absurd|不合理な|adjective|ridiculously unreasonable, unsound, or incongruous	contradictory|矛盾した|adjective|inconsistent with or opposed to itself or itself	set|置く|verb|put into a specified place or position	superior|上位の者|noun|a person who is higher in rank, status, or quality than another
to bind itself to obey a master would be to return to absolute liberty.	主権者が主人に従うことを義務付けることは、絶対的自由に戻ることである。	bind|義務付ける|verb|to make someone do something	obey|従う|verb|to do what someone tells you to do	master|主人|noun|a person who has power over others	return|戻る|verb|to go back to a place	absolute|絶対的|adjective|not limited in any way	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free

Moreover, it is clear that this contract between the people and such and such persons would be a particular act;	さらに、人民と誰か特定の人物との間の契約は、個別の行為であることは明らかである。	moreover|さらに|adverb|in addition to what has been said	people|人民|noun|the citizens of a country	such and such|誰か特定の|adjective|of a particular kind that is not specified	contract|契約|noun|a legally binding agreement	particular|個別の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or instance	act|行為|noun|something that is done
and from this it follows that it can be neither a law nor an act of Sovereignty, and that consequently it would be illegitimate.	そして、このことから、それは法律でも主権の行為でもあり得ず、結果として非合法であることがわかる。	from this|このことから|adverb|from this fact	it follows that|わかる|verb|it is clear that	neither|〜でも|conjunction|not either	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	act|行為|noun|something that is done	sovereignty|主権|noun|supreme power or authority	consequently|結果として|adverb|as a result	illegitimate|非合法|adjective|not in accordance with the law

It is plain too that the contracting parties in relation to each other would be under the law of nature alone and wholly without guarantees of their mutual undertakings, a position wholly at variance with the civil state.	契約当事者は、互いの関係において、自然法のみの下にあり、相互の約束の保証が全くないことも明らかであり、これは市民国家とは全く異なる立場である。	contracting party|契約当事者|noun|a person or group that has entered into a contract	in relation to|に関して|preposition|with regard to; concerning	each other|互い|pronoun|one another	under the law|法の下|noun phrase|governed by the law	nature|自然|noun|the physical world and everything in it	alone|のみ|adverb|only; solely	wholly|全く|adverb|completely; entirely	guarantee|保証|noun|a promise that something will be done or will happen	mutual undertaking|相互の約束|noun phrase|a promise made by two or more parties to each other	position|立場|noun|a point of view or attitude	at variance with|と異なる|preposition|different from	civil state|市民国家|noun|a state in which the citizens are the ultimate source of power
He who has force at his command being always in a position to control execution, it would come to the same thing if the name “contract” were given to the act of one man who said to another;	権力を掌握している者は、常に執行を管理する立場にあるので、ある人が別の人に「契約」という名前を与えたとしても、同じことになる。	have force at one's command|権力を掌握している|verb|have the power to control or direct	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	in a position to|立場にある|verb|be able to	control|管理する|verb|to exercise restraint or direction over; dominate	execution|執行|noun|the carrying out of a sentence of death on a condemned person	come to the same thing|同じことになる|verb|have the same result or outcome	name|名前|noun|a word or set of words using which a person is referred to	give|与える|verb|transfer the possession of something concrete or abstract to someone	act|行為|noun|something that is done	say|言う|verb|express (something) in words	another|別の|adjective|different from the one already mentioned
“I give you all my goods, on condition that you give me back as much of them as you please.”	「私は自分の持ち物をすべてあなたに差し上げます。その代わり、あなたが好きなだけ私に返してください。」	give|差し上げる|verb|transfer the possession of something to someone	good|持ち物|noun|a thing that is yours	on condition that|その代わり|conjunction|with the stipulation that	give back|返す|verb|return something to someone	as much as|好きなだけ|adverb|to the extent or degree that	please|喜ぶ|verb|cause to be happy or satisfied

There is only one contract in the State, and that is the act of association, which in itself excludes the existence of a second.	国家にはただ一つの契約しかなく、それは連合の行為であり、それ自体が第二の契約の存在を排除する。	There is|ある|verb|exist	only one|ただ一つの|adjective|the only one	contract|契約|noun|a legally binding agreement	State|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	act|行為|noun|something that is done	association|連合|noun|the act of joining or being joined	second|第二の|adjective|coming after the first in position or time
It is impossible to conceive of any public contract that would not be a violation of the first.	最初の契約に違反しない公契約を想像することは不可能である。	conceive|想像する|verb|form a mental image of something that does not exist or that is not present	public contract|公契約|noun|a contract between a government and a private entity	violation|違反|noun|the action of breaking the terms of a law, agreement, etc.


## CHAPTER XVII: THE INSTITUTION OF GOVERNMENT	第17章: 政府の制度	chapter|章|noun|a main division of a book	institution|制度|noun|an established law, custom, or practice

Under what general idea then should the act by which government is instituted be conceived as falling?	では、政府が設立される行為は、どのような一般的な考えの下に分類されるべきだろうか?	under|下に|preposition|below or beneath	general|一般的な|adjective|involving or affecting the whole of a class or group	idea|考え|noun|a thought or suggestion as to a possible course of action	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	institute|設立する|verb|establish or introduce	act|行為|noun|something that is done	fall|分類される|verb|be included or placed in a category
I will begin by stating that the act is complex, as being composed of two others—the establishment' of the law and its execution.	まず、この行為は、法律の制定とその執行という二つの行為から成り立っているため、複雑なものであることを述べておきたい。	begin|始める|verb|start to do something	state|述べる|verb|express clearly in words	act|行為|noun|something that is done	complex|複雑な|adjective|having many parts and being difficult to understand	compose|成り立つ|verb|be made up of	two|二つの|numeral|one more than one	establishment|制定|noun|the act of establishing something	law|法律|noun|a rule or set of rules that is made by the government of a country or state and that people must obey	execution|執行|noun|the act of carrying out a plan or order

By the former, the Sovereign decrees that there shall be a governing body established in this or that form;	前者によって、主権者は、この形態またはあの形態で統治機関が設立されることを命じる。	by the former|前者によって|noun|the first of two things mentioned	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	decree|命じる|verb|issue a decree or order	governing body|統治機関|noun|a group of people with authority to govern	establish|設立する|verb|set up on a firm or permanent basis
this act is clearly a law.	この行為は明らかに法律である。	act|行為|noun|something that is done	clearly|明らかに|adverb|in a clear manner	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority

By the latter, the people nominates the rulers who are to be entrusted with the government that has been established.	後者によって、国民は、設立された政府を委任される統治者を指名する。	latter|後者|noun|the second of two things mentioned	nominate|指名する|verb|formally propose someone as a candidate for election or for an honor or award	ruler|統治者|noun|a person exercising government or dominion	entrust|委任する|verb|assign responsibility for a task to someone	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it
This nomination, being a particular act, is clearly not a second law, but merely a consequence of the first and a function of government.	この指名は、特定の行為であるため、明らかに第二の法律ではなく、単に第一の法律の結果であり、政府の機能である。	nomination|指名|noun|the action of officially choosing someone for a job or position	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	act|行為|noun|something that is done	second|第二の|adjective|coming after the first in position	law|法律|noun|a rule or system of rules recognized by a country or community as regulating the actions of its members and having binding legal force	first|第一の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it

The difficulty is to understand how there can be a governmental act before government exists, and how the people, which is only Sovereign or subject, can, under certain circumstances, become a prince or magistrate.	難しいのは、政府が存在する前にどのように政府の行為があり得るのか、そして、主権者または臣民にすぎない国民が、特定の状況下でどのように君主または行政官になることができるのかを理解することである。	difficulty|難しさ|noun|the state or quality of being difficult	understand|理解する|verb|perceive the intended meaning of words, language, or a speaker	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	exist|存在する|verb|have objective reality or being	act|行為|noun|something that people do or cause to happen	people|国民|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	subject|臣民|noun|a person who owes allegiance to a monarch or other sovereign	prince|君主|noun|a male member of a royal family other than the reigning king	magistrate|行政官|noun|a civil officer or lay judge who administers the law

It is at this point that there is revealed one of the astonishing properties of the body politic, by means of which it reconciles apparently contradictory operations;	この時点で、政治体制の驚くべき性質の1つが明らかになり、それによって明らかに矛盾する活動を調和させる。	at this point|この時点で|adverb|at this moment in time	reveal|明らかにする|verb|make known or public	one|1つ|noun|the lowest cardinal number	astonishing|驚くべき|adjective|causing a great deal of surprise or wonder	property|性質|noun|a quality or feature belonging typically to a person, place, or thing and serving to identify it	body politic|政治体制|noun|a state or nation considered as a political entity	by means of|によって|preposition|using something as a method or a way to do something	reconcile|調和させる|verb|make or become friendly again after an argument or disagreement	apparently|明らかに|adverb|used to convey that something is obvious or easily perceived	contradictory|矛盾する|adjective|inconsistent with	operation|活動|noun|an action that is carried out
for this is accomplished by a sudden conversion of Sovereignty into democracy, so that, without sensible change, and merely by virtue of a new relation of all to all, the citizens become magistrates and pass from general to particular acts, from legislation to the execution of the law.	なぜなら、これは主権の民主主義への突然の転換によって達成されるからであり、それによって、賢明な変化なしに、そして単にすべてとすべての新しい関係のおかげで、市民は行政官となり、一般的な行為から特定の行為へと、立法から法律の執行へと移行する。	for|なぜなら|conjunction|because	this|これ|pronoun|the thing that is being discussed	accomplish|達成する|verb|to succeed in doing something	sudden|突然の|adjective|happening or done quickly and without warning	conversion|転換|noun|a change from one thing to another	Sovereignty|主権|noun|supreme power or authority	democracy|民主主義|noun|a system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state	so that|それによって|conjunction|with the result that	sensible|賢明な|adjective|based on or acting on good judgment or reason	change|変化|noun|the act or instance of making or becoming different	merely|単に|adverb|only; simply	virtue|おかげ|noun|a good or moral quality	new|新しい|adjective|not existing before; made, introduced, or discovered recently or now for the first time	relation|関係|noun|the state of being connected or related	all|すべて|pronoun|the whole quantity or extent of	citizen|市民|noun|an inhabitant of a city or town; especially : one entitled to the rights and privileges of a freeman	become|なる|verb|to come to be	magistrate|行政官|noun|a civil officer or lay judge who administers the law	pass|移行する|verb|to move from one place or condition to another	general|一般的な|adjective|involving or affecting the whole	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or instance	act|行為|noun|something that is done	legislation|立法|noun|the action of legislating	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority

This changed relation is no speculative subtlety without instances in practice: it happens every day in the English Parliament, where, on certain occasions, the Lower House resolves itself into Grand Committee, for the better discussion of affairs, and thus, from being at one moment a sovereign court, becomes at the next a mere commission;	この変化した関係は、実際には例のない思弁的な微妙さではない。それは英国議会で毎日起こっており、そこでは、特定の機会に、下院は事柄のより良い議論のために大委員会に自らを解決し、したがって、ある瞬間に主権裁判所であることから、次の瞬間には単なる委員会になる。	change|変化する|verb|become different	relation|関係|noun|the state of being connected	speculative|思弁的な|adjective|involving or based on a theory rather than practical experience	subtlety|微妙さ|noun|the quality of being difficult to understand or describe	instance|例|noun|an example or occurrence of something	practice|実際に|noun|the actual application or use of an idea, belief, or method	happen|起こる|verb|take place; occur	every day|毎日|adverb|on each day	English Parliament|英国議会|noun|the legislature of the United Kingdom	certain|特定の|adjective|having a specific but not explicitly stated character or quality	occasion|機会|noun|a particular time or event	Lower House|下院|noun|the lower house of a bicameral legislature	resolve|解決する|verb|find a solution to	Grand Committee|大委員会|noun|a committee of the whole House of Commons	better|より良い|adjective|of a more excellent or effective type or quality	discussion|議論|noun|a conversation or debate about a particular topic	thus|したがって|adverb|as a result or consequence of this; therefore	one moment|ある瞬間|noun|a very brief period of time	sovereign|主権|adjective|having supreme or ultimate power or authority	court|裁判所|noun|a place where people are tried for crimes	next|次の|adjective|coming immediately after the time or event in question	mere|単なる|adjective|that is the only thing mentioned	commission|委員会|noun|a group of people with authority to perform a particular function
so that subsequently it reports to itself, as House of Commons, the result of its proceedings in Grand Committee, and debates over again under one name what it has already settled under another.	その後、下院として大委員会での議事録の結果を報告し、すでに別の委員会で決着した内容を1つの名称で再び議論する。	House of Commons|下院|noun|the lower house of the British parliament	Grand Committee|大委員会|noun|a committee of the whole House of Commons	debate|議論する|verb|discuss or argue about something	settle|決着する|verb|reach an agreement about something	one|1つの|adjective|the lowest cardinal number	another|別の|adjective|different from the one already mentioned

It is, indeed, the peculiar advantage of democratic government that it can be established in actuality by a simple act of the general will.	実際、民主主義政府の独特の利点は、一般意志の単純な行為によって実際に確立できることである。	indeed|実際|adverb|really; truly; in fact	peculiar|独特の|adjective|strange or unusual	advantage|利点|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favourable or superior position	democratic government|民主主義政府|noun|a system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state	general will|一般意志|noun|a concept in political philosophy referring to the will of the people as a whole	simple|単純な|adjective|easy to understand or do	act|行為|noun|something that is done	actuality|現実|noun|the state or quality of being actual or real	establish|確立する|verb|to set up or lay the foundations of
Subsequently, this provisional government remains in power, if this form is adopted, or else establishes in the name of the Sovereign the government that is prescribed by law;	その後、この暫定政府は、この形式が採用された場合は権力を維持し、そうでなければ主権者の名において法律で定められた政府を設立する。	subsequently|その後|adverb|after a particular time	provisional|暫定的な|adjective|arranged or existing for the present, possibly to be changed later	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	remain|維持する|verb|stay in the same place, condition, or position	power|権力|noun|the ability to do or act	form|形式|noun|the way that something is done or organized	adopt|採用する|verb|take up and use as one's own	else|そうでなければ|conjunction|if not; otherwise	establish|設立する|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	name|名|noun|a word or set of words using which a person is referred to	law|法律|noun|the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties
and thus the whole proceeding is regular.	こうして、すべての手続きが正規のものとなる。	thus|こうして|adverb|in this way; therefore	whole|すべての|adjective|all of; the entire	proceeding|手続き|noun|a course of action	regular|正規の|adjective|conforming to a standard or norm
It is impossible to set up government in any other manner legitimately and in accordance with the principles so far laid down.	これまでに定められた原則に従って合法的に政府を設立することは、他の方法では不可能である。	set up|設立する|verb|establish or create	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	any other manner|他の方法|noun|a different way	legitimately|合法的に|adverb|in a lawful manner	principle|原則|noun|a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior or for a chain of reasoning	lay down|定める|verb|establish or decide on


## CHAPTER XVIII: HOW TO CHECK THE USURPATIONS OF GOVERNMENT	第十八章: 政府の横領を抑制する方法	CHAPTER XVIII|第十八章|noun|the eighteenth chapter	HOW TO CHECK|抑制する方法|noun|a way to control or restrain	USURPATION|横領|noun|the act of taking something for oneself by force or without right	GOVERNMENT|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it

What we have just said confirms Chapter XVI, and makes it clear that the institution of government is not a contract, but a law;	これまで述べてきたことは第十六章を裏付けるものであり、政府の制度は契約ではなく法律であることを明らかにしている。	what we have just said|これまで述べてきたこと|noun|the things that we have said	confirms|裏付ける|verb|provide support for	chapter|章|noun|a main division of a book	makes it clear|明らかにする|verb|make something easy to understand	institution|制度|noun|an established law, custom, or practice	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	contract|契約|noun|a legally binding agreement	law|法律|noun|the system of rules that a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and may enforce by the imposition of penalties
that the depositaries of the executive power are not the people's masters, but its officers;	執行権の保管者は人民の主人ではなく、その役人であること。	depositary|保管者|noun|a person or institution that is entrusted with something	executive power|執行権|noun|the power to put laws into effect	people|人民|noun|the citizens of a country	master|主人|noun|a person who has control over another person	officer|役人|noun|a person who has a position of authority in an organization
that it can set them up and pull them down when it likes;	人民は好きなときに役人を任命したり解任したりできること。	set up|任命する|verb|to establish or create	pull down|解任する|verb|to remove from a position of power or authority	like|好む|verb|to find agreeable or attractive
that for them there is no question of contract, but of obedience;	役人にとって契約の問題ではなく、服従の問題であること。	for them|役人にとって|preposition|for the benefit of them	question|問題|noun|a matter requiring resolution or discussion	contract|契約|noun|a legally binding agreement	obedience|服従|noun|the quality of being obedient
and that in taking charge of the functions the State imposes on them they are doing no more than fulfilling their duty as citizens, without having the remotest right to argue about the conditions.	国家が課す職務を担当するにあたって、役人は条件について議論する権利を全く持たずに、市民としての義務を果たしているにすぎないこと。	take charge of|担当する|verb|be in charge of; be responsible for	function|職務|noun|an activity or task that is performed or expected of a person or thing	impose|課す|verb|force (something unwelcome or unfamiliar) to be accepted or put in place	citizen|市民|noun|a person who lives in a particular town or city	duty|義務|noun|a moral or legal obligation	argue|議論する|verb|exchange diverging or opposite views, typically in a heated or angry way	condition|条件|noun|a state of affairs that is required for something else to happen or exist

When therefore the people sets up an hereditary government, whether it be monarchical and confined to one family, or aristocratic and confined to a class, what it enters into is not an undertaking;	したがって、人民が世襲政府を樹立する時、それが君主制で一つの家系に限定されるものであれ、貴族制で一つ階級に限定されるものであれ、人民が結ぶのは契約ではない。	set up|樹立する|verb|establish or create	hereditary|世襲|adjective|passed down from parent to child	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	monarchical|君主制|adjective|relating to a monarch or monarchy	family|家系|noun|a group of people who are related to each other	aristocratic|貴族制|adjective|relating to or characteristic of the aristocracy	class|階級|noun|a social group sharing the same economic or social status	enter into|結ぶ|verb|make or enter into a contract or agreement	undertaking|契約|noun|a formal agreement between two or more people or groups
the administration is given a provisional form, until the people chooses to order it otherwise.	人民が別の命令を下すまで、行政は暫定的な形態を与えられる。	administration|行政|noun|the management of a business or organization	be given|与えられる|verb|be presented with	provisional|暫定的な|adjective|arranged or existing for the present, possibly to be changed later	form|形態|noun|the shape, structure, or outline of something	people|人民|noun|the citizens of a country	choose|下す|verb|pick out or select from a number of alternatives	order|命令|noun|a command or instruction

It is true that such changes are always dangerous, and that the established government should never be touched except when it comes to be incompatible with the public good;	確かに、そのような変化は常に危険であり、確立された政府は公益と相容れなくなった場合を除いて決して触れられるべきではない。	change|変化|noun|the act or instance of making or becoming different	dangerous|危険な|adjective|able or likely to cause harm	established|確立された|adjective|having been in existence for a long time and therefore recognized and generally accepted	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	touch|触れる|verb|come into or be in contact with	public good|公益|noun|something that is beneficial for the public
but the circumspection this involves is a maxim of policy and not a rule of right, and the State is no more bound to leave civil authority in the hands of its rulers than military authority in the hands of its generals.	しかし、これに伴う慎重さは政策の格言であり、権利の規則ではなく、国家は軍事権限を将軍の手に委ねる以上に、統治者の手に市民権限を委ねる義務はない。	circumspection|慎重さ|noun|the quality of being careful and cautious	involve|伴う|verb|have as a necessary logical consequence	maxim|格言|noun|a short, pithy statement expressing a general truth or rule of conduct	policy|政策|noun|a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government, party, business, or individual	rule|規則|noun|one of a set of explicit or understood regulations or principles governing conduct within a particular area of activity	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	bind|義務がある|verb|place under a legal or moral obligation	leave|委ねる|verb|go away from a place	authority|権限|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	ruler|統治者|noun|a person exercising government or dominion	hand|手|noun|the end of the arm beyond the wrist, including the palm, fingers, and thumb	military|軍事|adjective|of or relating to the armed forces	authority|権限|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	general|将軍|noun|the highest rank of officer in the armed forces

It is also true that it is impossible to be too careful to observe, in such cases, all the formalities necessary to distinguish a regular and legitimate act from a seditious tumult, and the will of a whole people from the clamour of a faction.	このような場合には、正規の合法的な行為と扇動的な騒動、国民全体の意志と派閥の叫びとを区別するために必要なすべての手続きを遵守することに細心の注意を払うことは不可能であることも事実である。	be true|事実である|verb|be in accordance with fact or reality	be impossible|不可能である|verb|not able to occur, exist, or be done	be careful|注意を払う|verb|taking care to avoid harm or risk	observe|遵守する|verb|notice or perceive	case|場合|noun|an instance of something occurring	distinguish|区別する|verb|recognize or treat as different	regular|正規の|adjective|conforming to a standard; usual, typical, or expected	legitimate|合法的な|adjective|conforming to the law or to rules	act|行為|noun|something that is done	seditious|扇動的な|adjective|inciting or causing people to rebel against the authority of a state or monarch	tumult|騒動|noun|a state of confusion or disorder	will|意志|noun|the faculty by which a person decides on and initiates action	whole|全体の|adjective|all of; entire	people|国民|noun|the inhabitants of a country or area	faction|派閥|noun|a small organized dissenting group within a larger one
Here above all no further concession should be made to the untoward possibility than cannot, in the strictest logic, be refused it.	ここでは、何よりも、最も厳密な論理では拒否できない不都合な可能性に対して、それ以上の譲歩をしてはならない。	here|ここで|adverb|in this place	above all|何よりも|adverb|more than anything else	no further|それ以上の|adjective|not any more	concession|譲歩|noun|a thing that is granted, especially in response to demands	be made|される|verb|be created or produced	untoward|不都合な|adjective|inconvenient or unlucky	possibility|可能性|noun|a thing that may happen or be the case	cannot|できない|auxiliary verb|be unable to	be refused|拒否される|verb|be denied or rejected	it|それ|pronoun|the thing previously mentioned
From this obligation the prince derives a great advantage in preserving his power despite the people, without it being possible to say he has usurped it;	この義務から、君主は、人民をよそに権力を保持する上で大きな利益を得るが、それを簒奪したと言うことはできない。	obligation|義務|noun|a moral or legal requirement	derive|得る|verb|receive or obtain	advantage|利益|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favourable or superior position	preserve|保持する|verb|keep in its original state	power|権力|noun|the ability to do or act	people|人民|noun|the citizens of a country	usurp|簒奪する|verb|take (something) for oneself by force or without right
for, seeming to avail himself only of his rights, he finds it very easy to extend them, and to prevent, under the pretext of keeping the peace, assemblies that are destined to the re-establishment of order;	なぜなら、彼は自分の権利だけを利用しているように見えるので、それを拡大し、秩序の再確立を目的とした集会を平和維持を口実に阻止することが非常に簡単だと気づくからである。	avail oneself of|利用する|verb|to make use of	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	extend|拡大する|verb|to make or become longer or wider	pretext|口実|noun|a reason that is given in order to hide the real reason for something	assembly|集会|noun|a group of people who have come together for a purpose	re-establishment|再確立|noun|the act of establishing something again	order|秩序|noun|the arrangement or disposition of people or things in relation to each other according to a particular sequence, pattern, or method
with the result that he takes advantage of a silence he does not allow to be broken, or of irregularities he causes to be committed, to assume that he has the support of those whom fear prevents from speaking, and to punish those who dare to speak.	その結果、彼は破ることを許さない沈黙や、彼が犯させた不正行為を利用して、恐怖が話すことを妨げる人々の支持を得ていると思い込み、あえて話す人々を罰する。	take advantage of|利用する|verb|make good use of	silence|沈黙|noun|the absence of sound or noise	break|破る|verb|cause to come apart by force	allow|許す|verb|permit to do something	irregularity|不正行為|noun|something that is not regular	commit|犯す|verb|do or perform	assume|思う|verb|suppose to be the case, without proof	support|支持|noun|the action of approving of and encouraging someone or something	prevent|妨げる|verb|keep from happening	dare|あえて|verb|have the courage to do something
Thus it was that the decemvirs, first elected for one year and then kept on in office for a second, tried to perpetuate their power by forbidding the comitia to assemble;	こうして、最初に一年任期で選出され、その後二年目も在任した十人委員会は、民会が集まるのを禁じて権力を永続させようとした。	decemvirs|十人委員会|noun|a board of ten magistrates in ancient Rome	first|最初に|adverb|before any other person or thing	one year|一年|noun|a period of 365 or 366 days	then|その後|adverb|after that; afterwards	second|二年目|noun|a unit of time equal to 60 seconds	keep on|在任する|verb|continue in a specified condition, state, or activity	try|試みる|verb|make an attempt or effort to do something	perpetuate|永続させる|verb|cause to continue or last forever	power|権力|noun|the ability or capacity to perform or act	forbid|禁じる|verb|order (someone) not to do something	comitia|民会|noun|a public assembly of the Roman people for the election of magistrates	assemble|集まる|verb|come or bring together
and by this easy method every government in the world, once clothed with the public power, sooner or later usurps the sovereign authority.	そして、この簡単な方法によって、世界のあらゆる政府は、いったん公権力を身にまとえば、遅かれ早かれ主権を簒奪する。	by|によって|preposition|near or next to	easy|簡単な|adjective|able to be achieved without great effort	method|方法|noun|a particular procedure for accomplishing or approaching something, especially a systematic or established one	every|あらゆる|adjective|each and all of	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	world|世界|noun|the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on	once|いったん|adverb|on one occasion or for one time only	clothe|身にまとう|verb|put clothes on	public|公の|adjective|of or concerning the people as a whole	power|権力|noun|the ability or capacity to perform or act	sooner or later|遅かれ早かれ|adverb|eventually	usurp|簒奪する|verb|take (something) for oneself by force or without right

The periodical assemblies of which I have already spoken are designed to prevent or postpone this calamity, above all when they need no formal summoning;	私がすでに述べた定期的な集会は、とりわけ正式な召集を必要としない場合には、この災難を防ぎ、あるいは延期することを目的としている。	periodical|定期的な|adjective|happening or appearing at regular intervals	assembly|集会|noun|a group of people gathered together	already|すでに|adverb|before or by now or the time in question	speak|述べる|verb|say words out loud	above all|とりわけ|adverb|most importantly	need|必要とする|verb|require (something) because it is essential or very important
for in that case, the prince cannot stop them without openly declaring himself a law-breaker and an enemy of the State.	なぜなら、その場合、君主は公然と自らを法の破壊者であり、国家の敵であると宣言することなしに、それらを止めることができないからである。	for|なぜなら|conjunction|because	in that case|その場合|adverb|if that happens	prince|君主|noun|the son of a king or queen	stop|止める|verb|cause to cease	openly|公然と|adverb|in a way that is not hidden	declare|宣言する|verb|make a formal statement about a fact or intention	law-breaker|法の破壊者|noun|a person who breaks the law	enemy|敵|noun|a person who is actively opposed or hostile to someone or something

The opening of these assemblies, whose sole object is the maintenance of the social treaty, should always take the form of putting two propositions that may not be suppressed, which should be voted on separately.	社会契約の維持を唯一の目的とするこれらの集会の開会は、常に、抑圧されてはならない二つの提案を提出する形をとるべきであり、それらは別々に投票されるべきである。	opening|開会|noun|the beginning of something	assembly|集会|noun|a group of people gathered together	sole|唯一の|adjective|being the only one	object|目的|noun|the purpose or aim of something	maintenance|維持|noun|the action of keeping something in good condition	take the form of|の形をとる|verb|to have a particular appearance or structure	put|提出する|verb|to move something to a particular place	proposition|提案|noun|a statement or plan that is put forward for consideration	suppress|抑圧する|verb|to forcibly put an end to	separately|別々に|adverb|not together; apart

The first is: “Does it please the Sovereign to preserve the present form of government?”	一つ目は、「主権者は現在の政府の形態を維持することを望むか?」である。	first|一つ目|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	please|望む|verb|cause to be happy or satisfied	Sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	preserve|維持する|verb|keep in its original state	present|現在の|adjective|existing or happening now	form|形態|noun|the shape of something	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it

The second is: “Does it please the people to leave its administration in the hands of those who are actually in charge of it?”	二つ目は、「国民は、その運営を実際に担当している人々の手に委ねることを望むか?」である。	second|二つ目|noun|the number 2	please|望む|verb|cause to be happy or satisfied	people|国民|noun|the inhabitants of a country or area	leave|委ねる|verb|go away from a place	administration|運営|noun|the management of a business or organization	hand|手|noun|the end of the arm beyond the wrist	charge|担当|noun|the action or an act of taking care of something or someone

I am here assuming what I think I have shown;	私はここで、私が示したと思うことを仮定している。	assume|仮定する|verb|suppose to be the case, without proof	show|示す|verb|demonstrate or make clear how something works or is done
that there is in the State no fundamental law that cannot be revoked, not excluding the social compact itself;	国家には、社会契約そのものを除いて、撤回できない基本法は存在しない。	State|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	fundamental law|基本法|noun|a law that is basic to a system of laws	revoke|撤回する|verb|officially cancel	social compact|社会契約|noun|an agreement among the members of an organized society or between the governed and the government defining and limiting the rights and duties of each
for if all the citizens assembled of one accord to break the compact, it is impossible to doubt that it would be very legitimately broken.	なぜなら、もしすべての市民が合意して契約を破棄するために集まったならば、それが非常に合法的に破棄されることを疑うことは不可能だからである。	for|なぜなら|conjunction|because	if|もし|conjunction|in the event that	all|すべての|determiner|the whole amount of	citizen|市民|noun|an inhabitant of a city or town; especially : one entitled to the rights and privileges of a freeman	assemble|集まる|verb|come or bring together	one accord|合意|noun|a concurrence of wills	break|破棄する|verb|cause to come apart by force	compact|契約|noun|an agreement or covenant between two or more parties	doubt|疑う|verb|be uncertain about	impossible|不可能|adjective|not possible	very|非常に|adverb|to a high degree	legitimately|合法的に|adverb|in a lawful manner
Grotius even thinks that each man can renounce his membership of his own State, and recover his natural liberty and his goods on leaving the country.	グロティウスは、各人が自分の国の構成員であることを放棄し、国を離れることで自然の自由と財産を取り戻すことができるとさえ考えている。	Grotius|グロティウス|noun|a Dutch jurist	even|さえ|adverb|to an extent or degree beyond what is usual or expected	think|考える|verb|have a particular opinion, belief, or idea about someone or something	each|各|adjective|every one of two or more people or things	renounce|放棄する|verb|formally declare one's abandonment of (a claim, right, or possession)	membership|構成員|noun|the state or fact of being a member of a group	own|自分の|adjective|belonging to (the person or thing mentioned)	State|国|noun|a nation or its territory	recover|取り戻す|verb|return to a normal state of health, mind, or strength	natural|自然の|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life, behavior, or political views	good|財産|noun|a tangible item that is manufactured or produced
It would be indeed absurd if all the citizens in assembly could not do what each can do by himself.	各自が単独でできることを、集会で市民全員が行えないとしたら、確かに不条理であろう。	assembly|集会|noun|a group of people gathered together	citizen|市民|noun|an inhabitant of a city or town; especially : one entitled to the rights and privileges of a freeman	do|行う|verb|perform or execute	indeed|確かに|adverb|really; truly; in fact	absurd|不条理な|adjective|ridiculously incongruous or inappropriate


## BOOK IV	第四篇	book|篇|noun|a set of printed sheets of paper, parchment, or similar materials that are fastened together to hinge at one side


## CHAPTER I: THAT THE GENERAL WILL IS INDESTRUCTIBLE	第一章: 一般意志は破壊不可能であること	chapter|章|noun|a main division of a book	general will|一般意志|noun|the will of the people as a whole	indestructible|破壊不可能|adjective|not able to be destroyed

As long as several men in assembly regard themselves as a single body, they have only a single will which is concerned with their common preservation and general well-being.	集会中の多数の人々が自分たちを単一の身体と見なす限り、彼らは共通の保存と一般的な福祉に関わる単一の意志しか持たない。	as long as|限り|conjunction|on condition that; provided that	several|多数の|adjective|more than two but not very many	regard|見なす|verb|consider or think of as	single|単一の|adjective|only one; not one of several	body|身体|noun|the physical structure, including the bones, flesh and organs, of a person or an animal	have|持つ|verb|possess, own, or hold	single|単一の|adjective|only one; not one of several	will|意志|noun|the faculty by which a person decides on and initiates action	common|共通の|adjective|belonging to or shared by two or more people or things	preservation|保存|noun|the act of keeping something in its original state	general|一般的な|adjective|affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things; widespread	well-being|福祉|noun|the state of being comfortable, healthy, or happy
In this case, all the springs of the State are vigorous and simple and its rules clear and luminous;	この場合、国家のすべての原動力は活発で単純であり、その規則は明確で明快である。	in this case|この場合|adverb|in the situation that is being discussed	spring|原動力|noun|a source of supply	vigorous|活発な|adjective|strong and active	simple|単純な|adjective|easy to understand or do	rule|規則|noun|a statement that tells you what is or is not allowed	clear|明確な|adjective|easy to understand	luminous|明快な|adjective|bright or shining
there are no embroilments or conflicts of interests;	利害の争いや対立はない。	embroilment|争い|noun|a state of confusion or disorder	conflict|対立|noun|a state of opposition between persons or ideas or interests	interest|利害|noun|a feeling of wanting to know or learn about something or someone
the common good is everywhere clearly apparent, and only good sense is needed to perceive it.	共通善はどこにでもはっきりと現れており、それを知覚するためには良識だけが必要である。	common good|共通善|noun|the good of all	everywhere|どこにでも|adverb|in all places	clearly|はっきりと|adverb|in a clear manner	apparent|現れる|adjective|readily perceived or understood	perceive|知覚する|verb|become aware of directly through any of the senses, especially sight or hearing	good sense|良識|noun|sound practical judgment that is independent of specialized knowledge, training, or the like
Peace, unity and equality are the enemies of political subtleties.	平和、統一、平等は政治的微妙さの敵である。	peace|平和|noun|a state of tranquility or quiet	unity|統一|noun|the state of being united or joined as a whole	equality|平等|noun|the state of being equal	enemy|敵|noun|a person who is actively opposed or hostile to someone or something
Men who are upright and simple are difficult to deceive because of their simplicity;	正直で単純な人は、その単純さゆえに騙されにくい。	upright|正直な|adjective|honest and just	simple|単純な|adjective|not complicated or elaborate	deceive|騙す|verb|cause to believe something that is not true	simplicity|単純さ|noun|the quality or condition of being simple
lures and ingenious pretexts fail to impose upon them, and they are not even subtle enough to be dupes.	誘惑や巧妙な口実も彼らを欺くことはできず、彼らは騙されるほど繊細でもない。	lure|誘惑|noun|something that attracts or entices	ingenious|巧妙な|adjective|clever, original, and inventive	pretext|口実|noun|a reason given in order to conceal the real reason for something	fail|できない|verb|be unsuccessful in achieving one's goal	impose|欺く|verb|force (something unwelcome) to be accepted or put in place	subtle|繊細|adjective|making use of clever and indirect methods to achieve something	dupe|騙される|verb|deceive or trick
When, among the happiest people in the world, bands of peasants are seen regulating affairs of State under an oak, and always acting wisely, can we help scorning the ingenious methods of other nations, which make themselves illustrious and wretched with so much art and mystery?	世界で最も幸せな人々の中で、農民の一団が樫の木の下で国政を統制し、常に賢明に行動しているのを見ると、多くの芸術と神秘で自分たちを輝かしく惨めにしている他の国の巧妙な方法を軽蔑せずにはいられないだろうか?	among|の中で|preposition|in the middle of	happiest|最も幸せな|adjective|feeling or showing great pleasure or contentment	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	band|一団|noun|a group of musicians who play together	peasant|農民|noun|a poor farmer of low social status who owns or rents a small piece of land for cultivation	oak|樫の木|noun|a tree of the genus Quercus	affair|事柄|noun|a matter of public concern	state|国|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	regulate|統制する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	wisely|賢明に|adverb|in a wise manner	scorn|軽蔑する|verb|to treat with contempt or disdain	ingenious|巧妙な|adjective|clever, original, and inventive	method|方法|noun|a particular procedure for accomplishing or approaching something, especially a systematic or established one	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a common language, culture, ethnicity, descent, or history	art|芸術|noun|the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination, typically in a visual form such as painting or sculpture, producing works to be appreciated primarily for their beauty or emotional power	mystery|神秘|noun|something that is difficult or impossible to understand or explain

A State so governed needs very few laws;	このように統治された国家は、ほとんど法律を必要としない。	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	govern|統治する|verb|rule or control	need|必要とする|verb|require (something) because it is essential or very important
and, as it becomes necessary to issue new ones, the necessity is universally seen.	そして、新しい法律を制定する必要が生じれば、その必要性は普遍的に理解される。	as|もし|conjunction|on the condition that; in the event that	become necessary|必要になる|verb|become essential or required	issue|制定する|verb|make or produce	new|新しい|adjective|recently made, produced, or created	one|法律|noun|a law or rule	necessity|必要性|noun|the quality or state of being necessary	universally|普遍的に|adverb|in a way that relates to or affects all or the whole	see|理解される|verb|perceive with the eyes
The first man to propose them merely says what all have already felt, and there is no question of factions or intrigues or eloquence in order to secure the passage into law of what every one has already decided to do, as soon as he is sure that the rest will act with him.	それを最初に提案した人は、誰もがすでに感じていることを述べているにすぎず、他の人々が自分と一緒に行動してくれると確信した時点で、誰もがすでに行おうと決めていることを法律に成立させるために、派閥や陰謀や雄弁の問題は起こらない。	first|最初|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	propose|提案する|verb|put forward a plan or suggestion	merely|単に|adverb|only; no more than	already|すでに|adverb|before or by now or the time in question	feel|感じる|verb|be aware of (something) through touch	question|問題|noun|a statement asking for something and expecting an answer	faction|派閥|noun|a small organized dissenting group within a larger one	intrigue|陰謀|noun|a secret plan or plot	eloquence|雄弁|noun|fluent or persuasive speaking or writing	secure|確保する|verb|fasten or attach (something) firmly	passage|成立|noun|a section of a written work	law|法律|noun|the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties	decide|決める|verb|come to a resolution in the mind as a result of consideration	soon|すぐに|adverb|in or after a short time	rest|残り|noun|the remaining part of something	act|行動する|verb|take action; do something

Theorists are led into error because, seeing only States that have been from the beginning wrongly constituted, they are struck by the impossibility of applying such a policy to them.	理論家たちは、最初から間違って構成された国家しか見ていないので、そのような政策を適用することが不可能であることに驚き、誤りに導かれる。	theorist|理論家|noun|a person who develops theories	lead into|導く|verb|cause to go into	error|誤り|noun|a mistake	see|見る|verb|perceive with the eyes	only|しか|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	from the beginning|最初から|adverb|from the very start	wrongly|間違って|adverb|in a wrong manner	constitute|構成する|verb|be the parts or elements of	apply|適用する|verb|make use of	policy|政策|noun|a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government, party, business, or individual	strike|驚く|verb|have a sudden and strong effect on	impossibility|不可能|noun|the quality of being impossible
They make great game of all the absurdities a clever rascal or an insinuating speaker might get the people of Paris or London to believe.	彼らは、賢い悪党や巧みな弁舌家がパリやロンドンの人々に信じ込ませるかもしれないあらゆる不条理を大いに楽しんでいる。	make great game of|大いに楽しむ|verb|to make fun of	absurdity|不条理|noun|the quality or state of being ridiculous or wildly unreasonable	clever|賢い|adjective|having or showing an ability to learn and understand things quickly and easily	rascal|悪党|noun|a mischievous person	insinuating|巧みな|adjective|suggesting or hinting something unpleasant or derogatory in an indirect and subtle way	speaker|弁舌家|noun|a person who delivers a public speech	get|信じ込ませる|verb|to cause to be in a specified state	believe|信じる|verb|to accept that (something) is true, especially without proof
They do not know that Cromwell would have been put to “the bells” by the people of Berne, and the Due de Beaufort on the treadmill by the Genevese.	彼らは、クロムウェルがベルンの人々によって「鐘」にかけられたであろうこと、そしてブフォール公爵がジュネーブ人によって踏み車に乗せられたであろうことを知らない。	Cromwell|クロムウェル|noun|English military and political leader	Berne|ベルン|noun|the capital of Switzerland	Due de Beaufort|ブフォール公爵|noun|French nobleman	Genevese|ジュネーブ人|noun|a native or inhabitant of Geneva

But when the social bond begins to be relaxed and the State to grow weak, when particular interests begin to make themselves felt and the smaller societies to exercise an influence over the larger, the common interest changes and finds opponents:	しかし、社会的な結びつきが緩み、国家が弱まり始めると、個々の利害が感じられるようになり、小さな社会が大きな社会に影響力を及ぼすようになると、共通の利害は変化し、反対者を見つける。	social bond|社会的な結びつき|noun|the relationship between people in a society	begin|始まる|verb|start to happen or exist	relax|緩む|verb|make or become less tense or anxious	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	grow weak|弱まる|verb|become less strong or powerful	particular interest|個々の利害|noun|the interest of a particular person or group	begin|始まる|verb|start to happen or exist	make oneself felt|感じられるようになる|verb|make one's presence or influence felt	smaller society|小さな社会|noun|a society with a small number of people	larger society|大きな社会|noun|a society with a large number of people	common interest|共通の利害|noun|an interest that is shared by all members of a group	change|変化する|verb|become different	find|見つける|verb|discover or notice	opponent|反対者|noun|a person who opposes something or someone
opinion is no longer unanimous;	意見はもはや全会一致ではない。	opinion|意見|noun|a view or judgment formed about something, not necessarily based on fact or knowledge	no longer|もはや|adverb|not anymore; not now	unanimous|全会一致|adjective|fully in agreement; having the agreement and consent of all
the general will ceases to be the will of all;	一般意志は万人の意志ではなくなる。	general will|一般意志|noun|the will of the people as a whole	cease|なくなる|verb|come to an end; stop	will|意志|noun|the faculty of conscious and especially of deliberate action; the power of control the mind has over its own actions	all|万人|noun|the whole number, quantity, or amount
contradictory views and debates arise;	相反する見解や議論が生じる。	contradictory|相反する|adjective|opposite in meaning or effect	view|見解|noun|a way of regarding situations or topics	arise|生じる|verb|come into existence or prominence
and the best advice is not taken without question.	そして、最善のアドバイスは疑問なく受け入れられるわけではない。	best|最善の|adjective|of the highest quality, excellence, or standing	advice|アドバイス|noun|guidance or recommendations concerning prudent future action	without question|疑問なく|adverb|without doubt; certainly

Finally, when the State, on the eve of ruin, maintains only a vain, illusory and formal existence, when in every heart the social bond is broken, and the meanest interest brazenly lays hold of the sacred name of “public good,” the general will becomes mute:	最後に、国家が滅亡の前夜に、無駄で幻想的で形式的な存在しか維持していないとき、すべての心の中で社会的絆が壊れ、卑劣な利益が「公共の利益」という神聖な名前を厚かましく握ったとき、一般意志は沈黙する。	Finally|最後に|adverb|at the end of a period of time, an event, a process, or a series of events	State|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	eve|前夜|noun|the day or period of time immediately before an event	ruin|滅亡|noun|the state of decay, collapse, or destruction	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	vain|無駄な|adjective|producing no result or effect	illusory|幻想的な|adjective|based on or having the nature of an illusion	formal|形式的な|adjective|done in accordance with rules of convention or etiquette	existence|存在|noun|the fact or state of existing	heart|心|noun|the organ that pumps blood around the body	social|社会的|adjective|relating to society or its organization	bond|絆|noun|a force or feeling that unites people or things	break|壊れる|verb|separate into pieces as a result of impact or force	mean|卑劣な|adjective|unkind, spiteful, or unfair	interest|利益|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	brazenly|厚かましく|adverb|in a bold and confident way	lay hold of|握る|verb|take hold of	sacred|神聖な|adjective|dedicated to a deity or to some religious purpose; consecrated	name|名前|noun|a word or set of words using which a person is referred to	general|一般|adjective|affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things	will|意志|noun|the faculty by which a person decides on and initiates action	become|なる|verb|come to be	mute|沈黙する|adjective|unable to speak
all men, guided by secret motives, no more give their views as citizens than if the State had never been;	すべての人は、秘密の動機に導かれ、国家が存在しなかったかのように、もはや市民としての見解を述べない。	all men|すべての人|noun|all people	guide|導く|verb|show the way to	secret|秘密の|adjective|not known or seen or not meant to be known or seen by others	motive|動機|noun|a reason for doing something	give|述べる|verb|express (an opinion or reaction)	view|見解|noun|an opinion or belief	citizen|市民|noun|a person who lives in a particular town or city	State|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	never|存在しなかった|adverb|at no time in the past or future; on no occasion; not ever
and iniquitous decrees directed solely to private interest get passed under the name of laws.	そして、私益のみに向けられた不法な法令が、法律の名の下に可決される。	private interest|私益|noun|the interest of a private person or group	get passed|可決される|verb|be approved by a vote	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority

Does it follow from this that the general will is exterminated or corrupted?	これから、一般意志が絶滅したり、堕落したりすることになるのだろうか?	follow|従う|verb|go after someone or something	general will|一般意志|noun|the will of the people as a whole	exterminate|絶滅する|verb|destroy completely	corrupt|堕落する|verb|cause to act dishonestly
Not at all: it is always constant, unalterable and pure;	決してそうではない。それは常に一定で、不変で、純粋である。	not at all|決してそうではない|adverb|not in the least; not at all	constant|一定|adjective|non-varying	unalterable|不変|adjective|not able to be changed	pure|純粋|adjective|not mixed or adulterated with any other substance or material
but it is subordinated to other wills which encroach upon its sphere.	しかし、それはその領域を侵害する他の意志に従属している。	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	subordinate|従属する|verb|make subordinate or dependent	other|他の|adjective|the remaining one or ones of a number of things	will|意志|noun|the faculty of conscious and especially of deliberate action	encroach|侵害する|verb|intrude on; infringe on	sphere|領域|noun|a region of activity or influence
Each man, in detaching, his interest from the common interest, sees clearly that he cannot entirely separate them;	各人は、自分の利益を共通の利益から切り離す際に、それらを完全に分離することはできないことをはっきりと理解している。	each|各|adjective|every one of two or more people or things	man|人|noun|an adult male human being	detach|切り離す|verb|separate or disconnect	interest|利益|noun|money paid for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	common|共通|adjective|belonging to or shared by two or more people or things	entirely|完全に|adverb|completely; totally	separate|分離する|verb|make or keep apart
but his share in the public mishaps seems to him negligible beside the exclusive good he aims at making his own.	しかし、公の災難における彼の分け前は、彼が自分のものにしようとしている排他的な善の横では無視できるもののように思われる。	share|分け前|noun|a portion of something owned or due	public|公の|adjective|of or concerning the people as a whole	mishap|災難|noun|an unlucky accident	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be	negligible|無視できる|adjective|so small or unimportant as to be not worth considering	beside|横|preposition|at the side of; next to	exclusive|排他的な|adjective|not shared with others	good|善|noun|that which is morally right; righteousness
Apart from this particular good, he wills the general good in his own interest, as strongly as any one else.	この特定の善とは別に、彼は他の誰よりも強く、自分の利益のために一般的な善を望んでいる。	apart from|とは別に|preposition|besides; in addition to	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or instance	good|善|noun|that which is morally right	will|望む|verb|want or wish for	general|一般的な|adjective|involving or affecting the whole	good|善|noun|that which is morally right	interest|利益|noun|money paid for the use of money	strongly|強く|adverb|with a great deal of force or energy	anyone|誰か|pronoun|some person; somebody	else|他の|adjective|other than the one mentioned
Even in selling his vote for money, he does not extinguish in himself the general will, but only eludes it.	金のために自分の票を売ることにおいてさえ、彼は自分の中で一般意志を消すのではなく、ただそれを回避するだけである。	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	money|金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	extinguish|消す|verb|cause to stop burning or shining	general will|一般意志|noun|the will of the people as a whole	elude|回避する|verb|evade or escape from, especially by guile or trickery
The fault he commits is that of changing the state of the question, and answering something different from what he is asked.	彼が犯す過ちは、問題の状態を変え、尋ねられたこととは違うことに答えることである。	fault|過ち|noun|a mistake or an error	commit|犯す|verb|do or perform	change|変える|verb|make or become different	state|状態|noun|the way something is	question|問題|noun|a statement asking for something and expecting an answer	answer|答える|verb|say or write something in reply	ask|尋ねる|verb|say or write something in order to obtain an answer or some information
Instead of saying, by his vote, “It is to the advantage of the State,” he says, “It is of advantage to this or that man or party that this or that view should prevail.”	彼は自分の投票によって「それは国家の利益になる」と言う代わりに、「この見解やあの見解が優勢になることは、この人やあの人や党の利益になる」と言う。	instead of|代わりに|preposition|as an alternative to	say|言う|verb|express (something) in words	vote|投票|noun|a formal expression of opinion or choice, either positive or negative	advantage|利益|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favourable or superior position	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	view|見解|noun|a particular way of considering or regarding something; an attitude or opinion	prevail|優勢になる|verb|prove more powerful or successful
Thus the law of public order in assemblies is not so much to maintain in them the general will as to secure that the question be always put to it, and the answer always given by it.	したがって、議会における公序良俗の法則は、議会において一般意志を維持することではなく、常に問題が提起され、常に回答が得られるようにすることである。	public order|公序良俗|noun|the rules of behavior that are accepted in a particular society	assembly|議会|noun|a group of people who have been elected to make laws for a country or area	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue; keep in existence	general will|一般意志|noun|the will of the people as a whole	question|問題|noun|a statement asking for something and expecting an answer	put|提起する|verb|present for consideration or discussion	answer|回答|noun|something spoken or written in reply to a question	give|得る|verb|cause to have or receive

I could here set down many reflections on the simple right of voting in every act of Sovereignty—a right which no-one can take from the citizens—and also on the right of stating views, making proposals, dividing and discussing, which the government is always most careful to leave solely to its members;	私はここで、主権のあらゆる行為における単純な投票権、誰も市民から奪うことのできない権利、そして政府が常に最も注意深くその構成員だけに委ねている意見表明、提案、分割、議論の権利について多くの考察を記すことができる。	set down|記す|verb|write down	reflection|考察|noun|a thought or opinion resulting from careful consideration	simple|単純な|adjective|easy to understand or do	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	voting|投票|noun|the process of choosing someone or something by voting	act|行為|noun|something that is done	Sovereignty|主権|noun|supreme power or authority	take|奪う|verb|move something from one place to another	citizen|市民|noun|a person who lives in a particular town or city	stating|表明|verb|express clearly in words	view|意見|noun|a belief or opinion	making|行う|verb|cause to happen or exist	proposal|提案|noun|a plan or suggestion, especially a formal or written one, put forward for consideration or discussion	dividing|分割|verb|separate into parts	discussing|議論|verb|talk about something with someone	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	always|常に|adverb|on all occasions; at all times	careful|注意深く|adjective|taking care to avoid harm or damage	leave|委ねる|verb|go away from a place	solely|だけ|adverb|only	member|構成員|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization
but this important subject would need a treatise to itself, and it is impossible to say everything in a single work.	しかし、この重要な主題はそれ自体で論文が必要であり、一冊の本ですべてを語ることは不可能である。	important|重要な|adjective|of great significance or value	subject|主題|noun|the topic of a discussion or conversation	need|必要である|verb|require (something) because it is essential or very important rather than just desirable	treatise|論文|noun|a formal and systematic written work on a particular subject, especially one discussing the development of a subject and the theories relating to it	itself|それ自体|pronoun|(used to emphasize a particular thing or person that is being mentioned)	impossible|不可能である|adjective|not possible; unable to be done or achieved


## CHAPTER II: VOTING	第2章: 投票	chapter|章|noun|a main division of a book	voting|投票|noun|the process of choosing by vote

It may be seen, from the last chapter, that the way in which general business is managed may give a clear enough indication of the actual state of morals and the health of the body politic.	前章から、一般的な業務の管理方法が、道徳の実際の状態や政治体制の健全性を十分に明確に示している可能性があることがわかる。	be seen|わかる|verb|be obvious or evident	last chapter|前章|noun|the chapter immediately preceding the present one	way|方法|noun|how something is done or how it happens	manage|管理する|verb|be in charge of; be responsible for	general business|一般的な業務|noun|the activities of a company or other organization	give|示す|verb|cause to have or receive	clear|明確な|adjective|easy to understand	indication|兆候|noun|a sign or suggestion of something	actual state|実際の状態|noun|the way things really are	morals|道徳|noun|principles of right and wrong	health|健全性|noun|the state of being free from illness or injury	body politic|政治体制|noun|a state or nation considered as a political entity
The more concert reigns in the assemblies, that is, the nearer opinion approaches unanimity, the greater is the dominance of the general will.	議会で協調が支配すればするほど、つまり意見が全会一致に近づくほど、一般意志の支配は大きくなる。	concert|協調|noun|a situation in which people work together	reign|支配する|verb|to be in control of a country or area	assembly|議会|noun|a group of people who have been elected to make laws	opinion|意見|noun|a view or judgment formed about something, not necessarily based on fact or knowledge	unanimity|全会一致|noun|the state or quality of being unanimous	general will|一般意志|noun|the will of the people as a whole
On the other hand, long debates, dissensions and tumult proclaim the ascendancy of particular interests and the decline of the State.	一方、長い議論、意見の相違、騒動は、特定の利益の優勢と国家の衰退を告げる。	on the other hand|一方|adverb|from another point of view	long|長い|adjective|having a great distance or duration	debate|議論|noun|a discussion about a particular topic in which people express different opinions	dissension|意見の相違|noun|a difference of opinion	tumult|騒動|noun|a state of confusion or disorder	proclaim|告げる|verb|announce officially or publicly	ascendancy|優勢|noun|the state of being in a position of power or control	particular|特定の|adjective|relating to a single person, thing, or situation	interest|利益|noun|money paid for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	decline|衰退|noun|a gradual and continuous loss of strength, numbers, or value

This seems less clear when two or more orders enter into the constitution, as patricians and plebeians did at Rome; for quarrels between these two orders often disturbed the comitia, even in the best days of the Republic.	ローマで貴族と平民がそうであったように、2つ以上の階級が憲法に加わると、これはあまり明確ではないように思われる。なぜなら、この2つの階級間の争いは、共和国の最盛期でさえ、しばしば民会を混乱させたからである。	two or more|2つ以上|adjective|two or more than two	enter into|加わる|verb|become a part of	constitution|憲法|noun|the basic law of a country or state	patrician|貴族|noun|a member of the highest social class in ancient Rome	plebeian|平民|noun|a member of the lower social class in ancient Rome	quarrel|争い|noun|an angry argument or disagreement	disturb|混乱させる|verb|interfere with the normal arrangement or functioning of	comitia|民会|noun|a public assembly of the Roman people for the election of magistrates	Republic|共和国|noun|a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly by them
But the exception is rather apparent than real;	しかし、例外は現実的というよりはむしろ見かけ上のものである。	exception|例外|noun|a person or thing that is excluded from a general statement or does not follow a rule	rather|むしろ|adverb|to a certain extent; somewhat	apparent|見かけ上|adjective|clearly seen or understood; obvious	real|現実的|adjective|existing or happening in fact or actuality; true
for then, through the defect that is inherent in the body politic, there were, so to speak, two States in one, and what is not true of the two together is true of either separately.	なぜなら、そのとき、政治体に内在する欠陥を通して、いわば1つの国家の中に2つの国家があり、2つが一緒になっている場合には当てはまらないことが、別々には当てはまるからである。	for then|なぜなら、そのとき|conjunction|because at that time	through|を通して|preposition|from one end or side to the other	defect|欠陥|noun|a lack of something or a fault	inherent|内在する|adjective|existing in something as a permanent, essential, or characteristic attribute	body politic|政治体|noun|a group of people organized under a single governmental authority	so to speak|いわば|adverb|in a manner of speaking	two|2つの|adjective|one more than one	one|1つの|adjective|the lowest cardinal number	two together|2つが一緒になっている|noun|two things that are combined or joined	separately|別々に|adverb|not together; apart
Indeed, even in the most stormy times, the plebiscita of the people, when the Senate did not interfere with them, always went through quietly and by large majorities.	実際、最も激動の時代でさえ、元老院が干渉しなかったときの人民のプレビシタは、常に静かに、そして大差で通過した。	indeed|実際|adverb|really; truly; in fact	even|でさえ|adverb|to an extreme or excessive degree	stormy|激動の|adjective|characterized by strong winds and usually rain, snow, or hail	time|時代|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	people|人民|noun|the citizens of a state or country	plebiscita|プレビシタ|noun|a direct vote by the people of a state on a particular issue	Senate|元老院|noun|the upper house of the U.S. Congress	interfere|干渉する|verb|to prevent or obstruct someone or something	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions; invariably	quietly|静かに|adverb|in a quiet manner	large|大差|adjective|of great or more than average size, extent, or capacity
The citizens having but one interest, the people had but a single will.	市民はただ一つの関心しか持っていなかったので、人民はただ一つの意志しか持っていなかった。	citizen|市民|noun|an inhabitant of a city or town; especially : one entitled to the rights and privileges of a freeman	have|持つ|verb|to be in possession of	interest|関心|noun|a feeling of wanting to know or learn about something or someone	people|人民|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	have|持つ|verb|to be in possession of	will|意志|noun|the faculty of conscious and especially of deliberate action

At the other extremity of the circle, unanimity recurs;	円のもう一方の端では、全会一致が再現される。	extremity|端|noun|the furthest point or limit of something	recur|再現される|verb|happen again	unanimity|全会一致|noun|complete agreement by all people involved
this is the case when the citizens, having fallen into servitude, have lost both liberty and will.	これは、市民が奴隷状態に陥り、自由と意志の両方を失ったときに起こる。	this|これ|pronoun|the thing that is being discussed or referred to	citizen|市民|noun|a person who lives in a particular town or city	fall into|陥る|verb|become involved in	servitude|奴隷状態|noun|the state of being a slave	lose|失う|verb|no longer have something
Fear and flattery then change votes into acclamation;	恐怖とお世辞が投票を歓呼に変える。	fear|恐怖|noun|an unpleasant emotion caused by the belief that someone or something is dangerous, likely to cause pain, or a threat	flattery|お世辞|noun|excessive and insincere praise	change|変える|verb|make or become different	vote|投票|noun|a formal expression of opinion or choice, either positive or negative	acclamation|歓呼|noun|a loud and enthusiastic expression of approval
deliberation ceases, and only worship or malediction is left.	審議は終わり、崇拝か呪いだけが残る。	deliberation|審議|noun|careful consideration before decision	cease|終わる|verb|come or bring to an end	worship|崇拝|noun|the feeling or expression of reverence and adoration for a deity	malediction|呪い|noun|a spoken curse
Such was the vile manner in which the senate expressed its views under the Emperors.	これが、元老院が皇帝の下でその見解を表明した卑劣なやり方だった。	such|そのような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	vile|卑劣な|adjective|extremely unpleasant	manner|やり方|noun|a way of doing something	senate|元老院|noun|the upper house of the US Congress	express|表明する|verb|show or make known (a thought or feeling)	view|見解|noun|an opinion or belief	emperor|皇帝|noun|the sovereign ruler of an empire
It did so sometimes with absurd precautions.	元老院は時々、馬鹿げた予防策を講じてそうした。	do so|そうする|verb|do the same thing	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	absurd|馬鹿げた|adjective|extremely unreasonable, illogical, or inappropriate	precaution|予防策|noun|a measure taken in advance to prevent something from happening
Tacitus observes that, under Otho, the senators, while they heaped curses on Vitellius, contrived at the same time to make a deafening noise, in order that, should he ever become their master, he might not know what each of them had said.	タキトゥスは、オト皇帝の下で、元老院議員たちは、ヴィテリウスに呪いの言葉を浴びせながら、同時に耳をつんざくような音を立てて、もし彼が彼らの主人になったとしても、彼らがそれぞれ何を言ったのかわからないように工夫していたと述べている。	Tacitus|タキトゥス|noun|a Roman historian	observe|述べる|verb|say or state	under|下で|preposition|below or beneath	Otho|オト皇帝|noun|a Roman emperor	senator|元老院議員|noun|a member of a senate	heap|浴びせる|verb|give in large quantities	curse|呪い|noun|a solemn utterance intended to invoke a supernatural power to inflict harm or punishment on someone or something	Vitellius|ヴィテリウス|noun|a Roman emperor	contrive|工夫する|verb|plan or devise	deafening|耳をつんざくような|adjective|extremely loud	noise|音|noun|a sound, especially one that is loud or unpleasant or that causes disturbance	master|主人|noun|a man who has people working for him, especially servants or slaves	might|わからないように|auxiliary verb|expressing possibility or probability	say|言う|verb|express (something) in words

On these various considerations depend the rules by which the methods of counting votes and comparing opinions should be regulated, according as the general will is more or less easy to discover, and the State more or less in its decline.	これらの様々な考慮事項に、一般意志がどれほど発見しやすいか、国家がどれほど衰退しているかに応じて、投票を数え、意見を比較する方法を規制する規則が依存している。	consideration|考慮事項|noun|something that is taken into account when making a decision	depend|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by	rule|規則|noun|a statement that tells you what is or is not allowed	method|方法|noun|a way of doing something	count|数える|verb|determine the total number of	vote|投票|noun|a formal expression of opinion or choice	compare|比較する|verb|find the difference between two or more things	opinion|意見|noun|a view or judgment formed about something	regulate|規制する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	general will|一般意志|noun|the will of the people as a whole	discover|発見する|verb|find out or notice	State|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	decline|衰退|noun|a gradual and continuous loss of strength, numbers, or value

There is but one law which, from its nature, needs unanimous consent.	本質的に全会一致の同意を必要とする法律はただ一つしかない。	There is but one|ただ一つしかない|noun|there is only one	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	nature|本質|noun|the basic or inherent features, character, or qualities of something	need|必要とする|verb|require (something) because it is essential or very important rather than just desirable	unanimous|全会一致の|adjective|showing complete agreement	consent|同意|noun|permission for something to happen or agreement to do something
This is the social compact; for civil association is the most voluntary of all acts.	これが社会契約である。なぜなら、市民の連合はすべての行為の中で最も自発的なものだからである。	social compact|社会契約|noun|an agreement among the members of an organized society or between the governed and the government defining and limiting the rights and duties of each	civil association|市民の連合|noun|an association of citizens	voluntary|自発的|adjective|done, given, or acting of one's own free will
Every man being born free and his own master, no-one, under any pretext whatsoever, can make any man subject without his consent.	人はみな自由に生まれ、自分自身の主人であるから、いかなる口実があろうとも、誰も他人をその人の同意なしに服従させることはできない。	every man|人はみな|noun|all people	be born|生まれる|verb|come into existence	free|自由に|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes	his own master|自分自身の主人|noun|a person who is in control of their own life	no-one|誰も|noun|not a single person	under any pretext|いかなる口実があろうとも|noun|a reason given in justification of a course of action that is not the real reason	whatsoever|であろうとも|adjective|of any kind at all	can make|服従させることはできない|verb|be able to do something	any man|他人を|noun|a person of unspecified gender	subject|服従させる|verb|cause to experience or undergo	without his consent|その人の同意なしに|noun|permission for something to happen or agreement to do something
To decide that the son of a slave is born a slave is to decide that he is not born a man.	奴隷の息子は奴隷として生まれると決めることは、彼は人間として生まれないと決めることである。	decide|決める|verb|reach, make, or come to a decision about something	slave|奴隷|noun|a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them	son|息子|noun|a male offspring of a human being	born|生まれる|verb|come into existence as a result of birth	man|人間|noun|an adult male human being

If then there are opponents when the social compact is made, their opposition does not invalidate the contract, but merely prevents them from being included in it.	社会契約が結ばれる際に反対者がいたとしても、その反対によって契約が無効になるわけではなく、単にその契約に含まれなくなるだけである。	opponent|反対者|noun|someone who disagrees with and tries to defeat another's plans or ideas	social compact|社会契約|noun|an agreement among the members of an organized society or between the governed and the government defining and limiting the rights and duties of each	invalidate|無効にする|verb|make or declare invalid	contract|契約|noun|a legally binding agreement	include|含む|verb|comprise or contain as a part
They are foreigners among citizens.	彼らは市民の中の外国人である。	foreigner|外国人|noun|a person from a foreign country	citizen|市民|noun|a person who lives in a particular town or city
When the State is instituted, residence constitutes consent;	国家が成立すると、居住は同意を構成する。	when|時|conjunction|at the time that; at or during the time that	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	institute|成立する|verb|establish or introduce	residence|居住|noun|the place where one lives	constitute|構成する|verb|be or form a part of	consent|同意|noun|permission for something to happen or agreement to do something
to dwell within its territory is to submit to the Sovereign.	その領域内に住むことは、主権者に服従することである。	dwell|住む|verb|live in a place	territory|領域|noun|an area of land under the jurisdiction of a ruler or state	submit|服従する|verb|yield to the authority or will of another

Apart from this primitive contract, the vote of the majority always binds all the rest.	この原始的な契約を除いて、多数決は常に残りのすべてを拘束する。	apart from|除いて|preposition|not including; other than	primitive|原始的な|adjective|relating to a people or culture regarded as having a simple and unsophisticated way of life	contract|契約|noun|a legally binding agreement	majority|多数決|noun|the greater number	bind|拘束する|verb|tie or fasten together	rest|残り|noun|the remaining part of something
This follows from the contract itself.	これは契約そのものから生じる。	follow|生じる|verb|come after something in time; come next	contract|契約|noun|a legally binding agreement
But it is asked how a man can be both free and forced to conform to wills that are not his own.	しかし、人はいかにして自由でありながら、自分の意志ではない意志に従うことを強制されうるのかと問われる。	ask|問う|verb|to put a question to	man|人|noun|an adult male human being	both|両方|conjunction|the two people or things mentioned	free|自由|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes	force|強制|verb|make (someone) do something against their will	conform|従う|verb|to act in accordance with	will|意志|noun|the faculty by which a person decides on and initiates action
How are the opponents at once free and subject to laws they have not agreed to?	反対者はいかにして自由でありながら、同意していない法律に従うのか?	opponent|反対者|noun|someone who disagrees with and tries to defeat another's plans or ideas	at once|同時に|adverb|immediately; without delay	free|自由|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes	subject to|従う|verb|be affected by or vulnerable to	law|法律|noun|the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties	agree to|同意する|verb|have the same opinion about something; concur

I retort that the question is wrongly put.	私はその質問は間違っていると答える。	retort|答える|verb|say something in answer, usually in a quick and angry way	question|質問|noun|a statement asking for something and expecting an answer	wrongly|間違って|adverb|in a way that is not correct or right	put|置く|verb|move something to a specified place
The citizen gives his consent to all the laws, including those which are passed in spite of his opposition, and even those which punish him when he dares to break any of them.	市民は、自分の反対にもかかわらず可決された法律や、あえて法律を破った場合に自分を罰する法律も含め、すべての法律に同意する。	citizen|市民|noun|an inhabitant of a city or town; especially : one entitled to the rights and privileges of a freeman	give|与える|verb|transfer possession of something concrete or abstract to someone	consent|同意|noun|permission for something to happen or agreement to do something	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	opposition|反対|noun|the action of opposing something	pass|可決される|verb|be approved by a legislative body	dare|あえて|verb|have the courage to do something new, dangerous, or exciting	break|破る|verb|cause to come apart by force	punish|罰する|verb|inflict a penalty or sanction on (someone) as retribution for an offense
The constant will of all the members of the State is the general will;	国家のすべての構成員の不変の意志が一般意志である。	constant|不変の|adjective|non-varying	will|意志|noun|the faculty of conscious and especially of deliberate action	member|構成員|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization	State|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	general|一般|adjective|affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things; widespread
by virtue of it they are citizens and free.	そのおかげで彼らは市民であり、自由である。	by virtue of|おかげで|preposition|because of	citizen|市民|noun|an inhabitant of a city or town; especially : one entitled to the rights and privileges of a freeman	free|自由|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes
When in the popular assembly a law is proposed, what the people is asked is not exactly whether it approves or rejects the proposal, but whether it is in conformity with the general will, which is their will.	人民議会で法律が提案された場合、人々に求められるのは、その提案を承認するか拒否するかではなく、それが一般意志、つまり彼らの意志に適合しているかどうかである。	popular assembly|人民議会|noun|a legislative body	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	propose|提案する|verb|put forward a plan or suggestion	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	ask|尋ねる|verb|say something in order to obtain an answer or some information	exactly|正確に|adverb|in a precise manner	approve|承認する|verb|officially agree to or accept something	reject|拒否する|verb|refuse to consider or agree to something	conformity|適合|noun|the action or fact of conforming; compliance	general will|一般意志|noun|the will of the people as a whole	will|意志|noun|the faculty by which a person decides on and initiates action
Each man, in giving his vote, states his opinion on that point;	各人は、投票する際に、その点について自分の意見を述べる。	each|各|adjective|every one of two or more people or things	give|述べる|verb|express (an opinion or reaction)	vote|投票|noun|a formal expression of opinion or choice, either positive or negative, made by an individual or body of individuals	point|点|noun|a particular place, especially one with an established purpose
and the general will is found by counting votes.	そして、一般意志は投票数を数えることによって見出される。	find|見出す|verb|discover or notice	count|数える|verb|determine the total number of
When therefore the opinion that is contrary to my own prevails, this proves neither more nor less than that I was mistaken, and that what I thought to be the general will was not so.	したがって、私自身の意見に反する意見が優勢になった場合、これは私が間違っていたこと、そして私が一般意志だと思っていたことがそうではなかったことを証明する。	contrary|反する|adjective|opposite in nature or character	prevail|優勢になる|verb|be greater in strength or influence	prove|証明する|verb|demonstrate the truth or existence of by evidence or argument	mistaken|間違っている|adjective|wrong in opinion or judgment	general will|一般意志|noun|the will of the people as a whole
If my particular opinion had carried the day I should have achieved the opposite of what was my will and it is in that case that I should not have been free.	もし私の個人的な意見が通っていたら、私は自分の意志とは正反対のことを成し遂げていただろうし、その場合には私は自由ではなかっただろう。	carry the day|通る|verb|be victorious or successful	achieve|成し遂げる|verb|reach or attain a goal or objective	opposite|正反対|noun|something that is the reverse of something else	will|意志|noun|the faculty of conscious and especially of deliberate action	case|場合|noun|a particular situation or event	free|自由|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes

This presupposes, indeed, that all the qualities of the general will still reside in the majority: when they cease to do so, whatever side a man may take, liberty is no longer possible.	これは、確かに、一般意志のすべての性質が依然として過半数にあることを前提としている。そうではなくなった場合、人がどちらの側に立とうとも、自由はもはや不可能である。	presuppose|前提とする|verb|suppose or assume in advance	indeed|確かに|adverb|really; truly; certainly	quality|性質|noun|a feature or characteristic belonging typically to a person, place, or thing and serving to identify it	general will|一般意志|noun|the will of the people as a whole	still|依然として|adverb|even now or at this time; now as before	reside|ある|verb|live in a particular place	majority|過半数|noun|the greater number	cease|なくなる|verb|come or bring to an end	take|立つ|verb|adopt or assume	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions or limitations

In my earlier demonstration of how particular wills are substituted for the general will in public deliberation, I have adequately pointed out the practicable methods of avoiding this abuse;	私が以前に、公の審議において一般意志がどのように個別意志に置き換えられるかを示した際に、私はこの悪用を避けるための実用的な方法を十分に指摘した。	earlier|以前|adverb|at a time in the past	demonstration|実証|noun|a public display of group feelings for or against a person or cause	particular|個別|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or instance	will|意志|noun|the faculty of conscious and especially of deliberate action	substitute|置き換える|verb|take the place of	general|一般|adjective|involving or affecting the whole of a class or group	public|公|adjective|of or concerning the people as a whole	deliberation|審議|noun|careful consideration before decision	abuse|悪用|noun|the improper use of something	practicable|実用的な|adjective|capable of being put into practice or of being done or accomplished	method|方法|noun|a particular procedure for accomplishing or approaching something	adequately|十分に|adverb|to a satisfactory degree	point out|指摘する|verb|to make someone aware of something
and I shall have more to say of them later on.	そして、私は後でそれらについてもっと話すつもりだ。	have more to say|もっと話す|verb|have more to say	later on|後で|adverb|at a later time
I have also given the principles for determining the proportional number of votes for declaring that will.	私はまた、その意志を表明するための投票数の割合を決定するための原則を示した。	give|示す|verb|to show or make known	principle|原則|noun|a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior or for a chain of reasoning	determine|決定する|verb|to decide or settle	proportional|割合|adjective|being in proportion	number|数|noun|a mathematical object used to count, measure, and label	vote|投票|noun|a formal expression of opinion or choice, either positive or negative, made by an individual or body of individuals
A difference of one vote destroys equality;	一票の差が平等を破壊する。	difference|差|noun|the state of being unlike or dissimilar	one|一|adjective|the lowest cardinal number	vote|票|noun|a formal expression of opinion or choice, either positive or negative	destroy|破壊する|verb|cause the destruction of
a single opponent destroys unanimity;	一人の反対者が全会一致を破壊する。	single|一人の|adjective|only one	opponent|反対者|noun|someone who opposes something	destroy|破壊する|verb|cause to cease to exist; cause the destruction of
but between equality and unanimity, there are several grades of unequal division, at each of which this proportion may be fixed in accordance with the condition and the needs of the body politic.	しかし、平等と全会一致の間には、不平等な分割の段階がいくつかあり、それぞれにおいて、この割合は、政治体制の状況と必要性に応じて固定される。	between|間に|preposition|in the space or time separating two things	equality|平等|noun|the state of being equal	unanimity|全会一致|noun|the state of being unanimous	several|いくつかの|adjective|more than two but not many	grade|段階|noun|a level of rank, quality, or value	unequal|不平等な|adjective|not equal	division|分割|noun|the action of dividing something into parts	each|それぞれ|adjective|every one of two or more people or things	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	condition|状況|noun|the state of something	need|必要性|noun|a thing that is wanted or required	body politic|政治体制|noun|a state or nation considered as a political entity

There are two general rules that may serve to regulate this relation.	この関係を規制するのに役立つ2つの一般的なルールがある。	serve to|役立つ|verb|be of use or service to	regulate|規制する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations
First, the more grave and important the questions discussed, the nearer should the opinion that is to prevail approach unanimity.	第一に、議論される問題がより重大で重要であるほど、優勢になるべき意見は全会一致に近づくべきである。	first|第一に|adverb|before anything else; first of all	grave|重大な|adjective|of great importance or significance	important|重要な|adjective|of great significance or value	question|問題|noun|a matter or situation that presents uncertainty and that requires a decision	discuss|議論する|verb|talk about	opinion|意見|noun|a view or judgment formed about something, not necessarily based on fact or knowledge	prevail|優勢になる|verb|be greater in strength or influence	approach|近づく|verb|come near or nearer in space or time	unanimity|全会一致|noun|complete agreement by all people involved
Secondly, the more the matter in hand calls for speed, the smaller the prescribed difference in the numbers of votes may be allowed to become: where an instant decision has to be reached, a majority of one vote should be enough.	第二に、手元にある問題がより迅速に処理されるほど、投票数の規定された差は小さくなる可能性がある。即座に決定を下す必要がある場合は、1票の過半数で十分である。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	matter|問題|noun|a subject of concern	hand|手元|noun|the end of the arm beyond the wrist	call for|要求する|verb|to demand or ask for	speed|迅速|noun|the rate at which someone or something moves or operates, or with which something happens or changes	prescribed|規定された|adjective|laid down as a rule or guide	difference|差|noun|the state of being unlike or dissimilar	number|数|noun|a quantity or amount	vote|投票|noun|a formal expression of opinion or choice, either positive or negative	become|なる|verb|to come to be	instant|即座|adjective|happening or done immediately	decision|決定|noun|a conclusion or resolution reached after consideration	reach|下す|verb|to stretch out so as to touch or grasp something	majority|過半数|noun|the greater part or number	enough|十分|adjective|as much or as many as required
The first of these two rules seems more in harmony with the laws, and the second with practical affairs.	これら2つのルールのうち、最初のルールは法律とより調和しており、2番目のルールは実際の業務とより調和しているように見える。	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	second|2番目の|adjective|coming after the first in time or order	harmony|調和|noun|the state of being in agreement or concord	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	practical|実際の|adjective|of or concerned with practice or action	affair|業務|noun|a matter of business or public concern
In any case, it is the combination of them that gives the best proportions for determining the majority necessary.	いずれにせよ、必要な過半数を決定するのに最適な比率を与えるのは、それらの組み合わせである。	in any case|いずれにせよ|adverb|whatever the circumstances may be	combination|組み合わせ|noun|the result of combining two or more things	give|与える|verb|cause someone to have something	best|最適な|adjective|of the highest quality	proportion|比率|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	determine|決定する|verb|cause to occur in a particular way	majority|過半数|noun|the greater part or number


## CHAPTER III: ELECTIONS	第3章: 選挙	chapter|章|noun|a main division of a book	election|選挙|noun|the process of choosing a person or group of people for a position, especially a political position, by voting

In the elections of the prince and the magistrates, which are, as I have said, complex acts, there are two possible methods of procedure, choice and lot.	私が言ったように、君主と行政官の選挙は複雑な行為であり、手続きには選挙とくじ引きという2つの方法がある。	election|選挙|noun|the process of choosing a person or group of people for a position, especially a political position, by voting	prince|君主|noun|the son of a king or queen	magistrate|行政官|noun|a civil officer or lay judge who administers the law, especially one who conducts a court that deals with minor offenses and holds preliminary hearings for more serious ones	complex|複雑な|adjective|having many parts and being difficult to understand or explain	act|行為|noun|something that is done	method|方法|noun|a particular procedure for accomplishing or approaching something, especially a systematic or established one	procedure|手続き|noun|an established or official way of doing something	choice|選挙|noun|the act of choosing or selecting	lot|くじ引き|noun|a method of deciding something by using objects such as pieces of paper with names written on them, which are chosen randomly
Both have been employed in various republics, and a highly complicated mixture of the two still survives in the election of the Doge at Venice.	どちらも様々な共和国で採用されており、ヴェネツィアのドージェの選挙では、この2つを非常に複雑に組み合わせたものが今も残っている。	both|どちらも|pronoun|the two people or things mentioned	employ|採用する|verb|use or engage the services of	various|様々な|adjective|more than one; of different kinds	republic|共和国|noun|a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly by them	survive|残る|verb|continue to live or exist	election|選挙|noun|the process of choosing a person or group of people for a position, especially a political position, by voting	Venice|ヴェネツィア|noun|a city in northeastern Italy sited on a group of 118 small islands separated by canals and linked by bridges

“Election by lot,” says Montesquieu, “is democratic in nature.”	「くじ引きによる選挙は、本質的に民主的である」とモンテスキューは言う。	election|選挙|noun|the process of choosing a person or group of people for a position, especially a political position, by voting	lot|くじ引き|noun|a method of deciding something by chance	democratic|民主的|adjective|of or relating to democracy	nature|本質|noun|the basic or inherent features, character, or qualities of something
I agree that it is so; but in what sense?	私もそう思うが、どのような意味でそうなのか。	agree|思う|verb|have the same opinion about something	sense|意味|noun|a way in which something can be understood
“The lot,” he goes on, “is a way of making choice that is unfair to nobody;	「くじ引きは、誰にとっても不公平ではない選択方法である。	lot|くじ引き|noun|a method of deciding something by chance	way|方法|noun|how something is done or how it happens	make|行う|verb|perform or carry out	choice|選択|noun|the act of choosing	unfair|不公平|adjective|not just or impartial; biased	nobody|誰も|pronoun|no person; not anyone
it leaves each citizen a reasonable hope of serving his country.”	くじ引きは、各市民に国に奉仕する合理的な希望を与える」	leave|与える|verb|give or bequeath	citizen|市民|noun|an inhabitant of a city or town; especially : one entitled to the rights and privileges of a freeman	country|国|noun|a political state or nation or its territory
These are not reasons.	これらは理由ではない。	these|これら|pronoun|the ones mentioned	reason|理由|noun|a cause, explanation, or justification for an action or event

If we bear in mind that the election of rulers is a function of government, and not of Sovereignty, we shall see why the lot is the method more natural to democracy, in which the administration is better in proportion as the number of its acts is small.	統治者の選出は主権の機能ではなく、政府の機能であることを念頭に置けば、なぜくじ引きが民主主義にとってより自然な方法であるかがわかるだろう。民主主義では、その行為の数が少なければ少ないほど、行政はより良いものになる。	bear in mind|念頭に置く|verb|remember; think of	election|選出|noun|the process of choosing someone or something	ruler|統治者|noun|a person exercising government or dominion	function|機能|noun|the action for which a person or thing is specially fitted or used	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	sovereignty|主権|noun|supreme power or authority	lot|くじ引き|noun|a method of deciding something by random selection	democracy|民主主義|noun|a system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state	administration|行政|noun|the management of a business or organization	act|行為|noun|something that is done	small|少ない|adjective|of a size that is less than average or usual

In every real democracy, magistracy is not an advantage, but a burdensome charge which cannot justly be imposed on one individual rather than another.	あらゆる真の民主主義において、行政官の地位は利益ではなく、ある個人に他の個人よりも公正に課すことのできない重荷である。	every|あらゆる|adjective|each and all of	real|真の|adjective|true; genuine	democracy|民主主義|noun|a system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state	magistracy|行政官の地位|noun|the office or dignity of a magistrate	advantage|利益|noun|a favourable circumstance or event	burdensome|重荷である|adjective|involving a great deal of effort	charge|課すことのできない|noun|a price asked for a service or a product	justly|公正に|adverb|in a just manner	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinct from a group
The law alone can lay the charge on him on whom the lot falls.	くじ引きに当たった者に責任を負わせることができるのは、法律だけである。	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	lay the charge on|責任を負わせる|verb|to make someone responsible for something	lot|くじ引き|noun|a method of deciding something by chance	fall|当たる|verb|to come or go by chance
For, the conditions being then the same for all, and the choice not depending on any human will, there is no particular application to alter the universality of the law.	なぜなら、その条件はすべての人にとって同じであり、選択は人間の意志に依存しないので、法律の普遍性を変えるような特別な適用はない。	condition|条件|noun|something that must happen or be done before something else can happen or be done	same|同じ|adjective|not different or other	choice|選択|noun|the act of choosing	depend|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by	will|意志|noun|the ability to control one's own actions	law|法律|noun|a rule or set of rules that is made by the government of a country or state and that people must obey	universality|普遍性|noun|the quality of being universal	alter|変える|verb|make or become different

In an aristocracy, the prince chooses the prince, the government is preserved by itself, and voting is rightly ordered.	貴族制では、君主が君主を選び、政府は政府自身によって維持され、投票は正しく行われる。	aristocracy|貴族制|noun|a government in which power is held by the nobility	prince|君主|noun|a male member of a royal family other than the king	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	voting|投票|noun|the process of choosing someone or something by giving a vote

The instance of the election of the Doge of Venice confirms, instead of destroying, this distinction;	ヴェネツィア総督の選挙の例は、この区別を破壊するのではなく、むしろ確認するものである。	instance|例|noun|an example or single occurrence of something	election|選挙|noun|the process of choosing a person or group of people for a position, especially a political position, by voting	Doge of Venice|ヴェネツィア総督|noun|the chief magistrate in the former republics of Venice and Genoa	confirm|確認する|verb|establish the truth or correctness of	destroy|破壊する|verb|cause so much damage to that it no longer exists or cannot be repaired	distinction|区別|noun|a difference or contrast between similar things or people
the mixed form suits a mixed government.	混合形態は混合政府に適している。	mixed form|混合形態|noun|a form that is a mixture of two or more things	mixed government|混合政府|noun|a government that is a mixture of two or more forms of government
For it is an error to take the government of Venice for a real aristocracy.	ヴェネツィア政府を真の貴族制と見なすのは間違いである。	take|見なす|verb|consider or regard in a specified way	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	Venice|ヴェネツィア|noun|a city in northeastern Italy sited on a group of 118 small islands separated by canals and linked by bridges	real|真の|adjective|not imitation or artificial; genuine	aristocracy|貴族制|noun|a government in which power is held by the nobility
If the people has no share in the government, the nobility is itself the people.	人民が政府に加わっていないなら、貴族自身が人民である。	people|人民|noun|the citizens of a country	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	nobility|貴族|noun|the quality of being noble	itself|自身|pronoun|used to emphasize the identity of the subject
A host of poor Barnabotes never gets near any magistracy, and its nobility consists merely in the empty title of Excellency, and in the right to sit in the Great Council.	貧しいバルナボット族の群れは、決して行政官の近くには近寄らず、その貴族性は、単に閣下という空虚な称号と大評議会に出席する権利にあるだけである。	host|群れ|noun|a large number of people or things	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little money or few possessions	Barnabotes|バルナボット族|noun|a member of a noble family of Genoa	never|決して|adverb|not ever; at no time in the past or future; on no occasion; not at all	get near|近寄る|verb|approach or come close to	magistracy|行政官|noun|the office or authority of a magistrate	nobility|貴族性|noun|the quality or state of being noble	consist in|にある|verb|be composed or made up of	Excellency|閣下|noun|a title of honor for high officials	Great Council|大評議会|noun|the supreme governing body of the Republic of Venice
As this Great Council is as numerous as our General Council at Geneva, its illustrious members have no more privileges than our plain citizens.	この大評議会はジュネーブの総評議会と同じくらい人数が多いので、その著名なメンバーは私たちの一般市民よりも特権はない。	Great Council|大評議会|noun|the supreme governing body of the Republic of Venice	Geneva|ジュネーブ|noun|a city in Switzerland	General Council|総評議会|noun|the supreme governing body of the Republic of Geneva	illustrious|著名な|adjective|well known and respected	plain|一般の|adjective|ordinary or simple	citizen|市民|noun|an inhabitant of a city or town
It is indisputable that, apart from the extreme disparity between the two republics, the bourgeoisie of Geneva is exactly equivalent to the patriciate of Venice;	2つの共和国の間の極端な格差は別として、ジュネーブのブルジョアジーはヴェネツィアの貴族階級とまったく同等であることは議論の余地がない。	apart from|は別として|preposition|other than; besides	two|2つの|adjective|one more than one	republic|共和国|noun|a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly by them	extreme|極端な|adjective|very great in degree	disparity|格差|noun|a great difference	bourgeoisie|ブルジョアジー|noun|the middle class	exactly|まったく|adverb|in every way; completely	equivalent|同等|adjective|equal in value, amount, function, meaning, etc.	Venice|ヴェネツィア|noun|a city in northeastern Italy	patriciate|貴族階級|noun|the aristocracy
our natives and inhabitants correspond to the townsmen and the people of Venice;	私たちの原住民と住民はヴェネツィアの町民と人々に相当する。	native|原住民|noun|a person born in a particular place	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	correspond|相当する|verb|be similar or equivalent to	townsman|町民|noun|a person who lives in a town	Venice|ヴェネツィア|noun|a city in northeastern Italy
our peasants correspond to the subjects on the mainland;	私たちの農民は本土の臣民に相当する。	peasant|農民|noun|a poor farmer of low social status who owns or rents a small piece of land for cultivation	correspond|相当する|verb|be similar or equivalent to	mainland|本土|noun|the main part of a country or continent, as opposed to its islands or overseas territories
and, however that republic be regarded, if its size be left out of account, its government is no more aristocratic than our own.	そして、その共和国がどのように見なされようとも、その規模が考慮されなければ、その政府は私たちの政府よりも貴族的ではない。	republic|共和国|noun|a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly by them	be regarded|見なされる|verb|be considered or thought of	size|規模|noun|the physical magnitude of something	be left out of|考慮されない|verb|not be included	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	aristocratic|貴族的|adjective|belonging to or having the characteristics of the aristocracy	our own|私たちの|pronoun|belonging to or connected with the speaker
The whole difference is that, having no life-ruler, we do not, like Venice, need to use the lot.	全体的な違いは、終身統治者がいないので、ヴェネツィアのようにくじを使う必要がないということである。	whole|全体的な|adjective|complete; entire	difference|違い|noun|the state or fact of being different	life-ruler|終身統治者|noun|a ruler who rules for life	Venice|ヴェネツィア|noun|a city in northeastern Italy	need|必要|noun|a requirement for something	use|使う|verb|convert to one's own purposes	lot|くじ|noun|a method of deciding something by random selection

Election by lot would have few disadvantages in a real democracy, in which, as equality would everywhere exist in morals and talents as well as in principles and fortunes, it would become almost a matter of indifference who was chosen.	くじによる選挙は、道徳や才能、原則や運命において平等が至る所に存在する真の民主主義においては、ほとんど不利な点がなく、誰が選ばれてもほとんど無関心な問題となるだろう。	election|選挙|noun|the process of choosing a person or group of people for a position, especially a political position, by voting	lot|くじ|noun|a method of deciding something by chance	disadvantage|不利な点|noun|an unfavorable circumstance or condition that reduces the chances of success or effectiveness	real|真の|adjective|not imitation or artificial; genuine	democracy|民主主義|noun|a system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state	equality|平等|noun|the state of being equal, especially in status, rights, and opportunities	everywhere|至る所|adverb|in all places or in every part	exist|存在する|verb|have objective reality or being	morals|道徳|noun|a lesson, especially one concerning what is right or prudent, that can be derived from a story, a piece of information, or an experience	talent|才能|noun|a natural aptitude or skill	principle|原則|noun|a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior or for a chain of reasoning	fortune|運命|noun|the good or bad luck that befalls a person	almost|ほとんど|adverb|very nearly	matter|問題|noun|a subject or situation that is being dealt with or considered	indifference|無関心|noun|lack of interest or concern
But I have already said that a real democracy is only an ideal.	しかし、私はすでに真の民主主義は理想にすぎないと述べた。	real|真の|adjective|not fake or false; genuine	democracy|民主主義|noun|a system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state	ideal|理想|noun|a person or thing regarded as perfect

When choice and lot are combined, positions that require special talents, such as military posts, should be filled by the former;	選挙とくじが組み合わされる場合、軍事ポストなど特別な才能を必要とするポストは前者によって埋められるべきである。	choice|選挙|noun|the act of choosing	lot|くじ|noun|a method of deciding something by random selection	combine|組み合わせる|verb|join or merge	position|ポスト|noun|a job or role	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	talent|才能|noun|a natural ability to be good at something	military|軍事|adjective|relating to or characteristic of soldiers or armed forces	fill|埋める|verb|make or become full	former|前者|adjective|having previously filled a particular role or been a particular thing
the latter does for cases, such as judicial offices, in which good sense, justice, and integrity are enough, because in a State that is well constituted, these qualities are common to all the citizens.	後者は、司法官庁など、良識、正義、誠実さで十分な場合に適している。なぜなら、よく構成された国家では、これらの資質はすべての市民に共通しているからである。	latter|後者|noun|the second of two things mentioned	judicial office|司法官庁|noun|a government department or agency responsible for the administration of justice	good sense|良識|noun|the ability to make sensible decisions	justice|正義|noun|the quality of being just; fairness	integrity|誠実さ|noun|the quality of being honest and having strong moral principles	enough|十分|adjective|as much or as many as required	well constituted|よく構成された|adjective|having a good constitution	quality|資質|noun|a feature or characteristic belonging typically to a person, place, or thing and serving to identify it	common|共通|adjective|belonging to or shared by two or more people or things

Neither lot nor vote has any place in monarchical government.	くじも投票も君主制政府には存在しない。	neither|どちらも|conjunction|not either	lot|くじ|noun|a method of deciding something by chance	vote|投票|noun|a formal expression of opinion or choice	have any place|存在する|verb|be present or have a place	monarchical government|君主制政府|noun|a government in which the head of state is a monarch
The monarch being by right sole prince and only magistrate, the choice of his lieutenants belongs to none but him.	君主は権利上唯一の君主であり、唯一の行政官であるため、彼の代理人の選択は彼以外の誰にも属さない。	monarch|君主|noun|the head of a monarchy	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	sole|唯一の|adjective|being the only one	prince|君主|noun|a male member of a royal family other than the king	magistrate|行政官|noun|a civil officer or lay judge who administers the law	choice|選択|noun|the act of picking or deciding between two or more possibilities	lieutenant|代理人|noun|a commissioned officer in the armed forces, in the navy ranking below a commander and above a sub-lieutenant	belong|属する|verb|be a member of or be connected with
When the Abbé de Saint-Pierre proposed that the Councils of the King of France should be multiplied, and their members elected by ballot, he did not see that he was proposing to change the form of government.	サンピエール修道院長がフランス国王の評議会を増やし、そのメンバーを投票で選出することを提案したとき、彼は政府の形態を変えることを提案していることに気づいていなかった。	Abbé de Saint-Pierre|サンピエール修道院長|noun|a French writer and diplomat	Councils of the King of France|フランス国王の評議会|noun|the king's council in France	multiply|増やす|verb|increase in number	member|メンバー|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization	elect|選出する|verb|choose or select by voting	ballot|投票|noun|a method of voting in which people mark their choices on a piece of paper	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it

I should now speak of the methods of giving and counting opinions in the assembly of the people;	私は今、人民議会で意見を述べ、集計する方法について話すべきである。	should|すべきである|auxiliary verb|ought to; must	speak|話す|verb|talk; say words	method|方法|noun|a way of doing something	give|述べる|verb|express or state	count|集計する|verb|add up; calculate the total number of
but perhaps an account of this aspect of the Roman constitution will more forcibly illustrate all the rules I could lay down.	しかし、おそらくローマ憲法のこの側面の説明は、私が定めることができるすべての規則をより強力に説明するだろう。	account|説明|noun|a statement of the reasons for or causes of an event or action	aspect|側面|noun|a particular part or feature of something	Roman constitution|ローマ憲法|noun|the fundamental law of the Roman state	forcibly|強力に|adverb|with great force or strength	illustrate|説明する|verb|make clear or more easily understood	rule|規則|noun|a statement that tells you what you are allowed or not allowed to do
It is worth the while of a judicious reader to follow in some detail the working of public and private affairs in a Council consisting of two hundred thousand men.	賢明な読者にとって、二十万人からなる評議会における公私両面の活動をある程度詳細に追跡することは価値がある。	worth the while|価値がある|adjective|worth the time or effort spent	judicious|賢明な|adjective|having or showing good judgment or taste	reader|読者|noun|a person who reads	follow|追跡する|verb|go after someone or something	some detail|ある程度詳細に|noun|a small aspect of something or an individual fact or item	working|活動|noun|the way that something operates or functions	public|公|adjective|of or concerning the people as a whole	private|私|adjective|belonging to or for the use of one particular person or group of people only	affair|事柄|noun|a matter of public concern	Council|評議会|noun|an assembly of people formally constituted and meeting regularly to advise, govern, or legislate	two hundred thousand|二十万|numeral|the number 200000	man|人|noun|an adult male human being


## CHAPTER IV: THE ROMAN COMITIA	第4章: ローマの民会	CHAPTER IV|第4章|noun|the fourth chapter	ROMAN|ローマ|adjective|of or relating to Rome or its people or culture	COMITIA|民会|noun|a popular assembly in ancient Rome

We are without well-certified records of the first period of Rome's existence;	我々はローマの存在の最初の時期の信頼できる記録を持ち合わせていない。	be without|持ち合わせていない|verb|not have	well-certified|信頼できる|adjective|having a certificate of good quality	record|記録|noun|a permanent account of something	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	period|時期|noun|a length or portion of time	existence|存在|noun|the state or fact of existing
it even appears very probable that most of the stories told about it are fables;	それどころか、その時期について語られる物語のほとんどが寓話である可能性が非常に高い。	appear|思われる|verb|seem	probable|ありそうな|adjective|likely to happen or be true	story|物語|noun|a tale about a series of events, true or fictional	fable|寓話|noun|a short story that teaches a moral lesson
indeed, generally speaking, the most instructive part of the history of peoples, that which deals with their foundation, is what we have least of.	実際、一般的に言えば、民族史の最も有益な部分、つまりその民族の建国を扱う部分は、我々が最も知らない部分である。	indeed|実際|adverb|really; truly; in fact	generally speaking|一般的に言えば|adverb|in most cases; usually	history|歴史|noun|the study of past events	people|民族|noun|a group of persons living in a defined territory and having a common culture	foundation|建国|noun|the act of establishing something	least|最も知らない|adjective|smallest in amount or extent
Experience teaches us every day what causes lead to the revolutions of empires;	経験は日々、帝国の革命に至る原因を我々に教えてくれる。	experience|経験|noun|practical contact with and observation of facts or events	teach|教える|verb|impart knowledge to or instruct (someone) as to how to do something	cause|原因|noun|a person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or condition	lead to|至る|verb|result in	revolution|革命|noun|a forcible overthrow of a government or social order in favor of a new system
but, as no new peoples are now formed, we have almost nothing beyond conjecture to go upon in explaining how they were created.	しかし、今や新しい民族が形成されることはないので、民族がどのように形成されたかを説明する上で、推測以外に頼るものはほとんどない。	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	no new|新しい民族が形成されることはないので|noun|not any	peoples|民族|noun|a large group of people who share a common language, culture, ethnicity, descent, or history	are now formed|形成されることはないので|verb|be created or produced	we have|頼るものはほとんどない|verb|possess or have available	almost nothing|ほとんどない|noun|not much or not many	beyond|以外に|preposition|on the farther side of	conjecture|推測|noun|an opinion or conclusion formed on the basis of incomplete information	to go upon|頼るものはほとんどない|verb|to use as a basis for something	explaining|説明する上で|verb|make (something) clear or easy to understand	how|どのように|adverb|in what way or manner	they|民族|pronoun|people in general	were created|形成された|verb|be made or produced

The customs we find established show at least that these customs had an origin.	我々が確立されていると考える習慣は、少なくともこれらの習慣には起源があったことを示している。	find|考える|verb|discover or notice	established|確立されている|adjective|having been in existence for a long time and therefore recognized and generally accepted	show|示す|verb|be or make evident	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as much as	these|これらの|determiner|the ones mentioned	custom|習慣|noun|a practice or behavior that is usual or expected	have|持つ|verb|possess, own, or hold	origin|起源|noun|the point or place where something begins, arises, or is derived
The traditions that go back to those origins, that have the greatest authorities behind them, and that are confirmed by the strongest proofs, should pass for the most certain.	これらの起源に遡り、その背後に最も大きな権威を持ち、最も強力な証拠によって裏付けられた伝統は、最も確実なものとして受け継がれるべきである。	go back|遡る|verb|return to a previous place or state	origin|起源|noun|the point or place where something begins, arises, or is derived	authority|権威|noun|the power to command or enforce obedience	proof|証拠|noun|evidence or argument establishing or helping to establish a fact or the truth of a statement	pass|受け継がれる|verb|be transferred or handed on from one person to another	certain|確実|adjective|known or proved to be true; definite
These are the rules I have tried to follow in inquiring how the freest and most powerful people on earth exercised its supreme power.	これらは、私が地球上で最も自由で最も強力な人々がどのようにその最高権力を行使したかを調べる際に従おうとしたルールである。	these|これら|pronoun|the ones mentioned	rule|ルール|noun|a principle or regulation governing conduct, action, procedure, arrangement, etc.	try|試みる|verb|make an attempt or effort to do something	follow|従う|verb|go after someone or something	inquire|調べる|verb|ask about something	free|自由な|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes	powerful|強力な|adjective|having great power or strength	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	exercise|行使する|verb|use or apply	supreme|最高の|adjective|highest in rank or authority

After the foundation of Rome, the new-born republic, that is, the army of its founder, composed of Albans, Sabines and foreigners, was divided into three classes, which, from this division, took the name of tribes.	ローマの建国後、新生共和国、つまりアルバニア人、サビニ人、外国人からなる建国者の軍隊は、この分割から部族の名前をとった三つの階級に分けられた。	foundation|建国|noun|the act of establishing or creating something	Rome|ローマ|noun|the capital city of Italy	republic|共和国|noun|a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly by them	army|軍隊|noun|an organized military force equipped for fighting on land	founder|建国者|noun|a person who establishes or creates something	Albans|アルバニア人|noun|a native or inhabitant of Albania	Sabines|サビニ人|noun|a member of an ancient people of central Italy	foreigner|外国人|noun|a person born in or belonging to a country other than one's own	divide|分ける|verb|separate into two or more parts	class|階級|noun|a set or category of things having some property in common	division|分割|noun|the action of separating something into two or more parts	tribe|部族|noun|a social group or community, typically a group of people who share a common culture, language, religious beliefs, and history and who typically live in a particular geographical area
Each of these tribes was subdivided into ten curiæ, and each curia into decuriæ, headed by leaders called curiones and decuriones.	これらの部族はそれぞれ十のクリアに分けられ、各クリアはクリアとデクリアと呼ばれる指導者を長とするデクリアに分けられた。	each|それぞれ|adjective|every one of two or more people or things	tribe|部族|noun|a social division in a traditional society consisting of families or communities linked by social, economic, religious, or blood ties, with a common culture and dialect, typically having a recognized leader	subdivide|分ける|verb|divide into smaller parts	ten|十|numeral|the number 10	curia|クリア|noun|the assembly of the Roman people	decuria|デクリア|noun|a division of a curia	leader|指導者|noun|the person who leads or commands a group, organization, or country	curio|クリア|noun|a small, often valuable, object that is interesting because it is unusual or old	decurio|デクリア|noun|a member of a decuria

Besides this, out of each tribe was taken a body of one hundred Equites or Knights, called a century, which shows that these divisions, being unnecessary in a town, were at first merely military.	これに加えて、各部族から百人隊と呼ばれる百人の騎士団が選抜されたが、これは都市では不要なこれらの部隊が当初は単に軍事的なものであったことを示している。	besides|加えて|preposition|in addition to; as well as	out of|から|preposition|from within	tribe|部族|noun|a social group or community, typically a group of people who share a common culture, language, religious beliefs, and history and who typically live in a particular geographical area	take|選抜される|verb|to get into one's possession, power, or control	body|団|noun|a group of people	hundred|百|adjective|the number 100	Equites|騎士|noun|a member of the second highest social class in ancient Rome, originally those who could afford to keep a horse for military service	Knight|騎士|noun|a man who served his sovereign or lord as a mounted soldier in armor	century|百人隊|noun|a period of 100 years	show|示す|verb|to make visible or noticeable	division|部隊|noun|a large military unit	town|都市|noun|a human settlement larger than a village	unnecessary|不要な|adjective|not needed	at first|当初は|adverb|in the beginning; initially	merely|単に|adverb|only; no more than	military|軍事的|adjective|of or relating to the armed forces
But an instinct for greatness seems to have led the little township of Rome to provide itself in advance with a political system suitable for the capital of the world.	しかし、偉大さへの本能が、ローマの小さな町を世界の首都にふさわしい政治システムを前もって備えさせたように思われる。	instinct|本能|noun|a natural ability or tendency	greatness|偉大さ|noun|the quality of being great	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be	lead|導く|verb|cause to go in a particular direction	little|小さな|adjective|small in size	township|町|noun|a small town	Rome|ローマ|noun|the capital of Italy	provide|備える|verb|supply or make available	advance|前もって|noun|a sum of money given ahead of time	political system|政治システム|noun|the set of institutions by which a government of a state is organized	suitable|ふさわしい|adjective|right or appropriate for a particular person, purpose, or situation	capital|首都|noun|the city or town that functions as the seat of government and administrative centre of a country or region

Out of this original division an awkward situation soon arose.	この最初の分割から、すぐに厄介な状況が生じた。	out of|から|preposition|from	original|最初の|adjective|existing from the beginning	division|分割|noun|the action of separating something into parts, or the state of being divided	awkward|厄介な|adjective|causing difficulty; hard to do or deal with	situation|状況|noun|all the circumstances and conditions of a particular place or time
The tribes of the Albans (Ramnenses) and the Sabines (Tatienses) remained always in the same condition, while that of the foreigners (Luceres) continually grew as more and more foreigners came to live at Rome, so that it soon surpassed the others in strength.	アルバニア人(ラムネンセス)とサビニ人(タティエンセス)の部族は常に同じ状態であったが、外国人(ルセレス)の部族はますます多くの外国人がローマに住むようになって成長し続け、すぐに他の部族を凌駕するようになった。	The tribes of the Albans|アルバニア人の部族|noun|a social group or a political unit	The tribes of the Sabines|サビニ人の部族|noun|a social group or a political unit	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	in the same condition|同じ状態|noun|in the same state	while|一方で|conjunction|during the time that	that of the foreigners|外国人の部族|noun|a social group or a political unit	continually|継続的に|adverb|without interruption	grew|成長した|verb|become larger or greater over a period of time	more and more|ますます|adverb|to an increasing extent	foreigners|外国人|noun|a person who is not a native or naturalized citizen of the country where they are living	came to live|住むようになった|verb|start living in a place	so that|その結果|conjunction|with the result that	soon|すぐに|adverb|in or after a short time	surpassed|凌駕した|verb|be greater or better than
Servius remedied this dangerous fault by changing the principle of cleavage, and substituting for the racial division, which he abolished, a new one based on the quarter of the town inhabited by each tribe.	セルウィウスは、分裂の原則を変え、彼が廃止した人種分断の代わりに、各部族が住む町の四分の一に基づく新しい分断を導入することで、この危険な欠陥を是正した。	remedy|是正する|verb|to make something better or correct a fault or mistake	fault|欠陥|noun|a defect or weakness in someone or something	principle|原則|noun|a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior or for a chain of reasoning	cleavage|分裂|noun|the splitting of a crystal along a plane of weakness	substitute|導入する|verb|to use or put in place of another	racial division|人種分断|noun|the separation of people into different groups based on their race	tribe|部族|noun|a social group or community, typically a group of people who share a common culture, language, religious beliefs, and history and who typically live in a particular geographical area
Instead of three tribes he created four, each occupying and named after one of the hills of Rome.	彼は三つの部族の代わりに四つの部族を作り、それぞれがローマの丘の一つを占領し、その名を冠した。	instead of|代わりに|preposition|as an alternative to	three|三つ|numeral|the number 3	tribe|部族|noun|a social group or community, typically a group of people who share a common culture, language, religious beliefs, and history and who live as a social unit with a recognized leader	create|作る|verb|cause to come into being, as something unique that would not naturally evolve or that is not the result of normal processes	four|四つ|numeral|the number 4	occupy|占領する|verb|take up all or a lot of space	name|名|noun|a word or set of words using which a person is referred to	Rome|ローマ|noun|capital of Italy
Thus, while redressing the inequality of the moment, he also provided for the future;	こうして、当面の不平等を是正する一方で、彼は未来にも備えた。	thus|こうして|adverb|in this way; therefore	redress|是正する|verb|set right; remedy	inequality|不平等|noun|the quality of being unequal	moment|当面|noun|a very brief period of time	provide|備える|verb|make available for use; supply
and in order that the division might be one of persons as well as localities, he forbade the inhabitants of one quarter to migrate to another, and so prevented the mingling of the races.	そして、分断が地域だけでなく人々の分断にもなるように、彼はある地区の住民が別の地区に移住することを禁じ、人種の混合を防いだ。	division|分断|noun|the action of separating something into parts, or the state of being divided	locality|地域|noun|a place or area	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	migrate|移住する|verb|move from one place to another	prevent|防ぐ|verb|keep or stop from happening

He also doubled the three old centuries of Knights and added twelve more, still keeping the old names, and by this simple and prudent method, succeeded in making a distinction between the body of Knights and the people, without a murmur from the latter.	彼はまた、騎士の三つの古い世紀を倍増させ、さらに十二を加え、古い名前を維持し、この単純で慎重な方法によって、騎士団と人々の間に区別をつけることに成功し、後者からのつぶやきはなかった。	double|倍増させる|verb|make or become twice as great or as many	century|世紀|noun|a period of 100 years	knight|騎士|noun|a man who served his sovereign or lord as a mounted soldier in armor	add|加える|verb|join or combine two or more things together	twelve|十二|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of eleven and one	keep|維持する|verb|continue to have, hold, or maintain	name|名前|noun|a word or set of words using which a person is referred to	simple|単純な|adjective|easily understood or done; presenting few difficulties	prudent|慎重な|adjective|acting with or showing care for the consequences of an action; cautious	method|方法|noun|a particular procedure for accomplishing or approaching something, especially a systematic or established one	succeed|成功する|verb|achieve the desired aim or result	make a distinction|区別する|verb|recognize or treat as different	body|団体|noun|a group of people with a particular function or purpose	knight|騎士|noun|a man who served his sovereign or lord as a mounted soldier in armor	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	latter|後者|noun|the second of two people or things mentioned

To the four urban tribes Servius added fifteen others called rural tribes, because they consisted of those who lived in the country, divided into fifteen cantons.	セルウィウスは四つの都市部族に、農村部族と呼ばれる十五の部族を加えた。それは、十五のカントン(小行政区)に分割された農村部に住む人々で構成されていたからである。	four|四つ|numeral|the number 4	urban|都市の|adjective|of or relating to a city	tribe|部族|noun|a social group or community, typically a group of people who share a common culture, language, religious beliefs, and history and who live as a social unit with a recognized leader	Servius|セルウィウス|noun|the sixth king of Rome	add|加える|verb|join or combine two or more things together	fifteen|十五|numeral|the number 15	rural|農村の|adjective|of or relating to the countryside	country|農村部|noun|the land of a nation with its inhabitants and resources	divide|分割する|verb|separate into two or more parts	canton|小行政区|noun|a small administrative division of a country
Subsequently, fifteen more were created, and the Roman people finally found itself divided into thirty-five tribes, as it remained down to the end of the Republic.	その後、さらに十五の部族が作られ、ローマ人はついに三十五の部族に分割され、共和国の終わりまで残った。	subsequently|その後|adverb|after a particular time or event	fifteen|十五|noun|the number 15	create|作られる|verb|cause to come into being	Roman|ローマ人|noun|a citizen of ancient Rome	finally|ついに|adverb|after a long time, or after a lot of effort	thirty-five|三十五|noun|the number 35	tribe|部族|noun|a social division in a traditional society consisting of families or communities linked by social, economic, religious, or blood ties, with a common culture and dialect, typically having a recognized leader	remain|残る|verb|be left after others have gone	end|終わり|noun|the final part of something	Republic|共和国|noun|a state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives, and which has an elected or nominated president rather than a monarch

The distinction between urban and rural tribes had one effect which is worth mention, both because it is without parallel elsewhere, and because to it Rome owed the preservation of her morality and the enlargement of her empire.	都市部族と農村部族の区別は、他のどこにも類を見ないものであり、ローマが道徳を守り、帝国を拡大したことに起因するものであるため、言及に値する効果があった。	distinction|区別|noun|a difference or contrast between similar things or people	urban|都市|adjective|of or relating to a city	rural|農村|adjective|of or relating to the countryside	effect|効果|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	worth|価値がある|adjective|deserving to be treated or regarded in the specified way	mention|言及|noun|a reference to someone or something	parallel|類似|noun|a person or thing that is similar or comparable to another	elsewhere|他の場所|adverb|in or to some other place	owe|起因する|verb|have or feel a duty or obligation to do something	preservation|保存|noun|the action of keeping something in its original state	morality|道徳|noun|principles concerning the distinction between right and wrong or good and bad behavior	enlargement|拡大|noun|the action of making or becoming larger
We should have expected that the urban tribes would soon monopolise power and honours, and lose no time in bringing the rural tribes into disrepute;	都市部族がすぐに権力と名誉を独占し、農村部族の評判を落とすのに時間を無駄にしないことを期待すべきだった。	urban|都市の|adjective|of or relating to a city	tribe|部族|noun|a social group or community, typically a group of people who share a common culture, language, religious beliefs, and history and who typically live in a particular geographical area	soon|すぐに|adverb|in or after a short time	monopolise|独占する|verb|have or obtain exclusive possession or control of	power|権力|noun|the ability or capacity to perform or act	honour|名誉|noun|high respect	lose|無駄にする|verb|be deprived of or cease to have or retain	time|時間|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	rural|農村の|adjective|of or relating to the countryside as opposed to the town	tribe|部族|noun|a social group or community, typically a group of people who share a common culture, language, religious beliefs, and history and who typically live in a particular geographical area	disrepute|評判を落とす|noun|the state of being held in low esteem
but what happened was exactly the reverse.	しかし、起こったことは正反対だった。	happen|起こる|verb|take place; occur	exactly|正確に|adverb|in a precise manner	reverse|反対|noun|the opposite of something
The taste of the early Romans for country life is well known.	初期のローマ人の田舎暮らしへの趣味はよく知られている。	early|初期の|adjective|happening or done before the usual or expected time	Roman|ローマ人|noun|a citizen of the ancient Roman republic or empire	taste|趣味|noun|a liking for something	country life|田舎暮らし|noun|life in the country	well known|よく知られている|adjective|known by many people
This taste they owed to their wise founder, who made rural and military labours go along with liberty, and, so to speak, relegated to the town arts, crafts, intrigue, fortune and slavery.	この趣味は、農村労働と軍事労働を自由と共に歩ませ、いわば町の芸術、工芸、陰謀、富、奴隷制に追いやった賢明な創設者に負うている。	owe|負うている|verb|have or feel a duty or obligation to	founder|創設者|noun|a person who establishes an institution or settlement	rural|農村|adjective|of or relating to the countryside as opposed to the town	military|軍事|adjective|of or relating to the armed forces	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life, behavior, or political views	town|町|noun|an urban area that has a name, defined boundaries, and local government, and that is generally larger than a village and smaller than a city	art|芸術|noun|the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination, typically in a visual form such as painting or sculpture, producing works to be appreciated primarily for their beauty or emotional power	craft|工芸|noun|an activity involving skill in making things by hand	intrigue|陰謀|noun|the secret planning of something harmful or illegal	fortune|富|noun|a large amount of money or assets	slavery|奴隷制|noun|the state of being a slave

Since therefore all Rome's most illustrious citizens lived in the fields and tilled the earth, men grew used to seeking there alone the mainstays of the republic.	したがって、ローマの最も著名な市民はすべて野原に住み、土地を耕していたので、人々は共和国の主要な支えをそこでだけ求めることに慣れていった。	Rome|ローマ|noun|capital of Italy	illustrious|著名な|adjective|well known and respected	citizen|市民|noun|an inhabitant of a city or town; especially : one entitled to the rights and privileges of a freeman	field|野原|noun|an open land area free of woods and buildings	till|耕す|verb|prepare and use land for raising crops	earth|土地|noun|the planet on which we live	grow used to|慣れる|verb|become accustomed to	seek|求める|verb|try to obtain or achieve	mainstay|主要な支え|noun|chief support	republic|共和国|noun|a political unit in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised by them directly or indirectly through a system of representation usually involving periodically held free elections
This condition, being that of the best patricians, was honoured by all men;	この条件は、最高の貴族の条件であり、すべての人々から尊敬されていた。	condition|条件|noun|something that must happen or be done before something else can happen or be done	patrician|貴族|noun|a member of the aristocracy	honour|尊敬|verb|to regard with great respect
the simple and laborious life of the villager was preferred to the slothful and idle life of the bourgeoisie of Rome; and he who, in the town, would have been but a wretched proletarian, became, as a labourer in the fields, a respected citizen.	村人の単純で労働的な生活は、ローマのブルジョワジーの怠惰で怠惰な生活よりも好まれていた。そして、町では惨めなプロレタリアートだったであろう彼は、畑の労働者として尊敬される市民となった。	simple|単純な|adjective|not complicated or elaborate	laborious|労働的な|adjective|requiring a lot of effort	life|生活|noun|the period of time during which a person is alive	prefer|好む|verb|like (one thing or person) better than another	slothful|怠惰な|adjective|lazy	idle|怠惰な|adjective|not working or active	bourgeoisie|ブルジョワジー|noun|the middle class	Rome|ローマ|noun|the capital city of Italy	town|町|noun|an urban area that has a name, defined boundaries, and local government, and that is generally larger than a village and smaller than a city	wretched|惨めな|adjective|extremely unhappy or unfortunate	proletarian|プロレタリアート|noun|a member of the working class	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who does unskilled manual work for wages	field|畑|noun|an area of open land, especially one planted with crops or pasture	citizen|市民|noun|a person who lives in a particular town or city
Not without reason, says Varro, did our great-souled ancestors establish in the village the nursery of the sturdy and valiant men who defended them in time of war and provided for their Sustenance in time of peace.	ヴァロは、私たちの偉大な魂の祖先が、戦争の時に彼らを守り、平和の時に彼らの糧を提供した頑丈で勇敢な人々の保育園を村に設立したのは、理由がないわけではないと言う。	not without reason|理由がないわけではない|adverb|for a good reason	Varro|ヴァロ|noun|Marcus Terentius Varro, a Roman scholar and writer	great-souled|偉大な魂の|adjective|having or showing nobility of mind	ancestor|祖先|noun|a person from whom one is descended	establish|設立する|verb|set up or lay the groundwork for	village|村|noun|a small human settlement in a rural area	nursery|保育園|noun|a place where young children are cared for during the day	sturdy|頑丈な|adjective|strong and robust	valiant|勇敢な|adjective|courageous and bold	defend|守る|verb|protect from harm or danger	time of war|戦争の時|noun|a period of time during which a war is taking place	time of peace|平和の時|noun|a period of time during which there is no war	sustenance|糧|noun|food and other provisions
Pliny states positively that the country tribes were honoured because of the men of whom they were composed;	プリニウスは、田舎の部族は彼らを構成する人々のために尊敬されていたと明言している。	Pliny|プリニウス|noun|a Roman author, naturalist, and natural philosopher	state|明言する|verb|express clearly in words	positively|明確に|adverb|in a positive way	country|田舎|noun|the land of a nation	tribe|部族|noun|a social group or community, typically a group of people who share a common culture, language, religious beliefs, and history and who typically live in a particular geographical area	honour|尊敬する|verb|regard with great respect	compose|構成する|verb|make up	man|人々|noun|an adult male human being
while cowards men wished to dishonour were transferred, as a public disgrace, to the town tribes.	一方、人々が不名誉にしたいと思った臆病者は、公の恥辱として町の部族に移された。	coward|臆病者|noun|a person who lacks the courage to do or endure dangerous or unpleasant things	wish|望む|verb|feel or express a strong desire or hope for something that is not easily attainable	dishonour|不名誉|noun|loss of reputation or respect	transfer|移す|verb|move from one place to another	public disgrace|公の恥辱|noun|a state of being held in low esteem by the public	town|町|noun|a human settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city
The Sabine Appius Claudius, when he had come to settle in Rome, was loaded with honours and enrolled in a rural tribe, which subsequently took his family name.	サビニ人のアッピウス・クラウディウスは、ローマに定住するようになったとき、名誉を与えられ、田舎の部族に登録され、後に彼の姓を名乗った。	Sabine|サビニ人|noun|a member of an ancient people of central Italy	Appius Claudius|アッピウス・クラウディウス|noun|a Roman politician	Rome|ローマ|noun|the capital city of Italy	settle|定住する|verb|establish oneself in a permanent place	load|与える|verb|put a load on or in	honour|名誉|noun|high respect	enrol|登録される|verb|officially register as a member of an institution	rural|田舎の|adjective|in, relating to, or characteristic of the countryside rather than the town	tribe|部族|noun|a social division in a traditional society consisting of families or communities linked by social, economic, religious, or blood ties, with a common culture and dialect, typically having a recognized leader	subsequently|後に|adverb|after a particular time; afterwards	take|名乗る|verb|adopt or be given a name or title
Lastly, freedmen always entered the urban, and never the rural, tribes: nor is there a single example, throughout the Republic, of a freedman, though he had become a citizen, reaching any magistracy.	最後に、解放奴隷は常に都市部に入り、農村部には決して入らなかった。また、共和国全体で、解放奴隷が市民になったにもかかわらず、どの政務官にも到達した例は1つもない。	lastly|最後に|adverb|finally; in conclusion	freedman|解放奴隷|noun|a man who has been freed from slavery	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	enter|入る|verb|go or come in	urban|都市部|adjective|relating to a town or city	rural|農村部|adjective|relating to the countryside	tribe|部族|noun|a social division in a traditional society consisting of families or communities linked by social, economic, religious, or blood ties, with a common culture and dialect, typically having a recognized leader	nor|また|conjunction|and not; also not	single|1つ|adjective|only one; not one of several	example|例|noun|a thing characteristic of its kind or illustrating a general rule	throughout|全体で|preposition|all the way through	republic|共和国|noun|a state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives, and which has an elected or nominated president rather than a monarch	freedman|解放奴隷|noun|a man who has been freed from slavery	citizen|市民|noun|a legally recognized subject or national of a state or commonwealth, either native or naturalized	reach|到達する|verb|stretch out so as to touch or grasp something	magistracy|政務官|noun|the office or dignity of a magistrate

This was an excellent rule;	これは素晴らしいルールだった。	this|これ|pronoun|the person or thing that is close to you or that you are talking about	be|だった|verb|exist or live	excellent|素晴らしい|adjective|extremely good; outstanding
but it was carried so far that in the end it led to a change and certainly to an abuse in the political system.	しかし、それはあまりにも行き過ぎたため、最終的には政治システムの変化と確かに乱用につながった。	carry|運ぶ|verb|take or bring from one place to another	so far|あまりにも|adverb|to a great extent	in the end|最終的に|adverb|at the end of a period of time or an event	lead to|つながる|verb|be the cause of	change|変化|noun|the act or instance of making or becoming different	certainly|確かに|adverb|without doubt	abuse|乱用|noun|the improper use of something

First the censors, after having for a long time claimed the right of transferring citizens arbitrarily from one tribe to another, allowed most persons to enrol themselves in whatever tribe they pleased.	最初に検閲官は、長い間、市民を1つの部族から別の部族に勝手に移す権利を主張した後、ほとんどの人が好きな部族に登録することを許可した。	first|最初に|adverb|before anything else	censor|検閲官|noun|an official who examines books, films, etc. and removes anything that is considered offensive, immoral, or harmful	for a long time|長い間|adverb|for a long period of time	claim|主張する|verb|state or assert that something is the case	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	transfer|移す|verb|move from one place to another	citizen|市民|noun|a person who lives in a particular town or city	arbitrarily|勝手に|adverb|based on random choice or personal whim, rather than any reason or system	tribe|部族|noun|a social division in a traditional society consisting of families or communities linked by social, economic, religious, or blood ties, with a common culture and dialect, typically having a recognized leader	allow|許可する|verb|give (someone) permission to do something	enrol|登録する|verb|officially register as a member of an institution or a student on a course
This permission certainly did no good, and further robbed the censorship of one of its greatest resources.	この許可は確かに何の役にも立たず、さらに検閲からその最大の資源の1つを奪った。	permission|許可|noun|the action of officially allowing someone to do, use, or have something	certainly|確かに|adverb|without doubt; definitely	do no good|何の役にも立たない|verb|be of no use or benefit	further|さらに|adverb|to a greater extent or degree	rob|奪う|verb|take something away from someone by force	censorship|検閲|noun|the suppression or prohibition of any parts of books, films, news, etc. that are considered obscene, politically unacceptable, or a threat to security	resource|資源|noun|a source of supply, support, or aid, especially one that can be readily drawn upon when needed
Moreover, as the great and powerful all got themselves enrolled in the country tribes, while the freedmen who had become citizens remained with the populace in the town tribes, both soon ceased to have any local or territorial meaning, and all were so confused that the members of one could not be told from those of another except by the registers;	さらに、偉大で強力な者たちは皆、田舎の部族に登録され、市民となった解放奴隷は町の部族の民衆と共に残ったため、どちらもすぐに地方的または地域的な意味を失い、すべてが混乱したため、登録簿以外では、ある部族のメンバーを別の部族のメンバーと区別することができなくなった。	moreover|さらに|adverb|in addition to what has been said	great|偉大な|adjective|of major significance or importance	powerful|強力な|adjective|having great power or strength	enroll|登録される|verb|officially register as a member of an institution or organization	country|田舎|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	tribe|部族|noun|a social division in a traditional society consisting of families or communities linked by social, economic, religious, or blood ties, with a common culture and dialect, typically having a recognized leader	citizen|市民|noun|a legally recognized subject or national of a state or commonwealth, either native or naturalized	freedman|解放奴隷|noun|a man who has been freed from slavery	populace|民衆|noun|the general public	town|町|noun|an urban area that has a name, defined boundaries, and local government, and that is generally larger than a village and smaller than a city	soon|すぐに|adverb|in or after a short time	cease|なくなる|verb|come or bring to an end	local|地方の|adjective|belonging or relating to a particular area or place	territorial|地域的な|adjective|relating to or concerned with the ownership of land or territory	meaning|意味|noun|what is meant by a word, text, concept, or action	all|すべて|pronoun|the whole quantity or extent of	confused|混乱した|adjective|unable to think clearly; bewildered	member|メンバー|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization	register|登録簿|noun|an official list or record of names, items, or categories	tell|区別する|verb|communicate with words	another|別の|determiner|used to refer to an additional person or thing of the same type as one already mentioned or known about
so that the idea of the word tribe became personal instead of real, or rather came to be little more than a chimera.	そのため、部族という言葉の概念は現実的ではなく個人的なものとなり、むしろキメラに過ぎなくなった。	tribe|部族|noun|a social group or community, typically a group of people who share a common culture, language, religious beliefs, and history and who live as a social unit with a recognized leader	word|言葉|noun|a unit of language, consisting of one or more spoken sounds or their written representation, that functions as a principal carrier of meaning	idea|概念|noun|a thought or suggestion as to a possible course of action	real|現実的|adjective|actually existing or happening	personal|個人的|adjective|of or concerning one's private life, relationships, and emotions rather than matters connected with one's public or professional career	rather|むしろ|adverb|to a certain extent; somewhat	little|少し|adjective|small in size, amount, or degree	more|以上|adjective|greater in size, amount, degree, or value	chimera|キメラ|noun|a thing that is hoped or wished for but in fact is illusory or impossible to achieve

It happened in addition that the town tribes, being more on the spot, were often the stronger in the comitia and sold the State to those who stooped to buy the votes of the rabble composing them.	それに加えて、町の部族は、より現場にいたため、しばしば民会でより強く、彼らを構成する下層民の票を買うために身をかがめた人々に国家を売った。	in addition|加えて|adverb|as well; also; too	town|町|noun|a human settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city	tribe|部族|noun|a social group or community, typically a group of people who share a common culture, language, religious beliefs, and history and who typically live in a particular geographical area	spot|現場|noun|a particular place	often|しばしば|adverb|frequently; many times	comitia|民会|noun|a public assembly of the Roman people for the election of magistrates	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	stoop|身をかがめる|verb|bend one's head and shoulders forward and down	rabble|下層民|noun|a disorderly crowd; a mob	vote|票|noun|a formal indication of a choice between two or more candidates or courses of action

As the founder had set up ten curiæ in each tribe, the whole Roman people, which was then contained within the walls, consisted of thirty curia, each with its temples, its gods, its officers, its priests and its festivals, which were called compitalia and corresponded to the paganalia, held in later times by the rural tribes.	創設者が各部族に10のクリアを設立したため、当時城壁内にいたローマ人全体は30のクリアで構成され、それぞれに神殿、神々、役人、司祭、祭りがあり、コンピタリアと呼ばれ、後に農村部族によって開催されたパガナリアに対応していた。	founder|創設者|noun|a person who establishes an institution or settlement	set up|設立する|verb|establish or start	tribe|部族|noun|a social division in a traditional society consisting of families or communities linked by social, economic, religious, or blood ties, with a common culture and dialect, typically having a recognized leader	whole|全体|adjective|all of; the entire	Roman|ローマ人|noun|a citizen of ancient Rome	wall|城壁|noun|a continuous vertical brick or stone structure that encloses or divides an area of land	consist of|で構成される|verb|be composed or made up of	thirty|30|numeral|the cardinal number that is the product of ten and three	curia|クリア|noun|the body of congregations, tribunals, and offices through which the pope governs the Roman Catholic Church	temple|神殿|noun|a building used for the worship of a god or gods, especially in the Buddhist and Hindu religions, and in ancient Greek and Roman times	god|神|noun|a superhuman being or spirit worshiped as having power over nature or human fortunes; a deity	officer|役人|noun|a person holding a position of authority or command, especially in the armed forces	priest|司祭|noun|an ordained minister of the Catholic, Orthodox, or Anglican Church having the authority to perform certain rites and administer certain sacraments	festival|祭り|noun|an annual celebration or anniversary	compitalia|コンピタリア|noun|a festival held in ancient Rome at crossroads in honor of the Lares Compitales	paganalia|パガナリア|noun|a Roman festival in honor of the gods of the countryside	rural|農村|adjective|in, relating to, or characteristic of the countryside rather than the town

When Servius made his new division, as the thirty curiæ could not be shared equally between his four tribes, and as he was unwilling to interfere with them, they became a further division of the inhabitants of Rome, quite independent of the tribes:	セルウィウスが新しい区分を作ったとき、30のクリアは4つの部族の間で均等に分割することができず、また彼はそれらに干渉することを望まなかったので、それらは部族から完全に独立したローマの住民のさらなる区分となった。	Servius|セルウィウス|noun|the sixth king of Rome	make|作る|verb|create or produce	new|新しい|adjective|not existing before; made, introduced, or discovered recently or now for the first time	division|区分|noun|the action of separating something into parts, or the state of being divided	thirty|30|numeral|the number 30	curiæ|クリア|noun|a division of the Roman people	four|4|numeral|the number 4	tribe|部族|noun|a social division in a traditional society consisting of families or communities linked by social, economic, religious, or blood ties, with a common culture and dialect, typically having a recognized leader	equally|均等に|adverb|in a way that is fair and just	share|分割する|verb|divide and distribute in shares	unwilling|望まない|adjective|not willing; reluctant	interfere|干渉する|verb|prevent or obstruct (an action or event) by interposing oneself or something else	further|さらなる|adjective|more or greater in extent, quantity, or degree	division|区分|noun|the action of separating something into parts, or the state of being divided	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	Rome|ローマ|noun|the capital city of Italy	quite|完全に|adverb|to the greatest extent; completely	independent|独立した|adjective|not dependent on another for livelihood or subsistence
but in the case of the rural tribes and their members there was no question of curiæ as the tribes had then become a purely civil institution, and, a new system of levying troops having been introduced, the military divisions of Romulus were superfluous.	しかし、農村部族とそのメンバーの場合、部族は当時純粋に市民の制度となっていたため、クリアの問題はなく、新しい徴兵制度が導入されたため、ロムルスの軍事部門は余計なものとなった。	rural|農村の|adjective|of or relating to the countryside as opposed to the town	tribe|部族|noun|a social division in a traditional society consisting of families or communities linked by social, economic, religious, or blood ties, with a common culture and dialect, typically having a recognized leader	member|メンバー|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization	question|問題|noun|a statement asking for something and expecting an answer	purely|純粋に|adverb|in a pure manner	civil|市民の|adjective|of or relating to the state or its citizens or subjects	institution|制度|noun|an established law, custom, or practice	introduce|導入する|verb|bring (something new) into use or operation	superfluous|余計な|adjective|more than is needed or wanted
Thus, although every citizen was enrolled in a tribe, there were very many who were not members of a curia.	このように、すべての市民が部族に登録されていたが、クリアのメンバーではない人が非常に多くいた。	thus|このように|adverb|in this way; like this	every|すべての|adjective|each and all of	citizen|市民|noun|a person who lives in a city or town	enroll|登録する|verb|officially register as a member of an institution or organization	tribe|部族|noun|a social group or community, typically a group of people who share a common culture, language, religious beliefs, and history and who live as a social unit with a recognized leader	there were|いた|verb|exist	very many|非常に多い|adjective|a lot of	member|メンバー|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization	curia|クリア|noun|the body of officials who assist in the administration of the Roman Catholic Church

Servius made yet a third division, quite distinct from the two we have mentioned, which became, in its effects, the most important of all.	セルウィウスは、これまで述べた2つとはまったく異なる3番目の区分を作ったが、その効果において、すべての中で最も重要なものとなった。	Servius|セルウィウス|noun|the sixth king of Rome	make|作る|verb|create or produce	third|3番目|adjective|coming after two others in a series	division|区分|noun|the action of separating something into parts, or the state of being divided	quite|まったく|adverb|to the fullest extent	distinct|異なる|adjective|not identical or similar	two|2つ|noun|one more than one	mention|述べる|verb|refer to briefly	effect|効果|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	important|重要|adjective|of great significance or value
He distributed the whole Roman people into six classes, distinguished neither by place nor by person, but by wealth;	彼はローマ国民全体を、場所や人ではなく富によって区別される6つの階級に分けた。	distribute|分ける|verb|give shares of something to a number of recipients	whole|全体|adjective|all of; the entire	Roman|ローマ|adjective|of or relating to Rome or its people or culture	people|国民|noun|the inhabitants of a country or area	six|6|numeral|the cardinal number that is the sum of five and one	class|階級|noun|a set of people or things grouped together or graded by quality, rank, or value	distinguish|区別する|verb|recognize or treat as different	place|場所|noun|a particular portion of space	person|人|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions
the first classes included the rich, the last the poor, and those between persons of moderate means.	最初の階級には富裕層、最後の階級には貧困層、そして中間の階級には中程度の資産を持つ人々が含まれていた。	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	class|階級|noun|a division of society based on social and economic status	include|含む|verb|comprise or contain as a part	rich|富裕層|adjective|having a great deal of money or property	last|最後の|adjective|coming after all others in time or order	poor|貧困層|adjective|lacking sufficient money to live at a standard considered comfortable or normal in a society	those|中間の階級|pronoun|the people or things previously mentioned or easily identified	between|中間の|preposition|in the space or interval that separates two things	moderate|中程度の|adjective|average in amount, intensity, quality, or degree	means|資産|noun|a method, style, or manner of doing something
These six classes were subdivided into one hundred and ninety-three other bodies, called centuries, which were so divided that the first class alone comprised more than half of them, while the last comprised only one.	これらの6つの階級は、百人隊と呼ばれる193の他の集団に細分化され、そのように分割されたので、最初の階級だけでその半分以上を占め、最後の階級は1つしか占めなかった。	six|6|numeral|the number 6	class|階級|noun|a group of people or things with the same social, economic, or educational status	subdivide|細分化する|verb|divide into smaller parts	one hundred and ninety-three|193|numeral|the number 193	body|集団|noun|a group of people	century|百人隊|noun|a period of 100 years	divide|分割する|verb|separate into two or more parts	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	half|半分|noun|one of two equal parts	last|最後の|adjective|coming after all others in time or order	one|1|numeral|the number 1
Thus the class that had the smallest number of members had the largest number of centuries, and the whole of the last class only counted as a single subdivision, although it alone included more than half the inhabitants of Rome.	このように、最も人数の少ない階級が最も多くの百人隊を持ち、最後の階級全体は、ローマの住民の半分以上を占めていたにもかかわらず、1つの細分化としてしか数えられなかった。	class|階級|noun|a group of people sharing the same economic or social status	member|人数|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization	century|百人隊|noun|a group of 100 soldiers	last|最後の|adjective|coming after all others in time or order	whole|全体|noun|all of something	single|1つの|adjective|only one	subdivision|細分化|noun|a division of a larger group	only|しか|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	count|数えられる|verb|determine the total number of	although|にもかかわらず|conjunction|in spite of the fact that	more than|以上|adjective|greater in number or amount than	half|半分|noun|one of two equal parts into which something is or can be divided	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place

In order that the people might have the less insight into the results of this arrangement, Servius tried to give it a military tone: in the second class he inserted two centuries of armourers, and in the fourth two of makers of instruments of war: in each class, except the last, he distinguished young and old, that is, those who were under an obligation to bear arms and those whose age gave them legal exemption.	人々がこの取り決めの結果をあまり理解しないように、セルウィウスはそれに軍事的な意味合いを与えようとした。第二階級には二つの百人隊の武器職人を入れ、第四階級には二つの百人隊の戦争道具職人を入れた。最後の階級を除く各階級で、彼は老若男女を区別した。つまり、武器を携帯する義務を負っている者と、年齢によって法的に免除されている者である。	insight|理解|noun|the capacity to gain an accurate and deep understanding of someone or something	arrangement|取り決め|noun|an agreement or settlement of a dispute or problem	Servius|セルウィウス|noun|the sixth king of Rome	give|与える|verb|cause someone or something to receive	military|軍事的|adjective|of or relating to the armed forces	tone|意味合い|noun|the general character of something	second|第二|adjective|coming after the first in position	century|百人隊|noun|a group of one hundred soldiers	armourer|武器職人|noun|a person who makes or repairs arms and armour	fourth|第四|adjective|coming after the third in position	maker|職人|noun|a person who makes things	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	each|各|adjective|every one of two or more people or things	last|最後|adjective|coming after all others in time or order	distinguish|区別する|verb|recognize or treat as different	young|若い|adjective|having lived or existed for only a short time	old|年老いた|adjective|having lived or existed for a long time	obligation|義務|noun|an act or course of action to which a person is morally or legally bound	bear|携帯する|verb|carry	arms|武器|noun|a means of offense or defense that is used to inflict bodily harm	age|年齢|noun|the number of years that a person has lived or a thing has existed	give|与える|verb|cause someone or something to receive	legal|法的|adjective|of or relating to the law or lawyers	exemption|免除|noun|the action of freeing or being freed from an obligation or liability
It was this distinction, rather than that of wealth, which required frequent repetition of the census or counting.	国勢調査や集計を頻繁に繰り返す必要があったのは、富の区別ではなく、この区別だった。	distinction|区別|noun|a difference or contrast between similar things or people	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	frequent|頻繁な|adjective|happening or done often	repetition|繰り返し|noun|the action of repeating something that has already been said or done	census|国勢調査|noun|an official count or survey of a population, typically recording various details of individuals	counting|集計|noun|the action of counting something
Lastly, he ordered that the assembly should be held in the Campus Martius, and that all who were of age to serve should come there armed.	最後に、彼は集会をマルスの野で開き、奉仕できる年齢の者は皆武装して来るように命じた。	lastly|最後に|adverb|finally; in conclusion	order|命じる|verb|give an authoritative command or instruction to	assembly|集会|noun|a group of people gathered together	be held|開く|verb|be organized or arranged	Campus Martius|マルスの野|noun|a large public area in ancient Rome	serve|奉仕する|verb|work as a servant	age|年齢|noun|the number of years that a person has lived	come|来る|verb|move or travel toward or into a place thought of as near or familiar to the speaker	armed|武装する|adjective|having or carrying a weapon

The reason for his not making in the last class also the division of young and old was that the populace, of whom it was composed, was not given the right to bear arms for its country: a man had to possess a hearth to acquire the right to defend it, and of all the troops of beggars who to-day lend lustre to the armies of kings, there is perhaps not one who would not have been driven with scorn out of a Roman cohort, at a time when soldiers were the defenders of liberty.	彼が最後の階級でも老若の区別を設けなかった理由は、その階級を構成する民衆には国のために武器を携帯する権利が与えられていなかったからである。男はそれを守る権利を得るために炉床を所有しなければならなかったし、今日王の軍隊に輝きを与えている乞食の軍隊の中で、兵士が自由の擁護者であった時代にローマの軍団から軽蔑されて追い出されなかった者はおそらく一人もいないであろう。	reason|理由|noun|a cause, explanation, or justification for an action or event	make|設ける|verb|create, produce, or bring into existence	last|最後の|adjective|coming after all others in time or order	class|階級|noun|a division of society based on social and economic status	also|また|adverb|in addition; too; as well	division|区別|noun|the action of separating something into parts, or the state of being divided	young|老若|adjective|having lived or existed for only a short time	old|老若|adjective|having lived or existed for a long time	populace|民衆|noun|the general public; the masses	compose|構成する|verb|make up; constitute	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	bear|携帯する|verb|carry	weapon|武器|noun|a thing that is used to cause bodily harm or physical damage	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	hearth|炉床|noun|the floor of a fireplace	acquire|得る|verb|come into possession or ownership of	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	defend|守る|verb|resist an attack made on (someone or something); protect from harm or danger	today|今日|noun|the present day	lend|与える|verb|give or allow the use of (something) temporarily	lustre|輝き|noun|a gentle sheen or soft glow	army|軍隊|noun|an organized military force equipped for fighting on land	king|王|noun|the male ruler of an independent state, especially one who inherits the position by right of birth	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|used to express uncertainty or possibility	one|一人|noun|the lowest cardinal number; half of two; 1	would not have been|いなかったであろう|verb|a form of the verb be	driven|追い出される|verb|cause to move or be moved in a specified way, especially by using force	scorn|軽蔑|noun|a feeling or expression of contempt or disdain	out of|から|preposition|moving away from the inside of	Roman|ローマ|adjective|of or relating to ancient or modern Rome or its people or language	cohort|軍団|noun|an ancient Roman military unit, comprising six centuries, equal to one tenth of a legion	at a time|時代に|noun|a particular point in time	soldier|兵士|noun|a person who serves in an army	defender|擁護者|noun|a person who defends someone or something	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life, behavior, or political views

In this last class, however, proletarians were distinguished from capite censi.	しかし、この最後の階級では、プロレタリアートはカピテ・センシと区別されていた。	in this last class|この最後の階級では|noun phrase|in the last class	proletarian|プロレタリアート|noun|a member of the working class	be distinguished from|区別される|verb|be different from	capite censi|カピテ・センシ|noun|the lowest class of Roman citizens
The former, not quite reduced to nothing, at least gave the State citizens, and sometimes, when the need was pressing, even soldiers.	前者は、全く無に帰すことなく、少なくとも国家に市民を与え、時には必要に迫られて兵士さえも与えた。	former|前者|noun|the first of two things mentioned	not quite|全く〜ないわけではない|adverb|not completely or entirely	reduce|帰す|verb|make smaller or less in amount, degree, or size	nothing|無|noun|not anything; no single thing	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as much as	give|与える|verb|transfer the possession of something concrete or abstract to someone	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	citizen|市民|noun|an inhabitant of a city or town; especially : one entitled to the rights and privileges of a freeman	sometimes|時には|adverb|occasionally; at times	need|必要|noun|a lack of something wanted or deemed necessary	press|迫る|verb|exert pressure on	even|さえ|adverb|to a greater extent or degree than is usual or expected	soldier|兵士|noun|one engaged in military service and especially in the army
Those who had nothing at all, and could be numbered only by counting heads, were regarded as of absolutely no account, and Marius was the first who stooped to enrol them.	全く何も持たず、頭を数えることでしか数えられない者は、全く無視されたが、マリウスは彼らを登録するために身をかがめた最初の人だった。	have nothing|何も持たない|verb|not have anything	be numbered|数えられる|verb|be counted	only|しか|adverb|solely; merely	counting heads|頭を数える|noun|counting people	be regarded as|見なされる|verb|be considered as	absolutely no account|全く無視|noun|no attention at all	stoop|身をかがめる|verb|bend over	enrol|登録する|verb|register

Without deciding now whether this third arrangement was good or bad in itself, I think I may assert that it could have been made practicable only by the simple morals, the disinterestedness, the liking for agriculture and the scorn for commerce and for love of gain which characterised the early Romans.	この第三の制度がそれ自体で良いか悪いかを今決めることはできないが、私はそれが初期のローマ人の特徴である単純な道徳、無私無欲、農業への愛着、商業と利得への愛への軽蔑によってのみ実用的にできたと断言できると思う。	third|第三の|adjective|coming after the second and before the fourth in position	arrangement|制度|noun|the way in which something is organized or arranged	good|良い|adjective|to be desired or approved of	bad|悪い|adjective|not good; lacking in quality	itself|それ自体|pronoun|used to emphasize the identity of the thing mentioned	decide|決める|verb|make a decision about something	now|今|adverb|at the present time	simple|単純な|adjective|easy to understand or do	morals|道徳|noun|a lesson that can be derived from a story or event	disinterestedness|無私無欲|noun|the quality of being impartial or uninterested	liking|愛着|noun|a feeling of affection or fondness	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	scorn|軽蔑|noun|a feeling of contempt or disdain	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	gain|利得|noun|an increase in wealth or resources	love|愛|noun|a strong feeling of affection
Where is the modern people among whom consuming greed, unrest, intrigue, continual removals, and perpetual changes of fortune, could let such a system last for twenty years without turning the State upside down?	貪欲、不安、陰謀、絶え間ない移動、そして永続的な運命の変化を消費する現代人が、国家をひっくり返すことなく、そのようなシステムを20年間存続させることができるのはどこだろうか?	modern|現代の|adjective|of or relating to the present or recent times	greed|貪欲|noun|an excessive desire to acquire or possess more than what one needs or deserves, especially with respect to material wealth	unrest|不安|noun|a state of anxiety or disturbance	intrigue|陰謀|noun|a secret or underhand scheme to achieve an objective	continual|絶え間ない|adjective|continuing in an uninterrupted manner	removal|移動|noun|the action of taking away something	perpetual|永続的な|adjective|never ending or changing	change|変化|noun|the act or instance of making or becoming different	fortune|運命|noun|the good or bad luck that befalls a person	system|システム|noun|a set of connected things or parts forming a complex whole	last|続く|verb|continue or be in existence for a period of time	twenty years|20年間|noun|a period of time equal to twenty years	turn upside down|ひっくり返す|verb|to cause to be in a completely different state or position
We must indeed observe that morality and the censorship, being stronger than this institution, corrected its defects at Rome, and that the rich man found himself degraded to the class of the poor for making too much display of his riches.	確かに、道徳と検閲はこの制度よりも強く、ローマではその欠陥を是正し、金持ちは自分の富をあまりにも誇示したために貧しい階級に落ちぶれたことに気づいたことに注目しなければならない。	morality|道徳|noun|a system of values and beliefs	censorship|検閲|noun|the suppression or prohibition of any parts of books, films, news, etc. that are considered obscene, politically unacceptable, or a threat to security	institution|制度|noun|an established law, custom, or practice	defect|欠陥|noun|a fault or imperfection	correct|是正する|verb|to make or set right	rich|金持ち|adjective|having a great deal of money or property	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little or no money, goods, or other means of support	class|階級|noun|a division of society based on social and economic status

From all this it is easy to understand why only five classes are almost always mentioned, though there were really six.	以上のことから、実際には六つあったにもかかわらず、なぜ五つの階級しかほとんど言及されていないのかが容易に理解できる。	from all this|以上のことから|adverb|from all of this	easy|容易に|adjective|able to be achieved without great effort	understand|理解できる|verb|perceive the intended meaning of words, language, or a speaker	only|しか|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	five|五つ|numeral|the number 5	class|階級|noun|a set or category of things having some property in common	almost always|ほとんど|adverb|nearly always; most of the time	mention|言及する|verb|refer to briefly	though|にもかかわらず|conjunction|despite the fact that	really|実際には|adverb|in fact; actually	six|六つ|numeral|the number 6
The sixth, as it furnished neither soldiers to the army nor votes in the Campus Martius, and was almost without function in the State, was seldom regarded as of any account.	第六階級は、軍隊に兵士を供給することも、マルス広場で投票することもなく、国家の中でほとんど機能していなかったため、ほとんど考慮されることはなかった。	sixth|第六|adjective|coming after the fifth and before the seventh in position	army|軍隊|noun|an organized military force equipped for fighting on land	vote|投票|noun|a formal expression of opinion or choice, either positive or negative	Campus Martius|マルス広場|noun|a public square in ancient Rome	State|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	seldom|ほとんど～ない|adverb|not often; rarely	account|考慮|noun|a statement of the financial transactions of a business or person over a period of time

These were the various ways in which the Roman people was divided.	これらがローマ人が分割された様々な方法であった。	these|これら|pronoun|the ones mentioned	be|であった|verb|to exist or live	various|様々な|adjective|more than one; of different kinds	way|方法|noun|how something is done or how it happens	Roman|ローマ人|noun|a citizen of ancient Rome	divide|分割される|verb|separate into two or more parts
Let us now see the effect on the assemblies.	では、集会への影響を調べてみよう。	let|調べる|verb|allow or permit	see|見る|verb|perceive with the eyes	effect|影響|noun|a change that is a result or consequence of an action or other cause
When lawfully summoned, these were called comitia: they were usually held in the public square at Rome or in the Campus Martius, and were distinguished as Comitia Curiata, Comitia Centuriata, and Comitia Tributa, according to the form under which they were convoked.	合法的に召集された場合、これらはコミティアと呼ばれ、通常はローマの公共広場やマルス広場で開催され、召集された形式に応じて、コミティア・クリアタ、コミティア・センチュリアタ、コミティア・トリブタと区別された。	lawfully|合法的に|adverb|in a lawful manner	summon|召集する|verb|call together for a meeting or other purpose	comitia|コミティア|noun|a public assembly of the Roman people for the election of magistrates	usually|通常|adverb|in most cases; more often than not	public square|公共広場|noun|an open area in a city that is open to the public	Rome|ローマ|noun|the capital city of Italy	Campus Martius|マルス広場|noun|a large public square in ancient Rome	Comitia Curiata|コミティア・クリアタ|noun|the oldest Roman popular assembly	Comitia Centuriata|コミティア・センチュリアタ|noun|the principal assembly of the Roman people during the Roman Republic	Comitia Tributa|コミティア・トリブタ|noun|the principal assembly of the Roman people during the Roman Empire	convoke|召集する|verb|call together for a meeting or other purpose
The Comitia Curiata were founded by Romulus; the Centuriata by Servius; and the Tributa by the tribunes of the people.	クリアタ会議はロムルスによって、センチュリアタ会議はセルウィウスによって、トリブタ会議は護民官によって設立された。	Comitia Curiata|クリアタ会議|noun|the earliest popular assembly of the Roman people	found|設立する|verb|establish or originate	Romulus|ロムルス|noun|the legendary founder of Rome	Centuriata|センチュリアタ会議|noun|the principal assembly of the Roman people during the Roman Republic	Servius|セルウィウス|noun|the sixth king of Rome	Tributa|トリブタ会議|noun|the principal assembly of the Roman people during the Roman Empire	tribune|護民官|noun|an official in ancient Rome appointed to protect the rights of the plebeians
No law received its sanction and no magistrate was elected, save in the comitia;	コミティア以外では、いかなる法律も認可されず、いかなる政務官も選出されなかった。	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	receive|受ける|verb|be given, presented with, or paid	sanction|認可|noun|a penalty for disobeying a law or rule	magistrate|政務官|noun|a civil officer or lay judge who administers the law	elect|選出する|verb|choose or select by voting	comitia|コミティア|noun|a public assembly of the Roman people for the election of magistrates
and as every citizen was enrolled in a curia, a century, or a tribe, it follows that no citizen was excluded from the right of voting, and that the Roman people was truly sovereign both de jure and de facto.	そして、すべての市民がクリア、センチュリー、または部族に登録されていたので、どの市民も投票権から除外されず、ローマ人は法的にそして事実上、真に主権者であった。	every citizen|すべての市民|noun|all the people who live in a country or area	enrolled|登録されていた|verb|officially register as a member of an institution or organization	curia|クリア|noun|the body of citizens in each of the thirty curiae into which the Roman people were divided	century|センチュリー|noun|a period of 100 years	tribe|部族|noun|a social group or community, typically a group of people who share a common culture, language, religious beliefs, and history and who live as a social unit with a recognized leader	follows|従う|verb|come after something in time; be the successor to	citizen|市民|noun|a person who lives in a particular town or city	excluded|除外される|verb|not included or considered	voting|投票|noun|the process of choosing someone or something by giving a vote	Roman|ローマ人|noun|a native or inhabitant of Rome	truly|真に|adverb|in a real, genuine, or actual manner	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler, especially a monarch	de jure|法的に|adverb|by right; by law	de facto|事実上|adverb|in fact; in effect

For the comitia to be lawfully assembled, and for their acts to have the force of law, three conditions were necessary.	コミティアが合法的に召集され、その行為が法的な効力を持つためには、三つの条件が必要だった。	comitia|コミティア|noun|a Roman assembly of the people	lawfully|合法的に|adverb|in a way that is allowed by the law	assemble|召集される|verb|come together as a group	act|行為|noun|something that is done	force|効力|noun|strength or power exerted upon an object	law|法|noun|a rule or set of rules that is made by the government of a country or state and is used to order the way in which people behave	condition|条件|noun|something that must happen or exist before something else can happen or exist
First, the body or magistrate convoking them had to possess the necessary authority;	第一に、コミティアを召集する機関または政務官は、必要な権限を有していなければならなかった。	first|第一に|adverb|before anything else; in the first place	body|機関|noun|a group of people who have a particular function	magistrate|政務官|noun|a civil officer or lay judge who administers the law	convoke|召集する|verb|call together for a meeting	authority|権限|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience
secondly, the assembly had to be held on a day allowed by law;	第二に、集会は法律で定められた日に開催されなければならなかった。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	assembly|集会|noun|a group of people gathered together	be held|開催される|verb|take place	day|日|noun|a period of time from sunrise to sunset	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority
and thirdly, the auguries had to be favourable.	そして第三に、占いが吉でなければならなかった。	thirdly|第三に|adverb|in the third place	augury|占い|noun|the practice of predicting the future by interpreting omens or portents	favourable|吉|adjective|giving or indicating a favourable answer or result

The reason for the first regulation needs no explanation;	第一の規則の理由は説明の必要がない。	first|第一の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest; 1st	regulation|規則|noun|a rule or order having the force of law	need|必要|noun|a requirement for something	explanation|説明|noun|a statement that makes something clear or easy to understand
the second is a matter of policy.	第二の規則は政策の問題である。	second|第二の|adjective|coming after the first in position	matter|問題|noun|a question or problem to be considered, settled, or decided	policy|政策|noun|a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government, party, business, or individual
Thus, the comitia might not be held on festivals or market-days, when the country-folk, coming to Rome on business, had not time to spend the day in the public square.	こうして、農民が用事でローマに来て、広場で一日を過ごす時間がない祭日や市場の日に、民会は開かれなかった。	Thus|こうして|adverb|in this way; therefore	comitia|民会|noun|a public assembly of the Roman people for the election of magistrates	be held|開かれる|verb|take place	festival|祭日|noun|a day or period of celebration, typically for religious reasons	market-day|市場の日|noun|a day on which a market is held	country-folk|農民|noun|a person who lives in the country	come|来る|verb|move or travel toward or into a place thought of as near or familiar to the speaker	Rome|ローマ|noun|the capital city of Italy	business|用事|noun|a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade	spend|過ごす|verb|pass or occupy (time) in a specified way	day|一日|noun|a period of twenty-four hours as a unit of time, reckoned from one midnight to the next, corresponding to a rotation of the earth on its axis	public square|広場|noun|an open area in a city, town, or village, typically having a central location and used for public gatherings
By means of the third, the senate held in check the proud and restive people, and meetly restrained the ardour of seditious tribunes, who, however, found more than one way of escaping this hindrance.	第三の規則によって、元老院は傲慢で落ち着きのない民衆を抑え、扇動的な護民官の熱意を適切に抑制したが、彼らはこの障害を回避する方法が一つ以上あることを発見した。	third|第三|adjective|coming after two others in a series	senate|元老院|noun|the upper house of the US Congress	hold in check|抑える|verb|to keep under control	proud|傲慢な|adjective|having or showing a high or excessively high opinion of oneself or one's importance, achievements, or abilities	restive|落ち着きのない|adjective|restless or impatient	people|民衆|noun|the citizens of a country	meetly|適切に|adverb|in a suitable or proper manner	restrain|抑制する|verb|to hold back from doing something	ardour|熱意|noun|great warmth or intensity of feeling	seditious|扇動的な|adjective|inciting or causing people to rebel against the authority of a state or monarch	tribune|護民官|noun|an official in ancient Rome appointed to protect the rights of the plebeians	hindrance|障害|noun|something that makes it difficult to do something

Laws and the election of rulers were not the only questions submitted to the judgment of the comitia: as the Roman people had taken on itself the most important functions of government, it may be said that the lot of Europe was regulated in its assemblies.	法律や統治者の選挙だけが民会の判断に委ねられた問題ではなかった。ローマ人は政府の最も重要な機能を自ら引き受けていたので、ヨーロッパの運命はその集会で決まったと言っても過言ではない。	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	election|選挙|noun|the process of choosing a person or group of people for a position, especially a political position, by voting	ruler|統治者|noun|a person who rules or governs	question|問題|noun|a matter requiring resolution or discussion	judgment|判断|noun|the ability to make considered decisions or come to sensible conclusions	comitia|民会|noun|a public assembly of the Roman people for the election of magistrates	Roman|ローマ人|noun|a citizen of ancient Rome	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	function|機能|noun|an activity or purpose natural to or intended for a person or thing	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	lot|運命|noun|a person's destiny	assembly|集会|noun|a group of people gathered together in one place for a common purpose
The variety of their objects gave rise to the various forms these took, according to the matters on which they had to pronounce.	彼らの目的の多様性は、彼らが表明しなければならなかった事柄に応じて、彼らがとった様々な形態を生み出した。	variety|多様性|noun|the quality or state of being different or varied	object|目的|noun|the purpose or aim of an action	give rise to|生み出す|verb|cause or produce	form|形態|noun|the shape, structure, or outline of something	take|とる|verb|assume or adopt a particular form, shape, or appearance	matter|事柄|noun|a subject or situation that is being dealt with or considered	pronounce|表明する|verb|make a statement or declaration

In order to judge of these various forms, it is enough to compare them.	これらの様々な形態を判断するためには、それらを比較すれば十分である。	in order to|するために|conjunction|with the purpose of	judge|判断する|verb|form an opinion about	various|様々な|adjective|more than one; of different kinds	form|形態|noun|the shape of something	enough|十分|adjective|as much or as many as required	compare|比較する|verb|estimate, measure, or note the similarity or dissimilarity between
Romulus, when he set up curiæ, had in view the checking of the senate by the people, and of the people by the senate, while maintaining his ascendancy over both alike.	ロムルスは、クリアを設立したとき、両者に対する優位性を維持しながら、元老院を人民によって、人民を元老院によって抑制することを念頭に置いていた。	Romulus|ロムルス|noun|the legendary founder of Rome	set up|設立する|verb|establish or create	curiæ|クリア|noun|a division of the Roman people	have in view|念頭に置く|verb|have as one's aim or intention	checking|抑制|noun|the action of keeping something in check	senate|元老院|noun|the upper house of the US Congress	people|人民|noun|the citizens of a country	ascendancy|優位性|noun|the state of having power or influence over others	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	both|両者|determiner|the two people or things just mentioned
He therefore gave the people, by means of this assembly, all the authority of numbers to balance that of power and riches, which he left to the patricians.	そのため、彼はこの集会を通して、貴族に残した権力と富の権威と釣り合うように、人民に数の権威を与えた。	give|与える|verb|transfer something to someone	people|人民|noun|the inhabitants of a country or area	assembly|集会|noun|a group of people gathered together	balance|釣り合う|verb|be equal or equivalent to	power|権力|noun|the ability to control or influence people or things	riches|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	patrician|貴族|noun|a member of the aristocracy
But, after the spirit of monarchy, he left all the same a greater advantage to the patricians in the influence of their clients on the majority of votes.	しかし、君主制の精神に従って、彼は投票の過半数に対する彼らのクライアントの影響において、貴族にもっと大きな利点を残した。	spirit|精神|noun|the nonphysical part of a person that is the seat of emotions and character; the soul	monarchy|君主制|noun|a political system in which a single person (or a family) is the source of all political power	leave|残す|verb|go away from a place	advantage|利点|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favourable or superior position	vote|投票|noun|a formal expression of opinion or choice, either positive or negative, made by an individual or body of individuals
This excellent institution of patron and client was a masterpiece of statesmanship and humanity without which the patriciate, being flagrantly in contradiction to the republican spirit, could not have survived.	この優れたパトロンとクライアントの制度は、政治家と人類の傑作であり、それがなければ、共和主義の精神と明らかに矛盾する貴族は生き残ることができなかった。	patron|パトロン|noun|a person who gives financial or other support to a person, organization, cause, or activity	client|クライアント|noun|a person or organization using the services of a lawyer or other professional person or company	institution|制度|noun|an established law, custom, or practice	masterpiece|傑作|noun|a work of outstanding artistry, skill, or workmanship	statesmanship|政治家|noun|the skill of a statesman	humanity|人類|noun|all human beings collectively	without which|それがなければ|conjunction|if it were not for the fact that	patriciate|貴族|noun|the position or rank of a patrician	flagrantly|明らかに|adverb|in a manner that is very noticeable or obvious	contradiction|矛盾|noun|a combination of statements, ideas, or features of a situation that are opposed to one another	republican|共和主義|adjective|of or relating to a republic	spirit|精神|noun|the nonphysical part of a person that is the seat of emotions and character; the soul	survive|生き残る|verb|continue to live or exist
Rome alone has the honour of having given to the world this great example, which never led to any abuse, and yet has never been followed.	ローマだけが、この偉大な手本を世界に示したという栄誉に浴しているが、それは決して乱用されることはなかったし、また、その後に続くものもなかった。	Rome|ローマ|noun|the capital city of Italy	alone|だけ|adverb|only; solely	have the honour of|栄誉に浴する|verb|be privileged to do something	give|示す|verb|cause to have or receive	world|世界|noun|the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on	great|偉大な|adjective|of major significance or importance	example|手本|noun|a thing characteristic of its kind or illustrating a general rule	never|決して|adverb|at no time in the past or future; on no occasion; not ever	lead to|続く|verb|result in	abuse|乱用|noun|the improper use of something	follow|続く|verb|come after in time

As the assemblies by curiæ persisted under the kings till the time of Servius, and the reign of the later Tarquin was not regarded as legitimate, royal laws were called generally leges curiatæ.	クーリアによる集会はセルウィウスの時代まで王の下で存続し、後のタルクィニウスの治世は合法とは見なされなかったため、王法は一般にレゲス・クリアタエと呼ばれた。	assembly|集会|noun|a group of people gathered together	persist|存続する|verb|continue to exist or occur	time|時代|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	reign|治世|noun|the period during which a sovereign rules	regard|見なす|verb|consider or think of as	legitimate|合法|adjective|being in accordance with the law	royal|王の|adjective|of or relating to a king or queen or their family	law|法|noun|the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties	call|呼ぶ|verb|give a name to	generally|一般に|adverb|in most cases; usually	leges curiatæ|レゲス・クリアタエ|noun|a law passed by the curiate assembly

Under the Republic, the curiæ still confined to the four urban tribes, and including only the populace of Rome, suited neither the senate, which led the patricians, nor the tribunes, who, though plebeians, were at the head of the well-to-do citizens.	共和政の下では、クーリアは依然として4つの都市部族に限定され、ローマの民衆だけを含み、貴族を率いる元老院にも、平民ではあるが裕福な市民の長である護民官にも適していなかった。	Under the Republic|共和政の下では|noun phrase|during the period of the Roman Republic	curiæ|クーリア|noun|a division of the Roman people	still|依然として|adverb|even now or at this time	confine|限定される|verb|keep or restrict someone or something within certain limits	four|4つ|numeral|the number 4	urban|都市の|adjective|of or relating to a city	tribe|部族|noun|a social division in a traditional society consisting of families or communities linked by social, economic, religious, or blood ties, with a common culture and dialect, typically having a recognized leader	populace|民衆|noun|the general public	Rome|ローマ|noun|the capital city of Italy	suit|適する|verb|be convenient or satisfactory for	senate|元老院|noun|the upper house of the US Congress	lead|率いる|verb|be in charge or command of	patrician|貴族|noun|a member of the aristocracy	tribune|護民官|noun|an official in ancient Rome appointed to protect the rights of the plebeians	plebeian|平民|noun|a member of the general public in ancient Rome	well-to-do|裕福な|adjective|having a great deal of money
They therefore fell into disrepute, and their degradation was such, that thirty lictors used to assemble and do what the Comitia Curiata should have done.	そのため、彼らは評判を落とし、その堕落ぶりは、30人のリクトルが集まって、コミティア・クリアタがすべきことをしていたほどだった。	fall into disrepute|評判を落とす|verb|lose one's good reputation	degradation|堕落|noun|the state of being degraded	thirty|30|numeral|the number 30	lictor|リクトル|noun|an ancient Roman official who carried out sentences of death and other punishments	assemble|集まる|verb|come together as a group	Comitia Curiata|コミティア・クリアタ|noun|the oldest Roman popular assembly

The division by centuries was so favourable to the aristocracy that it is hard to see at first how the senate ever failed to carry the day in the comitia bearing their name, by which the consuls, the censors and the other curule magistrates were elected.	世紀による分割は貴族制に非常に有利だったので、執政官、検閲官、その他の高官が選出された、彼らの名前を冠したコミティアで、元老院がどのようにしてその日を運ぶことができなかったのか、最初は理解しにくい。	division|分割|noun|the action of separating something into parts, or the state of being divided	century|世紀|noun|a period of 100 years	favourable|有利|adjective|to the advantage of	aristocracy|貴族制|noun|a government or state ruled by an aristocracy	hard to see|理解しにくい|adjective|difficult to understand	at first|最初は|adverb|in the beginning; initially	senate|元老院|noun|the upper house of the US Congress	fail|失敗する|verb|be unsuccessful in achieving one's goal	carry the day|勝利する|verb|be successful or victorious	comitia|コミティア|noun|a public assembly of the Roman people for the election of magistrates	name|名前|noun|a word or set of words using which a person is referred to	consul|執政官|noun|an official appointed by a state to live in a foreign city and protect and represent the interests of citizens of the consul's own country	censor|検閲官|noun|an official who examines books, films, etc. and removes anything that is considered offensive, immoral, or harmful	magistrate|高官|noun|a civil officer or lay judge who administers the law, especially one who conducts a court that deals with minor offences and holds preliminary hearings for more serious ones
Indeed, of the hundred and ninety-three centuries into which the six classes of the whole Roman people were divided, the first class contained ninety-eight; and, as voting went solely by centuries, this class alone had a majority over all the rest.	実際、ローマ国民全体の6つの階級が分割された193世紀のうち、第一階級は98世紀を含んでいた。そして、投票は世紀単位で行われたので、この階級だけが他のすべてを合わせたよりも過半数を占めていた。	Indeed|実際|adverb|really; truly; in fact	hundred and ninety-three|193|numeral|a number	centuries|世紀|noun|a period of 100 years	six|6|numeral|a number	classes|階級|noun|a group of people sharing the same social or economic status	whole|全体|adjective|all of; the entire	Roman|ローマ|adjective|of or relating to Rome or its people or culture	people|国民|noun|the inhabitants of a country or area	were divided|分割された|verb|separate into parts	first|第一|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	contained|含んでいた|verb|have or hold within	ninety-eight|98|numeral|a number	voting|投票|noun|the process of choosing someone or something by giving a vote	went|行われた|verb|move at a specified rate or in a specified manner	solely|単位で|adverb|only; exclusively	centuries|世紀|noun|a period of 100 years	class|階級|noun|a group of people sharing the same social or economic status	alone|だけ|adverb|only; exclusively	had|占めていた|verb|possess, own, or hold	majority|過半数|noun|the greater part or number; more than half of the total	all the rest|他のすべて|noun|the remaining part; the remainder
When all these centuries were in agreement, the rest of the votes were not even taken;	これらの世紀がすべて合意に達したとき、残りの投票は行われなかった。	all|すべて|adjective|the whole quantity or extent of	these|これらの|adjective|the ones mentioned	century|世紀|noun|a period of 100 years	be in agreement|合意に達する|verb|have the same opinion about something	rest|残り|noun|the remaining part	vote|投票|noun|a formal expression of opinion or choice, either positive or negative
the decision of the smallest number passed for that of the multitude, and it may be said that, in the Comitia Centuriata, decisions were regulated far more by depth of purses than by the number of votes.	最小数の決定は多数決として通され、コミティア・センチュリアタでは、決定は投票数よりも財布の厚さによって決まっていたと言っても過言ではない。	decision|決定|noun|a conclusion or resolution reached after consideration	pass|通す|verb|be approved or accepted	multitude|多数決|noun|a large number of people	Comitia Centuriata|コミティア・センチュリアタ|noun|the principal assembly of the Roman people	decision|決定|noun|a conclusion or resolution reached after consideration	regulate|決まる|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	number|数|noun|a quantity that is one or more than one	vote|投票|noun|a formal expression of opinion or choice, either positive or negative

But this extreme authority was modified in two ways.	しかし、この極端な権限は2つの方法で修正された。	extreme|極端な|adjective|very great in degree	authority|権限|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	modify|修正する|verb|make partial or minor changes to	two|2つの|numeral|one more than one	way|方法|noun|how something is done or how it happens
First, the tribunes as a rule, and always a great number of plebeians, belonged to the class of the rich, and so counterbalanced the influence of the patricians in the first class.	第一に、護民官は原則として、また常に多くの平民が富裕層に属していたので、第一階級の貴族の影響力と釣り合っていた。	first|第一に|adverb|before anything else; first of all	tribune|護民官|noun|an official in ancient Rome appointed to protect the rights of the plebeians	rule|原則|noun|a principle or regulation governing conduct, action, procedure, arrangement, etc.	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions; ever	great number|多くの|noun|a large number	plebeian|平民|noun|a member of the general body of free Roman citizens	belong|属する|verb|be a member of	class|階級|noun|a division of society based on social and economic status	rich|富裕層|noun|a person who has a great deal of money	counterbalance|釣り合う|verb|act as a counterbalance to	influence|影響力|noun|the capacity to have an effect on the character, development, or behavior of someone or something, or the effect itself	first class|第一階級|noun|the highest class in a system of classification	patrician|貴族|noun|a member of the highest social class in ancient Rome

The second way was this.	第二の方法はこうだ。	second|第二の|adjective|coming after the first in position	way|方法|noun|how something is done or how it happens
Instead of causing the centuries to vote throughout in order, which would have meant beginning always with the first, the Romans always chose one by lot which proceeded alone to the election;	ローマ人は、常に最初の階級から始めるという意味になる、各階級に順番に投票させる代わりに、常にくじ引きで1つを選び、その階級だけが選挙に進んだ。	century|階級|noun|a group of people having the same social or economic status	vote|投票|noun|a formal expression of opinion or choice, either positive or negative	order|順番|noun|the arrangement or sequence of things in which one follows another	first|最初|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	Roman|ローマ人|noun|a citizen of ancient Rome	choose|選ぶ|verb|pick out or select from a number of alternatives	lot|くじ|noun|a method of deciding something by random selection	proceed|進む|verb|go forward or onward in a course	election|選挙|noun|the process of choosing a person or group of people for a position, especially a political position, by voting
after this all the centuries were summoned another day according to their rank, and the same election was repeated, and as a rule confirmed.	この後、すべての階級は別の日にその階級に従って召集され、同じ選挙が繰り返され、原則として承認された。	after this|この後|adverb|after this time	century|階級|noun|a group of 100 soldiers	summon|召集する|verb|call together	another day|別の日|noun|a day other than the present one	rank|階級|noun|a position in the military	election|選挙|noun|the process of choosing a leader	repeat|繰り返す|verb|do again	rule|原則|noun|a statement that tells you what you are allowed or not allowed to do
Thus the authority of example was taken away from rank, and given to the lot on a democratic principle.	こうして、模範の権威は階級から取り上げられ、民主主義の原則に基づいてくじ引きに与えられた。	authority|権威|noun|the power to command or enforce obedience	example|模範|noun|a person or thing regarded as a perfect model of something	take away|取り上げる|verb|remove or take away something from someone or something	rank|階級|noun|a position in a social hierarchy	give|与える|verb|transfer the possession of something to someone	lot|くじ引き|noun|a method of deciding something by chance	democratic principle|民主主義の原則|noun|the principle that the people are the ultimate source of political power

From this custom resulted a further advantage.	この習慣から、さらなる利点が生じた。	custom|習慣|noun|a practice or behavior that is usual or expected	result|生じる|verb|to be the outcome or consequence of	advantage|利点|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position
The citizens from the country had time, between the two elections, to inform themselves of the merits of the candidate who had been provisionally nominated, and did not have to vote without knowledge of the case.	地方の市民は、2回の選挙の間に、暫定的に指名された候補者の長所を知る時間があり、事情を知らないまま投票する必要がなかった。	citizen|市民|noun|a person who lives in a particular town or city	country|地方|noun|a political state or nation or its territory	time|時間|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	between|間に|preposition|in the interval separating two points in time or space or two events	election|選挙|noun|the process of choosing a person or group of people for a position, especially a political position, by voting	inform|知る|verb|give (someone) facts or information	merit|長所|noun|the quality of being good and deserving praise	candidate|候補者|noun|a person who applies for a job or is nominated for election	provisionally|暫定的に|adverb|for the time being; temporarily	nominate|指名する|verb|formally propose (someone) as a candidate for election or for an honor or award	case|事情|noun|a particular situation or event	vote|投票する|verb|express a choice at an election or in a referendum
But, under the pretext of hastening matters, the abolition of this custom was achieved, and both elections were held on the same day.	しかし、事態を早めるという口実のもとで、この習慣は廃止され、両方の選挙が同じ日に行われた。	under the pretext of|という口実のもとで|noun|a reason that is given in order to hide the real reason for doing something	hasten|早める|verb|cause to move or happen more quickly	matter|事態|noun|a situation or event	abolition|廃止|noun|the action of officially ending something	custom|習慣|noun|a way of behaving or doing things that is usual or traditional	hold|行う|verb|organize and carry out	election|選挙|noun|the process of choosing a person or group of people for a position, especially a political position, by voting

The Comitia Tributa were properly the council of the Roman people.	トリブス民会は、正しくはローマ人民の評議会であった。	Comitia Tributa|トリブス民会|noun|the principal assembly of the Roman people	properly|正しくは|adverb|in a correct manner	Roman|ローマ|adjective|of or relating to Rome or its people	people|人民|noun|the inhabitants of a particular country or area
They were convoked by the tribunes alone;	彼らは護民官だけによって召集された。	convoke|召集する|verb|call together for a meeting	tribune|護民官|noun|an official in ancient Rome appointed to protect the rights of the plebeians
at them the tribunes were elected and passed their plebiscita.	彼らのところで護民官が選出され、彼らのプレビスシタが可決された。	at|ところで|preposition|in the place or position of	tribune|護民官|noun|an official in ancient Rome appointed to protect the rights of the plebeians	elect|選出する|verb|choose or select by voting	pass|可決する|verb|be approved by a vote
The senate not only had no standing in them, but even no right to be present;	元老院は、彼らの中に立つことができないだけでなく、出席する権利すらなかった。	senate|元老院|noun|the upper house of the U.S. Congress	not only|だけでなく|conjunction|and also; in addition	have no standing|立つことができない|verb|be unable to stand	in them|彼らの中に|preposition|inside them	but even|すらなかった|conjunction|and also; in addition	no right|権利がない|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something
and the senators, being forced to obey laws on which they could not vote, were in this respect less free than the meanest citizens.	そして、元老院議員は、投票できない法律に従うことを強制されたので、この点では、最も卑劣な市民よりも自由度が低かった。	senator|元老院議員|noun|a member of a senate	be forced to|強制される|verb|be compelled to do something	obey|従う|verb|follow the commands, instructions, or orders of	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	vote|投票する|verb|express a choice in an election	respect|点|noun|a particular aspect or point	less|より低い|adjective|not as much or as many	free|自由|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes	mean|卑劣な|adjective|unkind or spiteful	citizen|市民|noun|an inhabitant of a city or town; especially one entitled to the rights and privileges of a freeman
This injustice was altogether ill-conceived, and was alone enough to invalidate the decrees of a body to which all its members were not admitted.	この不正は全く考え違いであり、それだけでも、その構成員全員が認められていない団体の法令を無効にするのに十分だった。	injustice|不正|noun|unfairness; unjustness	altogether|全く|adverb|completely; totally	ill-conceived|考え違い|adjective|poorly planned or thought out	alone|それだけでも|adjective|without any other people or things	invalidate|無効にする|verb|make or declare invalid	decree|法令|noun|an official order or decision	body|団体|noun|a group of people with a particular function	member|構成員|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization	admit|認める|verb|accept as true; acknowledge
Had all the patricians attended the comitia by virtue of the right they had as citizens, they would not, as mere private individuals, have had any considerable influence on a vote reckoned by counting heads, where the meanest proletarian was as good as the princeps senatus.	すべての貴族が市民としての権利に基づいて民会に参加していたら、彼らは単なる私人として、最も卑劣なプロレタリアンが元老院議員と同じくらい優秀だったところで、頭数を数えることで計算される投票に大きな影響を与えることはなかっただろう。	patrician|貴族|noun|a member of the highest social class in ancient Rome	comitia|民会|noun|a public assembly of the Roman people for the election of magistrates	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	citizen|市民|noun|a person who lives in a particular town or city	private individual|私人|noun|a person who is not in the military or a public official	considerable|大きな|adjective|large in size, amount, or extent	influence|影響|noun|the capacity to have an effect on the character, development, or behavior of someone or something, or the effect itself	vote|投票|noun|a formal expression of opinion or choice, either positive or negative, made by an individual or body of individuals	reckon|計算する|verb|calculate	head|頭数|noun|the part of a person's or animal's body that contains the brain, eyes, ears, nose, and mouth	mean|卑劣な|adjective|unkind, spiteful, or unfair	proletarian|プロレタリア|noun|a member of the working class	princeps senatus|元老院議員|noun|the first member of the Roman Senate

It may be seen, therefore, that besides the order which was achieved by these various ways of distributing so great a people and taking its votes, the various methods were not reducible to forms indifferent in themselves, but the results of each were relative to the objects which caused it to be preferred.	したがって、これほど多くの人々を分散させ、その投票を行うこれらのさまざまな方法によって達成された秩序のほかに、さまざまな方法はそれ自体では無関心な形式に還元することはできなかったが、それぞれの結果は、それが好まれる原因となった対象に関連していたことがわかる。	be seen|わかる|verb|be obvious or evident	besides|ほかに|preposition|in addition to; as well as	order|秩序|noun|the arrangement or disposition of people or things in relation to each other according to a particular sequence, pattern, or method	achieve|達成する|verb|reach or attain a desired objective	various|さまざまな|adjective|more than one; of different kinds	way|方法|noun|how something is done or how it happens	distribute|分散させる|verb|give shares of something to a number of people	take|行う|verb|carry out; perform	vote|投票|noun|a formal expression of opinion or choice, either positive or negative, made by an individual or body of individuals	reduce|還元する|verb|make smaller or less in amount, degree, or size	indifferent|無関心な|adjective|having no particular interest or concern	form|形式|noun|the visible shape or configuration of something	result|結果|noun|something that happens or comes about as a consequence of an action or other cause	relative|関連する|adjective|connected with or belonging to a person by blood or marriage	object|対象|noun|a material thing that can be seen and touched	cause|原因|noun|a person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or condition	prefer|好む|verb|like (one thing or person) better than another or others; tend to choose

Without going here into further details, we may gather from what has been said above that the Comitia Tributa were the most favourable to popular government, and the Comitia Centuriata to aristocracy.	ここでこれ以上詳細に立ち入ることなく、上記のことから、民会は民主主義に最も有利であり、百人会は貴族主義に最も有利であったと推測できる。	go into|立ち入る|verb|to enter or go into	detail|詳細|noun|an individual fact or item	gather|推測する|verb|to conclude or infer	above|上記|adjective|mentioned earlier in this text	Comitia Tributa|民会|noun|the principal assembly of the Roman people	popular government|民主主義|noun|a system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state	Comitia Centuriata|百人会|noun|the principal assembly of the Roman people	aristocracy|貴族主義|noun|a government in which power is held by the nobility
The Comitia Curiata, in which the populace of Rome formed the majority, being fitted only to further tyranny and evil designs, naturally fell into disrepute, and even seditious persons abstained from using a method which too clearly revealed their projects.	ローマの民衆が過半数を占めていたクリア民会は、専制政治と邪悪な計画を推し進めるのにのみ適していたため、当然のことながら評判が悪くなり、扇動的な人物でさえ、自分たちの計画があまりにも明らかになる方法を使うことを控えた。	Comitia Curiata|クリア民会|noun|the earliest popular assembly of the Roman people	populace|民衆|noun|the general public	Rome|ローマ|noun|capital of Italy	form|占める|verb|make up	majority|過半数|noun|the greater part or number	tyranny|専制政治|noun|cruel and oppressive government or rule	evil|邪悪な|adjective|profoundly immoral and wicked	design|計画|noun|a plan or drawing produced to show the look and function or workings of a building, garment, or other object before it is made	naturally|当然のことながら|adverb|as may be expected	fall into|陥る|verb|get into	disrepute|評判が悪くなる|noun|the state of being held in low esteem	even|でさえ|adverb|to an extreme or excessive degree	seditious|扇動的な|adjective|inciting or causing people to rebel against the authority of a state or monarch	person|人物|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	abstain|控える|verb|refrain from doing something	use|使う|verb|convert to one's own purpose or for one's own ends	method|方法|noun|a particular procedure for accomplishing or approaching something, especially a systematic or established one	reveal|明らかになる|verb|make (something) known or apparent
It is indisputable that the whole majesty of the Roman people lay solely in the Comitia Centuriata, which alone included all;	ローマ人の威厳のすべてが、百人会だけにあったことは議論の余地がない。	majesty|威厳|noun|impressive stateliness, dignity, or beauty	Roman|ローマ人|noun|a citizen of ancient Rome	lay|ある|verb|be in a specified state or condition	solely|だけ|adverb|only; exclusively	Comitia Centuriata|百人会|noun|the principal assembly of the Roman people	alone|だけ|adverb|only; exclusively	include|含む|verb|comprise or contain as a part	indisputable|議論の余地がない|adjective|too certain to be disputed; unquestionable
for the Comitia Curiata excluded the rural tribes, and the Comitia Tributa the senate and the patricians.	クリア民会は農村部族を除外し、民会は元老院と貴族を除外したからである。	Comitia Curiata|クリア民会|noun|the earliest popular assembly of the Roman people	exclude|除外する|verb|not include or take into account	rural|農村|adjective|of or relating to the countryside as opposed to the town	tribe|部族|noun|a social division in a traditional society consisting of families or communities linked by social, economic, religious, or blood ties, with a common culture and dialect, typically having a recognized leader	Comitia Tributa|民会|noun|the principal assembly of the Roman people	senate|元老院|noun|the upper house of the US Congress	patrician|貴族|noun|a member of the aristocracy

As for the method of taking the vote, it was among the ancient Romans as simple as their morals, although not so simple as at Sparta.	投票方法については、古代ローマではスパルタほど単純ではなかったが、道徳と同じくらい単純だった。	as for|については|preposition|with regard to; concerning	method|方法|noun|a way of doing something	take|行う|verb|carry out; perform	vote|投票|noun|a formal expression of opinion or choice	among|の中で|preposition|in the middle of; surrounded by	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	Roman|ローマ|noun|a citizen of ancient Rome	simple|単純|adjective|easy to understand or do	moral|道徳|noun|a lesson in right or good conduct	although|しかし|conjunction|but; even though	not so|それほど|adverb|to a lesser extent	Sparta|スパルタ|noun|a city-state in ancient Greece
Each man declared his vote aloud, and a clerk duly wrote it down;	各自が自分の投票を声に出して宣言し、書記官がそれを正式に書き留めた。	each|各自|adjective|every one of two or more people or things	declare|宣言する|verb|make a formal statement about a fact or intention	vote|投票|noun|a formal expression of opinion or choice, either positive or negative	aloud|声に出して|adverb|audibly; not silently	clerk|書記官|noun|an office worker who keeps records, accounts, or other documents	duly|正式に|adverb|in accordance with what is required or appropriate	write down|書き留める|verb|record in writing
the majority in each tribe determined the vote of the tribe, the majority of the tribes that of the people, and so with curiæ and centuries.	各部族の過半数が部族の投票を決定し、部族の過半数が人民の投票を決定し、クリアと百人隊も同様だった。	majority|過半数|noun|the greater part or number; more than half	tribe|部族|noun|a social group or community, typically a group of people who share a common culture, language, religious beliefs, and history and who live as a social unit with a recognized leader	vote|投票|noun|a formal expression of opinion or choice, either positive or negative, made by an individual or body of individuals	determine|決定する|verb|cause to occur in a particular way; be the decisive factor in	people|人民|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	curiæ|クリア|noun|a division of the Roman people	century|百人隊|noun|a subdivision of the Roman army
This custom was good as long as honesty was triumphant among the citizens, and each man was ashamed to vote publicly in favour of an unjust proposal or an unworthy subject;	この習慣は、市民の間に誠実さが勝利を収めている限りは良いものであり、各自が不当な提案や価値のない主題に賛成して公に投票することを恥じていた。	custom|習慣|noun|a practice or behavior that is usual or expected	honesty|誠実さ|noun|the quality of being honest	triumphant|勝利を収めている|adjective|having won a battle or contest	citizen|市民|noun|a person who lives in a particular town or city	ashamed|恥じている|adjective|feeling shame or guilt	publicly|公に|adverb|in a way that is known or seen by many people	vote|投票する|verb|express a choice in an election or referendum	unjust|不当な|adjective|not just or fair	proposal|提案|noun|a plan or suggestion, especially a formal or written one, put forward for consideration or discussion	unworthy|価値のない|adjective|not good enough or important enough
but, when the people grew corrupt and votes were bought, it was fitting that voting should be secret in order that purchasers might be restrained by mistrust, and rogues be given the means of not being traitors.	しかし、人々が堕落し、票が買われるようになると、投票は秘密にされるべきであり、そうすれば、買収者は不信感によって抑制され、悪党は裏切り者にならない手段を与えられることになる。	grow corrupt|堕落する|verb|become dishonest or immoral	vote|票|noun|a formal expression of opinion or choice, either positive or negative	be bought|買われる|verb|be obtained in exchange for money	voting|投票|noun|the process of choosing someone or something by voting	secret|秘密|noun|something that is kept or meant to be kept unknown or unseen by others	purchaser|買収者|noun|a person who buys something	be restrained|抑制される|verb|be held back or kept under control	mistrust|不信感|noun|a lack of trust	rogue|悪党|noun|a dishonest or unprincipled man	traitor|裏切り者|noun|a person who betrays a friend, country, principle, etc.

I know that Cicero attacks this change, and attributes partly to it the ruin of the Republic.	キケロがこの変化を攻撃し、共和国の破滅の一部をそれに帰していることは知っている。	Cicero|キケロ|noun|a Roman statesman, orator, lawyer and philosopher	attack|攻撃する|verb|take aggressive action against (a place or enemy forces) with weapons or armed force, typically a concerted military operation	change|変化|noun|the act or instance of making or becoming different	attribute|帰する|verb|regard something as being caused by (something else)	partly|一部|adverb|to some extent; in some degree	ruin|破滅|noun|the state of decay, collapse, or destruction
But though I feel the weight Cicero's authority must carry on such a point, I cannot agree with him;	しかし、キケロの権威がそのような点で重視されるべきだとは感じているが、私は彼に同意することはできない。	Cicero|キケロ|noun|a Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, philosopher and orator	authority|権威|noun|the power to command or enforce obedience	carry on|重視する|verb|continue doing something	agree|同意する|verb|have the same opinion about something
I hold, on the contrary, that, for want of enough such changes, the destruction of the State must be hastened.	それどころか、私は、そのような変化が十分に行われなかったために、国家の破壊が早まったに違いないと考えている。	on the contrary|それどころか|adverb|quite the opposite	for want of|欠如のために|preposition|because of the lack of	enough|十分な|adjective|as much or as many as required	change|変化|noun|the act or instance of making or becoming different	destruction|破壊|noun|the action or process of causing so much damage to something that it no longer exists or cannot be repaired	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory
Just as the regimen of health does riot suit the sick, we should not wish to govern a people that has been corrupted by the laws that a good people requires.	健康法が病人に適さないように、善良な国民に必要な法律によって堕落した国民を統治したいとは思わないはずだ。	regimen|養生法|noun|a prescribed course of medical treatment, way of life, or diet for the promotion or restoration of health	health|健康|noun|the condition of being sound in body and mind	suit|適する|verb|be right or appropriate for	sick|病人|noun|a person who is ill or unwell	govern|統治する|verb|conduct the policy, actions, and affairs of (a state, organization, or people) with authority	people|国民|noun|the inhabitants of a particular country or area	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose
There is no better proof of this rule than the long life of the Republic of Venice, of which the shadow still exists, solely because its laws are suitable only for men who are wicked.	この法則を証明するのに、ヴェネツィア共和国の長寿ほど良い例はない。その影は今も残っているが、それは単にその法律が邪悪な人間にしか適していないからである。	There is no better proof of this rule than|この法則を証明するのに、これほど良い例はない|phrase|there is no better evidence for this rule than	the long life of the Republic of Venice|ヴェネツィア共和国の長寿|noun phrase|the long life of the Republic of Venice	of which the shadow still exists|その影は今も残っている|relative clause|of which the shadow still exists	solely because its laws are suitable only for men who are wicked|それは単にその法律が邪悪な人間にしか適していないからである|adverbial clause|solely because its laws are suitable only for men who are wicked

The citizens were provided, therefore, with tablets by means of which each man could vote without any one knowing how he voted:	そのため、市民には、誰もが自分の投票内容を誰にも知られずに投票できるタブレットが提供された。	citizen|市民|noun|an inhabitant of a city or town; especially : one entitled to the rights and privileges of a freeman	provide|提供する|verb|give or make available	tablet|タブレット|noun|a small flat piece of a hard material	means|手段|noun|something that is used to achieve a purpose	vote|投票する|verb|express a choice in an election	know|知る|verb|be aware of through observation, inquiry, or information
new methods were also introduced for collecting the tablets, for counting voices, for comparing numbers, etc.;	タブレットの回収、投票数の集計、数字の比較などにも新しい方法が導入された。	collect|回収する|verb|gather or bring together	tablet|タブレット|noun|a small flat computer that you can carry with you easily	count|集計する|verb|add up	voice|投票数|noun|a choice that you make in an election	compare|比較する|verb|find the difference between two or more things	number|数字|noun|a symbol that represents a quantity
but all these precautions did not prevent the good faith of the officers charged with these functions from being often suspect.	しかし、これらの予防策をすべて講じても、これらの職務を担当する役人の誠実さがしばしば疑われるのを防ぐことはできなかった。	precaution|予防策|noun|a measure taken in advance to prevent something from happening	prevent|防ぐ|verb|keep from happening or arising	function|職務|noun|an activity or task that is part of a person's job	officer|役人|noun|a person who has a position of authority in an organization	good faith|誠実さ|noun|honesty and sincerity of intention	suspect|疑われる|verb|have an idea or impression of the existence, presence, or truth of (something) without certain proof
Finally, to prevent intrigues and trafficking in votes, edicts were issued;	最後に、投票における陰謀や不正取引を防ぐために、法令が発令された。	finally|最後に|adverb|after a long time, process, or series of events	prevent|防ぐ|verb|keep from happening or arising	intrigue|陰謀|noun|a secret plan or scheme to achieve some purpose	trafficking|不正取引|noun|the illegal trade of goods or services	vote|投票|noun|a formal expression of opinion or choice, either positive or negative	edict|法令|noun|an official order or proclamation issued by a person in authority
but their very number proves how useless they were.	しかし、その数が多いことが、いかに無駄だったかを証明している。	number|数|noun|a quantity of something	prove|証明する|verb|to show or make clear that something is true or valid

Towards the close of the Republic, it was often necessary to have recourse to extraordinary expedients in order to supplement the inadequacy of the laws.	共和制の終わりにかけては、法律の不備を補うために、しばしば特別な手段に頼る必要があった。	towards|終わりにかけて|preposition|in the direction of	close|終わり|noun|the end of something	republic|共和制|noun|a state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives, and which has an elected or nominated president rather than a monarch	often|しばしば|adverb|frequently; many times	necessary|必要|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present	have recourse to|頼る|verb|turn to for help or support	extraordinary|特別な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	expedient|手段|noun|a means of achieving a particular end	supplement|補う|verb|add to something in order to improve it or make it more complete	inadequacy|不備|noun|the state or condition of being inadequate	law|法律|noun|a rule or system of rules recognized by a country or community as regulating the actions of its members and having binding legal force
Sometimes miracles were supposed;	時には奇跡が起こったとされた。	sometimes|時には|adverb|occasionally; at times	miracle|奇跡|noun|an extraordinary event manifesting divine intervention in human affairs	suppose|起こったとされる|verb|assume that something is true without having evidence to confirm it
but this method, while it might impose on the people, could not impose on those who governed.	しかし、この方法は、人々には押し付けることができても、統治者には押し付けることができなかった。	method|方法|noun|a way of doing something	impose|押し付ける|verb|force (something unwelcome or unfamiliar) to be accepted or put in place	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	govern|統治する|verb|conduct the policy, actions, and affairs of (a state, organization, or people) with authority
Sometimes an assembly was hastily called together, before the candidates had time to form their factions: sometimes a whole sitting was occupied with talk, when it was seen that the people had been won over and was on the point of taking up a wrong position.	時には、候補者が派閥を形成する前に、急いで議会が召集されることもあったし、時には、人々が説得されて間違った立場を取ろうとしているのを見て、会議全体が話し合いで占められることもあった。	sometimes|時には|adverb|on some occasions or in some cases	assembly|議会|noun|a group of people who have been elected to make laws for a country or area	hastily|急いで|adverb|quickly and carelessly	call together|召集する|verb|to bring people together for a meeting or other purpose	candidate|候補者|noun|a person who is trying to be elected or chosen for a job or position	faction|派閥|noun|a small group of people within a larger group who have different ideas or opinions from the main group	form|形成する|verb|to make or create something	whole|全体|adjective|complete; entire	sitting|会議|noun|a meeting of a group of people who have official authority to make decisions	occupy|占める|verb|to take up or fill a space or time	talk|話し合い|noun|a conversation or discussion	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	win over|説得する|verb|to persuade someone to support or agree with you	wrong|間違った|adjective|not correct or true	position|立場|noun|a point of view or attitude
But in the end ambition eluded all attempts to check it;	しかし、結局、野心はそれを抑えようとするあらゆる試みを逃れ、	in the end|結局|adverb|finally; ultimately	ambition|野心|noun|a strong desire to achieve something	elude|逃れる|verb|to avoid or escape from	attempt|試み|noun|an act of trying to do something	check|抑える|verb|to hold back; to restrain
and the most incredible fact of all is that, in the midst of all these abuses, the vast people, thanks to its ancient regulations, never ceased to elect magistrates, to pass laws, to judge cases, and to carry through business both public and private, almost as easily as the senate itself could have done.	そして、最も信じがたい事実は、これらすべての不正行為の真っ只中に、その古代の規制のおかげで、広大な民衆は、元老院自身が行ったのと同じくらい簡単に、政務官の選出、法律の通過、事件の裁判、公私両方の事業の遂行を決してやめなかったことである。	in the midst of|真っ只中に|preposition|in the middle of	abuse|不正行為|noun|the improper use of something	vast|広大な|adjective|of very great extent or quantity	thanks to|おかげで|preposition|because of	ancient|古代の|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or order issued by an executive authority or regulatory agency of a government	cease|やめる|verb|come or bring to an end	elect|選出する|verb|choose or select	magistrate|政務官|noun|a civil officer or lay judge who administers the law	pass|通過|verb|move or cause to move in a specified direction	judge|裁判|noun|a public official appointed to decide cases in a court of law	carry through|遂行|verb|to complete or finish	business|事業|noun|a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade	public|公|adjective|of or concerning the people as a whole	private|私|adjective|belonging to or for the use of one particular person or group of people only	senate|元老院|noun|the upper house of the US Congress	itself|自身|pronoun|used to emphasize the identity of the subject	have done|行った|verb|to have performed or accomplished


## CHAPTER V: THE TRIBUNATE	第五章: 護民官	CHAPTER V|第五章|noun|the fifth chapter	TRIBUNATE|護民官|noun|the office of tribune

When an exact proportion cannot be established between the constituent parts of the State, or when causes that cannot be removed continually alter the relation of one part to another, recourse is had to the institution of a peculiar magistracy that enters into no corporate unity with the rest.	国家の構成部分の間に正確な比率を確立できない場合、または除去できない原因が継続的に一部と他の部分の関係を変える場合、残りの部分と企業の統一を形成しない独特の政務官の制度に頼ることになる。	exact proportion|正確な比率|noun phrase|a ratio in which the quantities are equal	constituent part|構成部分|noun phrase|a part of a whole	State|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	be established|確立される|verb|be founded or set up	cause|原因|noun|a person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or condition	be removed|除去される|verb|be taken away or eliminated	continually|継続的に|adverb|without interruption	alter|変える|verb|make or become different	relation|関係|noun|the state of being connected or associated	part|部分|noun|a piece or segment of something such as an object, area, or period of time	recourse|頼る|noun|a source of help in a difficult situation	institution|制度|noun|an established law, custom, or practice	peculiar|独特の|adjective|strange or unusual	magistracy|政務官|noun|the office or dignity of a magistrate	enter into|形成する|verb|take part in	corporate unity|企業の統一|noun phrase|the state of being united or made into a whole	rest|残り|noun|the remaining part of something
This restores to each term its right relation to the others, and provides a link or middle term between either prince and people, or prince and Sovereign, or, if necessary, both at once.	これにより、各項は他の項との正しい関係を取り戻し、君主と人民、君主と主権者、または必要に応じて両者の間のつながりまたは中間項を提供する。	restore|取り戻す|verb|bring back to a former condition	term|項|noun|a word or phrase that has a particular meaning in a particular field	relation|関係|noun|the state of being connected or related	provide|提供する|verb|give or make available	link|つながり|noun|a relationship or connection between two or more things	middle term|中間項|noun|the term that appears in both premises of a syllogism but not in the conclusion	prince|君主|noun|the son of a king or queen	people|人民|noun|the inhabitants of a particular country or area	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	both|両者|pronoun|the two people or things just mentioned

This body, which I shall call the tribunate, is the preserver of the laws and of the legislative power.	私が護民官と呼ぶこの機関は、法律と立法権の保護者である。	body|機関|noun|an organization or group of people with a particular purpose	call|呼ぶ|verb|give a name to	tribunate|護民官|noun|a magistrate of ancient Rome appointed to protect the rights of the plebeians	preserver|保護者|noun|someone who protects or preserves something	law|法律|noun|a rule or set of rules made by the government of a country	legislative power|立法権|noun|the power to make laws
It serves sometimes to protect the Sovereign against the government, as the tribunes of the people did at Rome;	ローマで人民の護民官が行ったように、それは時々政府に対して主権者を保護するのに役立つ。	serve|役立つ|verb|be of use	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally	protect|保護する|verb|keep safe from harm or injury	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	people|人民|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	tribune|護民官|noun|an official in ancient Rome appointed to protect the rights of the plebeians	Rome|ローマ|noun|capital of Italy
sometimes to uphold the government against the people, as the Council of Ten now does at Venice;	ヴェネツィアで十人委員会が現在行っているように、時には人民に対して政府を支持する。	sometimes|時には|adverb|on some occasions or in some cases	uphold|支持する|verb|support or defend	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	people|人民|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	Council of Ten|十人委員会|noun|a powerful council of state in the former Venetian Republic	Venice|ヴェネツィア|noun|a city in northeastern Italy sited on a group of 118 small islands separated by canals and linked by bridges
and sometimes to maintain the balance between the two, as the Ephors did at Sparta.	そして、スパルタでエフォロスが行ったように、時には両者のバランスを維持する。	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or last	balance|バランス|noun|a state of equilibrium or equipoise	two|両者|noun|the number 2	Ephors|エフォロス|noun|a magistrate in ancient Sparta	Sparta|スパルタ|noun|a city-state in ancient Greece

The tribunate is not a constituent part of the city, and should have no share in either legislative or executive power;	護民官は都市の構成要素ではなく、立法権にも執行権にも関与すべきではない。	tribunate|護民官|noun|a magistrate of ancient Rome appointed to protect the plebeians from the patricians	constituent|構成要素|noun|a part of a whole	city|都市|noun|a large human settlement	legislative|立法権|noun|the power to make laws	executive|執行権|noun|the power to put laws into effect
but this very fact makes its own power the greater: for, while it can do nothing, it can prevent anything from being done.	しかし、この事実そのものが、その権力をより大きくしている。なぜなら、何もできない一方で、何事も行われるのを阻止できるからである。	fact|事実|noun|something that is known or proved to be true	make|する|verb|cause to be or become	power|権力|noun|the ability to do something or act in a particular way, especially as a result of training or practice	greater|より大きい|adjective|larger in size, amount, or degree	for|なぜなら|conjunction|because	nothing|何も|noun|not anything; no single thing	prevent|阻止する|verb|keep from happening or arising
It is more sacred and more revered, as the defender of the laws, than the prince who executes them, or than the Sovereign which ordains them.	護民官は、法律を執行する君主や、法律を制定する主権者よりも、法律の擁護者として、より神聖で、より尊敬されている。	defender|擁護者|noun|someone who defends or protects something	sacred|神聖な|adjective|consecrated to some deity or to some religious purpose; consecrated	revered|尊敬される|adjective|regarded with deep respect	prince|君主|noun|the son of a king or queen	execute|執行する|verb|carry out a sentence of death on	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	ordain|制定する|verb|order by virtue of superior authority
This was seen very clearly at Rome, when the proud patricians, for all their scorn of the people, were forced to bow before one of its officers, who had neither auspices nor jurisdiction.	これはローマで非常にはっきりと見られた。傲慢な貴族たちは、民衆を軽蔑していたにもかかわらず、権限も管轄権もない護民官の前に頭を下げざるを得なかった。	Rome|ローマ|noun|capital of Italy	patrician|貴族|noun|a member of the highest social class in ancient Rome	scorn|軽蔑|noun|a feeling of contempt for someone or something	officer|護民官|noun|a person who has a position of authority, especially in the armed forces	auspices|権限|noun|a favourable or propitious circumstance	jurisdiction|管轄権|noun|the official power to make legal decisions and judgements

The tribunate, wisely tempered, is the strongest support a good constitution can have;	賢明に調整された護民官は、良い憲法が持つことができる最も強力な支えである。	tribunate|護民官|noun|a magistrate of ancient Rome appointed to protect the rights of the plebeians	wisely|賢明に|adverb|in a wise manner	tempered|調整された|verb|make or become less intense or extreme	strongest|最も強力な|adjective|of great physical power	support|支え|noun|a person or thing that gives help, encouragement, or approval	constitution|憲法|noun|the system of fundamental principles according to which a state or other organization is governed
but if its strength is ever so little excessive, it upsets the whole State.	しかし、その力が少しでも過剰になると、国家全体を混乱させる。	strength|力|noun|the quality or state of being physically strong	ever so little|少しでも|adverb|to the slightest extent	excessive|過剰|adjective|more than is usual or proper	upset|混乱させる|verb|disturb the normal state or condition of	whole|全体|adjective|all of; the entire
Weakness, on the other hand, is not natural to it: provided it is something, it is never less than it should be.	一方、弱さは護民官にとって自然なことではない。護民官が何かである限り、護民官は決してあるべき姿よりも小さくなることはない。	weakness|弱さ|noun|the quality or state of being weak	on the other hand|一方|adverb|from another point of view	natural|自然なこと|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	provided|である限り|conjunction|on the condition or understanding that	never|決して|adverb|at no time in the past or future; on no occasion; not ever	less|小さくなる|adjective|smaller in size, amount, degree, or value

It degenerates into tyranny when it usurps the executive power, which it should confine itself to restraining, and when it tries to dispense with the laws, which it should confine itself to protecting.	護民官は、抑制するべき執行権を奪い、保護するべき法律を無視しようとすると、専制政治に堕落する。	degenerate|堕落する|verb|become worse or lower in quality	tyranny|専制政治|noun|a government in which absolute power is vested in a single ruler	usurp|奪う|verb|take (something) for oneself by force or without right	executive power|執行権|noun|the power to put laws into effect	confine|限定する|verb|keep or restrict within limits	restrain|抑制する|verb|hold back from doing something	dispense with|無視する|verb|do without	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority
The immense power of the Ephors, harmless as long as Sparta preserved its morality, hastened corruption when once it had begun.	スパルタが道徳を保っている限り無害だったエフォロイの巨大な権力は、一度腐敗が始まると、その腐敗を早めた。	immense|巨大な|adjective|very great in size, amount, or degree	power|権力|noun|the ability to do or act	harmless|無害な|adjective|not causing or likely to cause harm	as long as|限り|conjunction|on condition that; provided that	Sparta|スパルタ|noun|a city-state in ancient Greece	preserve|保つ|verb|keep in its original state	morality|道徳|noun|principles concerning the distinction between right and wrong or good and bad behavior	hasten|早める|verb|cause to happen sooner than otherwise expected	corruption|腐敗|noun|dishonest or fraudulent conduct by those in power
The blood of Agis, slaughtered by these tyrants, was avenged by his successor;	これらの暴君によって殺されたアギスの血は、彼の後継者によって復讐された。	blood|血|noun|the red liquid that circulates in the arteries and veins of people and vertebrate animals, carrying oxygen to and carbon dioxide from the tissues of the body	tyrant|暴君|noun|a cruel and oppressive ruler	slaughter|殺す|verb|kill (people or animals) in a cruel or violent way, typically in a large number	successor|後継者|noun|a person or thing that follows another in office, position, or function
the crime and the punishment of the Ephors alike hastened the destruction of the republic, and after Cleomenes Sparta ceased to be of any account.	エフォロイの犯罪と処罰は共に共和国の破壊を早め、クレオメネスの後にスパルタは重要ではなくなった。	Ephors|エフォロイ|noun|a magistrate in ancient Sparta	alike|共に|adverb|in a similar way	hasten|早める|verb|cause to happen sooner than otherwise expected	destruction|破壊|noun|the action or process of causing so much damage to something that it no longer exists or cannot be repaired	republic|共和国|noun|a state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives, and which has an elected or nominated president rather than a monarch	Cleomenes|クレオメネス|noun|a king of Sparta	Sparta|スパルタ|noun|a city-state in ancient Greece	cease|なくなる|verb|come or bring to an end	account|重要|noun|importance or value
Rome perished in the same way: the excessive power of the tribunes, which they had usurped by degrees, finally served, with the help of laws made to secure liberty, as a safeguard for the emperors who destroyed it.	ローマも同じように滅亡した。護民官が少しずつ奪い取った過度の権力は、自由を守るために作られた法律の助けを借りて、最終的には自由を破壊した皇帝の安全保障となった。	Rome|ローマ|noun|capital of Italy	perish|滅亡する|verb|die or be destroyed	in the same way|同じように|adverb|in the same manner	tribune|護民官|noun|an official in ancient Rome appointed to protect the rights of the plebeians	excessive|過度の|adjective|more than is usual or proper	power|権力|noun|the ability to do or act	usurp|奪い取る|verb|take (something) for oneself by force or without right	by degrees|少しずつ|adverb|gradually	finally|最終的に|adverb|after a long time	serve|役立つ|verb|be of use to	with the help of|助けを借りて|preposition|with the assistance of	law|法律|noun|a rule or set of rules made by the government	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free	destroy|破壊する|verb|cause (something) to cease to exist
As for the Venetian Council of Ten, it is a tribunal of blood, an object of horror to patricians and people alike;	ヴェネツィアの十人委員会については、それは血の裁判であり、貴族と民衆の両方にとって恐怖の対象である。	Venetian Council of Ten|ヴェネツィアの十人委員会|noun|a powerful council of state in the former Venetian Republic	tribunal|裁判|noun|a court of justice	blood|血|noun|the red liquid that circulates in the arteries and veins of people and vertebrate animals, carrying oxygen to and carbon dioxide from the tissues of the body	horror|恐怖|noun|an intense feeling of fear, shock, or disgust	patrician|貴族|noun|a member of the aristocracy	people|民衆|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively
and, so far from giving a lofty protection to the laws, it does nothing, now they have become degraded, but strike in the darkness blows of which no one dare take note.	そして、法律に高尚な保護を与えるどころか、今や法律は堕落してしまったが、誰も注目しようとしない暗闇の中での打撃以外には何もしていない。	so far from|どころか|adverb|to the contrary	give|与える|verb|cause to have or receive	lofty|高尚な|adjective|of imposing height	protection|保護|noun|the action of protecting someone or something	law|法律|noun|the system of rules that a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and may enforce by the imposition of penalties	do nothing|何もしない|verb|not do anything	now|今や|adverb|at the present time	become|なる|verb|come to be	degraded|堕落した|adjective|having lost all or a great deal of its good qualities	strike|打撃|noun|a blow or stroke	darkness|暗闇|noun|the absence of light	blow|打撃|noun|a sudden event or action that causes damage or harm	dare|あえて|verb|have the courage to do something new, dangerous, or exciting	take note|注目する|verb|notice or observe

The tribunate, like the government, grows weak as the number of its members increases.	護民官は、政府と同様に、そのメンバーの数が増えるにつれて弱くなる。	tribunate|護民官|noun|the office of tribune	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	grow weak|弱くなる|verb|become less strong or powerful	number|数|noun|a quantity that is one or more	increase|増える|verb|become or make greater or more
When the tribunes of the Roman people, who first numbered only two, and then five, wished to double that number, the senate let them do so, in the confidence that it could use one to check another, as indeed it afterwards freely did.	最初はわずか2人、その後5人だったローマ人の護民官がその数を倍にしたいと思ったとき、元老院は、実際にその後自由にそうしたように、一方を他方のチェックに使えるという自信を持って、そうさせた。	Roman|ローマ人|noun|a citizen of the ancient Roman republic or empire	tribune|護民官|noun|an official in ancient Rome appointed to protect the rights of the plebeians	first|最初|adverb|before any other person or thing	number|数|noun|a mathematical object used to count, measure, and label	two|2|numeral|one more than one	five|5|numeral|one more than four	wish|望む|verb|feel or express a strong desire or hope for something that is not easily attainable	double|倍にする|verb|make or become twice as great or as many	senate|元老院|noun|the upper house of the US Congress	let|させる|verb|not prevent or forbid	confidence|自信|noun|a feeling or belief that you can do something well or succeed at something	use|使う|verb|convert to one's own purpose or for one's own ends	check|チェックする|verb|examine or inspect with care	freely|自由に|adverb|without restriction or limitation

The best method of preventing usurpations by so formidable a body, though no government has yet made use of it, would be not to make it permanent, but to regulate the periods during which it should remain in abeyance.	このような恐ろしい組織による簒奪を防ぐ最善の方法は、まだどの政府もそれを利用していないが、それを永続的にするのではなく、それが停止されたままであるべき期間を規制することだろう。	prevent|防ぐ|verb|keep from happening or arising	usurpation|簒奪|noun|the act of taking something by force or without right	formidable|恐ろしい|adjective|causing fear or dread	body|組織|noun|a group of people with a particular purpose	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	make use of|利用する|verb|to use something for a particular purpose	permanent|永続的|adjective|lasting forever	regulate|規制する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	period|期間|noun|a length of time	remain|残る|verb|be left after others have gone	abeyance|停止|noun|a state of temporary disuse or suspension
These intervals, which should not be long enough to give abuses time to grow strong, may be so fixed by law that they can easily be shortened at need by extraordinary commissions.	これらの間隔は、不正が強くなる時間を与えるほど長くすべきではないが、法律で定めることができ、必要に応じて特別委員会によって簡単に短縮することができる。	interval|間隔|noun|a space of time between two events	long|長い|adjective|having a great distance or duration	give|与える|verb|cause someone to have something	abuse|不正|noun|the improper use of something	time|時間|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	grow|強くなる|verb|become larger or greater over a period of time	law|法律|noun|the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties	fix|定める|verb|decide or settle in advance	need|必要|noun|a thing that is wanted or required	commission|委員会|noun|a group of people with authority to perform a particular function

This method seems to me to have no disadvantages, because, as I have said, the tribunate, which forms no part of the constitution, can be removed without the constitution being affected.	この方法には欠点がないように思われる。なぜなら、私が言ったように、憲法の一部を形成していない護民官は、憲法に影響を与えることなく削除できるからである。	method|方法|noun|a way of doing something	disadvantage|欠点|noun|an unfavorable situation or circumstance	have no disadvantage|欠点がない|verb|be free of disadvantage	have said|言った|verb|say something in the past	tribunate|護民官|noun|a magistrate of ancient Rome appointed to protect the rights of the plebeians	form no part of|一部を形成していない|verb|not be a part of	constitution|憲法|noun|the system of fundamental principles according to which a state or other organization is governed	be affected|影響を受ける|verb|be influenced or changed by something
It seems to be also efficacious, because a newly restored magistrate starts not with the power his predecessor exercised, but with that which the law allows him.	それはまた効果的であるように思われる。なぜなら、新しく復権した政務官は、前任者が行使した権力ではなく、法律が彼に与えた権力から始めるからである。	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be	efficacious|効果的|adjective|producing the desired or intended result	newly|新しく|adverb|recently; lately	restored|復権した|adjective|brought back to a former position or condition	magistrate|政務官|noun|a civil officer or lay judge who administers the law	start|始める|verb|begin doing something	power|権力|noun|the ability to do or act	predecessor|前任者|noun|a person who held a job or office before the current holder	exercise|行使する|verb|use or apply	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority


## CHAPTER VI: THE DICTATORSHIP	第六章: 独裁制	CHAPTER VI|第六章|noun|the sixth chapter	DICTATORSHIP|独裁制|noun|a form of government in which absolute power is concentrated in the hands of a dictator or a small clique

The inflexibility of the laws, which prevents them from adapting themselves to circumstances, may, in certain cases, render them disastrous, and make them bring about, at a time of crisis, the ruin of the State.	法律の硬直性は、法律が状況に適応するのを妨げるが、ある場合には、法律を悲惨なものにし、危機の時に国家の破滅をもたらすことがある。	inflexibility|硬直性|noun|the quality of being inflexible	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	prevent|妨げる|verb|keep from happening or arising	adapt|適応する|verb|make suitable for a new use or purpose	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	certain|ある|adjective|having or showing no doubt	case|場合|noun|an instance of a situation; an example	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	disastrous|悲惨な|adjective|causing great damage or misfortune	bring about|もたらす|verb|cause to happen	crisis|危機|noun|a time of intense difficulty, trouble, or danger	ruin|破滅|noun|the state of decay, collapse, or destruction
The order and slowness of the forms they enjoin require a space of time which circumstances sometimes withhold.	法律が命じる手続きの順序と遅さは、状況によっては与えられない場合がある時間の余裕を必要とする。	order|順序|noun|the arrangement or disposition of people or things in relation to each other according to a particular sequence, pattern, or method	slowness|遅さ|noun|the quality or state of being slow	form|手続き|noun|a document with spaces in which to write	enjoin|命じる|verb|give an order or injunction to	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	space|余裕|noun|a continuous area or expanse which is free, available, or unoccupied	time|時間|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	withhold|与えない|verb|refuse to give or grant
A thousand cases against which the legislator has made no provision may present themselves, and it is a highly necessary part of foresight to be conscious that everything cannot be foreseen.	立法者が何の準備もしていなかった無数の事例が起こりうるし、すべてを予見することはできないと自覚することは、予見の非常に必要な部分である。	thousand|無数の|noun|the number 1000	case|事例|noun|an instance of something occurring	legislator|立法者|noun|a person who makes laws	make no provision|何の準備もしない|verb|fail to prepare for something	present|起こりうる|verb|to happen or occur	everything|すべて|noun|all things; the whole	foresee|予見する|verb|to know or see something before it happens	foresight|予見|noun|the ability to predict or the action of predicting what will happen or be needed in the future

It is wrong therefore to wish to make political institutions so strong as to render it impossible to suspend their operation.	したがって、政治制度をその運用を停止することが不可能になるほど強固なものにしようとするのは間違っている。	political institution|政治制度|noun|a set of rules and regulations that govern the political behavior of a society	strong|強固な|adjective|having the power to perform well or to withstand force, pressure, or wear	suspend|停止する|verb|stop temporarily	operation|運用|noun|the action or process of operating something
Even Sparta allowed its laws to lapse.	スパルタでさえ、その法律を失効させた。	even|でさえ|adverb|to a greater extent than usual	Sparta|スパルタ|noun|a city-state in ancient Greece	allow|許す|verb|permit to do something	law|法律|noun|a rule or set of rules made by the government of a country	lapse|失効|noun|a period of time during which something is no longer valid or in effect

However, none but the greatest dangers can counter-balance that of changing the public order, and the sacred power of the laws should never be arrested save when the existence of the country is at stake.	しかし、最大の危険以外には、公序を変更することの危険と釣り合うものはなく、国の存亡がかかっている場合を除いて、法律の神聖な権限を停止してはならない。	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	none but|以外には|adverb|only; no one or nothing else	greatest|最大の|adjective|of the highest quality or degree	danger|危険|noun|the possibility of suffering harm or injury	counter-balance|釣り合う|verb|to act against with an equal force or effect	public order|公序|noun|the state of peace and security in a community	change|変更|verb|make or become different	sacred|神聖な|adjective|consecrated to some deity or to some religious purpose; consecrated	power|権限|noun|the ability or capacity to perform or act	law|法律|noun|the system of rules that a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and may enforce by the imposition of penalties	arrest|停止|verb|seize, capture	save|場合を除いて|preposition|except; other than	existence|存亡|noun|the fact or state of living or having objective reality	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
In these rare and obvious cases, provision is made for the public security by a particular act entrusting it to him who is most worthy.	このような稀で明白な場合には、最もふさわしい人物にそれを委ねる特別な行為によって、公共の安全が確保される。	in these rare and obvious cases|このような稀で明白な場合には|adverb|in these rare and obvious cases	provision|確保|noun|the action of providing or supplying something	public security|公共の安全|noun|the safety of the general public	entrust|委ねる|verb|give a task or responsibility to someone	particular act|特別な行為|noun|a specific action	most worthy|最もふさわしい|adjective|most deserving
This commitment may be carried out in either of two ways, according to the nature of the danger.	この委任は、危険の性質に応じて、2つの方法のいずれかで行うことができる。	commitment|委任|noun|an engagement or obligation that restricts freedom of action	carry out|行う|verb|to perform or execute	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features, character, or qualities of something	danger|危険|noun|exposure to or risk of injury, pain, harm, or loss

If increasing the activity of the government is a sufficient remedy, power is concentrated in the hands of one or two of its members: in this case the change is not in the authority of the laws, but only in the form of administering them.	政府の活動を増やすことが十分な救済策である場合、権力はそのメンバーの1人か2人の手に集中する。この場合、変更は法律の権限ではなく、単にそれらを管理する形態にある。	increase|増やす|verb|make or become greater or more numerous	activity|活動|noun|the condition in which things are happening or being done	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as good as required	remedy|救済策|noun|a medicine or treatment for a disease or injury	power|権力|noun|the ability or capacity to perform or act	concentrate|集中する|verb|focus all of one's attention on something	hand|手|noun|the end of the arm beyond the wrist	member|メンバー|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization	change|変更|noun|the act or instance of making or becoming different	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	authority|権限|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	administer|管理する|verb|manage or supervise the execution, use, or conduct of	form|形態|noun|the visible shape or configuration of something
If, on the other hand, the peril is of such a kind that the paraphernalia of the laws are an obstacle to their preservation, the method is to nominate a supreme ruler, who shall silence all the laws and suspend for a moment the sovereign authority.	一方、危険が法律の付属品がその保存の障害となるようなものである場合、その方法は、すべての法律を沈黙させ、主権を一時停止する最高統治者を指名することである。	on the other hand|一方|adverb|from another point of view	peril|危険|noun|exposure to the risk of being injured, destroyed, or lost	paraphernalia|付属品|noun|articles used in conjunction with an activity	obstacle|障害|noun|something that obstructs or hinders	preservation|保存|noun|the act of keeping something in its original state	method|方法|noun|a particular procedure for accomplishing or approaching something, especially a systematic or established one	nominate|指名する|verb|formally propose as a candidate for election or for an honor or award	supreme ruler|最高統治者|noun|the person who has the highest authority in a country or organization	silence|沈黙させる|verb|make or become silent	law|法律|noun|the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties	suspend|一時停止する|verb|temporarily stop	sovereign authority|主権|noun|supreme power or authority
In such a case, there is no doubt about the general will, and it is clear that the people's first intention is that the State shall not perish.	このような場合、一般意志に疑いの余地はなく、国民の第一の意図は国家が滅びないことであることは明らかである。	in such a case|このような場合|adverb|in a situation like this	there is no doubt|疑いの余地はない|verb|be certain or sure about something	general will|一般意志|noun|the will of the people as a whole	it is clear|明らかである|verb|be easy to understand	people's first intention|国民の第一の意図|noun|the first thing that people want to do	the State|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	shall not perish|滅びない|verb|not die or be destroyed
Thus the suspension of the legislative authority is in no sense its abolition;	したがって、立法権の停止は決してその廃止ではない。	suspension|停止|noun|the temporary stopping of something	legislative authority|立法権|noun|the power to make laws	abolition|廃止|noun|the ending of something
the magistrate who silences it cannot make it speak;	それを沈黙させる行政官はそれを語らせることはできない。	magistrate|行政官|noun|a civil officer or lay judge who administers the law	silence|沈黙させる|verb|make silent	make|語らせる|verb|cause to be or become
he dominates it, but cannot represent it.	彼はそれを支配するが、それを代表することはできない。	dominate|支配する|verb|have a commanding influence on	represent|代表する|verb|be a symbol or expression of
He can do anything, except make laws.	彼は法律を作ること以外は何でもできる。	can|できる|auxiliary verb|be able to	do|行う|verb|perform or execute	anything|何でも|pronoun|something, no matter what	except|以外|preposition|not including; other than	make|作る|verb|create or produce

The first method was used by the Roman senate when, in a consecrated formula, it charged the consuls to provide for the safety of the Republic.	最初の方法は、ローマの元老院が、神聖な定式で、共和国の安全を守るために執政官に責任を負わせたときに使われていた。	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	method|方法|noun|a way of doing something	use|使う|verb|convert to one's own purposes	Roman|ローマの|adjective|of or relating to Rome or its people or culture	senate|元老院|noun|the upper house of the U.S. Congress	when|とき|conjunction|at or during the time that	consecrated|神聖な|adjective|dedicated to a deity or to some religious purpose	formula|定式|noun|a mathematical rule or statement	charge|責任を負わせる|verb|impose a duty or responsibility on	consul|執政官|noun|an official appointed by a state to live in a foreign city and protect and represent the interests of citizens of the consul's own country	provide|守る|verb|make available for use; supply	safety|安全|noun|the condition of being protected from or unlikely to cause danger, risk, or injury	Republic|共和国|noun|a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly by them
The second was employed when one of the two consuls nominated a dictator: a custom Rome borrowed from Alba.	二つ目は、二人の執政官のうち一人が独裁官を指名したときに使われていた。ローマがアルバから借りた習慣である。	second|二つ目|noun|the number 2	employ|使われる|verb|use	one|一人|noun|the number 1	two|二人|noun|the number 2	consul|執政官|noun|one of the two chief magistrates of the ancient Roman republic	nominate|指名する|verb|formally propose as a candidate for election or for an honor or award	dictator|独裁官|noun|a ruler with total power over a country, typically one who has obtained control by force	custom|習慣|noun|a traditional and widely accepted way of behaving or doing something that is specific to a particular society, place, or time	Rome|ローマ|noun|the capital city of Italy	borrow|借りる|verb|take and use something temporarily that belongs to someone else, with the intention of returning it

During the first period of the Republic, recourse was very often had to the dictatorship, because the State had not yet a firm enough basis to be able to maintain itself by the strength of its constitution alone.	共和国の最初の時期には、国家が憲法の力だけで自立できるほど十分に強固な基盤をまだ持っていなかったため、独裁制に頼ることが非常に多かった。	During the first period of the Republic|共和国の最初の時期には|noun phrase|the first period of the Republic	recourse|頼ること|noun|a source of help in a difficult situation	very often|非常に多かった|adverb|very frequently	dictatorship|独裁制|noun|a form of government in which absolute power is concentrated in the hands of a dictator or a small clique	State|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	yet|まだ|adverb|up until the present time; so far	firm|強固な|adjective|strong and stable	basis|基盤|noun|the underlying support or foundation for an idea, argument, or process	alone|だけで|adverb|without any other people or things
As the state of morality then made superfluous many of the precautions which would have been necessary at other times, there was no fear that a dictator would abuse his authority, or try to keep it beyond his term of office.	当時の道徳の状態は、他の時代には必要だったであろう多くの予防策を不要にしていたため、独裁者が権力を乱用したり、任期を超えて権力を維持しようとする恐れはなかった。	state|状態|noun|the condition of a person or thing	morality|道徳|noun|the quality of being in accord with standards of right or good conduct	superfluous|不要な|adjective|more than is needed, desired, or required	precaution|予防策|noun|a measure taken in advance to prevent something from happening	necessary|必要|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	other|他の|adjective|not the same as the one or ones already mentioned or implied	fear|恐れ|noun|an unpleasant emotion caused by the belief that someone or something is dangerous, likely to cause pain, or a threat	dictator|独裁者|noun|a ruler with total power over a country, typically one who has obtained control by force	abuse|乱用|verb|use (something) to bad effect or for a bad purpose; misuse	authority|権力|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	keep|維持する|verb|continue to have, hold, or maintain	term|任期|noun|a fixed period of time during which someone holds a particular office or position
On the contrary, so much power appeared to be burdensome to him who was clothed with it, and he made all speed to lay it down, as if taking the place of the laws had been too troublesome and too perilous a position to retain.	それどころか、そのような権力は、それを身にまとった者には重荷であるように思われ、法律に代わることはあまりにも面倒で危険な立場であるかのように、彼はそれを放棄するために全力を尽くした。	on the contrary|それどころか|adverb|quite the opposite	so much|そのような|adverb|to such a great extent	power|権力|noun|the ability to do or act	appear|思われる|verb|seem	burdensome|重荷である|adjective|causing hardship or difficulty	clothe|身にまとった|verb|put clothes on	make all speed|全力を尽くした|verb|do something as quickly as possible	lay down|放棄する|verb|give up	as if|かのように|conjunction|as though	take the place of|代わる|verb|be a substitute for	law|法律|noun|a rule or set of rules made by the government	too troublesome|あまりにも面倒な|adjective|causing difficulty or problems	too perilous|あまりにも危険な|adjective|involving or exposing one to great danger	position|立場|noun|a place where someone or something is located	retain|保つ|verb|keep or continue to have

It is therefore the danger not of its abuse, but of its cheapening, that makes me attack the indiscreet use of this supreme magistracy in the earliest times.	したがって、私がこの最高裁判所の初期の無分別な使用を攻撃するのは、その乱用ではなく、その安易な使用の危険性である。	abuse|乱用|noun|the improper use of something	cheapening|安易な使用|noun|the act of making something cheaper	indiscreet|無分別な|adjective|lacking prudence or good judgment	earliest|初期の|adjective|happening or done before the usual or expected time
For as long as it was freely employed at elections, dedications and purely formal functions, there was danger of its becoming less formidable in time of need, and of men growing accustomed to regarding as empty a title that was used only on occasions of empty ceremonial.	選挙、献身、純粋に形式的な機能に自由に使用されている限り、必要な時にそれがそれほど手強いものではなくなる危険性があり、空虚な儀式の際にのみ使用される称号を空虚なものと見なすことに慣れてしまう危険性があった。	as long as|限り|conjunction|on condition that; provided that	freely|自由に|adverb|without being controlled or restricted	employ|使用される|verb|use	election|選挙|noun|the process of choosing a person or group of people for a position, especially a political position, by voting	dedication|献身|noun|the quality of being dedicated or committed to a task or purpose	purely|純粋に|adverb|in a pure manner	formal|形式的な|adjective|done in accordance with rules of convention or etiquette	function|機能|noun|the action or purpose for which a person or thing is specially fitted or used	time of need|必要な時|noun|a time when help is needed	less formidable|それほど手強いものではなくなる|adjective|not as impressive or powerful as expected	danger|危険性|noun|the possibility of suffering harm or injury	grow accustomed to|慣れる|verb|become used to something	regard as|見なす|verb|consider or think of as	empty|空虚な|adjective|containing nothing	title|称号|noun|a name that describes someone's position or job	occasion|際に|noun|a particular time or event	ceremony|儀式|noun|a formal event or series of events

Towards the end of the Republic, the Romans, having grown more circumspect, were as unreasonably sparing in the use of the dictatorship as they had formerly been lavish.	共和政の終わりにかけて、ローマ人はより慎重になり、以前は贅沢に独裁制を使っていたのに、不当に控えめになった。	towards|終わりにかけて|preposition|in the direction of	end|終わり|noun|the final part of something	republic|共和政|noun|a state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives, and which has an elected or nominated president rather than a monarch	Roman|ローマ人|noun|a citizen of ancient Rome	grow|なる|verb|become	circumspect|慎重|adjective|careful to consider all circumstances and possible consequences	unreasonably|不当に|adverb|in a way that is not fair, just, or right	spare|控えめ|adjective|small in amount or of poor quality	use|使う|verb|convert to one's own purposes	dictatorship|独裁制|noun|a country governed by a dictator	lavish|贅沢|adjective|very generous or extravagant
It is easy to see that their fears were without foundation, that the weakness of the capital secured it against the magistrates who were in its midst;	彼らの恐怖には根拠がなく、首都の弱さがその中にいる行政官に対してそれを確保していたことは容易に理解できる。	fear|恐怖|noun|an unpleasant emotion caused by the belief that someone or something is dangerous, likely to cause pain, or a threat	foundation|根拠|noun|a basis on which something is founded or built	weakness|弱さ|noun|the quality or state of lacking the power to perform	secure|確保する|verb|to make safe; to guard or protect	magistrate|行政官|noun|a civil officer or lay judge who administers the law, especially one who conducts a court that deals with minor offenses and holds preliminary hearings for more serious ones	midst|中|noun|the middle part or point
that a dictator might, in certain cases, defend the public liberty, but could never endanger it;	独裁者は、ある場合には公衆の自由を守るかもしれないが、それを危険にさらすことは決してできない。	dictator|独裁者|noun|a ruler with total power over a country, typically one who has obtained control by force	might|かもしれない|auxiliary verb|expressing possibility or probability	defend|守る|verb|protect from harm or danger	public|公衆|noun|the people as a whole	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life, behavior, or political views	endanger|危険にさらす|verb|put at risk or in danger
and that the chains of Rome would be forged, not in Rome itself, but in her armies.	そして、ローマの鎖はローマ自体ではなく、その軍隊で鍛造されるだろう。	chain|鎖|noun|a series of connected metal links	Rome|ローマ|noun|the capital city of Italy	forge|鍛造する|verb|shape metal by heating and hammering	army|軍隊|noun|an organized military force equipped for fighting on land
The weak resistance offered by Marius to Sulla, and by Pompey to Cæsar, clearly showed what was to be expected from authority at home against force from abroad.	マリウスがスラに、ポンペイウスがカエサルに対して示した弱い抵抗は、外からの力に対して国内の権威から何が期待できるかを明らかに示した。	Marius|マリウス|noun|Roman general and statesman	Sulla|スラ|noun|Roman general and statesman	Pompey|ポンペイウス|noun|Roman general and statesman	Cæsar|カエサル|noun|Roman general and statesman	resistance|抵抗|noun|the refusal to accept or comply with something	weak|弱い|adjective|lacking the power to perform	authority|権威|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	abroad|海外|adverb|in or to a foreign country

This misconception led the Romans to make great mistakes;	この誤解がローマ人に大きな過ちを犯させた。	misconception|誤解|noun|a wrong idea or opinion	lead|犯させる|verb|cause to go or come	Roman|ローマ人|noun|a citizen of ancient Rome	make|犯す|verb|perform or carry out	mistake|過ち|noun|an error in action, calculation, opinion, or judgment caused by poor reasoning, carelessness, insufficient knowledge, etc.
such, for example, as the failure to nominate a dictator in the Catilinarian conspiracy.	例えば、カティリナの陰謀で独裁者を指名しなかったことなどである。	such|例えば|adverb|of the type previously mentioned	failure|失敗|noun|the state or condition of not meeting a desirable or intended objective	nominate|指名する|verb|formally propose someone as a candidate for election or for an honor or award	dictator|独裁者|noun|a ruler with total power over a country, typically one who has obtained control by force	conspiracy|陰謀|noun|a secret plan by a group to do something unlawful or harmful
For, as only the city itself, with at most some province in Italy, was concerned, the unlimited authority the laws gave to the dictator would have enabled him to make short work of the conspiracy, which was, in fact, stifled only by a combination of lucky chances human prudence had no right to expect.	なぜなら、せいぜいイタリアのいくつかの州と都市自体だけが関係していたので、法律が独裁者に与えた無制限の権限は、彼が陰謀を短時間で処理することを可能にしただろうし、実際、それは人間の慎重さでは期待できない幸運な偶然の組み合わせによってのみ抑えられたのである。	city|都市|noun|a large human settlement	Italy|イタリア|noun|a country in southern Europe	concerned|関係する|adjective|involved or interested in something	unlimited|無制限の|adjective|without any limit	authority|権限|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	law|法律|noun|a rule or system of rules recognized by a country or community as regulating the actions of its members and having binding legal force	dictator|独裁者|noun|a ruler with total power over a country, typically one who has obtained control by force	enable|可能にする|verb|make possible	short|短い|adjective|having little length or duration	work|処理|noun|the effort exerted to do or accomplish something	conspiracy|陰謀|noun|a secret plan by a group to do something unlawful or harmful	fact|事実|noun|a thing that is known or proved to be true	stifle|抑える|verb|prevent the development, growth, or spread of	combination|組み合わせ|noun|the joining of two or more things	lucky|幸運な|adjective|having, bringing, or resulting from good luck	chance|偶然|noun|a possibility of something happening	prudence|慎重さ|noun|the quality of being careful and sensible	expect|期待する|verb|regard as likely to happen

Instead, the senate contented itself with entrusting its whole power to the consuls, so that Cicero, in order to take effective action, was compelled on a capital point to exceed his powers;	その代わりに、元老院は執政官に全権を委任することで満足し、キケロは効果的な行動をとるために、重要な点で権限を超えることを余儀なくされた。	instead|その代わりに|adverb|as an alternative or substitute for	senate|元老院|noun|the upper house of the US Congress	content|満足する|verb|be happy with	entrust|委任する|verb|assign responsibility for a task to someone	whole|全権|adjective|all of; the entire	consul|執政官|noun|an official appointed by a state to live in a foreign city and protect and represent the interests of citizens of the consul's own country	Cicero|キケロ|noun|a Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, philosopher and orator	effective|効果的な|adjective|producing a desired or intended result	action|行動|noun|something done or performed	exceed|超える|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)
and if, in the first transports of joy, his conduct was approved, he was justly called, later on, to account for the blood of citizens spilt in violation of the laws.	そして、最初の喜びのあまり、彼の行為が認められたとしても、後に彼は法律に違反して流された市民の血の責任を問われるのは当然のことだった。	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	transport|喜び|noun|a feeling of great happiness	conduct|行為|noun|the manner in which a person behaves	approve|認める|verb|have or express a favorable opinion of	justly|当然のこと|adverb|in a just manner	call|問われる|verb|to communicate with (someone) by telephone	account for|責任を問われる|verb|to be the explanation for	blood|血|noun|the red liquid that circulates in the arteries and veins of people and vertebrate animals, carrying oxygen to and carbon dioxide from the tissues	citizen|市民|noun|an inhabitant of a city or town; especially : one entitled to the rights and privileges of a freeman	law|法律|noun|the system of rules that a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and may enforce by the imposition of penalties
Such a reproach could never have been levelled at a dictator.	そのような非難は独裁者に向けられることはなかっただろう。	such|そのような|adjective|of the type or degree previously mentioned or indicated	reproach|非難|noun|an expression of disapproval	could never have been|あり得なかっただろう|auxiliary verb|be impossible or extremely unlikely	level|向ける|verb|aim or direct	dictator|独裁者|noun|a ruler with total power over a country, typically one who has obtained control by force
But the consul's eloquence carried the day;	しかし、執政官の雄弁が勝利を収めた。	consul|執政官|noun|one of two annually elected chief magistrates of the Roman republic	eloquence|雄弁|noun|fluent or persuasive speaking or writing	carry the day|勝利を収める|verb|be victorious or successful
and he himself, Roman though he was, loved his own glory better than his country, and sought, not so much the most lawful and secure means of saving the State, as to get for himself the whole honour of having done so.	そして、彼自身、ローマ人ではあったが、自分の栄光を祖国よりも愛し、国家を救うための最も合法で安全な手段を求めるよりも、そうしたことに対するすべての名誉を自分自身で得ようとした。	Roman|ローマ人|noun|a citizen of ancient Rome	glory|栄光|noun|high renown or honor won by notable achievements	country|祖国|noun|the nation in which one is born or has legal citizenship	seek|求める|verb|try to obtain or achieve	State|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	honour|名誉|noun|high respect; great esteem
He was therefore justly honoured as the liberator of Rome, and also justly punished as a law-breaker.	したがって、彼はローマの解放者として正当に称えられ、また、法律違反者として正当に処罰された。	be justly honoured|正当に称えられる|verb|be given the respect that one deserves	liberator|解放者|noun|a person who sets someone free	be justly punished|正当に処罰される|verb|be given the punishment that one deserves
However brilliant his recall may have been, it was undoubtedly an act of pardon.	彼の復帰がどれほど輝かしいものであれ、それは間違いなく恩赦の行為だった。	however|どれほど|adverb|to whatever extent or degree	brilliant|輝かしい|adjective|very bright or vivid	recall|復帰|noun|the ability to remember something	undoubtedly|間違いなく|adverb|without doubt; certainly	act|行為|noun|something that is done	pardon|恩赦|noun|the official forgiveness of a crime

However this important trust be conferred, it is important that its duration should be fixed at a very brief period, incapable of being ever prolonged.	この重要な信託がどのように授与されようとも、その期間は非常に短い期間に固定され、延長されることがないようにすることが重要である。	however|どのように|adverb|in whatever way or manner	important|重要な|adjective|of great significance or value	trust|信託|noun|a legal arrangement in which a person or organization holds property or assets for the benefit of another	confer|授与する|verb|give or grant	duration|期間|noun|the length of time that something continues	fix|固定する|verb|make or become firm, stable, or stationary	brief|短い|adjective|short in duration	period|期間|noun|a length or portion of time	incapable|できない|adjective|lacking the ability to do something	prolong|延長する|verb|extend the duration of
In the crises which lead to its adoption, the State is either soon lost, or soon saved;	その採用に至る危機において、国家はすぐに失われるか、すぐに救われるかのどちらかである。	lead to|至る|verb|result in	adoption|採用|noun|the action of adopting	crisis|危機|noun|a time of intense difficulty or danger	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	either|どちらか|conjunction|used to introduce the first of two or more alternatives	soon|すぐに|adverb|in or after a short time	lose|失う|verb|be deprived of or cease to have or retain	save|救う|verb|make or keep safe or rescue from harm
and, the present need passed, the dictatorship becomes either tyrannical or idle.	そして、現在の必要性が過ぎ去ると、独裁は暴君的になるか、怠惰になる。	present|現在の|adjective|existing or happening now	need|必要性|noun|a requirement for something	pass|過ぎ去る|verb|go by	dictatorship|独裁|noun|a country governed by a dictator	become|なる|verb|come to be	tyrannical|暴君的|adjective|exercising power in a cruel or arbitrary way	idle|怠惰|adjective|not working or active
At Rome, where dictators held office for six months only, most of them abdicated before their time was up.	独裁官が六ヶ月しか在任しなかったローマでは、そのほとんどが任期が終わる前に退位した。	Rome|ローマ|noun|the capital city of Italy	dictator|独裁官|noun|a ruler with total power over a country, typically one who has obtained control by force	hold office|在任する|verb|occupy a position of authority	six months|六ヶ月|noun|a period of time	most|ほとんど|noun|the majority of	abdicate|退位する|verb|renounce one's throne	time|任期|noun|the space or span of time	be up|終わる|verb|be finished
If their term had been longer, they might well have tried to prolong it still further, as the decemvirs did when chosen for a year.	もし彼らの任期がもっと長かったなら、十人委員会が一年間選ばれた時にしたように、彼らはそれをさらに延長しようとしたかもしれない。	term|任期|noun|a fixed period of time	be|である|verb|to be	long|長い|adjective|having a great distance or duration	try|しようとする|verb|to make an effort to do something	prolong|延長する|verb|to extend the duration of	decemvirs|十人委員会|noun|a board of ten magistrates in ancient Rome	year|年|noun|the period of time that the earth takes to make one complete orbit of the sun
The dictator had only time to provide against the need that had caused him to be chosen;	独裁官は、彼が選ばれる原因となった必要に対処する時間しかなかった。	dictator|独裁官|noun|a ruler with total power over a country, typically one who has obtained control by force	have only time to|時間しかない|verb|have no time to do anything else	provide against|対処する|verb|take precautions against	need|必要|noun|a thing that is wanted or required	cause|原因|noun|a person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or condition	choose|選ぶ|verb|pick out or select from a number of alternatives
he had none to think of further projects.	彼には、それ以上の計画を考える時間はなかった。	have none to|時間がない|verb|not have any	think of|考える|verb|direct one's mind toward someone or something; use one's mind actively to form connected ideas	further|それ以上の|adjective|more distant in space or time	project|計画|noun|a plan or scheme to do something


## CHAPTER VII: THE CENSORSHIP	第七章: 検閲	CHAPTER VII|第七章|noun|the seventh chapter	CENSORSHIP|検閲|noun|the suppression or prohibition of any parts of books, films, news, etc. that are considered obscene, politically unacceptable, or a threat to security

As the law is the declaration of the general will, the censorship is the declaration of the public judgment: public opinion is the form of law which the censor administers, and, like the prince, only applies to particular cases.	法律が一般意志の宣言であるように、検閲は公衆の判断の宣言である。世論は検閲官が管理する法律の形式であり、君主のように、特定の場合にのみ適用される。	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	declaration|宣言|noun|a formal statement of the intentions, opinions, or actions of a person or group	general will|一般意志|noun|the will of the people as a whole	censorship|検閲|noun|the suppression or prohibition of any parts of books, films, news, etc. that are considered obscene, politically unacceptable, or a threat to security	public judgment|公衆の判断|noun|the opinion of the general public	public opinion|世論|noun|the beliefs or views of the majority of the people	censor|検閲官|noun|an official who examines books, films, news, etc. and removes or suppresses anything considered harmful, obscene, or politically unacceptable	prince|君主|noun|a male member of a royal family other than the king	particular case|特定の場合|noun|a specific instance of something

The censorial tribunal, so far from being the arbiter of the people's opinion, only declares it, and, as soon as the two part company, its decisions are null and void.	検閲裁判所は、人民の意見の裁定者であるどころか、それを宣言するだけであり、両者が分離するとすぐに、その決定は無効となる。	censorial tribunal|検閲裁判所|noun|a court that has the power to censor	so far from|どころか|adverb|to the contrary	arbiter|裁定者|noun|a person who has the power to decide a dispute	people's opinion|人民の意見|noun|the opinion of the people	declare|宣言する|verb|to make a formal statement about something	as soon as|するとすぐに|adverb|immediately after	two part company|両者が分離する|noun|two people or groups that have separated	decision|決定|noun|a choice that you make about something after thinking about several possibilities	null and void|無効となる|adjective|having no legal force or effect

It is useless to distinguish the morality of a nation from the objects of its esteem;	国民の道徳をその尊敬の対象から区別することは無意味である。	distinguish|区別する|verb|recognize as different	morality|道徳|noun|a system of values and beliefs	nation|国民|noun|a large group of people who share a common language, culture, ethnicity, descent, or history	esteem|尊敬|noun|a feeling of deep admiration for someone or something
both depend on the same principle and are necessarily indistinguishable.	両者は同じ原理に依存しており、必然的に区別がつかない。	both|両者|pronoun|the two people or things mentioned	depend on|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by	same|同じ|adjective|being the same one or ones	principle|原理|noun|a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior or for a chain of reasoning	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	indistinguishable|区別がつかない|adjective|not able to be distinguished or differentiated
There is no people on earth the choice of whose pleasures is not decided by opinion rather than nature.	快楽の選択が自然ではなく意見によって決定されない人々は地球上にいない。	There is no|いない|verb|not exist	earth|地球|noun|the planet on which we live	choice|選択|noun|the act of choosing	pleasure|快楽|noun|a feeling of satisfaction or enjoyment	nature|自然|noun|the physical world and everything in it	opinion|意見|noun|a view or judgment formed about something, not necessarily based on fact or knowledge
Right men's opinions, and their morality will purge itself.	人の意見を正せば、彼らの道徳は浄化される。	right|正す|verb|make or set right	opinion|意見|noun|a view or judgment formed about something, not necessarily based on fact or knowledge	morality|道徳|noun|a system of values and beliefs concerning what is right and wrong or good and bad	purge|浄化する|verb|rid of impurities or unwanted elements
Men always love what is good or what they find good;	人は常に善いもの、あるいは善いと思うものを愛する。	man|人|noun|an adult male human being	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	love|愛する|verb|have a strong feeling of affection for	what|もの|noun|the thing that	good|善い|adjective|to be desired or approved of
it is in judging what is good that they go wrong.	彼らが間違えるのは、何が善いかを判断する時である。	judge|判断する|verb|form an opinion about	go wrong|間違える|verb|make a mistake
This judgment, therefore, is what must be regulated.	したがって、この判断こそが規制されるべきものである。	judgment|判断|noun|the ability to make considered decisions or come to sensible conclusions	must|べきである|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be compelled to; have to	be regulated|規制される|verb|be controlled or supervised by means of rules and regulations
He who judges of morality judges of honour;	道徳を判断する者は名誉を判断する。	judge|判断する|verb|form an opinion about	morality|道徳|noun|principles concerning the distinction between right and wrong or good and bad behavior	honour|名誉|noun|high respect; great esteem
and he who judges of honour finds his law in opinion.	そして名誉を判断する者は、その法則を世論に見出す。	judge|判断する|verb|form an opinion about	honour|名誉|noun|high respect; great esteem	find|見出す|verb|discover or notice	law|法則|noun|a statement of fact, deduced from observation, to the effect that a particular natural or scientific phenomenon always occurs if certain conditions be present	opinion|世論|noun|a view or judgment formed about something, not necessarily based on fact or knowledge

The opinions of a people are derived from its constitution;	国民の世論はその体制に由来する。	opinion|世論|noun|a view or judgment formed about something, not necessarily based on fact or knowledge	people|国民|noun|the inhabitants of a country or area	derive|由来する|verb|obtain something from a specified source
although the law does not regulate morality, it is legislation that gives it birth.	法律は道徳を規制しないが、道徳を生み出すのは法律である。	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	regulate|規制する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	morality|道徳|noun|a system of values and beliefs concerning what is right and what is wrong	legislation|法律|noun|the action of legislating; the process of making or enacting laws	give birth to|生み出す|verb|produce or create
When legislation grows weak, morality degenerates;	法律が弱くなると、道徳は退廃する。	legislation|法律|noun|the laws of a country or region	grow weak|弱くなる|verb|become less strong	morality|道徳|noun|the principles of right and wrong	degenerate|退廃する|verb|become worse or less good
but in such cases the judgment of the censors will not do what the force of the laws has failed to effect.	しかし、そのような場合には、検閲官の判断は、法律の力が効果を上げなかったことを行わない。	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	in such cases|そのような場合には|adverb|in situations like this	judgment|判断|noun|the ability to make considered decisions or come to sensible conclusions	censor|検閲官|noun|an official who examines books, movies, etc. and removes or changes parts that are considered immoral or harmful	force|力|noun|strength or energy exerted or brought to bear	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	fail|失敗する|verb|be unsuccessful in achieving one's goal	effect|効果|noun|a change that is a result or consequence of an action or other cause

From this it follows that the censorship may be useful for the preservation of morality, but can never be so for its restoration.	このことから、検閲は道徳の維持には役立つかもしれないが、道徳の回復には役立たないということが分かる。	from this|このことから|adverb|from this fact	follow|分かる|verb|be clear or obvious	censorship|検閲|noun|the suppression or prohibition of any parts of books, films, news, etc. that are considered obscene, politically unacceptable, or a threat to security	preservation|維持|noun|the act of keeping something in its original state	morality|道徳|noun|a system of values and beliefs about what is right and wrong	restoration|回復|noun|the act of returning something to its original condition
Set up censors while the laws are vigorous;	法律が厳しいうちに検閲官を設置せよ。	set up|設置する|verb|to put in place or establish	censor|検閲官|noun|an official who examines books, movies, etc. and removes or changes parts that are considered immoral or harmful	law|法律|noun|a rule or set of rules that is made by the government of a country or state and is used to order the way in which people behave	vigorous|厳しい|adjective|strong, forceful, or energetic
as soon as they have lost their vigour, all hope is gone;	法律が厳しさを失うとすぐに、すべての希望は失われる。	as soon as|とすぐに|conjunction|immediately after	lose|失う|verb|be deprived of or cease to have or retain	vigour|厳しさ|noun|physical or mental strength or energy	hope|希望|noun|a feeling of expectation and desire for something to happen
no legitimate power can retain force when the laws have lost it.	法律が力を失ったとき、合法的な権力は力を保持できない。	no|ない|determiner|not any	legitimate|合法的な|adjective|in accordance with the law	power|権力|noun|the ability to do or act	retain|保持する|verb|keep in one's possession or power	force|力|noun|strength or energy exerted or brought to bear	law|法律|noun|the system of rules that a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and may enforce by the imposition of penalties

The censorship upholds morality by preventing opinion from growing corrupt, by preserving its rectitude by means of wise applications, and sometimes even by fixing it when it is still uncertain.	検閲は、意見が堕落するのを防ぎ、賢明な適用によってその正直さを保ち、時にはそれがまだ不確かなときにそれを修正することによって、道徳を支持する。	censorship|検閲|noun|the suppression or prohibition of any parts of books, films, news, etc. that are considered obscene, politically unacceptable, or a threat to security	uphold|支持する|verb|maintain or defend	morality|道徳|noun|a system of values and beliefs	prevent|防ぐ|verb|keep from happening	grow|堕落する|verb|become larger or greater over a period of time	corrupt|堕落する|adjective|having or showing a willingness to act dishonestly in return for money or personal gain	preserve|保つ|verb|keep in its original state	rectitude|正直さ|noun|morally correct behavior	application|適用|noun|the act of putting something into operation	fix|修正する|verb|repair or mend	uncertain|不確かな|adjective|not able to be relied on; not known or definite
The employment of seconds in duels, which had been carried to wild extremes in the kingdom of France, was done away with merely by these words in a royal edict: “As for those who are cowards enough to call upon seconds.”	フランス王国で極端に行われていた決闘の際の介添人の使用は、王の勅令の中の「介添人を呼ぶほど臆病な者については」という文言だけで廃止された。	employment|使用|noun|the state of being employed	second|介添人|noun|a person who assists the principal in a duel	duel|決闘|noun|a prearranged combat between two persons, fought with deadly weapons according to an accepted code of procedure	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	kingdom|王国|noun|a country, state, or territory ruled by a king or queen	wild|極端な|adjective|very great or intense	royal edict|王の勅令|noun|a decree issued by a monarch	coward|臆病者|noun|a person who lacks courage in facing danger, difficulty, opposition, pain, etc.	call upon|呼ぶ|verb|to request the presence of	second|介添人|noun|a person who assists the principal in a duel
This judgment, in anticipating that of the public, suddenly decided it.	この判断は、国民の判断を先取りして、突然決定された。	judgment|判断|noun|the ability to make considered decisions or come to sensible conclusions	anticipate|先取りする|verb|be aware of something before it happens or before the usual time	public|国民|noun|the people of a country or area as a whole	suddenly|突然|adverb|quickly and without warning
But when edicts from the same source tried to pronounce duelling itself an act of cowardice, as indeed it is, then, since common opinion does not regard it as such, the public took no notice of a decision on a point on which its mind was already made up.	しかし、同じ出所の勅令が決闘そのものを臆病な行為であると宣言しようとしたとき、実際そうであるのだが、世論はそれをそうとは見ていないので、国民はすでに決心している点についての決定に注意を払わなかった。	source|出所|noun|the place from which something comes	pronounce|宣言する|verb|declare or announce officially or formally	cowardice|臆病|noun|lack of courage or bravery	common opinion|世論|noun|the opinion of the majority of people	take no notice of|注意を払わない|verb|fail to notice or consider	decision|決定|noun|a conclusion or resolution reached after consideration

I have stated elsewhere that as public opinion is not subject to any constraint, there need be no trace of it in the tribunal set up to represent it.	私は他のところで、世論はいかなる制約も受けないので、それを代表するために設置された裁判所には、その痕跡は全く必要ないと述べた。	public opinion|世論|noun|the beliefs or views of the majority of the people	be subject to|受ける|verb|be affected by or vulnerable to	constraint|制約|noun|a limiting condition or measure	trace|痕跡|noun|a mark, sign, or evidence of the existence or passing of something	set up|設置する|verb|establish or create	tribunal|裁判所|noun|a court of justice
It is impossible to admire too much the art with which this resource, which we moderns have wholly lost, was employed by the Romans, and still more by the Lacedæmonians.	現代人が完全に失ってしまったこの手段を、ローマ人、さらにはラケダイモン人が用いた技を賞賛しすぎることはできない。	admire|賞賛する|verb|regard with respect or warm approval	too much|あまりに|adverb|to a very great degree	art|技|noun|the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination	resource|手段|noun|a source of supply or support	modern|現代人|noun|a person living in modern times	wholly|完全に|adverb|completely	lose|失う|verb|be deprived of or cease to have or retain	Roman|ローマ人|noun|a citizen of ancient Rome	still more|さらに|adverb|to an even greater extent	Lacedaemonian|ラケダイモン人|noun|a citizen of ancient Sparta

A man of bad morals having made a good proposal in the Spartan Council, the Ephors neglected it, and caused the same proposal to be made by a virtuous citizen.	スパルタ評議会で道徳的に悪い人がよい提案をしたので、エフォロスはそれを無視し、同じ提案を高潔な市民にさせた。	bad morals|道徳的に悪い|noun|a person who does not behave in a way that is considered morally right	good proposal|よい提案|noun|a plan or suggestion, especially a formal or written one, put forward for consideration or discussion	Spartan Council|スパルタ評議会|noun|the governing body of Sparta	Ephors|エフォロス|noun|one of the five annually elected magistrates of ancient Sparta	neglect|無視する|verb|fail to care for properly	cause|させる|verb|make something happen	virtuous|高潔な|adjective|having or showing high moral standards
What an honour for the one, and what a disgrace for the other, without praise or blame of either!	どちらも賞賛も非難も受けずに、一方には何という名誉であり、他方にはなんという不名誉であろうか!	honour|名誉|noun|high respect	disgrace|不名誉|noun|loss of reputation	praise|賞賛|noun|an expression of approval or admiration	blame|非難|noun|an expression of disapproval or criticism
Certain drunkards from Samos polluted the tribunal of the Ephors: the next day, a public edict gave Samians permission to be filthy.	サモス島の酔っ払いたちがエフォロスの裁判所を汚した。翌日、公の布告でサモス人は不潔になることを許された。	Samos|サモス島|noun|a Greek island in the eastern Aegean Sea	drunkard|酔っ払い|noun|a person who is drunk	pollute|汚す|verb|make dirty or impure	tribunal|裁判所|noun|a court of justice	Ephors|エフォロス|noun|one of the five magistrates of ancient Sparta	the next day|翌日|noun|the day after today	public edict|公の布告|noun|an official order or command	Samians|サモス人|noun|a native or inhabitant of Samos	permission|許可|noun|the action of officially allowing someone to do, use, or have something	filthy|不潔|adjective|very dirty
An actual punishment would not have been so severe as such an impunity.	実際の処罰は、そのような免責ほど厳しくはなかっただろう。	actual|実際の|adjective|existing in fact or reality	punishment|処罰|noun|a penalty imposed for a crime or other offense	severe|厳しい|adjective|very great or intense	impunity|免責|noun|exemption from punishment or freedom from the injurious consequences of an action
When Sparta has pronounced on what is or is not right, Greece makes no appeal from her judgments.	スパルタが正しいことと正しくないことを宣言したとき、ギリシャはその判断に異議を唱えない。	Sparta|スパルタ|noun|a city-state in ancient Greece	pronounce|宣言する|verb|make a formal public statement about a fact, occurrence, or intention	Greece|ギリシャ|noun|a country in southeastern Europe	make no appeal|異議を唱えない|verb|not challenge a decision


## CHAPTER VIII: CIVIL RELIGION	第八章: 市民宗教	chapter|章|noun|a main division of a book	civil|市民|adjective|of or relating to the state or its citizens	religion|宗教|noun|a particular system of faith and worship

At first men had no kings save the gods, and no government save theocracy.	最初、人間には神々以外に王はなく、神政以外に政府はなかった。	at first|最初|adverb|in the beginning; initially	save|以外に|preposition|except	king|王|noun|the male ruler of a country	god|神|noun|a being with supernatural powers or attributes	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	theocracy|神政|noun|a system of government in which priests rule in the name of god or a god
They reasoned like Caligula, and, at that period, reasoned aright.	彼らはカリグラのように推論し、その時代には正しく推論した。	reason|推論する|verb|think, understand, and form judgments by a process of logic	Caligula|カリグラ|noun|the third Roman emperor	at that period|その時代には|adverb|at that time	aright|正しく|adverb|in a right manner
It takes a long time for feeling so to change that men can make up their minds to take their equals as masters, in the hope that they will profit by doing so.	人間が、そうすることで利益を得ることを期待して、同等の者を主人とすることを決意できるほどに気持ちが変わるまでには長い時間がかかる。	take|かかる|verb|require	long time|長い時間|noun|a long period of time	change|変わる|verb|become different	make up one's mind|決意する|verb|reach, make, or come to a decision about something	take|持つ|verb|have or hold in one's hand	equal|同等の者|noun|a person or thing considered to be the same as or equivalent to another	master|主人|noun|a person who has control over another person or thing	hope|期待|noun|a feeling of expectation and desire for something to happen	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something

From the mere fact that God was set over every political society, it followed that there were as many gods as peoples.	神があらゆる政治社会の上に置かれたという単なる事実から、民族の数だけ神々がいるということになった。	God|神|noun|the creator and ruler of the universe and source of all moral authority; the supreme being	set over|置かれる|verb|be placed above or higher than	political society|政治社会|noun|a society that is organized politically	follow|なる|verb|happen or occur as a result or consequence	people|民族|noun|a large group of people who share a common language, culture, history, or territory
Two peoples that were strangers the one to the other, and almost always enemies, could not long recognise the same master: two armies giving battle could not obey the same leader.	互いに知らない者同士であり、ほとんど常に敵同士であった二つの民族は、長い間同じ主人を認めることはできなかった。戦いを繰り広げる二つの軍隊は、同じ指導者に従うことはできなかった。	two|二つの|adjective|one more than one	people|民族|noun|a group of persons forming a community and usually a nation	stranger|知らない者同士|noun|a person whom one does not know	almost|ほとんど|adverb|very nearly	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	enemy|敵|noun|a person who is actively opposed or hostile to someone or something	long|長い間|adjective|having a great distance or duration	recognise|認める|verb|be aware of the existence or truth of	master|主人|noun|a person who has control over others	two|二つの|adjective|one more than one	army|軍隊|noun|an organized military force equipped for fighting on land	give|繰り広げる|verb|present as a gift	battle|戦い|noun|a violent confrontation of opposing military forces in a war	obey|従う|verb|act in accordance with the commands, instructions, or wishes of	leader|指導者|noun|the person who leads or commands a group, organization, or country
National divisions thus led to polytheism, and this in turn gave rise to theological and civil intolerance, which, as we shall see hereafter, are by nature the same.	こうして国家の分断が多神教につながり、これが今度は神学的、市民的不寛容を生み出したが、これは後で見るように、本質的には同じものである。	national division|国家の分断|noun|the division of a nation into two or more parts	lead to|つながる|verb|cause to happen or exist	polytheism|多神教|noun|the belief in or worship of more than one god	in turn|今度は|adverb|in return; in exchange	give rise to|生み出す|verb|cause to happen or exist	theological|神学的|adjective|of or relating to theology	civil|市民的|adjective|of or relating to citizens	intolerance|不寛容|noun|the unwillingness to accept views, beliefs, or behavior that differ from one's own	hereafter|後で|adverb|from now on; in the future	by nature|本質的に|adverb|inherently; naturally	the same|同じ|adjective|not different or other; identical

The fancy the Greeks had for rediscovering their gods among the barbarians arose from the way they had of regarding themselves as the natural Sovereigns of such peoples.	ギリシャ人が自分たちの神々を野蛮人の間で再発見しようとした空想は、彼らが自分たちをそのような民族の自然の主権者と考えていた方法から生じた。	fancy|空想|noun|a mental image or representation of something that is not real or has not yet happened	Greek|ギリシャ人|noun|a native or inhabitant of Greece	rediscover|再発見する|verb|discover again	god|神|noun|a being with supernatural powers or attributes, believed in and worshipped by a people, especially in the Christian, Jewish, and Muslim religions	barbarian|野蛮人|noun|a member of a people regarded as primitive and uncivilized	arise|生じる|verb|come into existence or notice	way|方法|noun|how something is done or how it happens	regard|考える|verb|think of or consider in a specified way	oneself|自分|noun|a person's own self	natural|自然な|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler, especially a monarch
But there is nothing so absurd as the erudition which in our days identifies and confuses gods of different nations.	しかし、今日、異なる民族の神々を同一視し、混同している博学ほど馬鹿げたものはない。	absurd|馬鹿げた|adjective|extremely unreasonable, illogical, or inappropriate	erudition|博学|noun|extensive knowledge acquired chiefly from books	identify|同一視する|verb|regard as identical	confuse|混同する|verb|mix up; mistake one thing for another
As if Moloch, Saturn and Chronos could be the same god!	モロク、サターン、クロノスが同じ神であるかのように!	Moloch|モロク|noun|a god to whom children were sacrificed	Saturn|サターン|noun|the sixth planet from the sun	Chronos|クロノス|noun|the personification of time in pre-Socratic philosophy and later literature
As if the Phœnician Baal, the Greek Zeus, and the Latin Jupiter could be the same!	フェニキアのバアル、ギリシャのゼウス、ラテンのジュピターが同じであるかのように!	Phœnician|フェニキア|adjective|of or relating to ancient Phoenicia or its people or language	Baal|バアル|noun|a god of the ancient Canaanites and Phoenicians	Greek|ギリシャ|adjective|of or relating to Greece or its people or language	Zeus|ゼウス|noun|the chief god of the ancient Greek pantheon	Latin|ラテン|adjective|of or relating to the Latin language	Jupiter|ジュピター|noun|the chief god of the ancient Roman pantheon
As if there could still be anything common to imaginary beings with different names!	異なる名前を持つ想像上の存在に共通するものがまだあるかのように!	imaginary|想像上の|adjective|existing only in the imagination	being|存在|noun|the state or fact of existing	common|共通|adjective|belonging to or shared by two or more people or things	name|名前|noun|a word or set of words using which a person is referred to

If it is asked how in pagan times, where each State had its cult and its gods, there were no wars of religion, I answer that it was precisely because each State, having its own cult as well as its own government, made no distinction between its gods and its laws.	各国家が独自の宗教と神々を持っていた異教の時代に、なぜ宗教戦争がなかったのかと問われるならば、私は、各国家が独自の宗教と政府を持っていたからこそ、神々と法律を区別しなかったからだと答える。	pagan|異教の|adjective|of or relating to pagans or their religion	State|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	cult|宗教|noun|a system of religious veneration and devotion directed toward a particular figure or object	god|神|noun|a being or object believed to have supernatural powers or to be the embodiment of some superhuman force	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	religion|宗教|noun|a particular system of faith and worship	answer|答える|verb|say something in reply	State|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	distinction|区別|noun|a difference or contrast between similar things or people	law|法律|noun|the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties
Political war was also theological;	政治戦争は神学的でもあった。	political|政治的|adjective|of or relating to government, a government, or the conduct of government	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	theological|神学的|adjective|of or relating to theology or theologians
the provinces of the gods were, so to speak, fixed by the boundaries of nations.	神々の領域は、いわば国家の境界によって固定されていた。	province|領域|noun|a large area of land	god|神|noun|a being with supernatural powers or attributes	so to speak|いわば|adverb|in a manner of speaking	boundary|境界|noun|a line that marks the limits of an area	nation|国家|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory
The god of one people had no right over another.	ある民族の神は、他の民族に対して権利を有していなかった。	one|ある|adjective|being a single unit or thing	people|民族|noun|a group of persons forming a single community and usually a nation or tribe	god|神|noun|the creator and ruler of the universe and source of all moral authority; the supreme being	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	another|他の|adjective|being one more; being an additional one
The gods of the pagans were not jealous gods;	異教徒の神々は嫉妬深い神々ではなかった。	pagan|異教徒|noun|a person who is not a Christian, Jew, or Muslim	god|神|noun|a being or spirit that is worshipped as having power over nature and human fortunes; a deity	jealous|嫉妬深い|adjective|feeling or showing an envious resentment of someone or their achievements and advantages
they shared among themselves the empire of the world: even Moses and the Hebrews sometimes lent themselves to this view by speaking of the God of Israel.	彼らは世界の帝国を共有していた。モーセやヘブライ人でさえ、イスラエルの神について語ることによって、この見解に従うことがあった。	share|共有する|verb|have or use something at the same time as someone else	among|間で|preposition|in the middle of	themselves|彼ら自身|pronoun|the reflexive form of they	empire|帝国|noun|a group of countries or states under the control of one ruler	world|世界|noun|the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on	even|さえ|adverb|to the extent of including or involving	Moses|モーセ|noun|a Hebrew prophet and religious leader	Hebrew|ヘブライ人|noun|a member of the Semitic people inhabiting ancient Palestine and neighboring regions	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	lend|従う|verb|give or allow the use of something temporarily	view|見解|noun|a particular way of considering or regarding something	speak|語る|verb|say something	God|神|noun|the creator and ruler of the universe and source of all moral authority; the supreme being	Israel|イスラエル|noun|a republic in the Middle East on the Mediterranean Sea; formerly part of Palestine
It is true, they regarded as powerless the gods of the Canaanites, a proscribed people condemned to destruction, whose place they were to take;	確かに、彼らはカナン人の神々を無力だと考えていた。カナン人は滅亡を宣告された禁止された民族であり、彼らはその場所を奪うことになった。	Canaanite|カナン人|noun|a member of a Semitic people who lived in Canaan	god|神|noun|a being with supernatural powers or attributes	powerless|無力な|adjective|lacking the power to perform	regard|考える|verb|think of or consider in a specified way	destruction|滅亡|noun|the action or process of causing so much damage to something that it no longer exists or cannot be repaired	take|奪う|verb|move something or someone to a different place
but remember how they spoke of the divisions of the neighbouring peoples they were forbidden to attack!	しかし、彼らが攻撃を禁じられていた近隣民族の分裂についてどのように語ったかを思い出してほしい。	remember|思い出す|verb|have in or be able to bring to one's mind an awareness of	speak|語る|verb|say something	division|分裂|noun|the separation of something into two or more parts	neighbouring|近隣|adjective|next to or very near	people|民族|noun|a group of persons living in a defined territory and having a common culture, history, and language	attack|攻撃|noun|an aggressive and violent act against a person or place
“Is not the possession of what belongs to your god Chamos lawfully your due?” said Jephthah to the Ammonites.	「あなたの神カモスに属するものの所有は合法的にあなたの権利ではないのか?」とエフタはアンモン人に言った。	belong|属する|verb|be a member of	lawfully|合法的に|adverb|in a way that is allowed by the law	due|権利|noun|something that is owed or deserved	Jephthah|エフタ|noun|a judge of Israel	Ammonites|アンモン人|noun|a member of a Semitic people who lived in the region east of the Jordan River
“We have the same title to the lands our conquering God has made his own.”	「私たちは、征服した神が自分のものにした土地に対して同じ権利を持っている。」	have the same title to|同じ権利を持っている|verb|have the same right to	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	conquer|征服する|verb|overcome and take control of a country or area by force	God|神|noun|the creator and ruler of the universe and source of all moral authority; the supreme being
Here, I think, there is a recognition that the rights of Chamos and those of the God of Israel are of the same nature.	ここでは、カモスの権利とイスラエルの神の権利が同じ性質のものであるという認識があると思う。	here|ここで|adverb|in this place	think|思う|verb|have an opinion about something	recognition|認識|noun|the action of recognizing something or someone	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	Chamos|カモス|noun|the god of the Moabites	Israel|イスラエル|noun|a country in the Middle East	God|神|noun|the creator and ruler of the universe and source of all moral authority; the supreme being	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features of something, especially when seen as characteristic of it

But when the Jews, being subject to the kings of Babylon, and, subsequently, to those of Syria, still obstinately refused to recognise any god save their own, their refusal was regarded as rebellion against their conqueror, and drew down on them the persecutions we read of in their history, which are without parallel till the coming of Christianity.	しかし、バビロンの王に従属し、その後シリア王に従属したユダヤ人が、頑固にも自分たちの神以外の神を認めることを拒んだとき、彼らの拒否は征服者に対する反逆とみなされ、彼らの歴史に残る迫害を招いたが、それはキリスト教の到来まで比類のないものだった。	Babylon|バビロン|noun|an ancient city in Mesopotamia	Syria|シリア|noun|a country in the Middle East	obstinately|頑固に|adverb|in a determined and unyielding manner	save|以外|preposition|except	refusal|拒否|noun|an act of refusing	conqueror|征服者|noun|a person who conquers	draw down|招く|verb|to cause to come or go	persecution|迫害|noun|hostility and ill-treatment, especially because of race or political or religious beliefs	history|歴史|noun|the study of past events	Christianity|キリスト教|noun|a monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ

Every religion, therefore, being attached solely to the laws of the State which prescribed it, there was no way of converting a people except by enslaving it, and there could be no missionaries save conquerors.	したがって、すべての宗教は、それを規定した国家の法律だけに結びついていたので、人々を奴隷にする以外に改宗させる方法はなく、征服者以外に宣教師はあり得なかった。	every religion|すべての宗教|noun|all religions	therefore|したがって|adverb|for that reason; consequently	be attached to|結びつく|verb|be connected to	solely|だけ|adverb|only	law|法律|noun|a rule or set of rules made by the government	prescribe|規定する|verb|lay down or impose authoritatively	there be no way of|方法はない|noun|there is no way to	convert|改宗させる|verb|cause to change from one religion, belief, or opinion to another	enslave|奴隷にする|verb|make a slave of	missionary|宣教師|noun|a person who is sent on a religious mission	conqueror|征服者|noun|a person who conquers a country or area
The obligation to change cults being the law to which the vanquished yielded, it was necessary to be victorious before suggesting such a change.	信仰を変える義務は、敗者が従うべき法であるため、そのような変化を提案する前に勝利する必要があった。	obligation|義務|noun|a legal or moral duty	change|変える|verb|make or become different	cult|信仰|noun|a system of religious veneration and devotion directed toward a particular figure or object	law|法|noun|the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties	vanquished|敗者|noun|a person who has been defeated	yield|従う|verb|produce or give	change|変化|noun|the act or instance of making or becoming different	suggest|提案する|verb|put forward for consideration	victorious|勝利する|adjective|having won a battle or contest
So far from men fighting for the gods, the gods, as in Homer, fought for men;	人間が神々のために戦うどころか、ホメロスのように神々が人間のために戦った。	so far from|どころか|adverb|to the contrary	fight|戦う|verb|take part in a violent confrontation	god|神|noun|a superhuman being or spirit worshiped as having power over nature or human fortunes; a deity	Homer|ホメロス|noun|an ancient Greek poet	fight for|のために戦う|verb|take part in a violent confrontation in support of
each asked his god for victory, and repayed him with new altars.	それぞれが自分の神に勝利を祈り、新しい祭壇を捧げた。	each|それぞれ|adjective|every one of two or more people or things	ask|祈る|verb|say a prayer	god|神|noun|a superhuman being or spirit worshiped as having power over nature or human fortunes; a deity	victory|勝利|noun|an act of defeating an enemy or opponent in a battle, game, or other competition	repay|捧げる|verb|pay back	altar|祭壇|noun|a table or platform on which religious offerings to a god, a spirit, or an ancestor are made
The Romans, before taking a city, summoned its gods to quit it;	ローマ人は、都市を攻略する前に、その都市の神々を呼び出して、都市から退去させた。	Roman|ローマ人|noun|a citizen of ancient Rome	take|攻略する|verb|capture or seize by force	city|都市|noun|a large human settlement	summon|呼び出す|verb|call upon to appear	god|神|noun|a being with supernatural powers or attributes, believed in and worshipped by a people, especially in a polytheistic religion	quit|退去させる|verb|leave or go away from
and, in leaving the Tarentines their outraged gods, they regarded them as subject to their own and compelled to do them homage.	そして、タレントゥム人の神々を侮辱したままにしておくことで、彼らを自分たちの神々の臣下と見なし、彼らに敬意を払うことを強要した。	leave|残す|verb|go away from	Tarentines|タレントゥム人|noun|a native or inhabitant of Tarentum	outraged|侮辱した|adjective|extremely angry	god|神|noun|a being with supernatural powers or attributes	regard|見なす|verb|consider or think of as	subject|臣下|noun|a person who owes allegiance to a monarch or other ruler	compel|強要する|verb|force or oblige (someone) to do something
They left the vanquished their gods as they left them their laws.	彼らは、敗北した者たちに彼らの神々を残した。彼らの法律を残したように。	leave|残す|verb|not take with one when one goes away	vanquished|敗北した者たち|noun|a person who has been defeated	god|神々|noun|a being with supernatural powers or attributes, believed in and worshipped by a people, especially in a monotheistic religion	law|法律|noun|the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties
A wreath to the Jupiter of the Capitol was often the only tribute they imposed.	カピトリーノの丘のユピテルへの花輪が、彼らが課した唯一の貢物であることが多かった。	Jupiter|ユピテル|noun|the supreme god of the Roman pantheon	Capitol|カピトリーノの丘|noun|the building in Washington DC that is the seat of the United States Congress	wreath|花輪|noun|a circular arrangement of flowers or leaves	tribute|貢物|noun|something that is given as a mark of respect or affection	impose|課す|verb|force (something unwelcome) to be accepted or put in place

Finally, when, along with their empire, the Romans had spread their cult and their gods, and had themselves often adopted those of the vanquished, by granting to both alike the rights of the city, the peoples of that vast empire insensibly found themselves with multitudes of gods and cults, everywhere almost the same;	最後に、ローマ人が帝国とともに自分たちの信仰と神々を広め、また、自分たちもしばしば敗北した者の神々を受け入れ、両者に都市の権利を与えたことで、この広大な帝国の人々は、いつの間にか、どこでもほとんど同じ神々や信仰の集団の中にいることに気づいた。	Finally|最後に|adverb|at the end of a period of time, an event, a process, or a series of events	empire|帝国|noun|a group of countries or states under the control of one ruler	spread|広める|verb|cause to be known or felt more widely	cult|信仰|noun|a system of religious veneration and devotion directed toward a particular figure or object	god|神|noun|a being or spirit that is worshipped as having power over nature or human fortunes; a deity	adopt|受け入れる|verb|take up and use as one's own	vanquished|敗北した|adjective|defeated in battle or other conflict	grant|与える|verb|give or allow something to someone	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	city|都市|noun|a large human settlement	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	vast|広大な|adjective|of very great extent or quantity	empire|帝国|noun|a group of countries or states under the control of one ruler	insensibly|いつの間にか|adverb|without being aware of it	find|気づく|verb|become aware of	multitude|集団|noun|a large number of people or things	god|神|noun|a being or spirit that is worshipped as having power over nature or human fortunes; a deity	cult|信仰|noun|a system of religious veneration and devotion directed toward a particular figure or object	everywhere|どこでも|adverb|in all places or situations	almost|ほとんど|adverb|very nearly	same|同じ|adjective|being the same as something or someone
and thus paganism throughout the known world finally came to be one and the same religion.	こうして、既知の世界全体の異教は、ついに一つのものとなり、同じ宗教となった。	thus|こうして|adverb|as a result or consequence of this; therefore	paganism|異教|noun|a religion other than one of the main world religions	throughout|全体|preposition|in every part of	known|既知|adjective|that is known	world|世界|noun|the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on	finally|ついに|adverb|after a long time, or at the end of a process	come to be|～となる|verb|become	one|一つ|noun|the lowest cardinal number; half of two	same|同じ|adjective|not different or other; identical

It was in these circumstances that Jesus came to set up on earth a spiritual kingdom, which, by separating the theological from the political system, made the State no longer one, and brought about the internal divisions which have never ceased to trouble Christian peoples.	このような状況の中で、イエスは地上に霊的な王国を打ち立て、神学と政治体制を分離することで、国家を一つのものではなくなり、キリスト教徒を悩ませ続ける内部分裂をもたらした。	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	Jesus|イエス|noun|the central figure of Christianity	come|来る|verb|move or travel toward or into a place thought of as near or familiar to the speaker	set up|打ち立てる|verb|establish or start	earth|地上|noun|the planet on which we live	spiritual|霊的な|adjective|of or relating to religion or religious purposes	kingdom|王国|noun|a country, state, or territory ruled by a king or queen	separate|分離する|verb|make or keep apart	theological|神学|adjective|of or relating to theology	political|政治|adjective|of or relating to government, a government, or the conduct of government	system|体制|noun|a set of connected things or parts forming a complex whole	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	one|一つ|adjective|the lowest cardinal number; half of two	bring about|もたらす|verb|cause to happen	internal|内部|adjective|situated or occurring within or on the inside	division|分裂|noun|the action of separating something into parts, or the state of being divided	cease|止む|verb|come or bring to an end	trouble|悩ませる|verb|cause distress to
As the new idea of a kingdom of the other world could never have occurred to pagans, they always looked on the Christians as really rebels, who, while feigning to submit, were only waiting for the chance to make themselves independent and their masters, and to usurp by guile the authority they pretended in their weakness to respect.	異教徒には、あの世の王国という新しい考えが思い浮かぶことはなかったので、彼らは常にキリスト教徒を真の反逆者と考え、服従するふりをしながらも、自分たちを独立させ、主人とし、弱さの中で尊敬するふりをしている権威を策略で奪い取る機会を待っているだけだと考えていた。	kingdom|王国|noun|a country, state, or territory ruled by a king or queen	other world|あの世|noun|the world after death	new idea|新しい考え|noun|a thought or concept that has not been thought of before	pagan|異教徒|noun|a person who follows a religion other than one of the main world religions	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	look on|考える|verb|regard or consider in a specified way	Christian|キリスト教徒|noun|a person who follows or adheres to Christianity	rebel|反逆者|noun|a person who rises in opposition or armed resistance against an established government or ruler	feign|ふりをする|verb|pretend to be affected by (a feeling, state, or injury)	submit|服従する|verb|accept or yield to a superior force or to the authority or will of another person	only|だけ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	wait for|待つ|verb|stay where one is or delay action until a particular time or event happens	chance|機会|noun|a possibility of something happening	make|する|verb|cause to be or become	independent|独立|adjective|free from outside control; not depending on another's authority	master|主人|noun|a person who has control over another person	usurp|奪い取る|verb|take (something) for oneself by force or without right	guile|策略|noun|sly or cunning intelligence	authority|権威|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	pretend|ふりをする|verb|speak and act so as to make it appear that something is the case when in fact it is not	respect|尊敬|noun|a feeling of deep admiration for someone or something elicited by their abilities, qualities, or achievements
This was the cause of the persecutions.	これが迫害の原因だった。	this|これ|pronoun|the person or thing that is close to you or that you are talking about	cause|原因|noun|the person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or condition	persecution|迫害|noun|hostility and ill-treatment, especially because of race or political or religious beliefs

What the pagans had feared took place.	異教徒たちが恐れていたことが起こった。	pagan|異教徒|noun|a person who follows a polytheistic or pre-Christian religion	fear|恐れる|verb|be afraid of	take place|起こる|verb|happen
Then everything changed its aspect: the humble Christians changed their language, and soon this so-called kingdom of the other world turned, under a visible leader, into the most violent of earthly despotisms.	すると、すべてが様相を変え、謙虚なキリスト教徒たちは言葉を変え、やがてこのいわゆるあの世の王国は、目に見える指導者のもとで、地上で最も暴力的な専制政治へと変貌した。	change|変わる|verb|become different	aspect|様相|noun|a particular way in which something may be viewed or considered	humble|謙虚な|adjective|having or showing a modest or low estimate of one's own importance	Christian|キリスト教徒|noun|a person who adheres to Christianity	change|変える|verb|make or become different	language|言葉|noun|the system of communication used by a particular community or country	soon|やがて|adverb|in a short time	so-called|いわゆる|adjective|used to convey that the person using the word does not think that the word or phrase being used is accurate	kingdom|王国|noun|a country, state, or territory ruled by a king or queen	turn|変貌する|verb|change in nature, condition, or form	visible|目に見える|adjective|able to be seen	leader|指導者|noun|the person who leads or commands a group, organization, or country	earthly|地上の|adjective|of or relating to the earth	despotism|専制政治|noun|a system of government in which the ruler has unlimited power

However, as there have always been a prince and civil laws, this double power and conflict of jurisdiction have made all good polity impossible in Christian States;	しかし、常に君主と民法があったため、この二重の権力と管轄権の衝突により、キリスト教国家ではすべての善政が不可能になった。	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	prince|君主|noun|a male member of a royal family	civil law|民法|noun|the body of law that deals with the rights and duties of individuals and organizations	double|二重の|adjective|having two parts, elements, or aspects	power|権力|noun|the ability to do or act	conflict|衝突|noun|a state of opposition or hostility between persons or ideas or interests	jurisdiction|管轄権|noun|the official power to make legal decisions and judgments	make|する|verb|cause to be or become	good|善い|adjective|to be desired or approved of	polity|政体|noun|a form or system of government	Christian|キリスト教|noun|a monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory
and men have never succeeded in finding out whether they were bound to obey the master or the priest.	そして、人々は主人に従うべきか、司祭に従うべきかを知ることに成功したことがない。	find out|知る|verb|get to know or become aware of, usually accidentally	succeed|成功する|verb|achieve a goal or objective	bind|従う|verb|force or oblige to do something	master|主人|noun|a person who has control over another person	priest|司祭|noun|a person who performs religious ceremonies

Several peoples, however, even in Europe and its neighbourhood, have desired without success to preserve or restore the old system: but the spirit of Christianity has everywhere prevailed.	しかし、ヨーロッパやその周辺地域でさえ、多くの人々が古い制度を維持したり復興させたりすることを望んだが、成功しなかった。しかし、キリスト教の精神は至る所で優勢だった。	several|多くの|adjective|more than two but not very many	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	however|しかし|conjunction|nevertheless; on the other hand; yet	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent in the northern hemisphere	neighbourhood|周辺地域|noun|the area around a place	desire|望む|verb|to want or wish for	success|成功|noun|the accomplishment of an aim or purpose	preserve|維持する|verb|to keep something in its original state	restore|復興させる|verb|to bring back to a former or original state	old|古い|adjective|having lived or existed for a long time	system|制度|noun|a set of principles or procedures according to which something is done; an organized scheme or method	Christianity|キリスト教|noun|the religion based on the person and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth	spirit|精神|noun|the nonphysical part of a person that is the seat of emotions and character; the soul	everywhere|至る所|adverb|in all places or in every part	prevail|優勢である|verb|to be greater in strength or influence
The sacred cult has always remained or again become independent of the Sovereign, and there has been no necessary link between it and the body of the State.	神聖な儀式は常に主権者から独立したままであったり、再び独立したりしており、それと国家の体との間に必要なつながりはなかった。	sacred|神聖な|adjective|consecrated to some deity or to some religious purpose; consecrated	cult|儀式|noun|a system of religious veneration and devotion directed toward a particular figure or object	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	remain|残る|verb|be left after others have gone	independent|独立した|adjective|not dependent on another for livelihood or subsistence	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler, especially a monarch	there has been|～があった|verb|exist or occur in the past	necessary|必要な|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	link|つながり|noun|a relationship or connection between two or more things	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory
Mahomet held very sane views, and linked his political system well together;	マホメットは非常に正気な見解を持ち、彼の政治システムをうまく結びつけた。	Mahomet|マホメット|noun|the Arab prophet and founder of Islam	hold|持つ|verb|have or possess	sane|正気な|adjective|of sound mind; mentally healthy	view|見解|noun|a particular way of considering or regarding something; an attitude or opinion	link|結びつける|verb|connect or join	political system|政治システム|noun|the set of formal legal institutions that constitute a government and regulate its political and economic affairs
and, as long as the form of his government continued under the caliphs who succeeded him, that government was indeed one, and so far good.	そして、彼の政府の形態が彼の後を継いだカリフの下で続く限り、その政府は確かに一つであり、これまでのところは良かった。	as long as|限り|conjunction|on condition that; provided that	form|形態|noun|the shape of a thing or person	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	continue|続く|verb|keep doing something	succeed|継ぐ|verb|come after in time	caliph|カリフ|noun|a religious leader of a Muslim state	indeed|確かに|adverb|really; truly; certainly	one|一つ|noun|the lowest cardinal number	so far|これまでのところ|adverb|to the extent mentioned	good|良い|adjective|to be desired or approved of
But the Arabs, having grown prosperous, lettered, civilised, slack and cowardly, were conquered by barbarians:	しかし、アラブ人は繁栄し、文字を持ち、文明化し、怠惰で臆病になったため、野蛮人に征服された。	Arab|アラブ人|noun|a member of a Semitic people originally from the Arabian peninsula and now inhabiting much of the Middle East and North Africa	prosperous|繁栄した|adjective|having a great deal of money, possessions, or success	lettered|文字を持つ|adjective|having a great deal of knowledge or learning	civilised|文明化した|adjective|having a high level of social and cultural development	slack|怠惰な|adjective|not working or done with enough care or effort	cowardly|臆病な|adjective|lacking courage	barbarian|野蛮人|noun|a member of a people regarded as primitive and uncivilized
the division between the two powers began again;	二つの権力の分断が再び始まった。	division|分断|noun|the action of separating something into parts, or the state of being divided	two|二つ|adjective|one more than one	power|権力|noun|the ability or capacity to perform or act	begin|始まる|verb|start to happen or exist
and, although it is less apparent among the Mahometans than among the Christians, it none the less exists, especially in the sect of Ali, and there are States, such as Persia, where it is continually making itself felt.	そして、それはキリスト教徒の間よりもマホメット教徒の間ではそれほど明白ではないが、特にアリ派には存在し、ペルシアのような国ではそれが絶えず感じられている。	Mahometan|マホメット教徒|noun|a follower of the religion of Islam	Christian|キリスト教徒|noun|a follower of the religion of Christianity	sect|派|noun|a group of people with somewhat different religious beliefs (typically regarded as heretical) from those of a larger group to which they belong	Persia|ペルシア|noun|a historical region of southwestern Asia	State|国|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory; especially one that is sovereign

Among us, the Kings of England have made themselves heads of the Church, and the Czars have done the same: but this title has made them less its masters than its ministers;	我々の中で、イギリスの王は教会の長となり、皇帝も同じことをしたが、この称号は彼らを教会の主人というよりは教会の牧師にした。	among us|我々の中で|preposition|in the midst of us	England|イギリス|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	King|王|noun|the male ruler of a country	Church|教会|noun|a building used for public Christian worship	Czar|皇帝|noun|the former ruler of Russia	same|同じ|adjective|not different or other	title|称号|noun|a name that describes someone's position or job	master|主人|noun|a man who has people working for him, especially servants or slaves	minister|牧師|noun|a person who is a priest in some Christian churches
they have gained not so much the right to change it, as the power to maintain it: they are not its legislators, but only its princes.	彼らは教会を維持する権力を得ただけで、教会を変える権利を得たわけではない。彼らは教会の立法者ではなく、ただの君主である。	gain|得る|verb|obtain or win	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	change|変える|verb|make or become different	power|権力|noun|the ability to do something or act in a particular way	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	legislator|立法者|noun|a person who makes laws	prince|君主|noun|the son of a king or queen
Wherever the clergy is a corporate body, it is master and legislator in its own country.	聖職者が法人であるところはどこでも、聖職者は自国において主人であり立法者である。	clergy|聖職者|noun|a body of ordained ministers in a religious denomination	corporate body|法人|noun|a group of people authorized to act as a single entity	master|主人|noun|a person who has control over something	legislator|立法者|noun|a person who makes laws	own country|自国|noun|the country where one is a citizen
There are thus two powers, two Sovereigns, in England and in Russia, as well as elsewhere.	こうして、イギリスやロシアには、他の国と同じように、二つの権力、二つの主権者が存在する。	two|二つの|adjective|one more than one	power|権力|noun|the ability to do or act	Sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	Russia|ロシア|noun|a country in Europe and Asia	elsewhere|他の国|noun|some other place

Of all Christian writers, the philosopher Hobbes alone has seen the evil and how to remedy it, and has dared to propose the reunion of the two heads of the eagle, and the restoration throughout of political unity, without which no State or government will ever be rightly constituted.	キリスト教の著述家の中で、哲学者ホッブズだけがこの悪とその救済方法を理解し、鷲の二つの頭の再統合と、政治的統一の全面的な回復を敢えて提案した。これがなければ、国家も政府も正しく構成されることはないだろう。	Christian|キリスト教|noun|a monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ	writer|著述家|noun|a person who writes	philosopher|哲学者|noun|a person who studies or writes about philosophy	Hobbes|ホッブズ|noun|Thomas Hobbes, an English philosopher	alone|だけ|adverb|only	evil|悪|noun|something that is harmful or undesirable	remedy|救済|noun|a medicine or treatment for a disease or injury	dare|敢えて|verb|have the courage to do something new, dangerous, or exciting	propose|提案する|verb|put forward a plan or suggestion	reunion|再統合|noun|the act of reuniting or the state of being reunited	eagle|鷲|noun|a large bird of prey with a hooked beak and long broad wings	head|頭|noun|the upper part of the human body, or the front or upper part of the body of an animal, typically separated from the rest of the body by a neck, and containing the brain, eyes, ears, nose, and mouth	restoration|回復|noun|the action of returning something to a former condition, place, or owner	throughout|全面的な|adverb|all the way through	political|政治的|adjective|relating to the government or public affairs of a country	unity|統一|noun|the state of being united or joined as a whole	without|なければ|preposition|not having or not accompanied by	State|国家|noun|a nation or territory considered as an organized political community under one government	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	ever|決して|adverb|at any time in the past or future; on any occasion; at all	rightly|正しく|adverb|in a just, good, or proper manner	constitute|構成される|verb|be a part of; form or make up
But he should have seen that the masterful spirit of Christianity is incompatible with his system, and that the priestly interest would always be stronger than that of the State.	しかし、彼はキリスト教の支配的な精神が彼のシステムと相容れないこと、そして聖職者の利益は常に国家の利益よりも強いことを理解すべきだった。	Christianity|キリスト教|noun|the religion based on the person and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth	masterful|支配的な|adjective|having or showing great skill or knowledge	spirit|精神|noun|the nonphysical part of a person that is the seat of emotions and character	incompatible|相容れない|adjective|unable to exist or work together in harmony	system|システム|noun|a set of connected things or parts forming a complex whole	priestly|聖職者の|adjective|of or relating to a priest	interest|利益|noun|money paid for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory
It is not so much what is false and terrible in his political theory, as what is just and true, that has drawn down hatred on it.	彼の政治理論に憎しみを抱かせたのは、その理論の誤りであり恐ろしい部分ではなく、正しく真実である部分である。	political theory|政治理論|noun|a theory of the nature and purpose of government	hatred|憎しみ|noun|a very strong feeling of dislike	draw down|抱かせる|verb|cause to be felt

I believe that if the study of history were developed from this point of view, it would be easy to refute the contrary opinions of Bayle and Warburton, one of whom holds that religion can be of no use to the body politic, while the other, on the contrary, maintains that Christianity is its strongest support.	もし歴史研究がこの観点から発展すれば、ベイルとウォーバートンの相反する意見に反論するのは容易だろう。ベイルは宗教は政治体には役に立たないと主張し、ウォーバートンは逆にキリスト教が政治体の最も強力な支えであると主張している。	point of view|観点|noun|a particular attitude or way of considering a matter	refute|反論する|verb|prove to be false or incorrect	contrary|相反する|adjective|opposite in nature or tendency	opinion|意見|noun|a view or judgment formed about something, not necessarily based on fact or knowledge	Bayle|ベイル|noun|Pierre Bayle, a French philosopher and writer	Warburton|ウォーバートン|noun|William Warburton, an English writer and bishop	one|一方|pronoun|a person or thing previously mentioned or easily identified	hold|主張する|verb|have or maintain as a belief or opinion	religion|宗教|noun|the belief in and worship of a superhuman controlling power, especially a personal God or gods	body politic|政治体|noun|a state or nation considered as a political entity	other|他方|pronoun|a person or thing previously mentioned or easily identified	contrary|逆に|adjective|opposite in nature or tendency	maintain|主張する|verb|have or maintain as a belief or opinion	Christianity|キリスト教|noun|the religion based on the person and teachings of Jesus Christ, or its beliefs and practices	strongest|最も強力な|adjective|of great physical power or force	support|支え|noun|a person or thing that gives assistance to another
We should demonstrate to the former that no State has ever been founded without a religious basis, and to the latter, that the law of Christianity at bottom does more harm by weakening than good by strengthening the constitution of the State.	前者には、宗教的基礎なしに国家が成立したことは一度もないことを、後者には、キリスト教の法は、国家の憲法を強化することで利益をもたらすよりも、弱体化させることで害を及ぼすことを証明すべきである。	demonstrate|証明する|verb|to show or make clear how something works or is done	former|前者|adjective|having previously filled a particular role or been a particular thing	State|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	found|成立する|verb|to establish or originate	religious|宗教的|adjective|relating to or believing in a religion	basis|基礎|noun|the underlying support or foundation for an idea, argument, or process	latter|後者|adjective|denoting the second or less important of two people or things	Christianity|キリスト教|noun|the religion based on the person and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth	law|法|noun|the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties	bottom|基本的に|noun|the lowest part of something	harm|害|noun|physical or mental damage or injury	weaken|弱体化する|verb|to make or become weaker	good|利益|noun|that which is morally right	strengthen|強化する|verb|to make or become stronger	constitution|憲法|noun|a body of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or other organization is acknowledged to be governed
To make myself understood, I have only to make a little more exact the too vague ideas of religion as relating to this subject.	私の考えを理解してもらうために、この問題に関連する宗教のあまりにも漠然とした考えをもう少し正確にする必要がある。	make oneself understood|理解してもらう|verb|to make oneself clear	make exact|正確にする|verb|to make precise	vague|漠然とした|adjective|of uncertain, indefinite, or unclear character or meaning	relate to|関連する|verb|to have a connection with	religion|宗教|noun|a set of beliefs concerning the cause, nature, and purpose of the universe, especially when considered as the creation of a superhuman agency or agencies, usually involving devotional and ritual observances, and often containing a moral code governing the conduct of human affairs	subject|問題|noun|a matter or topic that is being discussed or studied

Religion, considered in relation to society, which is either general or particular, may also be divided into two kinds: the religion of man, and that of the citizen.	宗教は、一般社会と特殊社会のいずれかとの関係で考えると、人間の宗教と市民の宗教の二つに分けることができる。	religion|宗教|noun|a set of beliefs concerning the cause, nature, and purpose of the universe, especially when considered as the creation of a superhuman agency or agencies, usually involving devotional and ritual observances, and often containing a moral code governing the conduct of human affairs	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	general|一般|adjective|involving or affecting all or most people, places, or things; widespread	particular|特殊|adjective|relating to a single person, thing, or instance	divide|分ける|verb|separate into two or more parts	two|二つ|noun|the number 2	kind|種類|noun|a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality	man|人間|noun|an adult male human being	citizen|市民|noun|a person who is a member of a particular country or state
The first, which has neither temples, nor altars, nor rites, and is confined to the purely internal cult of the supreme God and the eternal obligations of morality, is the religion of the Gospel pure and simple, the true theism, what may be called natural divine right or law.	第一の宗教は、寺院も祭壇も儀式もなく、至高の神への純粋に内面的な崇拝と道徳の永遠の義務に限定されたもので、純粋で単純な福音の宗教であり、真の一神教であり、自然神権または自然法と呼ばれるものである。	first|第一の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest; 1st	temple|寺院|noun|a building used for the worship of a god or gods, especially in the Buddhist and Hindu religions, and in ancient Greek and Roman times	altar|祭壇|noun|a table or platform on which offerings to a god or gods are made	rite|儀式|noun|a religious or other ceremony	supreme|至高の|adjective|highest in rank or authority	God|神|noun|the creator and ruler of the universe and source of all moral authority; the supreme being	morality|道徳|noun|principles concerning the distinction between right and wrong or good and bad behavior	Gospel|福音|noun|the teaching or revelation of Christ	pure|純粋な|adjective|not mixed or adulterated with any other substance or material	simple|単純な|adjective|easily understood or done; presenting few difficulties	true|真の|adjective|being in accordance with fact or reality	theism|一神教|noun|belief in the existence of a god or gods	natural|自然の|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	divine|神の|adjective|of or relating to a god	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	law|法|noun|the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties
The other, which is codified in a single country, gives it its gods, its own tutelary patrons;	もう一つの宗教は、一国に限定されたもので、その国に神々や守護神を与え、	the other|もう一つの|noun|the remaining one of two or more things	be codified|限定される|verb|be systematically arranged	single|一国|adjective|only one	give|与える|verb|cause someone to have something	god|神|noun|a superhuman being or spirit worshiped as having power over nature or human fortunes; a deity	tutelary|守護神|adjective|serving as a guardian or protector
it has its dogmas, its rites, and its external cult prescribed by law;	教義、儀式、外部崇拝が法律で定められている。	dogma|教義|noun|a principle or set of principles laid down by an authority as incontrovertibly true	rite|儀式|noun|an established, ceremonious, usually religious act	cult|崇拝|noun|a system of religious veneration and devotion directed toward a particular figure or object	prescribe|定める|verb|lay down authoritatively; decree	law|法律|noun|the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties
outside the single nation that follows it, all the world is in its sight infidel, foreign and barbarous;	それを信奉する一国以外では、全世界が異教徒であり、異邦人であり、野蛮人である。	outside|外|noun|the outer part of something	single|一|adjective|only one	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	follow|信奉する|verb|accept the teachings of	sight|視界|noun|the ability to see	infidel|異教徒|noun|a person who does not believe in religion or who adheres to a religion other than one's own	foreign|異邦人|adjective|of or from a country other than one's own	barbarous|野蛮人|adjective|uncivilized
the duties and rights of man extend for it only as far as its own altars.	人間の義務と権利は、その宗教の祭壇までしか及ばない。	duty|義務|noun|a moral or legal obligation	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	extend|及ぶ|verb|stretch out so as to reach farther	altar|祭壇|noun|a table or platform on which religious offerings to a god or gods are made
Of this kind were all the religions of early peoples, which we may define as civil or positive divine right or law.	初期の人々の宗教はすべてこの種のものであり、これを市民的または実定的な神権または法と定義することができる。	of this kind|この種の|noun phrase|of this type	early|初期の|adjective|happening or done before the usual or expected time	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	religion|宗教|noun|a particular system of faith and worship	define|定義する|verb|state or describe exactly the nature, scope, or meaning of	civil|市民の|adjective|of or relating to the state or its citizens	positive|実定的な|adjective|formally laid down or imposed	divine|神の|adjective|of or relating to a god	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	law|法|noun|the system of rules that a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and may enforce by the imposition of penalties

There is a third sort of religion of a more singular kind, which gives men two codes of legislation, two rulers, and two countries, renders them subject to contradictory duties, and makes it impossible for them to be faithful both to religion and to citizenship.	第三の種類の宗教は、より特異なもので、人々に二つの法典、二つの支配者、二つの国を与え、矛盾した義務を負わせ、宗教と市民権の両方に忠実であることが不可能になる。	third|第三|adjective|coming after second	sort|種類|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	religion|宗教|noun|a particular system of faith and worship	singular|特異な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	give|与える|verb|transfer the possession of something	two|二つの|adjective|one more than one	code|法典|noun|a systematic collection of laws	legislation|立法|noun|the process of making or enacting laws	ruler|支配者|noun|a person exercising government or dominion	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	render|負わせる|verb|cause to be or become	contradictory|矛盾した|adjective|inconsistent with or opposed to something else	duty|義務|noun|a moral or legal obligation	faithful|忠実な|adjective|loyal, constant, or steadfast	religion|宗教|noun|a particular system of faith and worship	citizenship|市民権|noun|the status of a citizen with rights and duties
Such are the religions of the Lamas and of the Japanese, and such is Roman Christianity, which may be called the religion of the priest.	ラマ教や日本の宗教、ローマのキリスト教などがそうで、これらは聖職者の宗教と呼ぶことができる。	Lamas|ラマ教|noun|a Tibetan Buddhist monk	Japanese|日本の宗教|noun|the language of Japan	Roman Christianity|ローマのキリスト教|noun|the religion of Christians	priest|聖職者|noun|a person who is ordained for religious duties
It leads to a sort of mixed and anti-social code which has no name.	それは、名もない混合した反社会的規範につながる。	lead to|つながる|verb|have as a result	sort of|一種の|noun|a kind of	mixed|混合した|adjective|made up of different things	anti-social|反社会的|adjective|not wanting the company of others	code|規範|noun|a set of rules or principles

In their political aspect, all these three kinds of religion have their defects.	政治的側面では、これら三種類の宗教はすべて欠陥がある。	political|政治的|adjective|of or relating to government, a government, or the conduct of government	aspect|側面|noun|a particular part or feature of something	three|三|numeral|the number 3	kind|種類|noun|a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic	religion|宗教|noun|a particular system of faith and worship	defect|欠陥|noun|a fault or flaw
The third is so clearly bad, that it is waste of time to stop to prove it such.	第三の宗教は明らかに悪いので、それを証明するために立ち止まるのは時間の無駄である。	third|第三|adjective|coming after two others in a series	clearly|明らかに|adverb|in a way that is easy to understand	bad|悪い|adjective|of poor quality or a low standard	waste|無駄|noun|an act or instance of using or expending something carelessly, extravagantly, or to no purpose	time|時間|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	stop|立ち止まる|verb|cease moving, operating, or acting	prove|証明する|verb|to demonstrate the truth or existence of (something) by evidence or argument
All that destroys social unity is worthless;	社会的統一を破壊するものはすべて無価値である。	destroy|破壊する|verb|cause to cease to exist	social|社会的|adjective|of or relating to society	unity|統一|noun|the state of being united or joined as a whole	worthless|無価値|adjective|having no value or use
all institutions that set man in contradiction to himself are worthless.	人間を自分自身と矛盾させる制度はすべて無価値である。	set|させる|verb|cause to be in a specified state	contradiction|矛盾|noun|a combination of statements, ideas, or features of a situation that are opposed to one another	worthless|無価値|adjective|having no value or use

The second is good in that it unites the divine cult with love of the laws, and, making country the object of the citizens' adoration, teaches them that service done to the State is service done to its tutelary god.	第二の宗教は、神の崇拝と法への愛を結びつけ、国を市民の崇拝の対象とし、国家への奉仕は国家の守護神への奉仕であることを教えるという点で優れている。	second|第二の|adjective|coming after the first in position	good|優れている|adjective|to be desired or approved of	unite|結びつける|verb|join or connect two or more things together	divine|神の|adjective|of or relating to a god	cult|崇拝|noun|a system of religious veneration and devotion directed toward a particular figure or object	law|法|noun|the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties	love|愛|noun|a strong feeling of affection	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	citizen|市民|noun|a person who is a member of a particular country	adoration|崇拝|noun|deep love and respect	teach|教える|verb|impart knowledge to or instruct (someone) as to how to do something	service|奉仕|noun|the action of helping or doing work for someone	state|国家|noun|a nation or territory considered as an organized political community under one government	tutelary|守護神|adjective|having the position of a guardian
It is a form of theocracy, in which there can be no pontiff save the prince, and no priests save the magistrates.	それは神政政治の一形態であり、君主以外に教皇は存在せず、行政官以外に司祭は存在しない。	form|形態|noun|the shape of something	theocracy|神政政治|noun|a system of government in which priests rule in the name of God or a god	pontiff|教皇|noun|the head of the Roman Catholic Church	prince|君主|noun|the son of a king or queen	priest|司祭|noun|a person who performs religious ceremonies, especially in the Roman Catholic Church	magistrate|行政官|noun|a civil officer or lay judge who administers the law
To die for one's country then becomes martyrdom;	国のために死ぬことは殉教となる。	die|死ぬ|verb|stop living	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	become|なる|verb|start to be	martyrdom|殉教|noun|the death or suffering of a martyr
violation of its laws, impiety;	国の法律に違反することは不敬虔である。	violation|違反|noun|the action of breaking the law	law|法律|noun|a rule or system of rules recognized by a country or community as regulating the actions of its members and having binding legal force	impiety|不敬虔|noun|lack of respect for God or religion
and to subject one who is guilty to public execration is to condemn him to the anger of the gods: Sacer estod.	そして、罪を犯した者を公衆の面前で呪うことは、その者を神々の怒りにさらすことである。	subject|さらすこと|verb|cause to experience or undergo	public|公衆|noun|the people as a whole	execration|呪い|noun|a curse	condemn|さらすこと|verb|express complete disapproval of; censure strongly	anger|怒り|noun|a strong feeling of annoyance, displeasure, or hostility

On the other hand, it is bad in that, being founded on lies and error, it deceives men, makes them credulous and superstitious, and drowns the true cult of the Divinity in empty ceremonial.	一方で、それは嘘と誤りに根ざしているために、人々を欺き、彼らを軽信的で迷信深くし、空虚な儀式で神の真の崇拝を溺れさせるという点で悪い。	on the other hand|一方で|adverb|from another point of view	be founded on|根ざしている|verb|be based on	lie|嘘|noun|an intentionally false statement	error|誤り|noun|a mistake	deceive|欺く|verb|cause to believe something that is not true	make|する|verb|cause to be or become	credulous|軽信的|adjective|too ready to believe things	superstitious|迷信深い|adjective|having or showing a belief in superstitions	drown|溺れさせる|verb|die through submersion in and inhalation of water	true|真の|adjective|being in accordance with fact or reality	cult|崇拝|noun|a system of religious veneration and devotion directed toward a particular figure or object	divinity|神|noun|the state or quality of being divine	empty|空虚な|adjective|containing nothing	ceremonial|儀式|noun|a formal act or series of acts performed as prescribed by ritual or custom
It is bad, again, when it becomes tyrannous and exclusive, and makes a people bloodthirsty and intolerant, so that it breathes fire and slaughter, and regards as a sacred act the killing of every one who does not believe in its gods.	また、それが暴君的で排他的になり、人々を血に飢えた非寛容なものにし、火と殺戮を吹き込み、その神々を信じない者を殺すことを神聖な行為と見なすようになると、それは悪いことである。	tyrannous|暴君的|adjective|exercising power in a cruel or arbitrary way	exclusive|排他的|adjective|not admitting of something else	bloodthirsty|血に飢えた|adjective|eager to kill	intolerant|非寛容な|adjective|not tolerant of views, beliefs, or behavior that differ from one's own	breathe|吹き込む|verb|take air into and expel it from the lungs	slaughter|殺戮|noun|the killing of a large number of people or animals	sacred|神聖な|adjective|consecrated to some deity, to some religious purpose, or to some special use	act|行為|noun|something that is done	god|神|noun|a superhuman being or spirit worshiped as having power over nature or human fortunes; a deity
The result is to place such a people in a natural state of war with all others, so that its security is deeply endangered.	その結果、そのような人々は他のすべての人々との自然な戦争状態に置かれ、その安全は深刻に脅かされることになる。	result|結果|noun|something that happens as a consequence of an action or other cause	place|置く|verb|put something in a particular position	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	natural|自然な|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	state|状態|noun|the particular condition that someone or something is in at a specific time	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	security|安全|noun|the state of being free from danger or threat	endanger|脅かす|verb|put at risk or in danger

There remains therefore the religion of man or Christianity—not the Christianity of to-day, but that of the Gospel, which is entirely different.	したがって、人間の宗教、つまりキリスト教が残っている。今日のキリスト教ではなく、福音書のキリスト教であり、それは全く異なる。	remain|残る|verb|be left after others have been removed	religion|宗教|noun|a particular system of faith and worship	Christianity|キリスト教|noun|the religion based on the person and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth	today|今日|noun|the present day	Gospel|福音書|noun|the first four books of the New Testament	entirely|全く|adverb|completely; totally
By means of this holy, sublime, and real religion all men, being children of one God, recognise one another as brothers, and the society that unites them is not dissolved even at death.	この神聖で崇高で真の宗教によって、すべての人は、一人の神の子であり、互いに兄弟として認め合い、彼らを結びつける社会は死によっても解消されることはない。	by means of|によって|preposition|using or with the help of	holy|神聖な|adjective|dedicated to a deity or to some religious purpose; consecrated	sublime|崇高な|adjective|of very great excellence or beauty	real|真の|adjective|not imitation or artificial; genuine	religion|宗教|noun|a particular system of faith and worship	all|すべての|determiner|the whole quantity or extent of	man|人|noun|an adult male human being	child|子|noun|a young human being below the age of puberty or below the legal age of majority	one|一人の|determiner|the lowest cardinal number; half of two	God|神|noun|the creator and ruler of the universe and source of all moral authority; the supreme being	recognise|認める|verb|know or identify someone or something from having seen or encountered them before	brother|兄弟|noun|a man or boy in relation to other sons and daughters of his parents	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	unite|結びつける|verb|join or connect two or more things together	death|死|noun|the end of all biological functions that sustain a living organism

But this religion, having no particular relation to the body politic, leaves the laws in possession of the force they have in themselves without making any addition to it;	しかし、この宗教は、政治体と特別な関係を持たないので、法律に何の追加もせずに、法律がそれ自体に持っている力を所有したままにする。	have no particular relation to|特別な関係を持たない|verb|not be connected with	leave|残す|verb|go away from	force|力|noun|strength or energy exerted or brought to bear	make any addition to|追加する|verb|add something to something else	law|法律|noun|the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties
and thus one of the great bonds that unite society considered in severalty fails to operate.	こうして、個別に考えられた社会を結びつける大きな絆の一つが機能しなくなる。	one of|1つ|noun|a single member of a group	great|大きな|adjective|of major significance or importance	bond|絆|noun|a force or feeling that unites people or things	unite|結びつける|verb|join or combine	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	fail|機能しなくなる|verb|be unsuccessful in achieving a particular goal
Nay, more, so far from binding the hearts of the citizens to the State, it has the effect of taking them away from all earthly things.	いや、それどころか、市民の心を国家に縛り付けるどころか、彼らをすべての地上のものから遠ざける効果がある。	bind|縛り付ける|verb|tie or fasten together	heart|心|noun|the organ that pumps blood around the body	citizen|市民|noun|a person who lives in a particular town or city	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	take away|遠ざける|verb|remove or move something from a place	effect|効果|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause
I know of nothing more contrary to the social spirit.	私は社会精神にこれほど反するものを知らない。	know of|知っている|verb|be aware of the existence or truth of	nothing|何も|noun|not anything; no single thing	contrary|反する|adjective|opposite in nature or tendency

We are told that a people of true Christians would form the most perfect society imaginable.	真のキリスト教徒の民は、想像しうる限り最も完全な社会を形成するだろうと言われている。	true|真の|adjective|being in accordance with fact or reality	Christian|キリスト教徒|noun|a person who adheres to Christianity	form|形成する|verb|make or produce	perfect|完全な|adjective|having all the required or desirable elements, qualities, or characteristics; as good as it is possible to be	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community
I see in this supposition only one great difficulty: that a society of true Christians would not be a society of men.	私はこの仮定にただ一つの大きな困難があると思う。真のキリスト教徒の社会は人間の社会ではないだろうということだ。	see|思う|verb|to be of the opinion that	supposition|仮定|noun|a hypothesis that is taken for granted	difficulty|困難|noun|a thing that is hard to do or understand	true|真の|adjective|being in accordance with fact or reality	Christian|キリスト教徒|noun|a person who adheres to Christianity	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	man|人間|noun|an adult male human being

I say further that such a society, with all its perfection, would be neither the strongest nor the most lasting:	私はさらに、そのような社会は、その完全性にもかかわらず、最も強くも最も永続的でもないだろうと言う。	say|言う|verb|express (something) in words	further|さらに|adverb|to a greater extent or degree	such|そのような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	perfection|完全性|noun|the condition, state, or quality of being free or as free as possible from all flaws or defects	neither|～も～もない|conjunction|not either	strongest|最も強い|adjective|of great physical power	most|最も|determiner|used before the superlative form of an adjective or adverb	lasting|永続的|adjective|continuing or enduring for a long time
the very fact that it was perfect would rob it of its bond of union;	それが完全であるという事実そのものが、その結束の絆を奪うだろう。	fact|事実|noun|something that is known or proved to be true	perfect|完全|adjective|having all the required or desirable elements, qualities, or characteristics; as good as it is possible to be	rob|奪う|verb|take something away from someone by force or violence
the flaw that would destroy it would lie in its very perfection.	それを破壊する欠陥は、まさにその完全性にあるだろう。	flaw|欠陥|noun|a defect in something	destroy|破壊する|verb|cause to cease to exist	lie|ある|verb|be in a certain state or condition	perfection|完全性|noun|the quality or state of being perfect

Every one would do his duty;	誰もが自分の義務を果たすだろう。	every one|誰もが|pronoun|each person	do|果たす|verb|carry out, accomplish, or execute	duty|義務|noun|a moral or legal obligation
the people would be law-abiding, the rulers just and temperate;	人々は法を守り、支配者は公正で節度あるものとなるだろう。	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	law-abiding|法を守る|adjective|obedient to the laws	ruler|支配者|noun|a person exercising government or dominion	just|公正な|adjective|based on or behaving according to what is morally right and fair	temperate|節度ある|adjective|not extreme or excessive
the magistrates upright and incorruptible;	行政官は公正で清廉潔白となるだろう。	magistrate|行政官|noun|a civil officer or lay judge who administers the law	upright|公正な|adjective|just or fair	incorruptible|清廉潔白な|adjective|not able to be bribed or corrupted
the soldiers would scorn death;	兵士は死を軽蔑するだろう。	soldier|兵士|noun|a person who serves in an army	scorn|軽蔑する|verb|to treat with contempt or disdain
there would be neither vanity nor luxury.	虚栄も贅沢も存在しないだろう。	neither|どちらも|conjunction|not either	vanity|虚栄|noun|excessive pride in one's appearance, qualities, abilities, achievements, etc.	luxury|贅沢|noun|a state of great comfort or elegance, especially when involving great expense
So far, so good; but let us hear more.	ここまでは順調だが、もっと聞かせてもらおう。	so far|ここまで|adverb|to the extent or degree attained or described	so good|順調|adjective|satisfactory	let|聞かせてもらう|verb|allow or permit	more|もっと|adverb|to a greater extent or degree

Christianity as a religion is entirely spiritual, occupied solely with heavenly things;	宗教としてのキリスト教は、全く霊的で、天上的なものだけを扱っている。	Christianity|キリスト教|noun|the religion based on the person and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth	religion|宗教|noun|a set of beliefs concerning the cause, nature, and purpose of the universe	entirely|全く|adverb|completely; wholly	spiritual|霊的|adjective|of or relating to religion or religious purposes	heavenly|天上的|adjective|of or relating to heaven
the country of the Christian is not of this world.	キリスト教徒の国はこの世のものではない。	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	Christian|キリスト教徒|noun|a person who adheres to Christianity	this world|この世|noun|the earth and all its inhabitants
He does his duty, indeed, but does it with profound indifference to the good or ill success of his cares.	彼は確かに自分の義務を果たすのだが、自分の努力の成否には全く無関心である。	do one's duty|義務を果たす|verb|perform one's obligation	indeed|確かに|adverb|really; truly; in fact	profound|全く|adjective|very great or intense	indifference|無関心|noun|lack of interest or concern
Provided he has nothing to reproach himself with, it matters little to him whether things go well or ill here on earth.	彼が自分を責めることが何もなければ、この地上で物事がうまくいこうが悪かろうが、彼にとってはほとんど問題ではない。	provided|もし|conjunction|on the condition or understanding that	have nothing to|何も〜ない|verb|not have anything to	reproach|責める|verb|express disapproval of or disappointment with	matter|問題|noun|a subject or situation that is being dealt with or considered	little|ほとんど〜ない|adjective|small in size, amount, or degree	go well|うまくいく|verb|proceed or develop in a good or positive way	go ill|悪くなる|verb|proceed or develop in a bad or negative way
If the State is prosperous, he hardly dares to share in the public happiness, for fear he may grow proud of his country's glory;	国家が繁栄している場合、彼は自分の国の栄光を誇りに思うようになるのを恐れて、公衆の幸福を分かち合うことをほとんど敢えてしない。	State|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	prosperous|繁栄している|adjective|flourishing; thriving	hardly|ほとんどない|adverb|almost not	dare|敢えて|verb|have the courage to do something new, dangerous, or exciting	share|分かち合う|verb|have or use something at the same time as someone else	public|公衆|noun|the people as a whole	happiness|幸福|noun|the state of being happy	fear|恐れ|noun|an unpleasant emotion caused by the belief that someone or something is dangerous, likely to cause pain, or a threat	grow|なる|verb|become	proud|誇りに思う|adjective|feeling deep pleasure or satisfaction as a result of one's own achievements, qualities, or possessions or those of someone with whom one is closely associated	glory|栄光|noun|high renown or honor won by notable achievements
if the State is languishing, he blesses the hand of God that is hard upon His people.	国家が衰退している場合、彼は神の民を苦しめている神の手を祝福する。	State|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	languish|衰退する|verb|lose or lack vitality	bless|祝福する|verb|make holy; consecrate	hand|手|noun|the end of an arm	God|神|noun|the creator and ruler of the universe and source of all moral authority; the supreme being	people|民|noun|the body of enfranchised citizens of a state

For the State to be peaceable and for harmony to be maintained, all the citizens without exception would have to be good Christians; if by ill hap there should be a single self-seeker or hypocrite, a Catiline or a Cromwell, for instance, he would certainly get the better of his pious compatriots.	国家が平和で調和が保たれるためには、例外なくすべての市民が善良なキリスト教徒でなければならない。もし不幸にも、一人でも利己主義者や偽善者、例えばカティリーヌやクロムウェルのような人物がいたら、彼は間違いなく敬虔な同胞たちを凌駕するだろう。	State|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	peaceable|平和な|adjective|inclined or disposed to peace	harmony|調和|noun|the state of being in agreement or concord	maintain|保つ|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	exception|例外|noun|a person or thing that is excluded from a general statement or rule	citizen|市民|noun|an inhabitant of a city or town; especially : one entitled to the rights and privileges of a freeman	Christian|キリスト教徒|noun|an adherent of Christianity	ill hap|不幸|noun|bad luck	single|一人|adjective|not married	self-seeker|利己主義者|noun|a person who seeks only their own advantage	hypocrite|偽善者|noun|a person who pretends to have virtues, moral or religious beliefs, principles, etc., that he or she does not actually have	Catiline|カティリーヌ|noun|a Roman politician	Cromwell|クロムウェル|noun|an English military and political leader	certainly|間違いなく|adverb|without doubt	get the better of|凌駕する|verb|to defeat or overcome	pious|敬虔な|adjective|devoutly religious	compatriot|同胞|noun|a fellow countryman
Christian charity does not readily allow a man to think hardly of his neighbours.	キリスト教の慈善は、人が隣人のことをあまり考えないようにはしない。	Christian|キリスト教の|adjective|of, relating to, or characteristic of Christianity	charity|慈善|noun|the voluntary giving of help, typically in the form of money, to those in need	readily|すぐに|adverb|without difficulty or hesitation	allow|許す|verb|give (someone) permission to do something	hardly|ほとんどない|adverb|almost not at all; barely	neighbour|隣人|noun|a person living near or next door to the speaker or person referred to
As soon as, by some trick, he has discovered the art of imposing on them and getting hold of a share in the public authority, you have a man established in dignity;	彼が何らかの策略によって、彼らを欺き、公権力の一部を掌握する術を発見するとすぐに、尊厳を確立した人間が誕生する。	as soon as|するとすぐに|conjunction|immediately after	by some trick|何らかの策略によって|noun|a clever and skillful act or scheme intended to deceive or outwit	discover|発見する|verb|find out or notice	art|術|noun|a skill at doing a specified thing, typically one acquired through practice	impose|欺く|verb|force (something unwelcome or unfamiliar) to be accepted or put in place	get hold of|掌握する|verb|obtain or acquire	public authority|公権力|noun|the power of the state	dignity|尊厳|noun|the state or quality of being worthy of honour or respect
it is the will of God that he be respected: very soon you have a power;	彼が尊敬されるのは神の意志であり、すぐに権力が生まれる。	will|意志|noun|the faculty of conscious and especially of deliberate action	God|神|noun|the creator and ruler of the universe and source of all moral authority; the supreme being	respect|尊敬|noun|a feeling of deep admiration for someone or something elicited by their abilities, qualities or achievements	soon|すぐに|adverb|in or after a short time	power|権力|noun|the ability or capacity to perform or act
it is God's will that it be obeyed: and if the power is abused by him who wields it, it is the scourge wherewith God punishes His children.	それに従うのは神の意志であり、もし権力がそれを行使する者によって乱用されたなら、それは神がその子供たちを罰する天罰である。	God|神|noun|the creator and ruler of the universe and source of all moral authority; the supreme being	will|意志|noun|the faculty by which a person decides on and initiates action	obey|従う|verb|act in accordance with	power|権力|noun|the ability to do or act	abuse|乱用する|verb|use wrongly or improperly	wield|行使する|verb|hold and use (a weapon or tool)	scourge|天罰|noun|a person or thing that causes great trouble or suffering	punish|罰する|verb|inflict a penalty or sanction on (someone) as retribution for an offense
There would be scruples about driving out the usurper: public tranquillity would have to be disturbed, violence would have to be employed, and blood spilt;	簒奪者を追い出すことに良心の呵責があるだろう。公共の平穏が乱され、暴力が行使され、血が流されるだろう。	drive out|追い出す|verb|force to leave	usurper|簒奪者|noun|someone who takes a position of power or importance illegally or by force	scruple|良心の呵責|noun|a feeling of doubt or hesitation that prevents you from doing something	public tranquillity|公共の平穏|noun|the state of being calm and peaceful	disturb|乱す|verb|interfere with the normal arrangement or functioning of	violence|暴力|noun|behaviour involving physical force intended to hurt or kill someone	employ|行使する|verb|use	blood|血|noun|the red liquid that circulates in the arteries and veins of people and vertebrate animals, carrying oxygen to and carbon dioxide from the tissues	spill|流す|verb|cause or allow (liquid) to flow over the edge of its container
all this accords ill with Christian meekness;	これらすべてはキリスト教の柔和さとは相容れない。	all|すべて|pronoun|the whole amount of	accord|相容れる|verb|be in harmony or in conformity with	ill|悪い|adjective|bad or poor	Christian|キリスト教|noun|a person who adheres to Christianity	meekness|柔和|noun|the quality of being gentle and humble
and after all, in this vale of sorrows, what does it matter whether we are free men or serfs?	そして結局のところ、この悲しみの谷において、我々が自由人であろうと農奴であろうと、何が問題なのだろうか?	after all|結局のところ|adverb|in spite of everything; nevertheless	vale|谷|noun|a valley	sorrow|悲しみ|noun|a feeling of deep distress caused by loss, disappointment, or other misfortune suffered by oneself or others	matter|問題|noun|a subject or situation that is being dealt with or considered	free man|自由人|noun|a person who is not a slave	serf|農奴|noun|a member of the lowest social class of the feudal system
The essential thing is to get to heaven, and resignation is only an additional means of doing so.	肝心なのは天国に行くことであり、服従はそうするための付加的な手段にすぎない。	essential|肝心な|adjective|absolutely necessary; extremely important	get to|行く|verb|reach a destination	heaven|天国|noun|the place where God lives and where good people go after they die	resignation|服従|noun|the act of giving up a position or office	only|すぎない|adverb|and no more; and nothing else	additional|付加的な|adjective|added, extra, or supplementary	means|手段|noun|a method, style, or manner of doing something

If war breaks out with another State, the citizens march readily out to battle;	他の国家との戦争が勃発すれば、市民はすぐに戦いに赴く。	break out|勃発する|verb|start suddenly	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	State|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	citizen|市民|noun|an inhabitant of a city or town; especially : one entitled to the rights and privileges of a freeman	march|赴く|verb|walk with regular and measured tread	battle|戦い|noun|a fight between two or more armed forces
not one of them thinks of flight;	誰も逃げようとは考えない。	not one|誰も|noun|no one	think of|考える|verb|have in mind; intend	flight|逃走|noun|the act of running away
they do their duty, but they have no passion for victory;	彼らは義務を果たすが、勝利への情熱はない。	do one's duty|義務を果たす|verb|perform one's duty	have no passion|情熱がない|verb|not have any passion
they know better how to die than how to conquer.	彼らは征服するよりも死ぬことをよく知っている。	know|知っている|verb|be aware of	how to|方法|noun|the way to do something	die|死ぬ|verb|stop living	conquer|征服する|verb|take over by military force
What does it matter whether they win or lose?	勝っても負けても、何が問題なのだろうか?	matter|問題|noun|a subject or situation that is being dealt with or considered	win|勝つ|verb|be successful or victorious in (a contest or game)	lose|負ける|verb|be deprived of or cease to have or retain (something)
Does not Providence know better than they what is meet for them?	摂理は彼らにとって何が適切かを彼らよりもよく知らないのだろうか?	Providence|摂理|noun|God or nature as providing protection and guidance	know|知る|verb|be aware of through observation, inquiry, or information	better|よりよく|adverb|to a higher standard or more effectively	they|彼ら|pronoun|the people or things previously mentioned or easily identified	meet|適切である|verb|be right or suitable for a particular purpose
Only think to what account a proud, impetuous and passionate enemy could turn their stoicism!	誇り高く、衝動的で情熱的な敵が彼らのストイシズムをどのように変えることができるか考えてみよ!	proud|誇り高く|adjective|having a high opinion of oneself	impetuous|衝動的|adjective|acting or done without forethought or planning	passionate|情熱的な|adjective|having, showing, or caused by strong feelings or emotions	enemy|敵|noun|a person who is actively opposed or hostile to someone or something	turn|変える|verb|cause to move around an axis or center	stoicism|ストイシズム|noun|the endurance of pain or hardship without a display of feelings and without complaint
Set over against them those generous peoples who were devoured by ardent love of glory and of their country, imagine your Christian republic face to face with Sparta or Rome: the pious Christians will be beaten, crushed and destroyed, before they know where they are, or will owe their safety only to the contempt their enemy will conceive for them.	彼らに対して、栄光と祖国への熱烈な愛に食い尽くされた寛大な人々を置き、あなたのキリスト教共和国がスパルタやローマと直面していると想像してみよ。敬虔なキリスト教徒は、彼らがどこにいるかを知る前に殴られ、押しつぶされ、破壊されるか、あるいは敵が彼らに対して抱く軽蔑によってのみ安全を保つことになるだろう。	set over against|対比する|verb|to place in opposition	those|それらの|determiner|the	generous|寛大な|adjective|willing to give money, time, help, etc., especially more than is usual or expected	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	devour|食い尽くす|verb|eat up greedily or voraciously	ardent|熱烈な|adjective|very enthusiastic or passionate	love|愛|noun|a strong feeling of affection	glory|栄光|noun|high renown or honor won by notable achievements	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	imagine|想像する|verb|form a mental image or concept of	Christian|キリスト教の|adjective|of, relating to, or professing Christianity or its teachings	republic|共和国|noun|a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly by them	face to face|直面する|adverb|in the presence of each other	Sparta|スパルタ|noun|a city-state in ancient Greece	Rome|ローマ|noun|the capital city of Italy	pious|敬虔な|adjective|devoutly religious	Christian|キリスト教徒|noun|an adherent of Christianity	beat|殴る|verb|strike repeatedly	crush|押しつぶす|verb|press or squeeze with a lot of force	destroy|破壊する|verb|cause to cease to exist	before|前に|conjunction|earlier than the time that	know|知る|verb|be aware of	where|どこ|adverb|in or to what place	owe|負う|verb|be under a moral obligation to give	safety|安全|noun|the condition of being protected from or unlikely to cause danger, risk, or injury	only|のみ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	contempt|軽蔑|noun|the act of despising	conceive|抱く|verb|become pregnant with
It was to my mind a fine oath that was taken by the soldiers of Fabius, who swore, not to conquer or die, but to come back victorious—and kept their oath.	私の考えでは、ファビウスの兵士たちが行った素晴らしい誓いであり、彼らは征服するか死ぬかではなく、勝利して帰ってくることを誓い、その誓いを守った。	to my mind|私の考えでは|adverb|in my opinion	fine|素晴らしい|adjective|of high quality	oath|誓い|noun|a solemn promise, often invoking a divine witness, regarding one's future action or behavior	take|行う|verb|perform or carry out	soldier|兵士|noun|a person who serves in an army	Fabius|ファビウス|noun|a Roman statesman and military leader	swear|誓う|verb|make a solemn statement or promise undertaking to do something or affirming that something is the case	conquer|征服する|verb|overcome and take control of a country or area by force	die|死ぬ|verb|stop living	come back|帰ってくる|verb|return to a place	victorious|勝利して|adjective|having won a battle or contest	keep|守る|verb|continue to have, do, or use
Christians, would never have taken such an oath;	キリスト教徒は、そのような誓いを立てることはなかっただろう。	Christian|キリスト教徒|noun|a person who adheres to Christianity	take an oath|誓いを立てる|verb|make a solemn promise
they would have looked on it as tempting God.	彼らはそれを神を試すものと考えただろう。	look on|考える|verb|consider or regard in a specified way	tempt|試す|verb|entice or allure into doing something	God|神|noun|the creator and ruler of the universe and source of all moral authority; the supreme being

But I am mistaken in speaking of a Christian republic;	しかし、私はキリスト教共和国について語るのは間違いだ。	Christian|キリスト教|noun|a monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ	republic|共和国|noun|a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly by them
the terms are mutually exclusive.	これらの言葉は互いに相容れない。	term|言葉|noun|a word or phrase used to describe a thing or to express a concept, especially in a particular kind of language or branch of knowledge	mutually exclusive|互いに相容れない|adjective|of two or more events or conditions) unable to occur or exist together
Christianity preaches only servitude and dependence.	キリスト教は隷属と依存だけを説く。	Christianity|キリスト教|noun|the religion based on the person and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth	preach|説く|verb|deliver a sermon	servitude|隷属|noun|the state of being a slave	dependence|依存|noun|the state of relying on and needing someone or something for aid, support, or the like
Its spirit is so favourable to tyranny that it always profits by such a régime.	その精神は専制政治に非常に好意的なので、常にそのような体制から利益を得ている。	spirit|精神|noun|the nonphysical part of a person that is the seat of emotions and character	favourable|好意的|adjective|expressing approval or support	tyranny|専制政治|noun|cruel and oppressive government or rule	profit|利益を得る|verb|obtain a financial advantage or benefit	régime|体制|noun|a system or planned way of doing things
True Christians are made to be slaves, and they know it and do not much mind: this short life counts for too little in their eyes.	真のキリスト教徒は奴隷にされ、それを知っていてあまり気にしていない。この短い人生は彼らの目にはほとんど価値がない。	true|真の|adjective|being in accordance with fact or reality	Christian|キリスト教徒|noun|a person who adheres to Christianity	be made to|される|verb|be forced or obliged to do something	slave|奴隷|noun|a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them	know|知っている|verb|be aware of through observation, inquiry, or information	mind|気にする|verb|regard as important or significant	short|短い|adjective|having little length or height	life|人生|noun|the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death	count|価値がある|verb|have value or importance

I shall be told that Christian troops are excellent.	キリスト教徒の軍隊は優秀だと言われるだろう。	Christian|キリスト教徒|noun|a person who adheres to Christianity	troop|軍隊|noun|a group of soldiers, especially the smallest subdivision of a cavalry regiment	excellent|優秀な|adjective|extremely good; outstanding
I deny it. Show me an instance.	私はそれを否定する。例を挙げてほしい。	deny|否定する|verb|refuse to admit the truth or existence of	show|挙げる|verb|demonstrate or make clear how something works or is done	instance|例|noun|an example or single occurrence of something
For my part, I know of no Christian troops.	私としては、キリスト教徒の軍隊を知らない。	for my part|私としては|adverb|as far as I am concerned	know of|知っている|verb|be aware of the existence or truth of	Christian|キリスト教徒|noun|a person who adheres to Christianity	troop|軍隊|noun|a group of soldiers, especially the smallest subdivision of a cavalry regiment
I shall be told of the Crusades. Without disputing the valour of the Crusaders, I answer that, so far from being Christians, they were the priests' soldiery, citizens of the Church.	十字軍のことは言われるだろう。十字軍の勇気については議論の余地はないが、彼らはキリスト教徒というよりは、聖職者の兵士であり、教会の市民であったと答える。	Crusades|十字軍|noun|any of the military expeditions undertaken by the Christians of Europe in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries to recover the Holy Land from the Muslims	Crusaders|十字軍|noun|a member of a military expedition undertaken by the Christians of Europe in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries to recover the Holy Land from the Muslims	valour|勇気|noun|great courage in the face of danger, especially in battle	Christians|キリスト教徒|noun|a person who adheres to Christianity	priests|聖職者|noun|a person having authority to perform the sacred rites of a religion especially as a mediatory agent between humans and God	soldiery|兵士|noun|a body of soldiers	Church|教会|noun|a building used for public Christian worship
They fought for their spiritual country, which the Church had, somehow or other, made temporal.	彼らは、教会がどうにかして現世的にした彼らの精神的な国のために戦った。	fight|戦う|verb|take part in a violent confrontation	spiritual|精神的な|adjective|of or relating to the spirit	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	church|教会|noun|a building used for public Christian worship	somehow|どうにかして|adverb|in some way or manner	other|他の|adjective|the remaining one of two or more people or things	temporal|現世的な|adjective|of or relating to the present life or this world
Well understood, this goes back to paganism: as the Gospel sets up no national religion, a holy war is impossible among Christians.	よく理解されているように、これは異教に遡る。福音書は国教を定めていないので、キリスト教徒の間では聖戦は不可能である。	go back|遡る|verb|return to a previous place or state	paganism|異教|noun|a religion other than one of the main world religions	Gospel|福音書|noun|the first four books of the New Testament	set up|定める|verb|establish or create	national religion|国教|noun|a religion officially endorsed by the state	holy war|聖戦|noun|a war waged in the name of religion	Christian|キリスト教徒|noun|a person who adheres to Christianity

Under the pagan emperors, the Christian soldiers were brave;	異教の皇帝の下で、キリスト教の兵士たちは勇敢だった。	under|下で|preposition|below or beneath	pagan|異教の|adjective|of or relating to pagans	emperor|皇帝|noun|the sovereign ruler of an empire	Christian|キリスト教の|adjective|of, relating to, or professing Christianity	soldier|兵士|noun|a person who serves in an army	brave|勇敢な|adjective|ready to face and endure danger or pain; showing courage
every Christian writer affirms it, and I believe it: it was a case of honourable emulation of the pagan troops.	すべてのキリスト教作家はそれを肯定し、私はそれを信じる。それは異教徒の軍隊の立派な模倣の例だった。	every|すべての|adjective|each and all of	Christian|キリスト教|noun|a monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ	writer|作家|noun|a person who writes	affirm|肯定する|verb|state as a fact	I|私|pronoun|the speaker or writer	believe|信じる|verb|accept that (something) is true, especially without proof	pagan|異教徒|noun|a person holding religious beliefs other than those of the main world religions	troop|軍隊|noun|a group of soldiers, especially the smallest subdivision of an army
As soon as the emperors were Christian, this emulation no longer existed, and, when the Cross had driven out the eagle, Roman valour wholly disappeared.	皇帝がキリスト教徒になるとすぐに、この模倣はもはや存在しなくなり、十字架が鷲を追い出したとき、ローマの勇気は完全に消滅した。	as soon as|するとすぐに|conjunction|immediately after	emperor|皇帝|noun|the sovereign ruler of an empire	Christian|キリスト教徒|noun|a person who adheres to Christianity	emulation|模倣|noun|the act of trying to equal or surpass another	no longer|もはや|adverb|not anymore	exist|存在する|verb|have objective reality or being	cross|十字架|noun|a cross-shaped object	drive out|追い出す|verb|force to leave	eagle|鷲|noun|a large bird of prey with a hooked beak and long broad wings	Roman|ローマ|adjective|of or relating to Rome or its people	valour|勇気|noun|great courage in the face of danger, especially in battle	wholly|完全に|adverb|totally; completely

But, setting aside political considerations, let us come back to what is right, and settle our principles on this important point.	しかし、政治的考慮はさておき、正しいことに戻り、この重要な点について原則を定めよう。	set aside|さておき|verb|to put to one side	come back|戻る|verb|to return to a place	settle|定める|verb|to decide or agree on something
The right which the social compact gives the Sovereign over the subjects does not, we have seen, exceed the limits of public expediency.	社会契約が臣民に対して主権者に与える権利は、すでに見たように、公益の限界を超えるものではない。	social compact|社会契約|noun|an agreement among the members of an organized society or between the governed and the government defining and limiting the rights and duties of each	give|与える|verb|transfer the possession of something concrete or abstract to someone	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	subject|臣民|noun|a person who owes allegiance to a monarch or other sovereign	exceed|超える|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)	limit|限界|noun|a point or level beyond which something does not or may not extend or pass	public expediency|公益|noun|the benefit or advantage of the public
The subjects then owe the Sovereign an account of their opinions only to such an extent as they matter to the community.	したがって、臣民は、社会にとって重要である範囲においてのみ、主権者に自分の意見を説明する義務がある。	owe|負う|verb|have a duty or obligation to pay or repay in return for something	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	account|説明|noun|a statement of the reasons for or causes of an event or action	opinion|意見|noun|a view or judgment formed about something, not necessarily based on fact or knowledge	matter|重要である|verb|be of importance or significance	community|社会|noun|a group of people living in the same place or having a particular characteristic in common
Now, it matters very much to the community that each citizen should have a religion.	さて、各市民が宗教を持つことは、社会にとって非常に重要である。	matter|重要である|verb|be of importance or significance	community|社会|noun|a group of people living in the same place or having a particular characteristic in common	citizen|市民|noun|an inhabitant of a city or town; especially : one entitled to the rights and privileges of a freeman	religion|宗教|noun|a set of beliefs concerning the cause, nature, and purpose of the universe, especially when considered as the creation of a superhuman agency or agencies, usually involving devotional and ritual observances, and often containing a moral code governing the conduct of human affairs
That will make him love his duty;	それが彼に義務を愛させるだろう。	make|させる|verb|cause to be or become	love|愛する|verb|feel a strong or constant affection for
but the dogmas of that religion concern the State and its members only so far as they have reference to morality and to the duties which he who professes them is bound to do to others.	しかし、その宗教の教義は、道徳や、それを信じる者が他人に対して負う義務に関係する限りにおいてのみ、国家とその構成員に関係する。	dogma|教義|noun|a principle or set of principles laid down by an authority as incontrovertibly true	concern|関係する|verb|be about or connected with	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	member|構成員|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization	so far as|限りにおいて|conjunction|to the extent or degree that	morality|道徳|noun|principles concerning the distinction between right and wrong or good and bad behavior	duty|義務|noun|a moral or legal obligation	profess|信じる|verb|declare openly	bind|負う|verb|tie up or fasten	other|他人|noun|a person other than oneself
Each man may have, over and above, what opinions he pleases, without it being the Sovereign's business to take cognisance of them;	各人は、それ以外にも、主権者がそれを知る必要がなければ、自分の好きな意見を持つことができる。	each|各|adjective|every one of two or more people or things	over and above|それ以外にも|adverb|in addition to	what|どんな|adjective|which	please|好きな|verb|cause to be happy or satisfied	without|なければ|conjunction|if not	take cognisance of|知る|verb|be aware of	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler
for, as the Sovereign has no authority in the other world, whatever the lot of its subjects may be in the life to come, that is not its business, provided they are good citizens in this life.	なぜなら、主権者はあの世では権限を持たないので、来世で臣民の運命がどうなろうとも、この世で善良な市民である限り、それは主権者の関知するところではないからである。	for|なぜなら|conjunction|because	Sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	have no authority|権限を持たない|verb|not have the power to give orders or make decisions	other world|あの世|noun|the world after death	whatever|どうなろうとも|pronoun|no matter what	lot|運命|noun|a person's destiny	life to come|来世|noun|the world after death	that is not its business|関知するところではない|phrase|it is not their concern	provided|である限り|conjunction|on the condition or understanding that	good citizen|善良な市民|noun|a person who obeys the laws and customs of their country

There is therefore a purely civil profession of faith of which the Sovereign should fix the articles, not exactly as religious dogmas, but as social sentiments without which a man cannot be a good citizen or a faithful subject.	したがって、主権者がその条項を定めるべき純粋に市民的な信仰告白があるが、それは宗教的な教義としてではなく、それなしには善良な市民や忠実な臣民になることができない社会的感情としてである。	profession|告白|noun|a declaration of one's beliefs	faith|信仰|noun|a strong belief in the doctrines of a religion, based on spiritual conviction rather than proof	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler, especially a monarch	fix|定める|verb|to make or become firm, stable, or stationary	article|条項|noun|a particular item or section of a writing	exactly|厳密に|adverb|in a precise manner	religious|宗教的な|adjective|relating to or believing in a religion	dogma|教義|noun|a principle or set of principles laid down by an authority as incontrovertibly true	social|社会的|adjective|relating to society or its organization	sentiment|感情|noun|a thought, view, or attitude, especially one based mainly on emotion or feeling	citizen|市民|noun|an inhabitant of a city or town; a person entitled to the rights and privileges of a freeman	faithful|忠実な|adjective|loyal, constant, or steadfast	subject|臣民|noun|a person who owes allegiance to a monarch or other sovereign
While it can compel no one to believe them, it can banish from the State whoever does not believe them—it can banish him, not for impiety, but as an anti-social being, incapable of truly loving the laws and justice, and of sacrificing, at need, his life to his duty.	誰もそれを信じるように強制することはできないが、それを信じない人は誰でも国家から追放することができる。不敬虔なためではなく、法律や正義を真に愛することができず、必要に応じて自分の命を義務のために犠牲にすることができない反社会的存在として追放することができる。	compel|強制する|verb|force or oblige (someone) to do something	believe|信じる|verb|accept that (something) is true, especially without proof	banish|追放する|verb|send (someone) away from a country or place as an official punishment	State|国家|noun|a nation or its territory	impiety|不敬虔|noun|lack of respect for God or religion	anti-social|反社会的|adjective|not wanting the company of others	being|存在|noun|the quality or state of existing	truly|真に|adverb|in a real, genuine, or actual manner	love|愛する|verb|feel a deep or constant affection for (someone)	law|法律|noun|the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties	justice|正義|noun|just behaviour or treatment	sacrifice|犠牲にする|verb|give up (something important or valued) for the sake of obtaining something else	need|必要|noun|a thing that is wanted or required	life|命|noun|the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death	duty|義務|noun|a moral or legal obligation
If any one, after publicly recognising these dogmas, behaves as if he does not believe them, let him be punished by death: he has committed the worst of all crimes, that of lying before the law.	もし誰かが、これらの教義を公に認めた後で、それを信じていないかのような振る舞いをしたら、死刑に処せられるべきである。彼はすべての犯罪の中で最も悪い犯罪、つまり法の前に嘘をつくという犯罪を犯したのである。	publicly|公に|adverb|in a public manner	recognise|認める|verb|to know or identify someone or something	dogma|教義|noun|a principle or set of principles laid down by an authority as incontrovertibly true	behave|振る舞う|verb|act or conduct oneself in a specified way	believe|信じる|verb|to have confidence in the truth, the existence, or the reliability of something, although without absolute proof that one is right in doing so	punish|処罰する|verb|to inflict a penalty or sanction on (someone) as retribution for an offense	death|死|noun|the end of all biological functions that sustain a living organism	commit|犯す|verb|to do or perform (an act)	crime|犯罪|noun|an action or omission that constitutes an offense that may be prosecuted by the state and is punishable by law	lie|嘘をつく|verb|to make an untrue statement with deliberate intent to deceive; an intentional untruth; a falsehood

The dogmas of civil religion ought to be few, simple, and exactly worded, without explanation or commentary.	市民宗教の教義は、説明や注釈なしに、少なく、単純で、正確に言葉で表現されるべきである。	dogma|教義|noun|a principle or set of principles laid down by an authority as incontrovertibly true	civil religion|市民宗教|noun|a religion that is related to the state	ought to|べきである|auxiliary verb|should	few|少ない|adjective|a small number of	simple|単純な|adjective|easy to understand or do	exactly|正確に|adverb|in a precise manner	worded|言葉で表現される|verb|express in words	explanation|説明|noun|a statement that makes something clear	commentary|注釈|noun|an explanation or interpretation of a text
The existence of a mighty, intelligent and beneficent Divinity, possessed of foresight and providence, the life to come, the happiness of the just, the punishment of the wicked, the sanctity of the social contract and the laws: these are its positive dogmas.	先見性と摂理を備えた強大で知的で慈悲深い神の存在、来世、正義の人の幸福、悪人の罰、社会契約と法の神聖さ、これらがその肯定的な教義である。	existence|存在|noun|the fact or state of existing	mighty|強大な|adjective|having or showing great power or strength	intelligent|知的な|adjective|having or showing intelligence, especially of a high level	beneficent|慈悲深い|adjective|doing or producing good	divinity|神|noun|the state or quality of being divine	foresight|先見性|noun|the ability to predict or the action of predicting what will happen or be needed in the future	providence|摂理|noun|the protective care of God or of nature as a spiritual power	life|人生|noun|the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death	come|来る|verb|move or travel toward or into a place thought of as near or familiar to the speaker	happiness|幸福|noun|the state of being happy	just|正義の|adjective|based on or behaving according to what is morally right and fair	wicked|邪悪な|adjective|morally bad, wrong, or evil	punishment|罰|noun|the infliction or imposition of a penalty as retribution for an offense	sanctity|神聖|noun|the state or quality of being holy or sacred	social contract|社会契約|noun|an implicit agreement among the members of a society to cooperate for social benefits	law|法|noun|the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties	positive|肯定的な|adjective|expressing or implying affirmation, acceptance, or certainty	dogma|教義|noun|a principle or set of principles laid down by an authority as incontrovertibly true
Its negative dogmas I confine to one, intolerance, which is a part of the cults we have rejected.	その否定的な教義は、私が拒絶したカルトの一部である不寛容という一つのものに限定する。	negative|否定的|adjective|expressing denial or refusal	dogma|教義|noun|a principle or set of principles laid down by an authority as incontrovertibly true	confine|限定する|verb|keep or restrict within limits	intolerance|不寛容|noun|unwillingness to accept views, beliefs, or behavior that differ from one's own	cult|カルト|noun|a system of religious veneration and devotion directed toward a particular figure or object

Those who distinguish civil from theological intolerance are, to my mind, mistaken.	市民的不寛容と神学的不寛容を区別する人は、私の考えでは間違っている。	distinguish|区別する|verb|recognize as different	civil|市民的|adjective|of or relating to citizens or the state as a whole	theological|神学的|adjective|of or relating to theology	intolerance|不寛容|noun|unwillingness to accept views, beliefs, or behavior that differ from one's own	mind|考え|noun|one's intention; what one intends to do	mistaken|間違っている|adjective|wrong in one's opinion or judgment
The two forms are inseparable.	二つの形態は分離できない。	two|二つの|adjective|one more than one	form|形態|noun|the shape of something	inseparable|分離できない|adjective|unable to be separated
It is impossible to live at peace with those we regard as damned;	我々が呪われていると見なしている人々と平和に暮らすことは不可能である。	live at peace|平和に暮らす|verb|live in a state of peace	regard as|見なす|verb|consider to be	damned|呪われている|adjective|condemned to hell
to love them would be to hate God who punishes them: we positively must either reclaim or torment them.	彼らを愛することは、彼らを罰する神を憎むことである。我々は彼らを改心させるか、苦しめるかしなければならない。	love|愛する|verb|feel deep affection for	hate|憎む|verb|feel intense or passionate dislike for	God|神|noun|the creator and ruler of the universe and source of all moral authority; the supreme being	punish|罰する|verb|inflict a penalty or sanction on	reclaim|改心させる|verb|bring back to a proper condition	torment|苦しめる|verb|cause to suffer greatly
Wherever theological intolerance is admitted, it must inevitably have some civil effect;	神学的不寛容が認められるところはどこでも、それは必然的に何らかの市民的効果をもたらす。	wherever|どこでも|adverb|in or to whatever place	theological|神学的|adjective|of or relating to theology	intolerance|不寛容|noun|unwillingness to accept views, beliefs, or behavior that differ from one's own	admit|認める|verb|to allow to be valid or true	inevitably|必然的に|adverb|in a way that cannot be avoided	effect|効果|noun|a change that is a result or consequence of an action or other cause
and as soon as it has such an effect, the Sovereign is no longer Sovereign even in the temporal sphere: thenceforth priests are the real masters, and kings only their ministers.	そして、それがそのような効果をもたらすとすぐに、主権者は一時的な領域でさえも主権者ではなくなる。それ以来、司祭は真の主人であり、王は彼らの牧師にすぎない。	as soon as|するとすぐに|conjunction|at the moment that; immediately after	effect|効果|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	Sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	temporal|一時的な|adjective|relating to time	sphere|領域|noun|a field of activity or interest	thenceforth|それ以来|adverb|from that time onward	priest|司祭|noun|a person who has been ordained for religious duties	real|真の|adjective|not imitation or artificial; genuine	master|主人|noun|a person who has control over something	king|王|noun|a male sovereign or monarch	minister|牧師|noun|a person ordained for religious duties, especially in a Protestant church

Now that there is and can be no longer an exclusive national religion, tolerance should be given to all religions that tolerate others, so long as their dogmas contain nothing contrary to the duties of citizenship.	もはや排他的な国教は存在せず、存在し得なくなった今、その教義に市民の義務に反するものが含まれていない限り、他者を容認するすべての宗教に寛容を与えるべきである。	exclusive|排他的な|adjective|not admitting of something else	national religion|国教|noun|a religion officially endorsed by the state	tolerance|寛容|noun|the ability or willingness to tolerate something, in particular the existence of opinions or behavior that one does not necessarily agree with	give|与える|verb|transfer the possession of something concrete or abstract to someone	dogma|教義|noun|a principle or set of principles laid down by an authority as incontrovertibly true	contain|含む|verb|have or hold within itself	contrary|反する|adjective|opposite in nature or tendency	duty|義務|noun|a moral or legal obligation	citizenship|市民権|noun|the position or status of being a citizen
But whoever dares to say: Outside the Church is no salvation, ought to be driven from the State, unless the State is the Church, and the prince the pontiff.	しかし、教会の外に救いはないと言う者は、国家が教会であり、君主が教皇でない限り、国家から追放されるべきである。	outside|外|noun|the outer part of something	salvation|救い|noun|the act of saving or being saved	ought to|べきである|auxiliary verb|should	be driven|追放される|verb|be forced to leave	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	church|教会|noun|a building used for public Christian worship	prince|君主|noun|the son of a king or queen	pontiff|教皇|noun|the head of the Roman Catholic Church
Such a dogma is good only in a theocratic government;	そのような教義は神政政治においてのみ有効である。	such|そのような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	dogma|教義|noun|a principle or set of principles laid down by an authority as incontrovertibly true	good|有効である|adjective|to be desired or approved of	only|のみ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	theocratic|神政政治|adjective|of or relating to a government or state in which God or a deity is the source from which all authority derives
in any other, it is fatal.	他のどんな場合でも、それは致命的である。	in any other|他のどんな場合でも|adverb|in any other case	fatal|致命的|adjective|causing death
The reason for which Henry IV is said to have embraced the Roman religion ought to make every honest man leave it, and still more any prince who knows how to reason.	アンリ四世がローマ宗教を信奉した理由は、すべての正直な人間、さらには推論する方法を知っている君主にそれを捨てさせるべきである。	Henry IV|アンリ四世|noun|King of France from 1589 to 1610	Roman religion|ローマ宗教|noun|the religion of the Roman Catholic Church	ought to|べきである|auxiliary verb|should	honest|正直な|adjective|truthful and sincere	leave|捨てる|verb|go away from	reason|推論する|verb|think, understand, and form judgments by a process of logic


## CHAPTER IX: CONCLUSION	第九章: 結論	chapter|章|noun|a main division of a book	conclusion|結論|noun|the final decision or opinion

Now that I have laid down the true principles of political right, and tried to give the State a basis of its own to rest on, I ought next to strengthen it by its external relations, which would include the law of nations, commerce, the right of war and conquest, public right, leagues, negotiations, treaties, etc.	政治的権利の真の原理を定め、国家にそれ自身の基礎を与えようとした今、私は次に、国家の外部関係によってそれを強化するべきである。これには、国際法、商業、戦争と征服の権利、公法、同盟、交渉、条約などが含まれる。	lay down|定める|verb|to establish or set forth	true|真の|adjective|being in accordance with fact or reality	principle|原理|noun|a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior or for a chain of reasoning	political|政治的|adjective|of or relating to government, a government, or the conduct of government	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	give|与える|verb|to present voluntarily and without expecting compensation	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	basis|基礎|noun|the underlying support or foundation for an idea, argument, or process	rest on|頼る|verb|to depend on	ought|するべきである|auxiliary verb|used to express moral obligation or advice	strengthen|強化する|verb|to make or become stronger	external|外部|adjective|of, relating to, or connected with the outside or outer part of something	relation|関係|noun|the state of being connected or related	include|含む|verb|to comprise or contain as a part	law|法|noun|the system of rules that a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and may enforce by the imposition of penalties	nation|国家|noun|a large group of people who share a common language, culture, ethnicity, descent, or history	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling, especially on a large scale	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	conquest|征服|noun|the subjugation and assumption of control of a place or people by military force	public|公|adjective|of or concerning the people as a whole	league|同盟|noun|an association of states, organizations, or individuals for common action	negotiation|交渉|noun|discussion aimed at reaching an agreement	treaty|条約|noun|a formally concluded and ratified agreement between states
But all this forms a new subject that is far too vast for my narrow scope.	しかし、これらすべては、私の狭い視野には広すぎる新しい主題を形成する。	all|すべて|pronoun|the whole amount of	form|形成する|verb|make or produce	new|新しい|adjective|not existing before; made, introduced, or discovered recently or now for the first time	subject|主題|noun|the topic of a conversation or discussion	far|広すぎる|adverb|to a great extent; by a great deal	vast|広大な|adjective|of very great extent or quantity; immense	narrow|狭い|adjective|of small width or breadth	scope|視野|noun|the extent of the area or subject matter that something deals with or to which it is relevant
I ought throughout to have kept to a more limited sphere.	私は終始、もっと限定された範囲に留まるべきだった。	ought to|するべきだ|auxiliary verb|should	throughout|終始|adverb|all the way through	keep to|留まる|verb|remain in or near	limited|限定された|adjective|restricted in size, extent, or amount	sphere|範囲|noun|an area of activity, interest, or expertise