The annual labour of every nation is the fund which originally supplies it with all the necessaries and conveniencies of life which it annually consumes, and which consist always either in the immediate produce of that labour, or in what is purchased with that produce from other nations.
annual
(年間の)
[形]
happening or done once a year
labour
(労働)
[名]
work, especially hard physical work
nation
(国民)
[名]
a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory
originally
(元々)
[副]
in the beginning; at first
supply
(供給する)
[動]
provide or furnish with
necessaries
(必需品)
[名]
something that is necessary or essential
conveniencies
(便利品)
[名]
something that is useful or helpful
life
(生活)
[名]
the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death
consume
(消費する)
[動]
eat, drink, or ingest
consist
(成る)
[動]
be composed or made up of
always
(常に)
[副]
at all times; on all occasions
either
(どちらか)
[接]
used to introduce the first of two or more alternatives
immediate
(直接の)
[形]
happening or done without delay
produce
(生産物)
[名]
something that is produced
purchase
(購入する)
[動]
buy
other
(他の)
[形]
different from the one or ones already mentioned or implied
どの国民の年間労働も、その国民が年間に消費する生活必需品や便利品をすべて供給する元手であり、それは常にその労働の直接の生産物か、その生産物で他国から購入したものである。
But this proportion must in every nation be regulated by two different circumstances: first, by the skill, dexterity, and judgment with which its labour is generally applied;
regulate
(調整される)
[動]
control or supervise by means of rules and regulations
circumstance
(状況)
[名]
a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action
first
(第一に)
[副]
before all others in time or order
skill
(技能)
[名]
the ability to do something well
dexterity
(器用さ)
[名]
skill in performing tasks, especially with the hands
judgment
(判断力)
[名]
the ability to make considered decisions or come to sensible conclusions
generally
(一般的に)
[副]
in most cases; usually
apply
(適用される)
[動]
make use of
しかし、この割合はどの国でも二つの異なる状況によって調整されなければならない。第一に、その労働が一般的に適用される技能、器用さ、判断力によってである。
and, secondly, by the proportion between the number of those who are employed in useful labour, and that of those who are not so employed.
secondly
(第二に)
[副]
in the second place
proportion
(比率)
[名]
a relationship in which one number or amount is divided by another
number
(数)
[名]
a quantity that is one or more than one
those
(人)
[名]
the people or things previously mentioned
employed
(従事している)
[動]
have a job
useful
(有用な)
[形]
having a practical purpose or use
第二に、有用な労働に従事している人の数と、そうではない人の数の比率によってである。
Whatever be the soil, climate, or extent of territory of any particular nation, the abundance or scantiness of its annual supply must, in that particular situation, depend upon those two circumstances.
whatever
(どうであれ)
[代]
no matter what
soil
(土壌)
[名]
the upper layer of earth in which plants grow
climate
(気候)
[名]
the weather averaged over a period of time
extent
(広さ)
[名]
the area covered by something
territory
(領土)
[名]
an area of land under the jurisdiction of a ruler or state
abundance
(豊富さ)
[名]
a very large quantity of something
scantiness
(不足)
[名]
a lack of something
supply
(供給)
[名]
the amount of something that is available
depend
(依存する)
[動]
be controlled or determined by
situation
(状況)
[名]
all the circumstances and conditions of a particular place or time
特定の国の土壌、気候、領土の広さがどうであれ、その国の年間供給量の豊富さや不足は、その特定の状況において、これら二つの状況に依存する。
The abundance or scantiness of this supply, too, seems to depend more upon the former of those two circumstances than upon the latter.
former
(前者)
[形]
having previously filled a particular role or been a particular thing
latter
(後者)
[形]
denoting the second or second mentioned of two people or things
この供給の豊富さや不足も、後者よりも前者に依存しているように見える。
Among the savage nations of hunters and fishers, every individual who is able to work is more or less employed in useful labour, and endeavours to provide, as well as he can, the necessaries and conveniencies of life, for himself, and such of his family or tribe as are either too old, or too young, or too infirm, to go a-hunting and fishing.
Among
(間で)
[前]
in the middle of
savage
(未開の)
[形]
not civilized
hunter
(狩猟者)
[名]
a person who hunts
fisher
(漁師)
[名]
a person who catches fish for a living
individual
(人)
[名]
a single human being as distinguished from a group
able
(できる)
[形]
having the power or skill to do something
work
(働く)
[動]
perform work or fulfill duties
more or less
(多かれ少なかれ)
[副]
to some extent
endeavour
(努力する)
[動]
try hard to do or achieve something
provide
(提供する)
[動]
make available for use; supply
as well as
(できる限り)
[副]
to the best of one's ability
himself
(自分自身)
[代]
that male person or animal
family
(家族)
[名]
a group of people who are related to each other
tribe
(部族)
[名]
a social group or community, especially a group of people who share a common culture, language, religious beliefs, and history and who typically live in a particular geographical area
too old
(年を取りすぎている)
[形]
having lived for a long time
too young
(若すぎる)
[形]
having lived for a short time
too infirm
(弱すぎる)
[形]
lacking the power to perform; feeble
go
(行く)
[動]
move or travel from one place to another
狩猟や漁業を行う未開民族の間では、働くことができる人は多かれ少なかれ有用な労働に従事しており、自分自身や、狩猟や漁業に行くには年を取りすぎているか、若すぎるか、弱すぎる家族や部族のために、生活必需品や便利品をできる限り提供しようと努力している。
Such nations, however, are so miserably poor, that, from mere want, they are frequently reduced, or at least think themselves reduced, to the necessity sometimes of directly destroying, and sometimes of abandoning their infants, their old people, and those afflicted with lingering diseases, to perish with hunger, or to be devoured by wild beasts.
miserably
(ひどく)
[副]
in a very unhappy or unsuccessful way
poor
(貧しい)
[形]
having little money or few possessions
want
(欠乏)
[名]
a lack or deficiency of something
reduce
(減らす)
[動]
make or become smaller or less
think
(考える)
[動]
have a particular opinion, belief, or idea about someone or something
necessity
(必要性)
[名]
the quality or state of being necessary
destroy
(破壊する)
[動]
cause so much damage to something that it no longer exists or cannot be repaired
abandon
(捨てる)
[動]
leave and never go back to
infant
(乳児)
[名]
a very young child
old
(年老いた)
[形]
having lived for a long time
linger
(長引く)
[動]
stay in a place longer than necessary
disease
(病気)
[名]
a disorder of structure or function in a human, animal, or plant, especially one that produces specific signs or symptoms or that affects a specific location and is not simply a direct result of physi...
perish
(死ぬ)
[動]
die or be destroyed
wild
(野生の)
[形]
living or growing in the natural environment; not domesticated or cultivated
beast
(獣)
[名]
an animal, especially a large or dangerous four-footed one
しかし、そのような国々は非常に貧しく、単なる欠乏から、しばしば、あるいは少なくとも自分たちがそうであると考え、時には直接破壊し、時には乳児、老人、長引く病気に苦しむ人々を捨てて、飢えで死んだり、野獣に食い尽くされたりする必要がある。
Among civilized and thriving nations, on the contrary, though a great number of people do not labour at all, many of whom consume the produce of ten times, frequently of a hundred times, more labour than the greater part of those who work;
civilized
(文明的な)
[形]
having a high level of culture and development
thriving
(繁栄している)
[形]
flourishing or prospering
among
(~の中で)
[前]
in the middle of; surrounded by
on the contrary
(反対に)
[副]
to the opposite effect
though
(~にもかかわらず)
[接]
despite the fact that
great number of
(多くの)
[名]
a large quantity or amount
people
(人々)
[名]
human beings in general or considered collectively
do not labour
(労働していない)
[動]
work hard; make great effort
at all
(全く)
[副]
in any way; to any extent
many of whom
(その多くが)
[代]
a large number of people
ten times
(10倍)
[名]
ten multiplied by a number
frequently
(しばしば)
[副]
often; many times
hundred times
(100倍)
[名]
a hundred multiplied by a number
more labour
(より多くの労働)
[名]
work hard; make great effort
greater part of
(大部分)
[名]
the majority of
those who work
(働いている人)
[名]
a person who works
反対に、文明的で繁栄している国々では、多くの人々が全く労働していないにもかかわらず、その多くが働いている人の大部分よりも10倍、しばしば100倍以上の労働の生産物を消費している。
yet the produce of the whole labour of the society is so great, that all are often abundantly supplied;
yet
(しかし)
[接]
nevertheless; but
whole
(全体)
[形]
all of; the entire
society
(社会)
[名]
the community of people living in a particular country or region and having shared customs, laws, and organizations
great
(非常に)
[形]
of major significance or importance
all
(すべての)
[形]
the whole quantity or extent of
abundantly
(豊富に)
[副]
in large quantities; plentifully
しかし、社会全体の労働の生産物は非常に大きく、すべての人々が豊富に供給されることがよくある。
and a workman, even of the lowest and poorest order, if he is frugal and industrious, may enjoy a greater share of the necessaries and conveniencies of life than it is possible for any savage to acquire.
workman
(労働者)
[名]
a person who works
even
(でさえ)
[副]
to the extent of
lowest
(最も低い)
[形]
of the least importance or value
poorest
(最も貧しい)
[形]
having the least money or possessions
order
(階級)
[名]
a group of people with a particular social, economic, or political position
frugal
(質素な)
[形]
not spending much money
industrious
(勤勉な)
[形]
working hard
enjoy
(楽しむ)
[動]
take delight or pleasure in
greater
(より多くの)
[形]
larger in size or amount
share
(分け前)
[名]
a portion of something
savage
(野蛮人)
[名]
a member of a people who are not civilized
acquire
(手に入れる)
[動]
come into possession or ownership of
そして、最も低く貧しい階級の労働者でさえ、もし彼が質素で勤勉であれば、どんな野蛮人にも手に入れることができないほど多くの生活必需品や便利品を楽しむことができる。
Whatever be the actual state of the skill, dexterity, and judgment, with which labour is applied in any nation, the abundance or scantiness of its annual supply must depend, during the continuance of that state, upon the proportion between the number of those who are annually employed in useful labour, and that of those who are not so employed.
be
(である)
[動]
to be
actual
(実際の)
[形]
existing in fact or reality
state
(状態)
[名]
the condition of a person or thing
be applied
(適用される)
[動]
to be put to use
continuance
(継続)
[名]
the act of continuing
be employed
(従事している)
[動]
to have a job
so
(そう)
[副]
in the way mentioned
どの国においても、労働に適用される技能、器用さ、判断力の実際の状態がどうであれ、その国の年間供給量の豊富さや不足は、その状態が続く間は、年間に有用な労働に従事している人の数と、そうではない人の数の比率に依存する。
The number of useful and productive labourers, it will hereafter appear, is everywhere in proportion to the quantity of capital stock which is employed in setting them to work, and to the particular way in which it is so employed.
productive
(生産的な)
[形]
producing or capable of producing
labourer
(労働者)
[名]
a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work
hereafter
(後述するように)
[副]
in the future
appear
(現れる)
[動]
come into sight; become visible
everywhere
(どこでも)
[副]
in all places
proportion
(比例する)
[名]
a relationship of size or quantity between two or more things
quantity
(量)
[名]
a particular amount of something
capital stock
(資本ストック)
[名]
the value of a company's assets minus its liabilities
employ
(投入される)
[動]
use or engage
particular
(特定の)
[形]
of or relating to a single person, thing, or group
way
(方法)
[名]
how something is done or how it happens
有用で生産的な労働者の数は、後述するように、どこでも彼らを働かせるために投入される資本ストックの量と、それが投入される特定の方法に比例している。
The second book, therefore, treats of the nature of capital stock, of the manner in which it is gradually accumulated, and of the different quantities of labour which it puts into motion, according to the different ways in which it is employed.
second
(第二)
[形]
coming after the first in position
treat
(扱う)
[動]
deal with in a certain way
nature
(性質)
[名]
the basic or inherent features of something
manner
(方法)
[名]
a way of doing something
gradually
(徐々に)
[副]
slowly or by degrees
accumulate
(蓄積する)
[動]
gather together or acquire a large amount of something
different
(さまざまな)
[形]
not the same as another or each other
employ
(投入する)
[動]
use or engage the services of (someone) in return for payment
したがって、第二巻では、資本ストックの性質、それが徐々に蓄積される方法、そしてそれが投入されるさまざまな方法に応じて、それが動かす労働のさまざまな量について扱う。
Nations tolerably well advanced as to skill, dexterity, and judgment, in the application of labour, have followed very different plans in the general conduct or direction of it;
application
(適用)
[名]
the act of putting something into operation
general conduct
(一般的な実施)
[名]
the way that something is done or organized
direction
(方向性)
[名]
the course or line along which something moves, faces, or is aimed
労働の適用において、技能、器用さ、判断力に関してかなり進歩した国々は、労働の一般的な実施や方向性において非常に異なる計画に従ってきた。
and those plans have not all been equally favourable to the greatness of its produce.
plan
(計画)
[名]
a detailed proposal for doing or achieving something
equally
(等しく)
[副]
in the same way or to the same degree
favourable
(好意的)
[形]
expressing approval or support
greatness
(偉大さ)
[名]
the quality of being great
そして、それらの計画はすべて、その生産物の偉大さに等しく好意的だったわけではない。
The policy of some nations has given extraordinary encouragement to the industry of the country;
policy
(政策)
[名]
a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government, party, business, or individual
some
(一部の)
[限]
an unspecified number or amount of
give
(与える)
[動]
cause someone or something to receive
extraordinary
(並外れた)
[形]
very unusual or remarkable
encouragement
(奨励)
[名]
the action of encouraging someone or something
industry
(産業)
[名]
economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories
一部の国の政策は、その国の産業に並外れた奨励を与えてきた。
that of others to the industry of towns.
town
(都市)
[名]
a large human settlement
他の国の政策は、都市の産業に並外れた奨励を与えてきた。
Scarce any nation has dealt equally and impartially with every sort of industry.
scarce
(ほとんどない)
[形]
not enough; insufficient
equally
(平等に)
[副]
in a way that is fair and just
impartially
(公平に)
[副]
in a fair and just way
あらゆる産業を平等かつ公平に扱った国はほとんどない。
Since the down-fall of the Roman empire, the policy of Europe has been more favourable to arts, manufactures, and commerce, the industry of towns, than to agriculture, the Industry of the country.
Roman empire
(ローマ帝国)
[名]
the ancient Roman state
down-fall
(滅亡)
[名]
a sudden loss of power, prosperity, or status
Europe
(ヨーロッパ)
[名]
a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere
agriculture
(農業)
[名]
the science or practice of farming
ローマ帝国の滅亡以来、ヨーロッパの政策は、農業、つまり国の産業よりも、芸術、製造業、商業、つまり都市の産業に有利に働いてきた。
The circumstances which seem to have introduced and established this policy are explained in the third book.
introduce
(導入する)
[動]
bring into use or operation
establish
(確立する)
[動]
cause to be recognized and accepted
third
(第三)
[形]
coming after two others in a series; 3rd
この政策を導入し、確立したと思われる状況については、第三巻で説明する。
Though those different plans were, perhaps, first introduced by the private interests and prejudices of particular orders of men, without any regard to, or foresight of, their consequences upon the general welfare of the society;
different
(異なる)
[形]
not the same
private
(私利私欲)
[形]
belonging to or for the use of one particular person or group of people only
interest
(利害)
[名]
a feeling of wanting to know or learn about something or someone
prejudice
(偏見)
[名]
preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience
regard
(考慮)
[名]
a feeling of respect and admiration
foresight
(予見)
[名]
the ability to predict or the action of predicting what will happen or be needed in the future
consequence
(影響)
[名]
a result or effect of an action or condition
general
(一般)
[形]
affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things
welfare
(福祉)
[名]
the health, happiness, and fortunes of a person or group
これらの異なる政策は、おそらく、社会の一般福祉に及ぼす影響について何ら考慮も予見もなしに、特定の階級の人々の私利私欲や偏見によって最初に導入されたものである。
yet they have given occasion to very different theories of political economy;
give occasion to
(生み出す)
[動]
cause or allow to happen
political economy
(政治経済)
[名]
the study of the relationship between the state and the economy
しかし、それらは非常に異なる政治経済の理論を生み出してきた。
of which some magnify the importance of that industry which is carried on in towns, others of that which is carried on in the country.
magnify
(強調する)
[動]
make (something) appear bigger than it really is
importance
(重要性)
[名]
the state or fact of having great worth or significance
country
(農村)
[名]
a political state or nation or its territory
そのうちのいくつかは、都市で営まれている産業の重要性を強調し、他のものは農村で営まれている産業の重要性を強調している。
Those theories have had a considerable influence, not only upon the opinions of men of learning, but upon the public conduct of princes and sovereign states.
theory
(理論)
[名]
a set of principles on which the practice of an activity is based
have
(持つ)
[動]
possess, own, or hold
influence
(影響)
[名]
the capacity to have an effect on the character, development, or behavior of someone or something, or the effect itself
not only
(だけでなく)
[接]
and also; as well as
opinion
(意見)
[名]
a view or judgment formed about something, not necessarily based on fact or knowledge
learning
(学問)
[名]
knowledge acquired by systematic study
but
(しかし)
[接]
on the contrary; rather
upon
(に関して)
[前]
on
public
(公的な)
[形]
of or concerning the people as a whole
conduct
(行動)
[名]
the manner in which a person behaves
prince
(君主)
[名]
a son, grandson, or other close male relative of a monarch
sovereign
(主権)
[形]
having supreme or ultimate power or authority
これらの理論は、学者の意見だけでなく、君主や主権国家の公的な行動にも大きな影響を与えてきた。
I have endeavoured, in the fourth book, to explain as fully and distinctly as I can those different theories, and the principal effects which they have produced in different ages and nations.
fourth
(第四)
[形]
coming after three others in a series; 4th
fully
(完全に)
[副]
completely
distinctly
(明確に)
[副]
in a clear and definite way
principal
(主な)
[形]
first in rank or importance
effect
(効果)
[名]
a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause
age
(時代)
[名]
a period of time in which events occur
私は第四巻で、これらの異なる理論と、それらが異なる時代や国で生み出した主な効果を、できるだけ完全かつ明確に説明するよう努めた。
To explain in what has consisted the revenue of the great body of the people, or what has been the nature of those funds, which, in different ages and nations, have supplied their annual consumption, is the object of these four first books.
revenue
(収入)
[名]
income from a business or other source
great body of the people
(国民の大多数)
[名]
the majority of the people
explain
(説明する)
[動]
make (something) clear or easy to understand
different ages and nations
(異なる時代や国)
[名]
different time periods and countries
annual consumption
(年間消費)
[名]
the amount of goods and services consumed in a year
object
(目的)
[名]
the purpose or aim of something
国民の大多数の収入が何で構成されているのか、あるいは異なる時代や国で彼らの年間消費を供給してきた資金の性質が何であったのかを説明することが、この最初の四巻の目的である。
The fifth and last book treats of the revenue of the sovereign, or commonwealth.
fifth
(五巻目)
[名]
the ordinal number of five
last
(最後)
[形]
coming after all others in time or order
五巻目は、主権者または連邦の収入を扱っている。
In this book I have endeavoured to shew, first, what are the necessary expenses of the sovereign, or commonwealth;
shew
(明らかにする)
[動]
make visible or apparent
first
(まず)
[副]
before anything else; initially
sovereign
(主権者)
[名]
a supreme ruler
commonwealth
(連邦)
[名]
a political unit
necessary
(必要)
[形]
being essential, indispensable, or requisite
expense
(経費)
[名]
a cost incurred in making or doing something
この巻では、まず主権者または連邦の必要経費とは何かを明らかにするよう努めた。
which of those expenses ought to be defrayed by the general contribution of the whole society, and which of them, by that of some particular part only, or of some particular members of it:
ought to
(するべきである)
[助]
should
defray
(賄う)
[動]
provide money to pay a cost or expense
general contribution
(一般的な寄付)
[名]
a donation that is not for a specific purpose
whole society
(社会全体)
[名]
all of the people in a society
particular part
(特定の部分)
[名]
a specific part of something
particular member
(特定のメンバー)
[名]
a specific member of a group
これらの経費のうち、社会全体の一般的な寄付によって賄われるべきものと、その一部または特定のメンバーの寄付によって賄われるべきものを明らかにするよう努めた。
secondly, what are the different methods in which the whole society may be made to contribute towards defraying the expenses incumbent on the whole society, and what are the principal advantages and inconveniencies of each of those methods;
method
(方法)
[名]
a particular procedure for accomplishing or approaching something, especially a systematic or established one
contribute
(貢献する)
[動]
give or supply in order to help achieve or provide something
defraying
(賄う)
[動]
provide money to pay for
incumbent
(課せられた)
[形]
necessary for (someone) as a duty or responsibility
advantage
(利点)
[名]
a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position
inconvenience
(不便さ)
[名]
trouble or difficulty caused by a particular situation or action
第二に、社会全体が社会全体に課せられた経費を賄うために貢献するさまざまな方法とは何か、また、それぞれの方法の主な利点と不便さは何か。
and, thirdly and lastly, what are the reasons and causes which have induced almost all modern governments to mortgage some part of this revenue, or to contract debts;
thirdly
(第三に)
[副]
in the third place
lastly
(最後に)
[副]
in the last place
reason
(理由)
[名]
a cause, explanation, or justification for an action or event
induce
(誘発する)
[動]
persuade or influence someone to do something
almost all
(ほとんどすべて)
[限]
nearly all
modern
(現代の)
[形]
of or relating to the present or recent times
government
(政府)
[名]
the group of people with authority to govern it
mortgage
(担保にする)
[動]
make a loan on the security of
some part
(一部)
[名]
a portion of something
contract
(借金をする)
[動]
make or become shorter, smaller, or tighter
第三に、ほとんどすべての現代政府がこの収入の一部を担保にしたり、借金をしたりするようになった理由と原因は何か。
and what have been the effects of those debts upon the real wealth, the annual produce of the land and labour of the society.
effect
(影響)
[名]
a change that is a result or consequence of an action or other cause
debt
(負債)
[名]
something, especially money, that is owed or due
real wealth
(実質的な富)
[名]
the value of all the goods and services produced by a country in one year
annual produce
(年間生産物)
[名]
the total value of goods and services produced by a country in one year
そして、これらの負債が実質的な富、つまり社会の土地と労働の年間生産物にどのような影響を及ぼしてきたか。