Henry VIII., the unconquered King of England, a prince adorned with all the virtues that become a great monarch, having some differences of no small consequence with Charles the most serene Prince of Castile, sent me into Flanders, as his ambassador, for treating and composing matters between them.
Henry VIII
(ヘンリー八世)
[名]
King of England from 28 January 1547
England
(英国)
[名]
a country in Europe
unconquered
(不敗の)
[形]
not defeated or overcome
prince
(王子)
[名]
a male member of a royal family other than the king
virtue
(美徳)
[名]
a quality considered morally good or desirable
monarch
(君主)
[名]
the head of a monarchy
Charles
(チャールズ)
[名]
the name of a person
Castile
(カスティーリャ)
[名]
a historical region of Spain
ambassador
(大使)
[名]
the highest-ranking diplomat sent by a state to another state or to an international organization
Flanders
(フランドル)
[名]
a historical region of Europe
treat
(交渉する)
[動]
deal with or handle in a certain way
compose
(和解する)
[動]
settle or come to an agreement about
偉大な君主にふさわしいあらゆる美徳を備えた、不敗の英国王ヘンリー八世は、カスティーリャの最も穏やかな王子チャールズとの間に、小さくない結果をもたらすいくつかの相違があったため、私を彼の大使として、彼らの間の交渉と和解のためにフランドルに派遣した。
I was colleague and companion to that incomparable man Cuthbert Tonstal, whom the King, with such universal applause, lately made Master of the Rolls; but of whom I will say nothing;
I
(私)
[代]
the speaker or writer
colleague
(同僚)
[名]
a person who works with another
companion
(友人)
[名]
a person who accompanies another
incomparable
(比類なき)
[形]
too good or bad to be compared with anything else
Cuthbert Tonstal
(カスバート・トンスタル)
[名]
a person's name
King
(国王)
[名]
the male ruler of a kingdom
universal
(万雷の)
[形]
of, affecting, or done by all people or things in the world or in a particular group; general
applause
(拍手喝采)
[名]
an expression of approval or praise
lately
(最近)
[副]
not long ago; recently
Master of the Rolls
(記録長官)
[名]
the head of the civil division of the Court of Appeal of England and Wales
of whom
(彼については)
[代]
of or about whom
nothing
(何も)
[代]
not anything; no single thing
私は、比類なき人物であるカスバート・トンスタルの同僚であり、友人でもあった。彼は、国王が最近、万雷の拍手喝采を浴びて記録長官に任命した人物であるが、彼については何も語らないでおこう。
not because I fear that the testimony of a friend will be suspected, but rather because his learning and virtues are too great for me to do them justice, and so well known, that they need not my commendations, unless I would, according to the proverb, “Show the sun with a lantern.”
testimony
(証言)
[名]
a statement or declaration of fact or opinion given under oath by a witness
friend
(友人)
[名]
a person whom one knows and with whom one has a bond of mutual affection
fear
(恐れる)
[動]
be afraid of
proverb
(ことわざ)
[名]
a short, well-known pithy saying, stating a general truth or piece of advice
lantern
(提灯)
[名]
a portable lamp with a transparent case protecting the flame or electric bulb
友人の証言が疑われるのを恐れているからではなく、むしろ彼の学識と美徳は私には正当に評価できないほど偉大であり、あまりにもよく知られているので、ことわざにあるように「提灯で太陽を見せる」ようなことをしない限り、私の推薦は必要ないからである。
Those that were appointed by the Prince to treat with us, met us at Bruges, according to agreement;
appoint
(任命する)
[動]
officially choose someone for a job or position
meet
(会う)
[動]
come together with someone by chance or arrangement
agreement
(合意)
[名]
an arrangement or understanding between two or more parties
王子から私たちとの交渉を任された人々は、合意に従ってブルージュで私たちと会った。
they were all worthy men.
worthy
(立派な)
[形]
having worth or value
man
(人物)
[名]
an adult male human being
彼らは皆立派な人物だった。
The Margrave of Bruges was their head, and the chief man among them;
Margrave of Bruges
(ブルージュの辺境伯)
[名]
the ruler of the Margraviate of Bruges
head
(長)
[名]
the person in charge of an organization
chief
(最も重要な)
[形]
most important
ブルージュの辺境伯がその長であり、彼らの中で最も重要な人物だった。
but he that was esteemed the wisest, and that spoke for the rest, was George Temse, the Provost of Casselsee: both art and nature had concurred to make him eloquent: he was very learned in the law;
be esteemed
(評価される)
[動]
be regarded with respect and admiration
wise
(賢い)
[形]
having or showing experience, knowledge, and good judgment
speak for
(代表して発言する)
[動]
speak on behalf of
George Temse
(ジョージ・テムス)
[名]
a character in the story
Provost
(教区長)
[名]
the head of a cathedral chapter
Casselsee
(カッセルシー)
[名]
a fictional place in the story
both
(両方)
[限]
the two
art
(芸術)
[名]
the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination
nature
(自然)
[名]
the physical world and everything in it
concur
(同意する)
[動]
be of the same opinion about something
eloquent
(雄弁な)
[形]
fluent or persuasive in speaking or writing
law
(法律)
[名]
the system of rules that a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and may enforce by the imposition of penalties
しかし、最も賢いと評価され、他の人々を代表して発言したのは、カッセルシーの教区長であるジョージ・テムスだった。彼は芸術と自然の両方によって雄弁になっており、法律に非常に精通していた。
and, as he had a great capacity, so, by a long practice in affairs, he was very dexterous at unravelling them.
have a great capacity
(優れた能力を持つ)
[動]
be able to do something well
by a long practice
(長い間の実務経験によって)
[名]
by doing something repeatedly
unravelling
(解明)
[名]
the action of solving a mystery or problem
そして、彼は優れた能力を持っていたので、長い間の実務経験によって、彼は問題を解明するのに非常に器用だった。
After we had several times met, without coming to an agreement, they went to Brussels for some days, to know the Prince’s pleasure;
several times
(数回)
[副]
more than once
meet
(会合を持つ)
[動]
come together with another or others for a purpose
go
(行く)
[動]
move or travel from one place to another
Brussels
(ブリュッセル)
[名]
the capital of Belgium
some days
(数日間)
[名]
a period of time
know
(知る)
[動]
be aware of through observation, inquiry, or information
pleasure
(意向)
[名]
what one prefers to do or have
私たちが何度か会合を持った後、合意に至らず、彼らは王子の意向を知るために数日間ブリュッセルに行った。
and, since our business would admit it, I went to Antwerp.
business
(仕事)
[名]
a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade
admit
(許す)
[動]
allow to enter; let in
そして、私たちの仕事がそれを許すので、私はアントワープに行った。
While I was there, among many that visited me, there was one that was more acceptable to me than any other, Peter Giles, born at Antwerp, who is a man of great honour, and of a good rank in his town, though less than he deserves;
while
(間に)
[接]
during the time that
there
(そこに)
[副]
in or at that place
many
(多くの)
[形]
a large number of
visit
(訪れる)
[動]
go to see someone or something
one
(1人)
[名]
the lowest cardinal number
more
(より)
[副]
to a greater extent
acceptable
(受け入れやすい)
[形]
able to be accepted
other
(他の)
[形]
different from the one already mentioned
Peter Giles
(ピーター・ジャイルズ)
[名]
a man
Antwerp
(アントワープ)
[名]
a city in Belgium
great
(非常に)
[形]
of major significance or importance
honour
(名誉)
[名]
high respect
town
(町)
[名]
an urban area that has a name, defined boundaries, and local government, and that is generally larger than a village and smaller than a city
less
(ほどではない)
[形]
not as much or as many as
deserve
(ふさわしい)
[動]
be worthy of
私がそこにいた間に、私を訪ねてきた多くの人々の中で、私にとって他の誰よりも受け入れやすい人がいた。アントワープで生まれたピーター・ジャイルズは、彼の町で非常に名誉ある人物であり、彼にふさわしいほどではないが、良い地位にある。
for I do not know if there be anywhere to be found a more learned and a better bred young man;
for
(なぜなら)
[接]
because
I do not know
(わからない)
[動]
be not sure or certain about something
if
(もし)
[接]
on the condition or supposition that; in the event that
there be
(ある)
[動]
exist
anywhere
(どこにも)
[副]
in or to any place
to be found
(いる)
[動]
be present or available
a more learned
(もっと学識がある)
[形]
having or showing knowledge or learning
a better bred
(より良い育ちの)
[形]
having or showing good manners
young man
(若者)
[名]
a male human being who is young
なぜなら、どこにももっと学識があり、より良い育ちの若者がいるかどうかわからないからだ。
for as he is both a very worthy and a very knowing person, so he is so civil to all men, so particularly kind to his friends, and so full of candour and affection, that there is not, perhaps, above one or two anywhere to be found, that is in all respects so perfect a friend: he is extraordinarily modest, there is no artifice in him, and yet no man has more of a prudent simplicity.
for as
(なぜなら)
[接]
because
knowing
(博識な)
[形]
having a lot of knowledge
civil
(礼儀正しい)
[形]
polite
particularly
(特に)
[副]
to a higher degree than is usual or average
kind
(親切)
[形]
helpful and generous
candour
(率直)
[名]
the quality of being open and honest
affection
(愛情)
[名]
a feeling of love
above
(以上)
[前]
more than
one or two
(1人か2人)
[名]
a small number of people
in all respects
(あらゆる点で)
[副]
in every way
perfect
(完璧な)
[形]
having no flaws or defects
extraordinarily
(非常に)
[副]
to a very great degree
modest
(謙虚)
[形]
not arrogant or pretentious
artifice
(策略)
[名]
a clever trick or stratagem
prudent
(思慮深い)
[形]
acting with or showing care for the consequences of an action
simplicity
(素朴さ)
[名]
the quality or condition of being simple
彼は非常に立派で博識な人であるため、すべての人に礼儀正しく、特に友人には親切で、率直で愛情に満ちているので、おそらくどこにも1人か2人しかいない、あらゆる点で完璧な友人である。彼は非常に謙虚で、彼には策略がないが、それでも彼ほど思慮深い素朴さを備えた人はいない。
His conversation was so pleasant and so innocently cheerful, that his company in a great measure lessened any longings to go back to my country, and to my wife and children, which an absence of four months had quickened very much.
conversation
(会話)
[名]
informal talk between two or more people
pleasant
(楽しい)
[形]
giving a feeling of happy satisfaction
innocently
(無邪気に)
[副]
in a way that is not intended to cause harm
cheerful
(陽気な)
[形]
happy and positive
company
(一緒)
[名]
the fact of being with someone
lessen
(薄れる)
[動]
make or become less
longing
(気持ち)
[名]
a strong feeling of wanting something
go back
(帰る)
[動]
return to a place
country
(国)
[名]
a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
wife
(妻)
[名]
a married woman
children
(子供たち)
[名]
a son or daughter of any age
absence
(不在)
[名]
the state of being away from a place or person
quicken
(強まる)
[動]
make or become faster or quicker
彼の会話はとても楽しく、無邪気に陽気だったので、彼と一緒だと、4ヶ月の不在でとても強まっていた私の国や妻や子供たちのもとに帰りたいという気持ちがかなり薄れた。
One day, as I was returning home from mass at St. Mary’s, which is the chief church, and the most frequented of any in Antwerp, I saw him, by accident, talking with a stranger, who seemed past the flower of his age;
One day
(ある日)
[名]
an unspecified day
St. Mary's
(聖マリア教会)
[名]
a church
by accident
(偶然)
[副]
by chance
stranger
(見知らぬ人)
[名]
a person whom one does not know
past
(過ぎた)
[形]
no longer existing or happening
flower
(花)
[名]
the seed-bearing part of a plant
age
(年齢)
[名]
the number of years that a person has lived
ある日、私がアントワープで最も頻繁に訪れる主要な教会である聖マリア教会のミサから帰宅していたとき、偶然、彼が年齢の花を過ぎたように見える見知らぬ人と話しているのを見た。
his face was tanned, he had a long beard, and his cloak was hanging carelessly about him, so that, by his looks and habit, I concluded he was a seaman.
face
(顔)
[名]
the front of the human head from the forehead to the chin and ear to ear
tan
(日焼けする)
[動]
make or become brown or browner by exposure to the sun
long
(長い)
[形]
having a great distance or duration from end to end
beard
(髭)
[名]
the hair that grows on a man's face
cloak
(マント)
[名]
a loose outer garment
hang
(羽織る)
[動]
be suspended or be suspended from
carelessly
(無造作に)
[副]
without care or concern
look
(容貌)
[名]
the way that someone or something appears
habit
(服装)
[名]
a settled or regular tendency or practice
conclude
(判断する)
[動]
reach a decision or form an opinion about something
彼の顔は日焼けし、長い髭を生やし、マントを無造作に羽織っていたので、彼の容貌と服装から、私は彼が船乗りだと判断した。
As soon as Peter saw me, he came and saluted me, and as I was returning his civility, he took me aside, and pointing to him with whom he had been discoursing, he said, “Do you see that man?
as soon as
(すぐに)
[副]
at the very moment that
see
(見る)
[動]
perceive with the eyes
come
(来る)
[動]
move or travel toward or into a place thought of as near or familiar to the speaker
salute
(挨拶する)
[動]
greet in a respectful or friendly way
return
(答える)
[動]
give, send, or put back
civility
(礼儀)
[名]
politeness and courtesy
take aside
(脇に連れて行く)
[動]
take someone to a private place to talk to them
point
(指さす)
[動]
direct someone's attention to something
say
(言う)
[動]
express (something) in words
ピーターは私を見るとすぐに近づいてきて挨拶し、私が彼の礼儀に答えると、私を脇に連れて行き、彼が話していた相手を指さして言った、「あの男が見えるか?
I was just thinking to bring him to you.”
bring
(連れて来る)
[動]
cause to come to a place
think
(思う)
[動]
have a particular opinion, belief, or idea
彼を連れて来ようと思っていたところだ」
I answered, “He should have been very welcome on your account.”
answer
(答える)
[動]
say or write something in reply
welcome
(歓迎する)
[動]
greet cordially
私は答えた、「彼はあなたのために大歓迎されるべきだった」
“And on his own too,” replied he, “if you knew the man, for there is none alive that can give so copious an account of unknown nations and countries as he can do, which I know you very much desire.”
on his own
(彼自身のために)
[副]
without help from others
if you knew the man
(もしあなたがその男を知っていたなら)
[他]
if you had knowledge of the man
for there is none alive
(彼ほど未知の国や国々について豊富な説明ができる人はいない)
[他]
for no living person
can give so copious an account of
(説明ができる)
[動]
be able to explain something in detail
unknown nations and countries
(未知の国や国々)
[名]
nations and countries that are not known
which I know you very much desire
(あなたがとても望んでいることを私は知っている)
[他]
which is something that I know you want very much
「そして彼自身のためにも」と彼は答えた、「もしあなたがその男を知っていたなら、彼ほど未知の国や国々について豊富な説明ができる人はいない、あなたがとても望んでいることを私は知っている」
“Then,” said I, “I did not guess amiss, for at first sight I took him for a seaman.”
at first sight
(一目で)
[副]
immediately; as soon as one sees something
take for
(思う)
[動]
consider or regard as being
seaman
(船乗り)
[名]
a person who works on a ship
「それなら」と私は言った、「私は見当違いではなかった、一目で彼を船乗りだと思った」
“But you are much mistaken,” said he, “for he has not sailed as a seaman, but as a traveller, or rather a philosopher.
much
(大きく)
[副]
to a great extent
mistaken
(間違っている)
[形]
wrong in one's opinion or judgment
traveller
(旅行者)
[名]
a person who travels
philosopher
(哲学者)
[名]
a person who studies philosophy
「しかし、あなたは大きく間違っている」と彼は言った、「彼は船乗りとしてではなく、旅行者として、あるいはむしろ哲学者として航海したのだ。
This Raphael, who from his family carries the name of Hythloday, is not ignorant of the Latin tongue, but is eminently learned in the Greek, having applied himself more particularly to that than to the former, because he had given himself much to philosophy, in which he knew that the Romans have left us nothing that is valuable, except what is to be found in Seneca and Cicero.
This Raphael
(このラファエル)
[名]
a man's name
family
(家族)
[名]
a group of people who are related to each other
carry
(受け継ぐ)
[動]
take or bring from one place to another
name
(名)
[名]
a word or set of words using which a person is referred to
ignorant
(知らないわけではない)
[形]
lacking knowledge or awareness in general
Latin
(ラテン語)
[名]
the language of ancient Rome
tongue
(言葉)
[名]
the fleshy muscular organ in the mouth that is used for tasting, licking, swallowing, and for speech
eminently
(精通している)
[副]
to a notable degree
learned
(学んだ)
[形]
having much knowledge acquired by study
Greek
(ギリシャ語)
[名]
the language of Greece
applied
(熱心に取り組み)
[動]
put to a special use or purpose
himself
(彼自身)
[代]
that male person or animal
philosophy
(哲学)
[名]
the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence
knew
(知っていた)
[動]
be aware of through observation, inquiry, or information
Romans
(ローマ人)
[名]
a person from ancient Rome
left
(残していない)
[動]
go away from a place
valuable
(価値のある)
[形]
worth a great deal of money
except
(以外に)
[前]
not including; other than
found
(見出される)
[動]
discover or notice
Seneca
(セネカ)
[名]
a Roman Stoic philosopher, statesman, dramatist, and in one work humorist of the Silver Age of Latin literature
Cicero
(キケロ)
[名]
a Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, philosopher and Academic Skeptic, who tried to uphold republican principles during the final civil wars that destroyed the Roman Republic
彼の家族からヒュトロダエウスという名を受け継いだこのラファエルは、ラテン語を知らないわけではないが、ギリシャ語に精通しており、前者よりも後者に熱心に取り組み、哲学に没頭していたため、ローマ人はセネカとキケロに見出されるもの以外に価値のあるものを何も残していないことを知っていた。
He is a Portuguese by birth, and was so desirous of seeing the world, that he divided his estate among his brothers, ran the same hazard as Americus Vesputius, and bore a share in three of his four voyages that are now published;
Portuguese
(ポルトガル人)
[名]
a person from Portugal
desirous
(望む)
[形]
having or showing a wish or desire
divide
(分ける)
[動]
separate into two or more parts
estate
(財産)
[名]
all the money and property owned by a person or family
brother
(兄弟)
[名]
a male sibling
run
(冒す)
[動]
be exposed to or at risk of
hazard
(危険)
[名]
a danger or risk
Americus Vesputius
(アメリゴ・ヴェスプッチ)
[名]
an Italian explorer, financier, navigator and cartographer
bear
(参加する)
[動]
take part in
voyage
(航海)
[名]
a journey by sea
彼は生まれはポルトガル人で、世界を見たいと強く望んでいたので、彼の財産を兄弟の間で分け、アメリゴ・ヴェスプッチと同じ危険を冒し、現在出版されている彼の4回の航海のうち3回に参加した。
only he did not return with him in his last, but obtained leave of him, almost by force, that he might be one of those twenty-four who were left at the farthest place at which they touched in their last voyage to New Castile.
only
(ただ)
[副]
and no one or nothing more or else
return
(帰る)
[動]
go or come back to a place
last
(最後)
[形]
coming after all others in time or order
obtain
(得る)
[動]
get, acquire, or secure
leave
(許可)
[名]
permission to be absent from duty or work
force
(強引)
[名]
strength or energy exerted or brought to bear
twenty-four
(24)
[名]
the cardinal number that is the sum of twenty-three and one
farthest
(最も遠い)
[形]
most distant
place
(場所)
[名]
a particular portion of space
touch
(到達する)
[動]
come into or be in contact with
New Castile
(ニュー・カスティーリャ)
[名]
a historical region of Spain
ただ、彼は最後の航海では彼と一緒に帰らず、ニュー・カスティーリャへの最後の航海で到達した最も遠い場所に残された24人の一人になるために、ほとんど強引に彼の許可を得た。
The leaving him thus did not a little gratify one that was more fond of travelling than of returning home to be buried in his own country;
leave
(残す)
[動]
go away from
thus
(このように)
[副]
in this way
gratify
(喜ばせる)
[動]
give pleasure to
one
(彼)
[名]
a person
fond
(好む)
[形]
having a strong liking for
travel
(旅)
[名]
the action of going from one place to another
home
(故郷)
[名]
the place where one lives
be buried
(埋葬される)
[動]
be put into a grave
このように彼を残すことは、故郷に帰って埋葬されるよりも旅を好む彼を少なからず喜ばせた。
for he used often to say, that the way to heaven was the same from all places, and he that had no grave had the heavens still over him.
heaven
(天国)
[名]
the place where God lives and where good people go after they die
way
(道)
[名]
a method, style, or manner of doing something
same
(同じ)
[形]
not different or changed
grave
(墓)
[名]
a location where a dead body (typically that of a human, although sometimes that of an animal) is buried
still
(まだ)
[副]
even now or even then; even so
over
(頭上に)
[前]
above or higher than
彼はよく、天国への道はどこからでも同じであり、墓を持たない人は天国が頭上にあるものだとよく言っていた。
Yet this disposition of mind had cost him dear, if God had not been very gracious to him;
disposition
(傾向)
[名]
a tendency to behave in a particular way
mind
(心)
[名]
the part of a person that thinks, feels, and remembers
cost
(高くつく)
[動]
require the payment of
dear
(高く)
[形]
high in price
God
(神)
[名]
the creator and ruler of the universe and source of all moral authority; the supreme being
gracious
(慈悲深い)
[形]
kind and pleasant
それでも、神が彼にとても慈悲深くなければ、この心の傾向は彼に高くついただろう。
for after he, with five Castalians, had travelled over many countries, at last, by strange good fortune, he got to Ceylon, and from thence to Calicut, where he, very happily, found some Portuguese ships;
after
(後に)
[前]
later or following (the event mentioned)
five
(5人)
[数]
the number 5
Castalians
(カスティリアン)
[名]
a native or inhabitant of Castile
travel over
(旅する)
[動]
go across or through
at last
(ついに)
[副]
finally
strange
(奇妙な)
[形]
unusual or surprising in a way that is unsettling or hard to understand
good fortune
(幸運)
[名]
success or luck
get to
(着く)
[動]
reach a destination
Ceylon
(セイロン)
[名]
a large island in the Indian Ocean, southeast of India
thence
(そこから)
[副]
from that place
Calicut
(カリカット)
[名]
a city and port on the Malabar Coast of India
very happily
(幸運にも)
[副]
in a very happy way
find
(見つける)
[動]
discover or notice
Portuguese
(ポルトガル)
[形]
of or relating to Portugal or its people or language
彼は5人のカスティリアンと一緒に多くの国を旅した後、ついに奇妙な幸運によってセイロンに着き、そこからカリカットに着き、そこで幸運にもポルトガル船を見つけた。
and, beyond all men’s expectations, returned to his native country.”
beyond
(を超えて)
[前]
on the farther side of
expectation
(期待)
[名]
a strong belief that something will happen or be the case in the future
native country
(母国)
[名]
the country where one was born
そして、すべての人の期待を超えて、彼の母国に戻った。」
When Peter had said this to me, I thanked him for his kindness in intending to give me the acquaintance of a man whose conversation he knew would be so acceptable;
thank
(感謝する)
[動]
express gratitude to
kindness
(親切)
[名]
the quality of being friendly, generous, and considerate
intend
(つもりである)
[動]
have as one's purpose or intention
give
(させる)
[動]
cause (someone) to have, receive, or do something
acquaintance
(知り合い)
[名]
a person one knows slightly
ピーターが私にこう言った時、私は彼が会話がとても受け入れられると知っている男性と知り合いにさせてくれるつもりの彼の親切に感謝した。
and upon that Raphael and I embraced each other.
upon
(すると)
[前]
on
each other
(互いに)
[代]
one another
そして、ラファエルと私は抱き合った。
After those civilities were past which are usual with strangers upon their first meeting, we all went to my house, and entering into the garden, sat down on a green bank and entertained one another in discourse.
first meeting
(初対面)
[名]
the first time that two or more people meet
house
(家)
[名]
a place where people live permanently, especially as a member of a family or household
garden
(庭)
[名]
a piece of land where plants (such as flowers or vegetables) are grown
sit down
(腰を下ろす)
[動]
to move from a standing position to a sitting position
discourse
(会話)
[名]
a formal discussion of a topic in speech or writing
初対面の見知らぬ人同士がよくするような礼儀正しい挨拶を交わした後、私たちは皆私の家に向かい、庭に入って緑の土手に腰を下ろし、互いに会話を楽しんだ。
He told us that when Vesputius had sailed away, he, and his companions that stayed behind in New Castile, by degrees insinuated themselves into the affections of the people of the country, meeting often with them and treating them gently;
Vesputius
(ヴェスプチウス)
[名]
Amerigo Vespucci
sail away
(出航する)
[動]
leave a port
by degrees
(次第に)
[副]
gradually
insinuate
(溶け込む)
[動]
introduce or establish gradually or subtly
gently
(優しく)
[副]
in a kind and tender manner
彼は、ヴェスプチウスが出航した時、彼とニュー・カスティーリャに残った仲間たちは、度々彼らと会って優しく接することで、次第にその国の人々の愛情に溶け込んでいったと語った。
and at last they not only lived among them without danger, but conversed familiarly with them, and got so far into the heart of a prince, whose name and country I have forgot, that he both furnished them plentifully with all things necessary, and also with the conveniences of travelling, both boats when they went by water, and waggons when they travelled over land:
live
(住む)
[動]
have as one's home
among
(間に)
[前]
in the middle of
danger
(危険)
[名]
the possibility of suffering harm or injury
converse
(会話する)
[動]
talk with
familiarly
(親しく)
[副]
in a friendly way
get into
(入り込む)
[動]
become involved in
heart
(心)
[名]
the organ that pumps blood around the body
forget
(忘れる)
[動]
not be able to remember
furnish
(提供する)
[動]
supply or provide
plentifully
(豊富に)
[副]
in large quantities
necessary
(必要な)
[形]
required
convenience
(便宜)
[名]
the quality of being easy to use or to do
boat
(船)
[名]
a small vessel for travelling over water
water
(水)
[名]
the liquid that descends from the clouds as rain, forms streams, lakes, and seas, and is the major constituent of all living matter and that when pure is an odorless, tasteless, very slightly compress...
land
(陸)
[名]
the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water
そしてついに彼らは危険もなく彼らの間に住むだけでなく、彼らと親しく会話し、名前と国を忘れてしまった王子の心に入り込み、王子は彼らに必要なすべてのものを豊富に提供し、また、水上を行く時には船を、陸路を行く時には荷車を用意して、旅の便宜を図った。
he sent with them a very faithful guide, who was to introduce and recommend them to such other princes as they had a mind to see:
send
(同行させる)
[動]
cause to go or be taken to a destination; arrange for the delivery of
faithful
(忠実な)
[形]
loyal, constant, and steadfast
guide
(案内人)
[名]
someone who shows the way to others
introduce
(紹介する)
[動]
cause to be acquainted
recommend
(推薦する)
[動]
present as worthy of acceptance or trial
彼は彼らに非常に忠実な案内人を同行させ、彼らが会いたいと思う他の王子たちに彼らを紹介し、推薦することになっていた。
and after many days’ journey, they came to towns, and cities, and to commonwealths, that were both happily governed and well peopled.
many days
(何日も)
[名]
a long period of time
journey
(旅)
[名]
a long and difficult process of personal change and growth
city
(都市)
[名]
a large human settlement
happily
(幸せに)
[副]
in a happy way
govern
(統治する)
[動]
conduct the policy, actions, and affairs of (a state, organization, or people) with authority
people
(人々)
[名]
human beings in general or considered collectively
そして何日も旅をした後、彼らは町や都市、そして共和国にたどり着き、それらは幸せに統治され、人々も豊かだった。
Under the equator, and as far on both sides of it as the sun moves, there lay vast deserts that were parched with the perpetual heat of the sun;
under
(直下)
[前]
directly below
equator
(赤道)
[名]
an imaginary line around the middle of the earth
as far as
(限り)
[接]
to the extent or degree that
sun
(太陽)
[名]
the star that the earth revolves around
move
(動く)
[動]
change position
vast
(広大な)
[形]
of very great extent or quantity
desert
(砂漠)
[名]
a dry, sandy region of little rainfall, extreme temperature, and sparse vegetation
lay
(広がる)
[動]
be in or assume a horizontal position
parch
(焼ける)
[動]
make or become dry through intense heat
perpetual
(永続的な)
[形]
continuing forever or for a very long time
heat
(熱)
[名]
the quality or state of being hot
赤道直下と、太陽が動く限りその両側には、太陽の永続的な熱で焼けた広大な砂漠が広がっていた。
the soil was withered, all things looked dismally, and all places were either quite uninhabited, or abounded with wild beasts and serpents, and some few men, that were neither less wild nor less cruel than the beasts themselves.
soil
(土壌)
[名]
the upper layer of earth in which plants grow, a black or dark brown material typically consisting of a mixture of organic remains, clay, and rock particles
wither
(枯れる)
[動]
dry up and shrivel
dismally
(陰鬱に)
[副]
in a gloomy manner
uninhabited
(人が住んでいない)
[形]
without inhabitants
abound
(住んでいる)
[動]
be plentiful or numerous
wild beast
(野獣)
[名]
an undomesticated animal
serpent
(蛇)
[名]
a limbless reptile with a long, thin body and a forked tongue
cruel
(残酷な)
[形]
willfully causing pain or suffering to others, or feeling no concern about it
土壌は枯れ、すべてのものが陰鬱に見え、すべての場所は全く人が住んでいないか、野獣や蛇、そして獣そのものよりも野蛮でも残酷でもない少数の人間が住んでいた。
But, as they went farther, a new scene opened, all things grew milder, the air less burning, the soil more verdant, and even the beasts were less wild: and, at last, there were nations, towns, and cities, that had not only mutual commerce among themselves and with their neighbours, but traded, both by sea and land, to very remote countries.
go farther
(進む)
[動]
move forward
open
(開ける)
[動]
move a door or window so as to leave a space allowing access and vision
grow milder
(穏やかになる)
[動]
become less severe, extreme, or intense
air
(空気)
[名]
the mixture of gases that surrounds the earth and forms its atmosphere
burn
(燃える)
[動]
be on fire
verdant
(緑に覆われた)
[形]
green with grass or other vegetation
beast
(獣)
[名]
an animal, especially a large or dangerous four-footed one
wild
(野生の)
[形]
living or growing in the natural environment; not domesticated or cultivated
nation
(国)
[名]
a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory
mutual
(相互の)
[形]
done, felt, or given by each of two or more parties to the other or others
commerce
(通商)
[名]
the activity of buying and selling, especially on a large scale
themselves
(自分たち)
[代]
used to refer to the people or things previously mentioned as the subject
neighbour
(隣国)
[名]
a person living next door or very close
trade
(貿易)
[名]
the activity of buying and selling goods and services
sea
(海)
[名]
a large expanse of salt water covering most of the earth's surface and surrounding its land masses
remote
(遠い)
[形]
far away in space or time
しかし、彼らがさらに進むと、新しい景色が開け、すべてのものが穏やかになり、空気は燃えにくくなり、土壌はより緑に覆われ、獣でさえも野生ではなくなった。そしてついに、自分たちの間や隣国との相互通商だけでなく、海と陸の両方で非常に遠い国々とも貿易を行っていた国や町や都市があった。
There they found the conveniencies of seeing many countries on all hands, for no ship went any voyage into which he and his companions were not very welcome.
hand
(方面)
[名]
a direction or position
ship
(船)
[名]
a large vessel for traveling on water
go
(出かける)
[動]
move or travel
welcome
(歓迎)
[名]
a kind or glad reception
そこで彼らは、あらゆる方面で多くの国々を見物する便宜を得た。なぜなら、彼とその仲間が歓迎されない航海に出かける船はなかったからである。
The first vessels that they saw were flat-bottomed, their sails were made of reeds and wicker, woven close together, only some were of leather;
first
(最初)
[形]
coming before all others in time or order
vessel
(船)
[名]
a hollow container used to hold liquid
flat-bottomed
(底が平ら)
[形]
having a flat bottom
sail
(帆)
[名]
a piece of fabric that catches the wind and propels a boat
reed
(葦)
[名]
a tall, slender-stemmed plant that grows in wet areas
wicker
(柳)
[名]
a flexible twig or branch
make
(作る)
[動]
create or produce
together
(一緒に)
[副]
with or in the company of another person or other people
leather
(革)
[名]
a material made from the skin of an animal
彼らが最初に見た船は底が平らで、帆は葦や柳で作られ、密に編まれており、革製のものもあった。
but, afterwards, they found ships made with round keels and canvas sails, and in all respects like our ships, and the seamen understood both astronomy and navigation.
afterwards
(その後)
[副]
at a later time
round
(丸い)
[形]
having a circular shape
keel
(竜骨)
[名]
a long, narrow piece of wood or metal that forms the lowest part of a ship and that helps to keep it upright
canvas
(帆布)
[名]
a strong, heavy cloth made from cotton
respect
(点)
[名]
a particular aspect or feature of something
understand
(理解する)
[動]
know or comprehend the nature or meaning of
astronomy
(天文学)
[名]
the study of the stars, planets, and other objects in space
navigation
(航海術)
[名]
the process of directing the course of a ship or aircraft
しかし、その後、彼らは丸い竜骨と帆布の帆で作られた船を見つけ、あらゆる点で私たちの船に似ていて、船員たちは天文学と航海術の両方を理解していた。
He got wonderfully into their favour by showing them the use of the needle, of which till then they were utterly ignorant.
get into
(得る)
[動]
receive or be given
favour
(好意)
[名]
approval, liking, or goodwill
show
(教える)
[動]
cause or allow to be seen
use
(使い方)
[名]
the action of using something
needle
(針)
[名]
a small, thin, sharp piece of metal with a point at one end and a hole for thread at the other
wonderfully
(驚くほど)
[副]
in a wonderful way
utterly
(全く)
[副]
completely; absolutely
彼は彼らに針の使い方を教えることで、彼らの好意を驚くほど得たが、それまでは彼らは針の使い方を全く知らなかった。
They sailed before with great caution, and only in summer time;
sail
(航海する)
[動]
travel by water
before
(以前)
[副]
at a time in the past
caution
(注意)
[名]
care taken to avoid danger or mistakes
summer
(夏)
[名]
the season of the year between spring and autumn
彼らは以前は細心の注意を払って航海し、夏にしか航海しなかった。
but now they count all seasons alike, trusting wholly to the loadstone, in which they are, perhaps, more secure than safe;
count
(数える)
[動]
determine the total number of
season
(季節)
[名]
one of the four periods of the year (spring, summer, fall, and winter)
alike
(同じように)
[副]
in a similar way
trust
(信頼する)
[動]
have confidence in the reliability, truth, or ability of
wholly
(完全に)
[副]
completely
loadstone
(磁石)
[名]
a piece of magnetite that has magnetic properties and attracts iron and steel
safe
(安全)
[形]
free from danger or risk
secure
(安心)
[形]
free from danger or threat; not likely to fail, give way, etc.
しかし、今では彼らはすべての季節を同じように数え、磁石に完全に信頼を置いているが、それはおそらく安全というよりは安心感を与えている。
so that there is reason to fear that this discovery, which was thought would prove so much to their advantage, may, by their imprudence, become an occasion of much mischief to them.
so that
(そのため)
[接]
with the result that
there is reason to
(理由がある)
[動]
have a good reason to
this
(この)
[限]
the one near you or the one just mentioned
discovery
(発見)
[名]
the act of finding something new
which was thought
(と思われていた)
[他]
that was thought
would prove
(働く)
[動]
turn out to be
so much
(とても)
[副]
to a great extent
to their advantage
(有利に)
[名]
a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position
may
(かもしれない)
[助]
be possible or likely
by their imprudence
(軽率さによって)
[名]
the trait of acting or done without care or thought for the consequences
become
(なる)
[動]
come to be
an occasion
(機会)
[名]
a particular time or event
of much mischief
(多くの災い)
[名]
a cause or source of harm, evil, or irritation
そのため、彼らに有利に働くと思われていたこの発見が、彼らの軽率さによって、彼らに多くの災いをもたらす機会になるのではないかと恐れる理由がある。
But it were too long to dwell on all that he told us he had observed in every place, it would be too great a digression from our present purpose: whatever is necessary to be told concerning those wise and prudent institutions which he observed among civilised nations, may perhaps be related by us on a more proper occasion.
dwell on
(語る)
[動]
to think or talk about something for a long time
all
(すべて)
[名]
the whole amount of
too long
(長すぎる)
[形]
longer than is desirable or necessary
too great
(大きく)
[形]
more than is desirable or necessary
digression
(逸脱)
[名]
a departure from the main subject
present
(現在の)
[形]
existing or happening now
purpose
(目的)
[名]
the intention to do something
whatever
(何であれ)
[代]
no matter what
necessary
(必要)
[形]
required to be done, achieved, or present
told
(語られる)
[動]
to communicate information or an opinion
institution
(制度)
[名]
an established law, practice, or custom
civilised
(文明国)
[形]
having an advanced or humane culture
perhaps
(おそらく)
[副]
possibly
related
(語られる)
[動]
to tell or narrate
proper
(適切な)
[形]
suitable or right in the circumstances
しかし、彼があらゆる場所で観察したことをすべて語るには長すぎるし、現在の目的から大きく逸脱してしまうだろう。彼が文明国で観察した賢明で慎重な制度について語られるべきことは、おそらくもっと適切な機会に語られるだろう。
We asked him many questions concerning all these things, to which he answered very willingly;
ask
(尋ねる)
[動]
say something in order to obtain an answer or some information
question
(質問)
[名]
a statement asking for something and expecting an answer
concerning
(に関して)
[前]
about
willingly
(喜んで)
[副]
of your own free will
私たちは彼にこれらすべてのことについて多くの質問をしたが、彼はそれにとても喜んで答えてくれた。
we made no inquiries after monsters, than which nothing is more common;
make inquiry
(尋ねる)
[動]
ask a question
monster
(怪物)
[名]
a creature that is typically large, ugly, and frightening
私たちは怪物について尋ねることはしなかったが、それ以上にありふれたものはない。
for everywhere one may hear of ravenous dogs and wolves, and cruel men-eaters, but it is not so easy to find states that are well and wisely governed.
everywhere
(どこでも)
[副]
in all places
hear of
(聞く)
[動]
be told or informed of
ravenous
(貪欲な)
[形]
extremely hungry
dog
(犬)
[名]
a domesticated carnivorous mammal that typically has a long snout, an acute sense of smell, and a barking, howling, or whining voice
wolf
(狼)
[名]
a wild carnivorous mammal that is the largest member of the dog family
man-eater
(人食い)
[名]
an animal that eats humans
well
(賢く)
[副]
in a good manner
wisely
(賢く)
[副]
in a wise manner
governed
(統治されている)
[動]
rule or control
どこでも貪欲な犬や狼、残酷な人食いの話を聞くことができるが、賢く統治されている国を見つけるのはそう簡単ではない。
As he told us of many things that were amiss in those new-discovered countries, so he reckoned up not a few things, from which patterns might be taken for correcting the errors of these nations among whom we live;
tell
(語る)
[動]
communicate information, facts, or news to someone in spoken or written words
thing
(こと)
[名]
an object that one need not, cannot, or does not wish to give a specific name to
amiss
(間違っている)
[形]
wrong; faulty; improper
reckon
(数える)
[動]
count or calculate
few
(少ない)
[形]
a small number of
pattern
(パターン)
[名]
a repeated decorative design
take
(取る)
[動]
get into one's possession, power, or control
correct
(正す)
[動]
free from error; accurate
error
(誤り)
[名]
a deviation from accuracy or correctness
彼は新しく発見された国々で間違っていた多くのことを私たちに語ったように、私たちが住んでいるこれらの国々の誤りを正すためのパターンが取られるかもしれない多くのことを数えた。
of which an account may be given, as I have already promised, at some other time;
of which
(その)
[代]
of the thing that
account
(説明)
[名]
a statement of the facts or reasons
may be given
(与えられるかもしれない)
[動]
be possible to be given
as
(ように)
[接]
in the way that
have already promised
(すでに約束した)
[動]
have made a promise
at some other time
(別の機会に)
[名]
at a different time
私がすでに約束したように、その説明は別の機会に与えられるかもしれない。
for, at present, I intend only to relate those particulars that he told us, of the manners and laws of the Utopians: but I will begin with the occasion that led us to speak of that commonwealth.
at present
(今のところ)
[副]
now; at this time
intend
(つもり)
[動]
have in mind as a purpose
relate
(述べる)
[動]
give an account of
particular
(詳細)
[名]
an individual fact or item
manner
(風習)
[名]
a way of doing something
Utopian
(ユートピア人)
[名]
an inhabitant of Utopia
occasion
(機会)
[名]
a particular time or event
なぜなら、今のところ、私は彼が私たちに語ったユートピア人の風習と法律に関する詳細を述べるつもりだけだからだ。しかし、私は私たちがその共和国について話すことになった機会から始めよう。
After Raphael had discoursed with great judgment on the many errors that were both among us and these nations, had treated of the wise institutions both here and there, and had spoken as distinctly of the customs and government of every nation through which he had past, as if he had spent his whole life in it, Peter, being struck with admiration, said, “I wonder, Raphael, how it comes that you enter into no king’s service, for I am sure there are none to whom you would not be very acceptable;
Raphael
(ラファエル)
[名]
archangel of the Bible
discourse
(論じる)
[動]
talk or write about a subject in a comprehensive and systematic way
judgment
(判断)
[名]
the ability to make considered decisions or come to sensible conclusions
custom
(習慣)
[名]
a traditional and widely accepted way of behaving or doing something that is specific to a particular society, place, or time
government
(政府)
[名]
the group of people with authority to govern it
distinctly
(はっきりと)
[副]
in a clear and definite way
admiration
(感心)
[名]
a feeling of respect and approval
wonder
(不思議に思う)
[動]
feel curious or surprised about something
enter into
(仕える)
[動]
become involved in
king
(王)
[名]
the male ruler of an independent state, especially one who inherits the position by birth
service
(奉仕)
[名]
the action of helping or doing work for someone
ラファエルが私たちとこれらの国々の両方にあった多くの誤りについて素晴らしい判断で論じ、あちらこちらで賢明な制度を扱い、彼が通ったすべての国の習慣と政府について、まるで彼がその国で一生を過ごしたかのようにはっきりと話した後、ピーターは感心して言った、「ラファエル、どうして王に仕えないのか不思議だ。
for your learning and knowledge, both of men and things, is such, that you would not only entertain them very pleasantly, but be of great use to them, by the examples you could set before them, and the advices you could give them;
learning
(学識)
[名]
knowledge acquired by systematic study
knowledge
(知識)
[名]
information and skills acquired through experience or education
men
(人間)
[名]
an adult male human being
things
(物事)
[名]
an object that one need not, cannot, or does not wish to give a specific name to
such
(そのような)
[限]
of the type previously mentioned
entertain
(楽しませる)
[動]
provide entertainment for
pleasantly
(とても)
[副]
in a pleasant manner
be of great use
(非常に役立つ)
[動]
be very useful
example
(例)
[名]
a thing characteristic of its kind or illustrating a general rule
advice
(アドバイス)
[名]
guidance or recommendations concerning prudent future action
なぜなら、人間と物事の両方に関するあなたの学識と知識は、あなたが彼らをとても楽しませるだけでなく、彼らの前に示せる例や彼らに与えられるアドバイスによって、彼らにとって非常に役立つものだからだ。
and by this means you would both serve your own interest, and be of great use to all your friends.”
by this means
(この方法で)
[副]
in this way
serve
(奉仕する)
[動]
work as a servant
interest
(利益)
[名]
money paid for the use of money
be of great use
(大いに役立つ)
[動]
be very helpful
そして、この方法であなたは自分の利益に奉仕し、すべての友人に大いに役立つだろう。」
“As for my friends,” answered he, “I need not be much concerned, having already done for them all that was incumbent on me;
as for
(については)
[前]
with regard to; concerning
need
(必要)
[名]
a requirement for something
be concerned
(心配する)
[動]
be worried or anxious
already
(すでに)
[副]
before or by now or the time in question
do
(する)
[動]
perform an action
for
(のために)
[前]
with the object or purpose of
that
(こと)
[名]
the thing mentioned before
be incumbent on
(課せられる)
[動]
be imposed as a duty or responsibility
「友人については、」彼は答えた、「私はすでに彼らのために私に課せられたすべてのことをしたので、あまり心配する必要はない。
for when I was not only in good health, but fresh and young, I distributed that among my kindred and friends which other people do not part with till they are old and sick: when they then unwillingly give that which they can enjoy no longer themselves.
when
(頃)
[接]
at the time that
not only
(だけでなく)
[接]
and also
health
(健康)
[名]
the condition of being sound in body and mind
fresh
(元気)
[形]
in a good condition
young
(若い)
[形]
having lived or existed for only a short time
distribute
(分け与える)
[動]
give shares of something to a number of recipients
kindred
(親戚)
[名]
a person's relatives
not
(ない)
[副]
a word that expresses negation
part with
(手放す)
[動]
give up possession of
till
(まで)
[接]
up to the point in time or space when
old
(老いて)
[形]
having lived for a long time
sick
(病気になる)
[形]
affected by a disease or illness
unwillingly
(しぶしぶ)
[副]
in a reluctant manner
give
(与える)
[動]
transfer possession of something to someone
enjoy
(楽しむ)
[動]
take delight or pleasure in
no longer
(もはやない)
[副]
not any more
なぜなら、私が健康なだけでなく、若くて元気だった頃、私は親戚や友人に、他の人々が老いて病気になるまで手放さないものを分け与えたからだ。
I think my friends ought to rest contented with this, and not to expect that for their sakes I should enslave myself to any king whatsoever.”
ought to
(するべきである)
[助]
should
rest contented
(満足する)
[動]
be happy with
expect
(期待する)
[動]
regard as likely to happen
sake
(ため)
[名]
purpose
enslave
(奴隷にする)
[動]
make a slave of
whatsoever
(どんな〜でも)
[限]
any at all
私の友人はこれに満足して、彼らのために私がどんな王にも奴隷になることを期待するべきではないと思う。」
“Soft and fair!” said Peter; “I do not mean that you should be a slave to any king, but only that you should assist them and be useful to them.”
soft
(穏やかに)
[副]
gently
fair
(公平に)
[副]
justly
slave
(奴隷)
[名]
a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them
assist
(助ける)
[動]
to give help to
useful
(役立つ)
[形]
able to be used for a particular purpose
「穏やかに、公平に!」ピーターは言った、「私はあなたがどんな王の奴隷になるべきだという意味ではなく、ただあなたが彼らを助け、彼らに役立つべきだという意味だ。」
“The change of the word,” said he, “does not alter the matter.”
change
(変更)
[名]
the act or instance of making or becoming different
word
(言葉)
[名]
a unit of language
matter
(問題)
[名]
a subject of concern
「言葉の変更は、」彼は言った、「問題を変えない。」
“But term it as you will,” replied Peter, “I do not see any other way in which you can be so useful, both in private to your friends and to the public, and by which you can make your own condition happier.”
term
(呼ぶ)
[動]
give a name to
reply
(答える)
[動]
say something in response
private
(個人的に)
[形]
belonging to or for the use of one particular person or group of people only
public
(公衆)
[名]
the people as a whole
condition
(状態)
[名]
the state of something, especially with regard to its appearance, quality, or working order
happier
(より幸せに)
[形]
feeling or showing pleasure or contentment
「しかし、あなたがそう呼ぶなら、」ピーターは答えた、「私はあなたが友人や公衆に個人的に、そしてあなた自身の状態をより幸せにすることができる他の方法を知らない。」
“Happier?” answered Raphael, “is that to be compassed in a way so abhorrent to my genius?
compass
(達成する)
[動]
achieve or attain
way
(方法)
[名]
how something is done or how it happens
abhorrent
(忌まわしい)
[形]
causing disgust or hatred
genius
(天才)
[名]
a person who is exceptionally intelligent or creative, either generally or in some particular respect
「より幸せに?」ラファエルは答えた、「それは私の天才にとってとても忌まわしい方法で達成されるのか?
Now I live as I will, to which I believe, few courtiers can pretend;
live
(生きる)
[動]
be alive
will
(思うように)
[名]
the ability to choose your own actions
courtier
(廷臣)
[名]
a person who attends a royal court
pretend
(できない)
[動]
to act as if something is true when it is not
今、私は自分の思うように生きている、それは廷臣にはほとんどできないことだ。
and there are so many that court the favour of great men, that there will be no great loss if they are not troubled either with me or with others of my temper.”
court
(訴える)
[動]
try to win
loss
(損失)
[名]
the fact or process of losing something or someone
そして、偉大な人々の好意に訴える人が非常に多いので、私や私の気質の他の人に悩まされなければ、大きな損失はないだろう。」
Upon this, said I, “I perceive, Raphael, that you neither desire wealth nor greatness;
upon this
(これを聞いて)
[副]
after hearing this
neither
(どちらも)
[接]
not either
desire
(望む)
[動]
want or wish for
これを聞いて私は言った、「ラファエル、あなたは富も偉大さも望んでいないことがわかる。
and, indeed, I value and admire such a man much more than I do any of the great men in the world.
and
(そして)
[接]
used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time
indeed
(実際)
[副]
really; truly; in fact
value
(評価する)
[動]
regard highly; think highly of
admire
(賞賛する)
[動]
regard with respect or warm approval
そして、実際、私はそのような人を世界の偉人の誰よりもはるかに高く評価し、賞賛している。
Yet I think you would do what would well become so generous and philosophical a soul as yours is, if you would apply your time and thoughts to public affairs, even though you may happen to find it a little uneasy to yourself;
generous
(寛大な)
[形]
willing to give money, time, help, etc., especially more than is usual or expected
philosophical
(哲学的な)
[形]
of or relating to the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence, especially when considered as an academic discipline
soul
(魂)
[名]
the spiritual or immaterial part of a human being or animal, regarded as immortal
apply
(当てる)
[動]
make a formal request, as for a job or a place at a school or college
public affairs
(公務)
[名]
the business of government or the state
uneasy
(不安な)
[形]
causing or feeling anxiety or worry
それでも、あなたのような寛大で哲学的な魂にふさわしいことをするだろうと思う、もしあなたが自分の時間と考えを公務に当てるなら、たとえそれが自分にとって少し不安に感じられるとしても。
and this you can never do with so much advantage as by being taken into the council of some great prince and putting him on noble and worthy actions, which I know you would do if you were in such a post;
and this
(そしてこれを)
[接]
and this
you can never do
(あなたはできない)
[動]
you can never do
so much advantage
(それほど有利に)
[名]
so much advantage
as by being taken into
(加わることほど)
[動]
as by being taken into
the council of some great prince
(偉大な君主の評議会)
[名]
the council of some great prince
and putting him on
(彼を導くこと)
[動]
and putting him on
noble and worthy actions
(高貴で価値ある行動)
[名]
noble and worthy actions
which I know you would do
(あなたはそうするだろうと私は知っている)
[動]
which I know you would do
if you were in such a post
(もしあなたがそのような地位にいたら)
[動]
if you were in such a post
そして、これをあなたは、偉大な君主の評議会に加わり、彼を高貴で価値ある行動に導くことほど有利に行うことはできない、もしあなたがそのような地位にいたら、あなたはそうするだろうと私は知っている。
for the springs both of good and evil flow from the prince over a whole nation, as from a lasting fountain.
spring
(泉)
[名]
a natural flow of water from the ground
flow
(流れ出る)
[動]
move or cause to move steadily and continuously
prince
(君主)
[名]
the son of a king or queen
善と悪の泉は、永続的な泉からのように、君主から国全体に流れ出る。
So much learning as you have, even without practice in affairs, or so great a practice as you have had, without any other learning, would render you a very fit counsellor to any king whatsoever.”
so much
(それほど)
[副]
to such a great extent
even
(たとえ)
[副]
in the event that; if
without
(なくても)
[前]
not having or not accompanied by
practice
(経験)
[名]
the actual application or use of an idea, belief, or method, as opposed to theories about such application or use
affair
(実務)
[名]
a matter of business or public concern
so great
(それほど)
[副]
to such a great extent
render
(するだろう)
[動]
cause to be or become
counsellor
(相談役)
[名]
a person who gives advice, especially on social or personal problems
あなたが持っているほどの学識は、たとえ実務の経験がなくても、あるいはあなたが持っているほどの実務の経験は、他の学識がなくても、あなたをどんな王にも非常に適した相談役にするだろう。」
“You are doubly mistaken,” said he, “Mr. More, both in your opinion of me and in the judgment you make of things:
doubly
(二重に)
[副]
twice as much or as many
said
(言った)
[動]
express (something) in words
opinion
(意見)
[名]
a view or judgment formed about something, not necessarily based on fact or knowledge
「あなたは二重に間違っている」と彼は言った、「モアさん、私に対するあなたの意見と物事に対するあなたの判断の両方において。
for as I have not that capacity that you fancy I have, so if I had it, the public would not be one jot the better when I had sacrificed my quiet to it.
capacity
(能力)
[名]
the ability to do something
fancy
(想像する)
[動]
to think that something is true or possible
have
(持っている)
[動]
to possess, own, or hold
be not one jot the better
(少しも良くなるわけではない)
[動]
not be any better
sacrifice
(犠牲にする)
[動]
to give up something important for the sake of achieving something else
quiet
(安らぎ)
[名]
the state of being calm and peaceful
私にはあなたが想像しているような能力はないし、もしあったとしても、私が自分の安らぎを犠牲にしたところで、公衆は少しも良くなるわけではない。
For most princes apply themselves more to affairs of war than to the useful arts of peace;
most
(ほとんどの)
[形]
the majority of
apply
(熱心である)
[動]
devote (oneself) to a particular activity
peace
(平和)
[名]
a state of tranquility or quiet
war
(戦争)
[名]
a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state
ほとんどの君主は、平和の有用な技術よりも戦争の事に熱心である。
and in these I neither have any knowledge, nor do I much desire it;
in
(について)
[前]
on the subject of
these
(これらのこと)
[代]
the things mentioned before
any
(何の)
[限]
one, some, or all indiscriminately of whatever quantity
nor
(また)
[接]
and not; also not
do
(欲しくもない)
[動]
perform, execute, or accomplish
much
(あまり)
[副]
to a great extent or degree
そして、これらのことについて私は何の知識も持っていないし、あまり欲しくもない。
they are generally more set on acquiring new kingdoms, right or wrong, than on governing well those they possess:
set on
(熱心である)
[動]
determined to do something
acquire
(獲得する)
[動]
to gain or obtain
kingdom
(王国)
[名]
a country, state, or territory ruled by a king or queen
彼らは一般的に、正しいか間違っているかにかかわらず、新しい王国を獲得することに熱心であり、所有している王国をうまく統治することに熱心ではない。
and, among the ministers of princes, there are none that are not so wise as to need no assistance, or at least, that do not think themselves so wise that they imagine they need none;
minister
(大臣)
[名]
a person appointed by a state leader to head a ministry
assistance
(助け)
[名]
the action of helping someone by sharing work or providing money, information, or other resources
at least
(少なくとも)
[副]
not less than; as much as
imagine
(思う)
[動]
form a mental image of something that is not present or that is not the case
none
(いない)
[代]
not one; not any
そして、君主の大臣の中には、助けを必要としないほど賢くない者はいないし、少なくとも、自分を賢いと思っていない者はいない。
and if they court any, it is only those for whom the prince has much personal favour, whom by their fawning and flatteries they endeavour to fix to their own interests;
court
(求愛する)
[動]
try to win the love of
fawning
(媚びへつらい)
[名]
the act of flattering or fawning over someone
flattery
(お世辞)
[名]
excessive and insincere praise
endeavour
(固執する)
[動]
try hard to do or achieve something
そして、もし彼らが誰かに求愛するならば、それは君主が個人的に好意を持っている人だけであり、彼らは媚びへつらいやお世辞によって自分の利益に固執しようとする。
and, indeed, nature has so made us, that we all love to be flattered and to please ourselves with our own notions:
love
(大好きだ)
[動]
be extremely fond of
flatter
(お世辞を言う)
[動]
praise too much or insincerely
notion
(考え)
[名]
a general understanding
そして、実際、自然は私たちをそう作ったので、私たちは皆、お世辞を言われたり、自分の考えで自分を喜ばせたりするのが大好きだ。
the old crow loves his young, and the ape her cubs.
crow
(カラス)
[名]
a large black bird
love
(愛する)
[動]
feel a deep or constant affection for
young
(子供)
[名]
a person who is relatively young
ape
(猿)
[名]
a large primate mammal
cub
(子供)
[名]
the young of certain animals
老いたカラスは子供を愛し、猿は子供を愛する。
Now if in such a court, made up of persons who envy all others and only admire themselves, a person should but propose anything that he had either read in history or observed in his travels, the rest would think that the reputation of their wisdom would sink, and that their interests would be much depressed if they could not run it down:
court
(宮廷)
[名]
the residence of a sovereign or other high-ranking person
envy
(羨む)
[動]
feel resentful or jealous of
propose
(提案する)
[動]
put forward a plan or suggestion
history
(歴史)
[名]
the study of past events
rest
(残り)
[名]
the remaining part of something
reputation
(評判)
[名]
the beliefs or opinions that are generally held about someone or something
sink
(落ちる)
[動]
go down below the surface of something
run down
(実行する)
[動]
cause to deteriorate or decline
さて、もしそのような宮廷で、他人を羨み、自分だけを賞賛する人々で構成されている場合、人は歴史の中で読んだり、旅行中に観察したことを提案するだけで、残りの人々は自分の知恵の評判が落ち、それを実行できなければ自分の利益が大きく落ち込むと考えるだろう。
and, if all other things failed, then they would fly to this, that such or such things pleased our ancestors, and it were well for us if we could but match them.
fail
(失敗する)
[動]
be unsuccessful in achieving a particular goal
fly to
(飛びつく)
[動]
move or travel quickly
please
(喜ばせる)
[動]
cause to feel happy or satisfied
ancestor
(先祖)
[名]
a person from whom one is descended
match
(匹敵する)
[動]
be equal to or as good as
そして、他のすべてのことが失敗した場合、彼らはこれに飛びつき、そのようなことが私たちの先祖を喜ばせ、私たちがそれに匹敵することができれば、それは私たちにとって良いことだった。
They would set up their rest on such an answer, as a sufficient confutation of all that could be said, as if it were a great misfortune that any should be found wiser than his ancestors.
set up
(安住する)
[動]
establish or start
answer
(答え)
[名]
a reply to a question
sufficient
(十分な)
[形]
as much or as good as required
confutation
(論駁)
[名]
an argument or evidence that contradicts or disproves something
misfortune
(不幸)
[名]
bad luck
彼らは、誰かが先祖よりも賢いと思われるのは大きな不幸であるかのように、そのような答えに安住し、言うべきことのすべてを十分に論駁した。
But though they willingly let go all the good things that were among those of former ages, yet, if better things are proposed, they cover themselves obstinately with this excuse of reverence to past times.
let go
(手放す)
[動]
release one's hold on
good
(良い)
[形]
to be desired or approved of
former
(過去の)
[形]
having previously filled a particular role or been a particular thing
age
(時代)
[名]
a period of time in which events occur
better
(より良い)
[形]
of a more excellent or effective type or quality
cover
(隠す)
[動]
conceal from view or knowledge
obstinately
(頑固に)
[副]
in an obstinate manner
reverence
(畏敬)
[名]
a feeling or attitude of deep respect tinged with awe
excuse
(言い訳)
[名]
a reason or explanation put forward to defend or justify a fault or offense
しかし、彼らは喜んで過去の時代に存在したすべての良いものを手放したが、より良いものが提案された場合、彼らは過去への畏敬の念というこの言い訳で頑固に身を隠す。
I have met with these proud, morose, and absurd judgments of things in many places, particularly once in England.”
meet with
(出会う)
[動]
come across or encounter
proud
(傲慢な)
[形]
having or showing a high or excessively high opinion of oneself or one's importance, achievements, or abilities
morose
(不機嫌な)
[形]
sullen and ill-tempered
absurd
(ばかげた)
[形]
wildly unreasonable, illogical, or inappropriate
once
(一度)
[副]
on one occasion or for one time only
私は多くの場所で、特にイギリスで一度、これらの傲慢で、不機嫌で、ばかげた判断に出会ったことがある。」
“Were you ever there?” said I.
be ever
(かつて~したことがある)
[動]
at any time in the past
「あなたはそこにいたことがありますか?」と私は言った。
“Yes, I was,” answered he, “and stayed some months there, not long after the rebellion in the West was suppressed, with a great slaughter of the poor people that were engaged in it.
Yes
(はい)
[副]
used to give a positive response
answered
(答えた)
[動]
say or write something in reply
stayed
(滞在した)
[動]
remain in a place
some months
(数ヶ月)
[名]
a period of time
not long after
(から間もなく)
[副]
a short time after
rebellion
(反乱)
[名]
an act of violent or open resistance to an established government or ruler
suppressed
(鎮圧された)
[動]
forcibly put an end to
slaughter
(虐殺)
[名]
the killing of a large number of people or animals
engaged
(関与した)
[動]
be involved in
「はい、いました」と彼は答えた。「西部の反乱が鎮圧され、それに関与した貧しい人々が大量に虐殺されてから間もなく、そこに数ヶ月滞在しました。
“I was then much obliged to that reverend prelate, John Morton, Archbishop of Canterbury, Cardinal, and Chancellor of England;
be obliged to
(お世話になる)
[動]
be grateful to
John Morton
(ジョン・モートン)
[名]
Archbishop of Canterbury, Cardinal, and Chancellor of England
Archbishop
(大司教)
[名]
a bishop of the highest rank
Canterbury
(カンタベリー)
[名]
a city in Kent, England
Cardinal
(枢機卿)
[名]
a leading dignitary of the Roman Catholic Church
Chancellor
(大法官)
[名]
the head of the government in some countries
「私は当時、カンタベリー大司教、枢機卿、イギリス大法官であるジョン・モートン師に大変お世話になりました。
a man,” said he, “Peter (for Mr. More knows well what he was), that was not less venerable for his wisdom and virtues than for the high character he bore:
Peter
(ピーター)
[名]
a male given name
wisdom
(知恵)
[名]
the quality of having experience, knowledge, and good judgment
character
(性格)
[名]
the mental and moral qualities distinctive to an individual
彼は「ピーター(モア氏は彼がどんな人だったかをよく知っている)は、彼が持っていた高潔な性格よりも、彼の知恵と美徳のために尊敬されていた。
he was of a middle stature, not broken with age;
middle stature
(中背)
[名]
a person of average height
彼は中背で、年齢の割に元気だった。
his looks begot reverence rather than fear;
beget
(抱かせる)
[動]
cause to exist or to be born
fear
(恐怖)
[名]
an unpleasant emotion caused by the belief that someone or something is dangerous, likely to cause pain, or a threat
彼の容貌は恐怖というよりは畏敬の念を抱かせた。
his conversation was easy, but serious and grave;
easy
(気さく)
[形]
not difficult or hard
serious
(真面目)
[形]
requiring much thought or work
grave
(重々しい)
[形]
requiring much thought or work
彼の会話は気さくだが、真面目で重々しかった。
he sometimes took pleasure to try the force of those that came as suitors to him upon business by speaking sharply, though decently, to them, and by that he discovered their spirit and presence of mind;
take pleasure
(楽しみ)
[動]
to enjoy something
try
(試す)
[動]
to make an attempt at doing something
suitor
(求婚者)
[名]
a man who is courting a woman
speak
(話す)
[動]
to say something
sharply
(きっぱりと)
[副]
in a sharp manner
decently
(礼儀正しく)
[副]
in a decent manner
discover
(発見する)
[動]
to find out or notice something
彼は時々、仕事で彼に求婚者としてやってくる人々の力を試すのを楽しみ、彼らにきっぱりと、しかし礼儀正しく話しかけ、それによって彼らの精神と心の存在を発見した。
with which he was much delighted when it did not grow up to impudence, as bearing a great resemblance to his own temper, and he looked on such persons as the fittest men for affairs.
grow up
(成長する)
[動]
become an adult
impudence
(厚かましさ)
[名]
people who lack modesty or shame
resemblance
(似ている)
[名]
the state of being alike or similar
temper
(気質)
[名]
a person's state of mind
look on
(見なす)
[動]
regard or consider in a specified way
fittest
(最も適した)
[形]
most suitable or appropriate
それが厚かましさにまで成長しない時には、彼自身の気質に非常に似ているとして、彼は非常に喜び、そのような人々を仕事に最も適した人々と見なした。
He spoke both gracefully and weightily;
gracefully
(優雅に)
[副]
in a graceful manner
weightily
(重々しく)
[副]
in a weighty manner
彼は優雅に、そして重々しく話した。
he was eminently skilled in the law, had a vast understanding, and a prodigious memory;
be skilled in
(精通している)
[動]
have knowledge about or be good at
have a vast understanding
(広い理解力を持つ)
[動]
be able to understand something
prodigious
(驚異的な)
[形]
remarkably or impressively great in extent, size, or degree
memory
(記憶力)
[名]
the retention of information over time
彼は法律に非常に精通しており、広い理解力と驚異的な記憶力を持っていた。
and those excellent talents with which nature had furnished him were improved by study and experience.
furnish
(与える)
[動]
provide or supply
talent
(才能)
[名]
a special natural ability or aptitude
study
(勉強)
[名]
the devotion of time and attention to gaining knowledge especially by means of books
experience
(経験)
[名]
practical contact with and observation of facts or events
そして、自然が彼に与えた優れた才能は、勉強と経験によって磨かれた。
When I was in England the King depended much on his counsels, and the Government seemed to be chiefly supported by him;
depend
(依存する)
[動]
be controlled or determined by
counsel
(助言)
[名]
advice, especially that given formally
support
(支える)
[動]
give assistance to, especially financially
私がイギリスにいた時、国王は彼の助言に大きく依存しており、政府は主に彼に支えられているようだった。
for from his youth he had been all along practised in affairs;
from
(から)
[前]
beginning at
youth
(若い頃)
[名]
the period of life when one is young
all along
(ずっと)
[副]
from the beginning to the end
practise
(携わる)
[動]
be engaged in
affair
(政務)
[名]
a matter of public concern
彼は若い頃からずっと政務に携わっていた。
and, having passed through many traverses of fortune, he had, with great cost, acquired a vast stock of wisdom, which is not soon lost when it is purchased so dear.
pass through
(経る)
[動]
go through
traverse
(巡り合わせ)
[名]
a journey across or through
fortune
(運命)
[名]
the course of events in a person's life
cost
(犠牲)
[名]
the price paid for something
stock
(知恵)
[名]
a supply of something
soon
(すぐに)
[副]
in a short time
lose
(失う)
[動]
to no longer have something
そして、多くの運命の巡り合わせを経て、彼は多大な犠牲を払って、膨大な知恵を身につけたが、それは高くついたからといってすぐに失われるものではない。
One day, when I was dining with him, there happened to be at table one of the English lawyers, who took occasion to run out in a high commendation of the severe execution of justice upon thieves, ‘who,’ as he said, ‘were then hanged so fast that there were sometimes twenty on one gibbet!’ and, upon that, he said, ‘he could not wonder enough how it came to pass that, since so few escaped, there were yet so many thieves left, who were still robbing in all places.’
dine
(食事をする)
[動]
eat dinner
happen to be
(たまたまいる)
[動]
occur by chance
table
(食卓)
[名]
a piece of furniture with a flat top and one or more legs, providing a level surface for eating, writing, or working at
English
(イギリスの)
[形]
of or relating to England or its people or language
lawyer
(弁護士)
[名]
a person who is qualified to practice law
take occasion to
(機会をとらえて)
[動]
use an event or situation as an opportunity to do something
run out
(尽きる)
[動]
come to an end
high commendation
(大いに賞賛)
[名]
a strong expression of approval
severe execution
(厳しい処刑)
[名]
the carrying out of a sentence of death on a condemned person
justice
(正義)
[名]
the quality of being just; righteousness
thief
(泥棒)
[名]
a person who steals
fast
(素早く)
[副]
quickly
hang
(吊るす)
[動]
suspend or be suspended from above with no support from below
sometimes
(時々)
[副]
occasionally
twenty
(20)
[名]
the cardinal number that is the product of two and ten
gibbet
(絞首台)
[名]
a gallows
upon that
(その上で)
[副]
in addition to that
come to pass
(起こる)
[動]
happen
escape
(逃げる)
[動]
get away from a place or situation
rob
(強盗を働く)
[動]
take property unlawfully from a person or place by force or threat of force
ある日、私が彼と食事をしていると、たまたまイギリスの弁護士の一人が食卓にいて、泥棒に対する厳しい処刑を大いに賞賛し、「当時は、一本の絞首台に20人もの泥棒が吊るされていた」と言った。そして、その上で、「逃げ出した者がほとんどいないのに、まだ多くの泥棒が残っていて、あらゆる場所で強盗を働いていることが、どうして起こったのか、不思議でならない」と言った。
Upon this, I (who took the boldness to speak freely before the Cardinal) said, ‘There was no reason to wonder at the matter, since this way of punishing thieves was neither just in itself nor good for the public;
upon this
(すると)
[副]
after this; following this
take the boldness to
(大胆にも)
[動]
have the courage to
speak freely
(自由に話す)
[動]
talk without restraint
matter
(件)
[名]
a subject or situation under consideration
punish
(罰する)
[動]
inflict a penalty or sanction on
just
(公正)
[形]
based on or behaving according to what is morally right and fair
すると、私は(大胆にも枢機卿の前で自由に話した)、「泥棒を罰するこの方法は、それ自体が公正でもなければ、公衆にとっても良いことではないので、この件について不思議に思う理由はない。
for, as the severity was too great, so the remedy was not effectual;
severity
(厳しさ)
[名]
the quality or state of being severe
remedy
(治療法)
[名]
a medicine or treatment for a disease or injury
effectual
(効果的)
[形]
producing or capable of producing an intended effect
厳しすぎるので、治療法は効果的ではなかった。
simple theft not being so great a crime that it ought to cost a man his life;
simple
(単純な)
[形]
not complicated or elaborate
theft
(窃盗)
[名]
the act of stealing
cost
(奪う)
[動]
cause to lose or suffer
単純な窃盗は、人の命を奪うほどの大罪ではない。
no punishment, how severe soever, being able to restrain those from robbing who can find out no other way of livelihood.
no punishment
(どんな刑罰も)
[名]
a penalty imposed on someone for a crime or other offense
how severe soever
(どんなに厳しい)
[副]
to whatever extent or degree
restrain
(遠ざける)
[動]
hold back from doing something
robbing
(強盗)
[名]
the action of taking property unlawfully from a person or place by force or threat of force
どんなに厳しい刑罰も、他の生計手段を見つけられない者を強盗から遠ざけることはできない。
In this,’ said I, ‘not only you in England, but a great part of the world, imitate some ill masters, that are readier to chastise their scholars than to teach them.
in this
(この点で)
[副]
in this matter
great part
(大部分)
[名]
a large portion
world
(世界)
[名]
the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on
imitate
(真似る)
[動]
follow as a model
ill
(悪い)
[形]
bad or poor
master
(教師)
[名]
a person who has control over another person
chastise
(罰する)
[動]
punish
scholar
(生徒)
[名]
a person who attends a school
teach
(教える)
[動]
impart knowledge to or instruct (someone) as to how to do something
この点で、イギリスのあなた方だけでなく、世界の大部分が、生徒を教えるよりは罰する方が得意な悪い教師を真似ている。
There are dreadful punishments enacted against thieves, but it were much better to make such good provisions by which every man might be put in a method how to live, and so be preserved from the fatal necessity of stealing and of dying for it.’
dreadful
(恐ろしい)
[形]
causing or likely to cause great fear or suffering
punishment
(刑罰)
[名]
a penalty imposed for a crime or other offense
enact
(制定する)
[動]
make (a bill or other proposal) into law
better
(良い)
[形]
of a higher standard or quality
provision
(準備)
[名]
the action of providing or supplying something
every
(誰もが)
[限]
each and all of a group
might
(身につける)
[助]
expressing possibility or probability
put
(置く)
[動]
move or cause to move into a specified place or position
method
(方法)
[名]
a particular procedure for accomplishing or approaching something, especially a systematic or established one
so
(そう)
[副]
to such a great extent
be preserved
(守られる)
[動]
keep in its original state
fatal
(致命的な)
[形]
causing death
necessity
(必要性)
[名]
the quality or state of being necessary
steal
(盗む)
[動]
take (something) without permission or legal right and without intending to return it
die
(死ぬ)
[動]
stop living
泥棒に対しては恐ろしい刑罰が制定されているが、誰もが生きる方法を身につけ、盗みを働いて死ぬという致命的な必要性から守られるような良い準備をしておけば、ずっと良いだろう。」
‘There has been care enough taken for that,’ said he;
care
(配慮)
[名]
serious attention or consideration applied to doing something correctly or to avoid damage or risk
enough
(十分な)
[形]
as much or as many as required
「そのために十分な配慮がなされている」と彼は言った。
‘there are many handicrafts, and there is husbandry, by which they may make a shift to live, unless they have a greater mind to follow ill courses.’
handicraft
(手工芸品)
[名]
an object that is made by hand
husbandry
(農業)
[名]
the science of raising plants and animals for food, comfort, and other purposes
make a shift
(生活する)
[動]
to manage to do something
unless
(ない限り)
[接]
except if; if not
have a mind to
(気がある)
[動]
to intend to do something
follow
(犯す)
[動]
to go after someone or something
ill course
(悪事)
[名]
a bad or harmful action
「多くの手工芸品があり、農業もある。悪事を犯す気がない限り、それで生活できる」
‘That will not serve your turn,’ said I, ‘for many lose their limbs in civil or foreign wars, as lately in the Cornish rebellion, and some time ago in your wars with France, who, being thus mutilated in the service of their king and country, can no more follow their old trades, and are too old to learn new ones;
serve one's turn
(役に立つ)
[動]
be useful or helpful
limb
(手足)
[名]
an arm or leg of a person or animal
civil war
(内戦)
[名]
a war between citizens of the same country
foreign war
(外国との戦争)
[名]
a war between different countries
Cornish rebellion
(コーンウォールの反乱)
[名]
a rebellion in Cornwall
some time ago
(少し前)
[副]
a short time ago
France
(フランス)
[名]
a country in Europe
mutilated
(手足を失った)
[形]
having a part of the body cut off
follow
(続ける)
[動]
go after someone or something
old
(以前の)
[形]
having lived or existed for a long time
trade
(仕事)
[名]
a job or profession
learn
(学ぶ)
[動]
gain knowledge or skills
「それでは役に立たない」と私は言った。「最近のコーンウォールの反乱や、少し前のフランスとの戦争のように、内戦や外国との戦争で手足を失う人が多い。王や国のために奉仕して手足を失った彼らは、もはや以前の仕事を続けることはできず、新しい仕事を学ぶには年を取りすぎている。
but since wars are only accidental things, and have intervals, let us consider those things that fall out every day.
accidental
(偶発的)
[形]
happening by chance or accident
interval
(間隔)
[名]
a space of time between two events or states
fall out
(起こる)
[動]
happen or occur
every day
(毎日)
[副]
on each day; daily
しかし、戦争は偶発的なものであり、間隔があるので、毎日起こっていることを考えてみましょう。
There is a great number of noblemen among you that are themselves as idle as drones, that subsist on other men’s labour, on the labour of their tenants, whom, to raise their revenues, they pare to the quick.
There is
(いる)
[動]
exist
great number
(数多く)
[名]
a large number
nobleman
(貴族)
[名]
a member of the aristocracy
themselves
(自分自身)
[代]
the reflexive form of the third-person plural pronoun
idle
(怠け者)
[形]
not working or active
drone
(怠け者)
[名]
a male bee that does no work and cannot sting
subsist
(生計を立てる)
[動]
maintain or support oneself
labour
(労働)
[名]
work, especially hard physical work
tenant
(小作人)
[名]
a person who occupies land or property rented from a landlord
revenue
(収入)
[名]
income
pare
(搾り取る)
[動]
cut or trim the outer layer or edge of
あなた方の中には、自分自身は怠け者で、他人の労働、つまり小作人の労働で生計を立て、収入を増やすために小作人を骨の髄まで搾り取る貴族が数多くいる。
This, indeed, is the only instance of their frugality, for in all other things they are prodigal, even to the beggaring of themselves;
only
(唯一の)
[形]
being the only one
instance
(例)
[名]
an example or occurrence of something
frugality
(倹約)
[名]
the quality of being careful with money or resources; thriftiness
all other
(他のすべての)
[形]
the remaining ones
prodigal
(浪費家)
[形]
spending money or resources freely and recklessly; wasteful
beggar
(乞食)
[名]
a person who lives by asking for money or food
実際、これが彼らの倹約の唯一の例であり、他のすべての事柄においては、彼らは自分自身を乞食にするほど浪費家である。
but, besides this, they carry about with them a great number of idle fellows, who never learned any art by which they may gain their living;
besides
(これ以外にも)
[前]
in addition to; as well as
carry about
(連れ歩く)
[動]
take or bring with oneself
fellow
(仲間)
[名]
a man or boy
never
(決して)
[副]
not ever; at no time in the past or future; on no occasion; not at all
しかし、これ以外にも、彼らは生計を立てるための技術を学んだことのない怠け者を大勢連れ歩いている。
and these, as soon as either their lord dies, or they themselves fall sick, are turned out of doors;
as soon as
(とすぐに)
[接]
immediately after
either
(どちらか)
[接]
one or the other of two things
lord
(主人)
[名]
a person having power and authority over others
fall sick
(病気になる)
[動]
become ill
turn out
(追い出す)
[動]
expel or eject
door
(戸外)
[名]
a hinged barrier used to close an entrance to a room or building
そして、彼らの主人が死ぬか、彼ら自身が病気になるとすぐに、彼らは戸外に追い出される。
for your lords are readier to feed idle people than to take care of the sick;
lord
(領主)
[名]
a person who has authority over others
be readier to
(の方が得意だ)
[動]
be more prepared or willing to do something
feed
(養う)
[動]
give food to
take care of
(世話をする)
[動]
be responsible for the health, safety, and well-being of
あなた方の領主は、病人の世話をするよりも怠け者を養う方が得意だからだ。
and often the heir is not able to keep together so great a family as his predecessor did.
heir
(相続人)
[名]
a person who inherits or is entitled to inherit property
keep together
(維持する)
[動]
to maintain or preserve
predecessor
(前任者)
[名]
a person who held a job or office before the current holder
そして、しばしば相続人は前任者ほど大家族を維持することができない。
Now, when the stomachs of those that are thus turned out of doors grow keen, they rob no less keenly;
grow keen
(空腹になる)
[動]
become hungry
rob
(盗みを働く)
[動]
take something from someone by force or threat of force
さて、このように戸外に追い出された人々の胃袋が空腹になると、彼らは盗みを働く。
and what else can they do?
else
(他に)
[副]
other than what has been mentioned or implied
can
(できる)
[助]
be able to
彼らは他に何ができるだろうか?
For when, by wandering about, they have worn out both their health and their clothes, and are tattered, and look ghastly, men of quality will not entertain them, and poor men dare not do it, knowing that one who has been bred up in idleness and pleasure, and who was used to walk about with his sword and buckler, despising all the neighbourhood with an insolent scorn as far below him, is not fit for the spade and mattock;
for when
(なぜなら)
[接]
because
by wandering about
(放浪によって)
[前]
by means of wandering
have worn out
(ぼろぼろになる)
[動]
become worn out
clothes
(衣服)
[名]
things that people wear
are tattered
(ぼろぼろになる)
[動]
become worn out
look ghastly
(みすぼらしい姿になる)
[動]
look terrible
men of quality
(上流階級の人々)
[名]
people of high social status
will not entertain
(相手にしない)
[動]
will not provide hospitality to
poor men
(貧しい人々)
[名]
people who have little money
dare not do
(勇気がない)
[動]
not have the courage to do
knowing that
(知っている)
[動]
be aware of
one who has been bred up
(育った人)
[名]
a person who has been raised
in idleness and pleasure
(怠惰と快楽の中で)
[前]
in a state of idleness and pleasure
who was used to walk about
(持ち歩き)
[動]
be accustomed to walking about
with his sword and buckler
(剣と盾)
[名]
a sword and a shield
despising all the neighbourhood
(見下して)
[動]
look down on
as far below him
(はるかに下)
[副]
much lower
is not fit for
(ふさわしくない)
[動]
be not suitable for
the spade and mattock
(鍬やつるはし)
[名]
a spade and a mattock
放浪によって健康も衣服もぼろぼろになり、みすぼらしい姿になると、上流階級の人々は彼らを相手にせず、貧しい人々は彼らを相手にする勇気がない。怠惰と快楽の中で育ち、剣と盾を持ち歩き、近隣の人々を自分よりはるかに下に見下して横柄に振る舞っていた者が、鍬やつるはしを持つのにふさわしくないことを知っているからだ。
nor will he serve a poor man for so small a hire and in so low a diet as he can afford to give him.’
will
(だろう)
[助]
expressing the future tense
serve
(仕える)
[動]
work for
poor
(貧しい)
[形]
having little money or few possessions
small
(低い)
[形]
of a size that is less than average or usual
hire
(賃金)
[名]
the money paid for the use of something
low
(粗末な)
[形]
of a size that is less than average or usual
diet
(食事)
[名]
the food and drink that a person regularly consumes
貧しい人に仕えるにしても、その人が支払える程度の低い賃金や粗末な食事では働かないだろう。」
To this he answered, ‘This sort of men ought to be particularly cherished, for in them consists the force of the armies for which we have occasion;
this
(これ)
[代]
the thing that is being discussed or referred to
sort
(種)
[名]
a category of things or people having similar characteristics
cherish
(大事にする)
[動]
to hold something dear
in
(で)
[前]
inside
consist
(なる)
[動]
be composed of
force
(戦力)
[名]
strength or power exerted upon an object
army
(軍隊)
[名]
an organized military force equipped for fighting on land
occasion
(必要)
[名]
a time or event when something happens or is done
これに対して彼は答えた。「この種の人々は特に大事にされるべきだ。彼らは我々が必要とする軍隊の戦力になるからだ。
since their birth inspires them with a nobler sense of honour than is to be found among tradesmen or ploughmen.’
birth
(生まれ)
[名]
the beginning of life
inspire
(持つ)
[動]
fill with a feeling or emotion
sense
(感覚)
[名]
a faculty by which the body perceives an external stimulus; one of the faculties of sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch
彼らは生まれながらに商人や農民よりも高貴な名誉の感覚を持っている。」
‘You may as well say,’ replied I, ‘that you must cherish thieves on the account of wars, for you will never want the one as long as you have the other;
want
(必要とする)
[動]
feel a need or a wish for
as long as
(限り)
[接]
on condition that; provided that
「戦争のためには盗賊を大事にしなければならないと言うようなものだ」と私は答えた。「戦争がある限り盗賊は必要ないだろう。
and as robbers prove sometimes gallant soldiers, so soldiers often prove brave robbers, so near an alliance there is between those two sorts of life.
robber
(盗賊)
[名]
a person who steals from others
prove
(なる)
[動]
to be found to be; to turn out to be
soldier
(兵士)
[名]
a person who serves in an army
brave
(勇敢な)
[形]
ready to face and endure danger or pain; showing courage
alliance
(関係)
[名]
a union or association formed for mutual benefit
near
(近い)
[形]
not far away in space or time
盗賊が勇敢な兵士になることがあるように、兵士が勇敢な盗賊になることもよくある。この二つの生き方は非常に近い関係にある。
But this bad custom, so common among you, of keeping many servants, is not peculiar to this nation.
common
(一般的な)
[形]
happening often or frequently
keep
(抱える)
[動]
have or retain possession of
servant
(召使)
[名]
a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties or as a personal attendant
しかし、多くの召使を抱えるという、あなた方の間で非常に一般的なこの悪習は、この国特有のものではない。
In France there is yet a more pestiferous sort of people, for the whole country is full of soldiers, still kept up in time of peace (if such a state of a nation can be called a peace);
yet
(さらに)
[副]
in addition; besides
pestiferous
(有害な)
[形]
harmful or destructive
whole
(全体)
[形]
all of; the entire
full
(いっぱい)
[形]
containing or holding as much or as many as possible
keep up
(維持する)
[動]
maintain or continue at a certain rate or level
time
(時)
[名]
the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole
フランスにはもっと有害な種類の人々がいる。国全体が兵士でいっぱいで、平和な時でさえ維持されている(そのような国家の状態を平和と呼べるならば)。
and these are kept in pay upon the same account that you plead for those idle retainers about noblemen: this being a maxim of those pretended statesmen, that it is necessary for the public safety to have a good body of veteran soldiers ever in readiness.
keep in pay
(支払われる)
[動]
to continue to pay someone
plead
(弁護する)
[動]
to speak in defense of
retainer
(家臣)
[名]
a person who is employed by a person of high rank
maxim
(格言)
[名]
a short, pithy statement expressing a general truth or rule of conduct
pretended
(偽りの)
[形]
not genuine; false
statesman
(政治家)
[名]
a person who is involved in the government of a country
public safety
(公衆の安全)
[名]
the protection of the general public from danger or harm
veteran
(退役軍人)
[名]
a person who has served in the armed forces
readiness
(準備)
[名]
the state of being ready or prepared
そして、これらはあなたが貴族の周りの怠惰な家臣のために弁護するのと同じ理由で支払われている。これは、公衆の安全のためには常に準備の整った退役軍人の良い体を持つことが必要であるという、それらの偽りの政治家の格言である。
They think raw men are not to be depended on, and they sometimes seek occasions for making war, that they may train up their soldiers in the art of cutting throats, or, as Sallust observed, “for keeping their hands in use, that they may not grow dull by too long an intermission.”
raw
(未熟な)
[形]
not having enough training or experience
depend on
(頼る)
[動]
rely on
seek
(求める)
[動]
try to get or find
make war
(戦争をする)
[動]
engage in a war
train up
(訓練する)
[動]
teach a particular skill or type of behavior
cut throat
(喉を切る)
[動]
kill someone by cutting their throat
observe
(観察する)
[動]
notice or perceive
keep in use
(使い続ける)
[動]
continue to use
grow dull
(退屈になる)
[動]
become bored
too long
(あまりにも長い)
[形]
excessively long
intermission
(休憩)
[名]
a pause or break in a cinema performance, concert, play, or other entertainment
彼らは未熟な男は頼りにならないと考え、時には戦争の機会を求めて、兵士を喉を切る技術の訓練をしたり、サルストゥスが観察したように、「あまりにも長い休憩で退屈にならないように、手を使い続けるために」戦争の機会を求める。
But France has learned to its cost how dangerous it is to feed such beasts.
しかし、フランスはそのような獣を養うことがどれほど危険かを学んだ。
The fate of the Romans, Carthaginians, and Syrians, and many other nations and cities, which were both overturned and quite ruined by those standing armies, should make others wiser;
Roman
(ローマ人)
[名]
a citizen of ancient Rome
Carthaginian
(カルタゴ人)
[名]
a citizen of ancient Carthage
Syrian
(シリア人)
[名]
a citizen of Syria
fate
(運命)
[名]
the development of events beyond a person's control, regarded as determined by a supernatural power
overturn
(転覆させる)
[動]
turn upside down
ruin
(破壊する)
[動]
reduce to a state of decay, collapse, or destruction
make
(する)
[動]
cause to be or become
wiser
(賢く)
[形]
having or showing experience, knowledge, and good judgment
ローマ人、カルタゴ人、シリア人、そして他の多くの国や都市の運命は、それらの常備軍によって転覆され、完全に破壊されたが、他の国や都市をより賢くするはずである。
and the folly of this maxim of the French appears plainly even from this, that their trained soldiers often find your raw men prove too hard for them, of which I will not say much, lest you may think I flatter the English.
folly
(愚かさ)
[名]
foolishness
plainly
(明らかに)
[副]
in a clear and simple manner
even
(さえ)
[副]
to a greater extent or degree than is usual or expected
hard
(難しい)
[形]
not easy; requiring much effort
prove
(証明する)
[動]
to show or make clear the truth or existence of
lest
(かもしれないので)
[接]
for fear that
そして、フランス人のこの格言の愚かさは、彼らの訓練された兵士がしばしばあなたの未熟な男が彼らにとってあまりにも難しいことを証明することからさえ明らかになるが、私はあなたが私がイギリス人をお世辞を言うと思うかもしれないので、あまり言わない。
Every day’s experience shows that the mechanics in the towns or the clowns in the country are not afraid of fighting with those idle gentlemen, if they are not disabled by some misfortune in their body or dispirited by extreme want;
show
(示す)
[動]
to make visible or noticeable
mechanic
(機械工)
[名]
a person who repairs and maintains machines
clown
(道化師)
[名]
a performer who wears brightly colored clothes and makeup and performs tricks and jokes to entertain people
country
(田舎)
[名]
the land of a nation
afraid
(恐れる)
[形]
filled with fear
fight
(戦う)
[動]
take part in a violent confrontation
gentleman
(紳士)
[名]
a man who behaves in a polite and honorable way
disabled
(障害を負う)
[形]
having a physical or mental condition that limits movements, senses, or activities
extreme
(極度の)
[形]
very great in degree
want
(欠乏)
[名]
a lack or deficiency of something
毎日の経験から、町の機械工や田舎の道化師は、身体に不幸があって障害を負ったり、極度の欠乏で意気消沈したりしない限り、怠惰な紳士と戦うことを恐れていないことがわかる。
so that you need not fear that those well-shaped and strong men (for it is only such that noblemen love to keep about them till they spoil them), who now grow feeble with ease and are softened with their effeminate manner of life, would be less fit for action if they were well bred and well employed.
need not
(する必要はない)
[助]
not have to
well-shaped
(体格の良い)
[形]
having a good shape
strong
(たくましい人々)
[形]
having great physical power
spoil
(駄目にする)
[動]
ruin or damage something
grow feeble
(弱り)
[動]
become weak
ease
(安楽)
[名]
freedom from pain or trouble
effeminate
(女々しい)
[形]
having or showing characteristics regarded as typical of a woman
manner
(態度)
[名]
a way of behaving
life
(生活)
[名]
the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death
less fit
(適さなくなる)
[形]
not as suitable
action
(行動)
[名]
the fact or process of doing something
well bred
(きちんと育てられ)
[形]
having good manners
well employed
(適切に使われたら)
[形]
used in a good or proper way
だから、今は安楽に弱り、女々しい生活態度で軟弱になっている、あの体格の良いたくましい人々(貴族が甘やかして駄目にするまでそばに置きたがるのは、そういう人だけだから)が、もしもきちんと育てられ、適切に使われたら、行動に適さなくなるのではないかと心配する必要はない。
And it seems very unreasonable that, for the prospect of a war, which you need never have but when you please, you should maintain so many idle men, as will always disturb you in time of peace, which is ever to be more considered than war.
prospect
(可能性)
[名]
the possibility or likelihood of some future event occurring
please
(望む)
[動]
cause to be happy or satisfied
maintain
(維持する)
[動]
cause to continue or be in a certain state
disturb
(邪魔する)
[動]
interfere with the normal arrangement or functioning of
consider
(考慮する)
[動]
think carefully about (something), typically before making a decision
そして、戦争の可能性のために、あなたが望む時以外は決して必要のない、戦争よりも常に考慮されるべき平和な時にあなたを常に邪魔するような、多くの怠惰な人々を維持することは非常に不合理に思われる。
But I do not think that this necessity of stealing arises only from hence;
arise
(生じる)
[動]
come into existence or prominence
hence
(ここから)
[副]
from this place; from here
しかし、私はこの盗みの必要性がここからだけ生じるとは思わない。
there is another cause of it, more peculiar to England.’ ‘What is that?’ said the Cardinal:
another
(別の)
[形]
different from the one already mentioned
cause
(原因)
[名]
the reason for which something happens
イギリスに特有の別の原因がある。」「それは何か?」と枢機卿は言った。
‘The increase of pasture,’ said I, ‘by which your sheep, which are naturally mild, and easily kept in order, may be said now to devour men and unpeople, not only villages, but towns;
increase
(増加)
[名]
the action of increasing something
pasture
(牧草地)
[名]
an area of land covered with grass and other plants that is used for grazing animals
sheep
(羊)
[名]
an animal that is often kept for its wool or its meat
naturally
(本来)
[副]
in a natural manner
mild
(温和)
[形]
not severe, serious, or harsh
easily
(簡単に)
[副]
in an easy manner
keep
(管理できる)
[動]
to continue to have, hold, or maintain
devour
(食い尽くす)
[動]
eat up greedily
unpeople
(無人にする)
[動]
to remove people from
village
(村)
[名]
a small human settlement in a rural area
「牧草地の増加だ」と私は言った。「それによって、本来は温和で、簡単に管理できる羊が、今や村だけでなく町でも人々を食い尽くし、無人にしていると言えるかもしれない。
for wherever it is found that the sheep of any soil yield a softer and richer wool than ordinary, there the nobility and gentry, and even those holy men, the abbots!
wherever
(どこであれ)
[副]
in or to whatever place
yield
(生み出す)
[動]
produce or provide
softer
(より柔らかい)
[形]
less hard or firm to the touch
richer
(より豊かな)
[形]
having a great deal of money or valuable possessions
wool
(羊毛)
[名]
the soft curly hair forming the coat of a sheep, goat, or similar animal, especially when shorn and prepared for use in making cloth or yarn
ordinary
(普通の)
[形]
with no special or distinctive features; normal or usual
nobility
(貴族)
[名]
the quality of being noble in character, mind, birth, or rank
gentry
(紳士)
[名]
well-born and well-bred people
holy
(聖なる)
[形]
dedicated to God or to some religious purpose; consecrated
abbot
(修道院長)
[名]
the head of a monastery
なぜなら、どんな土地の羊でも普通よりも柔らかく豊かな羊毛が採れることが分かれば、そこには貴族や紳士、そしてあの聖職者たち、修道院長までが!
not contented with the old rents which their farms yielded, nor thinking it enough that they, living at their ease, do no good to the public, resolve to do it hurt instead of good.
content
(満足する)
[動]
be happy with
farm
(農場)
[名]
an area of land and its buildings used for growing crops and rearing animals
rent
(賃料)
[名]
a payment made by a tenant to a landlord
good
(善)
[名]
that which is morally right
hurt
(害)
[名]
physical or mental pain or suffering
resolve
(決意する)
[動]
make a firm decision about
農場から得られる古い賃料に満足せず、また、自分たちが安楽に暮らして公衆に何の利益ももたらさないことを十分と考えず、善の代わりに害を与えようと決意する。
They stop the course of agriculture, destroying houses and towns, reserving only the churches, and enclose grounds that they may lodge their sheep in them.
stop
(止める)
[動]
cause to cease moving or operating
course
(流れ)
[名]
the general route or direction of something
agriculture
(農業)
[名]
the science or practice of farming
destroy
(破壊する)
[動]
cause to cease to exist
reserve
(残す)
[動]
keep for future use
church
(教会)
[名]
a building used for public Christian worship
enclose
(囲い込む)
[動]
surround or close off on all sides
彼らは農業の流れを止め、家や町を破壊し、教会だけを残し、羊を住まわせるために敷地を囲い込む。
As if forests and parks had swallowed up too little of the land, those worthy countrymen turn the best inhabited places into solitudes;
forest
(森)
[名]
a large area of land covered with trees
park
(公園)
[名]
a large area of land with grass and trees, in a town, where people go in order to relax and enjoy themselves
swallow up
(飲み込む)
[動]
to take in or engulf
land
(土地)
[名]
the solid surface of the earth
countryman
(同胞)
[名]
a person from one's own country
turn
(変える)
[動]
to cause to move around an axis or center
inhabited
(住みやすい)
[形]
lived in
solitude
(孤独)
[名]
the state of being alone
森や公園が土地をあまりにも飲み込んでいないかのように、あの立派な同胞たちは最も住みやすい場所を孤独な場所に変えてしまう。
for when an insatiable wretch, who is a plague to his country, resolves to enclose many thousand acres of ground, the owners, as well as tenants, are turned out of their possessions by trick or by main force, or, being wearied out by ill usage, they are forced to sell them;
insatiable
(飽くことのない)
[形]
extremely greedy
wretch
(悪党)
[名]
a despicable person
plague
(疫病)
[名]
a contagious disease that is deadly
ground
(土地)
[名]
the solid surface of the earth
owner
(所有者)
[名]
a person who owns something
possession
(所有地)
[名]
the state of having, owning, or controlling something
trick
(策略)
[名]
a clever act or scheme intended to deceive or outwit
main force
(武力)
[名]
the military forces of a country
wearied
(疲れ果てる)
[動]
make or become extremely tired
ill usage
(悪用)
[名]
bad or harsh treatment
sell
(売却)
[動]
give or hand over (something) in exchange for money
なぜなら、国にとっての疫病である飽くことのない悪党が何千エーカーもの土地を囲い込もうと決意したとき、所有者は借家人と同様に、策略や武力によって所有地から追い出されるか、あるいは悪用に疲れ果てて、売却を余儀なくされるからである。
by which means those miserable people, both men and women, married and unmarried, old and young, with their poor but numerous families (since country business requires many hands), are all forced to change their seats, not knowing whither to go;
by which means
(その結果)
[副]
as a result of which
miserable
(悲惨な)
[形]
causing great unhappiness or suffering
both men and women
(男も女も)
[名]
both male and female people
married and unmarried
(既婚者も未婚者も)
[名]
both married and unmarried people
old and young
(老いも若きも)
[名]
both old and young people
numerous
(大家族)
[形]
very many
country business
(田舎の仕事)
[名]
work that is done in the countryside
require
(必要である)
[動]
need for a particular purpose
hand
(人手)
[名]
a person who works in a particular industry or job
change one's seat
(住居を変える)
[動]
move to a different place
not knowing whither to go
(どこへ行けばいいのかわからない)
[動]
not knowing where to go
その結果、男も女も、既婚者も未婚者も、老いも若きも、貧しいながらも大家族を抱えた(田舎の仕事には多くの人手が必要だから)悲惨な人々は、どこへ行けばいいのかわからないまま、住居を変えざるを得なくなる。
and they must sell, almost for nothing, their household stuff, which could not bring them much money, even though they might stay for a buyer.
almost
(ほとんど)
[副]
very nearly
household
(家財道具)
[名]
the members of a family living together
stuff
(道具)
[名]
the things that a person owns
much
(大した)
[形]
a large amount or quantity of
money
(お金)
[名]
a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes
そして、彼らは家財道具をほとんどただ同然で売らなければならないが、買い手を待ったとしても大したお金にはならない。
When that little money is at an end (for it will be soon spent), what is left for them to do but either to steal, and so to be hanged (God knows how justly!), or to go about and beg?
at an end
(底をつく)
[動]
to be finished or completed
be hanged
(絞首刑にされる)
[動]
to be killed by hanging
go about
(放浪する)
[動]
to move from place to place
beg
(物乞いをする)
[動]
to ask for something, especially money, as a gift
そのわずかなお金が底をついたとき(すぐに使い果たしてしまうだろう)、彼らに残された道は盗みを働いて絞首刑にされるか(神はどれほど公正かを知っている!)、あるいは放浪して物乞いをするしかない。
and if they do this they are put in prison as idle vagabonds, while they would willingly work but can find none that will hire them;
do this
(そうすれば)
[動]
do this
put in prison
(刑務所に入れられる)
[動]
put in prison
vagabond
(放浪者)
[名]
a person who wanders from place to place
work
(働く)
[動]
do work
そして、そうすれば、彼らは喜んで働こうとするのに雇ってくれる人を見つけられないのに、怠惰な放浪者として刑務所に入れられる。
for there is no more occasion for country labour, to which they have been bred, when there is no arable ground left.
there is no more occasion
(機会がなくなる)
[名]
there is no more chance
country labour
(田舎の労働)
[名]
work done in the countryside
to which they have been bred
(彼らが育ってきた)
[他]
where they grew up
when there is no arable ground left
(耕作地が残っていないと)
[他]
when there is no land left that can be farmed
耕作地が残っていないと、彼らが育ってきた田舎の労働の機会がなくなるからだ。
One shepherd can look after a flock, which will stock an extent of ground that would require many hands if it were to be ploughed and reaped.
look after
(世話をする)
[動]
take care of
flock
(一群)
[名]
a large number of people or things
stock
(占領する)
[動]
fill or supply with
extent
(ほどの)
[名]
the area covered by something
plough
(耕す)
[動]
turn up the soil with a plough
reap
(収穫する)
[動]
cut or gather a crop
一人の羊飼いが一群の羊の世話をすることができるが、その羊は耕して収穫するのに多くの人手を必要とするほどの土地を占領する。
This, likewise, in many places raises the price of corn.
likewise
(同様に)
[副]
in a similar manner
raise
(高騰させる)
[動]
cause to rise
price
(価格)
[名]
the amount of money that is paid for something
corn
(穀物)
[名]
a plant that produces seeds that are used for food
これもまた、多くの場所で穀物の価格を高騰させている。
The price of wool is also so risen that the poor people, who were wont to make cloth, are no more able to buy it;
rise
(上昇する)
[動]
go up
cloth
(布)
[名]
a piece of woven or knitted material
wont
(習慣)
[名]
a usual or habitual practice
buy
(買う)
[動]
obtain in exchange for payment
羊毛の価格も上昇し、布を作る習慣があった貧しい人々はもはやそれを買うことができなくなった。
and this, likewise, makes many of them idle:
likewise
(また)
[副]
in addition; also; too
これもまた、彼らの多くを怠惰にしている。
for since the increase of pasture God has punished the avarice of the owners by a rot among the sheep, which has destroyed vast numbers of them—to us it might have seemed more just had it fell on the owners themselves.
avarice
(貪欲)
[名]
an extreme greed for wealth or material gain
rot
(腐敗)
[名]
the process of decaying
destroy
(死んでしまう)
[動]
cause the destruction of
fall on
(降りかかる)
[動]
happen to
牧草地の増加以来、神は羊の腐敗によって所有者の貪欲を罰し、その結果、羊の多くが死んでしまったが、私たちには、それが所有者自身に降りかかっていたらもっと公正に思えたかもしれない。
But, suppose the sheep should increase ever so much, their price is not likely to fall;
suppose
(仮定する)
[動]
assume that something is the case on the basis of evidence or probability but without proof or certain knowledge
increase
(増える)
[動]
become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree
しかし、羊がそれだけ増えたとしても、その価格が下がる可能性は低い。
since, though they cannot be called a monopoly, because they are not engrossed by one person, yet they are in so few hands, and these are so rich, that, as they are not pressed to sell them sooner than they have a mind to it, so they never do it till they have raised the price as high as possible.
monopoly
(独占)
[名]
the exclusive supply of a good or service
be called
(と呼ばれる)
[動]
be named or referred to as
engrossed
(占領されている)
[動]
occupy the whole of
rich
(裕福な)
[形]
having a great deal of money or assets
sooner
(より早く)
[副]
earlier or before the usual or expected time
mind
(思う)
[名]
the element of a person that enables them to be aware of the world and their experiences, to think, and to feel; the faculty of consciousness and thought
羊は独占とは言えないが、一人に占領されているわけではないが、ごく少数の人の手に渡っており、彼らはとても裕福なので、彼らがそれを売りたいと思うよりも早く売るように迫られることはないので、彼らは価格を可能な限り高くするまで決してそれをしない。
And on the same account it is that the other kinds of cattle are so dear, because many villages being pulled down, and all country labour being much neglected, there are none who make it their business to breed them.
on the same account
(同じ理由で)
[副]
for the same reason
cattle
(家畜)
[名]
cows, bulls, or oxen
dear
(高価な)
[形]
costing a lot of money
be pulled down
(取り壊される)
[動]
be demolished
be neglected
(無視される)
[動]
be left unattended or uncared for
breed
(育てる)
[動]
keep and raise animals
そして、同じ理由で、他の種類の家畜もとても高価である。多くの村が取り壊され、すべての田舎の労働があまりにも無視されているので、家畜を育てることを仕事にしている人はいない。
The rich do not breed cattle as they do sheep, but buy them lean and at low prices;
rich
(金持ち)
[名]
a person with a great deal of money or property
cattle
(牛)
[名]
a large domesticated ungulate
lean
(痩せた)
[形]
having little or no fat
low
(安い)
[形]
of small extent from top to bottom or from head to foot
金持ちは羊のように牛を飼育せず、痩せた牛を安く買う。
and, after they have fattened them on their grounds, sell them again at high rates.
fatten
(太らせる)
[動]
make or become fat
そして、自分の土地で太らせてから、再び高値で売る。
And I do not think that all the inconveniences this will produce are yet observed;
inconvenience
(不便)
[名]
trouble or difficulty caused to one
produce
(生み出す)
[動]
make or create
そして、私はこれが生み出すすべての不便がまだ観察されているとは思わない。
for, as they sell the cattle dear, so, if they are consumed faster than the breeding countries from which they are brought can afford them, then the stock must decrease, and this must needs end in great scarcity;
consume
(消費する)
[動]
eat, drink, or ingest
faster
(より早く)
[副]
at a high speed
breeding
(飼育)
[名]
the keeping and raising of animals
afford
(供給できる)
[動]
be able to pay for
stock
(家畜の数)
[名]
the total number of animals or plants of a particular type in a particular area
decrease
(減る)
[動]
become or make smaller or fewer
need
(必然的に)
[名]
a thing that is wanted or required
end
(終わる)
[動]
come or bring to a final point; finish
scarcity
(不足)
[名]
a lack of something
なぜなら、彼らは家畜を高く売るので、もし家畜が運ばれてくる飼育国が供給できるよりも早く消費されれば、家畜の数が減り、これは必然的に大きな不足に終わるからである。
and by these means, this your island, which seemed as to this particular the happiest in the world, will suffer much by the cursed avarice of a few persons: besides this, the rising of corn makes all people lessen their families as much as they can;
by these means
(この手段によって)
[副]
in this way
this your island
(このあなたの島)
[名]
the island that you live on
seem
(思われる)
[動]
appear to be
particular
(特定の)
[形]
specific
happiest
(最も幸せ)
[形]
most happy
suffer
(苦しむ)
[動]
experience or be subjected to something bad or unpleasant
cursed
(呪われた)
[形]
deserving a curse
besides
(加えて)
[副]
in addition to
rising
(上昇)
[名]
an increase in the level of something
そして、この手段によって、このあなたの島は、この特定の点では世界で最も幸せそうに見えたが、少数の人々の呪われた貪欲によって多くの苦しみを受けるだろう。これに加えて、穀物の上昇はすべての人々ができるだけ家族を減らすようにする。
and what can those who are dismissed by them do but either beg or rob?
dismiss
(解雇する)
[動]
order or allow to leave
beg
(物乞いする)
[動]
ask for something, typically food or money, as charity
そして、彼らに解雇された人々は、物乞いするか強盗する以外に何ができるだろうか?
And to this last a man of a great mind is much sooner drawn than to the former.
to this last
(この最後の点に)
[名]
to the last thing mentioned
a man of a great mind
(偉大な精神の人は)
[名]
a person with a great mind
much sooner
(ずっと早く)
[副]
much earlier
drawn
(引き寄せられる)
[動]
move or be moved toward something
そして、この最後の点に、偉大な精神の人は前者よりもずっと早く引き寄せられる。
Luxury likewise breaks in apace upon you to set forward your poverty and misery;
luxury
(贅沢)
[名]
the state of great comfort and extravagant living
break in
(押し寄せる)
[動]
enter forcibly
apace
(急速に)
[副]
quickly
set forward
(前進させる)
[動]
cause to move ahead
同様に、贅沢はあなたの貧困と悲惨さを前進させるために、あなたに急速に押し寄せている。
there is an excessive vanity in apparel, and great cost in diet, and that not only in noblemen’s families, but even among tradesmen, among the farmers themselves, and among all ranks of persons.
apparel
(衣服)
[名]
clothing
excessive
(過度の)
[形]
more than is usual or proper
vanity
(虚栄心)
[名]
excessive pride in oneself or one's appearance
family
(家庭)
[名]
a group of people living together in one house
tradesman
(商人)
[名]
a person who runs a business
farmer
(農民)
[名]
a person who grows crops or raises animals
person
(人)
[名]
a human being
衣服には過度の虚栄心があり、食事には多大な費用がかかり、それは貴族の家庭だけでなく、商人の間でも、農民の間でも、あらゆる階級の人々の間でも見られる。
You have also many infamous houses, and, besides those that are known, the taverns and ale-houses are no better;
also
(また)
[副]
in addition; too; as well
infamous
(悪名高い)
[形]
well known for some bad quality or deed
besides
(ほかに)
[前]
in addition to; apart from
those
(それら)
[代]
the people or things previously mentioned
tavern
(居酒屋)
[名]
a place where people gather to drink alcoholic beverages and be served food
ale-house
(エールハウス)
[名]
a place where ale is sold and drunk
あなたはまた、多くの悪名高い家を持っており、知られている人たちのほかに、居酒屋やエールハウスもそれほど良くはない。
add to these dice, cards, tables, football, tennis, and quoits, in which money runs fast away;
add to
(加える)
[動]
increase the amount or number of
dice
(サイコロ)
[名]
a small cube with each side having a different number of spots on it
card
(カード)
[名]
a small piece of stiff paper
football
(フットボール)
[名]
a game played by two teams of eleven players with a round ball that may be kicked, headed, or handled by all players except the goalkeepers
tennis
(テニス)
[名]
a game played on a rectangular court by two players or two pairs of players using rackets to strike a ball over a net
quoit
(輪投げ)
[名]
a game in which rings of rope or metal are thrown at a peg or similar target
run away
(なくなる)
[動]
leave a place or situation in order to escape from it
これらのサイコロ、カード、テーブル、フットボール、テニス、輪投げに加えて、お金がすぐになくなる。
and those that are initiated into them must, in the conclusion, betake themselves to robbing for a supply.
betake oneself to
(身を任せる)
[動]
go to a place
そして、それらを始める人々は、結局、供給のために強盗に身を任せなければならない。
Banish these plagues, and give orders that those who have dispeopled so much soil may either rebuild the villages they have pulled down or let out their grounds to such as will do it;
banish
(追放する)
[動]
send (someone) away from a country or place as an official punishment
give orders
(命令する)
[動]
tell someone to do something
dispeople
(荒廃させる)
[動]
deprive of inhabitants
rebuild
(再建する)
[動]
build (something) again
pull down
(破壊する)
[動]
cause to fall
let out
(貸し出す)
[動]
allow to leave
これらの疫病を追放し、それほど多くの土壌を荒廃させた人々が、彼らが破壊した村を再建するか、そうする人に彼らの土地を貸し出すように命令しなさい。
restrain those engrossings of the rich, that are as bad almost as monopolies;
restrain
(抑制する)
[動]
hold back; keep under control
engrossing
(独占)
[名]
the action of taking all of something for oneself
bad
(悪い)
[形]
of poor quality; unsatisfactory
独占とほぼ同じくらい悪い、金持ちの独占を抑制しなさい。
leave fewer occasions to idleness;
leave
(減らす)
[動]
cause to be less
怠惰な機会を減らしなさい。
let agriculture be set up again, and the manufacture of the wool be regulated, that so there may be work found for those companies of idle people whom want forces to be thieves, or who now, being idle vagabonds or useless servants, will certainly grow thieves at last.
set up
(立ち上げる)
[動]
to start or establish
manufacture
(製造)
[名]
the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale
regulate
(規制する)
[動]
to control or direct according to rule, principle, or law
company
(集団)
[名]
a body of soldiers, especially the smallest subdivision of an infantry battalion
now
(今)
[副]
at the present time
useless
(役に立たない)
[形]
not fulfilling or not expected to achieve the intended purpose or desired outcome
grow
(なる)
[動]
become larger or greater over a period of time
農業が再び立ち上げられ、羊毛の製造が規制されるようにしなさい。そうすれば、盗人になるために力を欲する怠惰な人々の集団や、今は怠惰な放浪者や役に立たない召使であるが、最後には確かに盗人になる人々のために仕事が見つかるかもしれない。
If you do not find a remedy to these evils it is a vain thing to boast of your severity in punishing theft, which, though it may have the appearance of justice, yet in itself is neither just nor convenient;
evil
(悪)
[名]
something that is harmful or undesirable
boast
(自慢する)
[動]
speak too proudly about oneself or one's achievements
theft
(盗み)
[名]
the action or crime of stealing
appearance
(外観)
[名]
the way that someone or something looks
convenient
(便利)
[形]
involving little trouble or effort
これらの悪に対する救済策を見つけられないのであれば、盗みを罰する際の厳しさを自慢するのは無駄なことであり、それは正義の外観を有するかもしれないが、それ自体は正義でも便利でもない。
for if you suffer your people to be ill-educated, and their manners to be corrupted from their infancy, and then punish them for those crimes to which their first education disposed them, what else is to be concluded from this but that you first make thieves and then punish them?’
suffer
(許す)
[動]
allow or admit
people
(国民)
[名]
the inhabitants of a country
ill-educated
(十分な教育を受けない)
[形]
not having received a good education
be corrupted
(堕落する)
[動]
become morally bad
infancy
(幼少期)
[名]
the early stage of development
crime
(犯罪)
[名]
an action or omission that constitutes an offense that may be prosecuted by the state and is punishable by law
dispose
(陥れる)
[動]
make someone or something likely to do or suffer something
なぜなら、もしあなたが国民が十分な教育を受けず、幼少期からマナーが堕落するのを許し、その後、彼らの最初の教育が彼らを陥れた犯罪に対して彼らを罰するなら、これから他に何が結論付けられるだろうか、あなたが最初に泥棒を作り、それから彼らを罰するということ以外に。」
“While I was talking thus, the Counsellor, who was present, had prepared an answer, and had resolved to resume all I had said, according to the formality of a debate, in which things are generally repeated more faithfully than they are answered, as if the chief trial to be made were of men’s memories.
talk
(話す)
[動]
speak or converse
prepare
(用意する)
[動]
make ready for use or consideration
resume
(再開する)
[動]
begin again
debate
(討論)
[名]
a formal discussion on a particular topic
formality
(形式)
[名]
the quality or condition of being formal
generally
(一般的に)
[副]
in most cases; usually
faithfully
(忠実に)
[副]
loyally; reliably
trial
(試練)
[名]
a test of the quality of something
「私がこう話している間に、出席していた顧問は答えを用意し、討論の形式に従って私が言ったことをすべて再開することを決意していた。討論では、主な試練が人の記憶であるかのように、物事は一般的に答えられるよりも忠実に繰り返される。
‘You have talked prettily, for a stranger,’ said he, ‘having heard of many things among us which you have not been able to consider well;
talk prettily
(きれいに話す)
[動]
speak in a way that is pleasing to the ear
hear
(聞く)
[動]
perceive with the ear the sound made by (someone or something)
「あなたは、よく考えることができなかった私たちの間で多くのことを聞いて、見知らぬ人のためにきれいに話しました」と彼は言った。
but I will make the whole matter plain to you, and will first repeat in order all that you have said;
make plain
(明らかにする)
[動]
make clear or easy to understand
repeat
(繰り返す)
[動]
do or say again
order
(順番)
[名]
the arrangement of things in a series
しかし、私はあなたに全体を明らかにし、最初にあなたが言ったことをすべて順番に繰り返します。
then I will show how much your ignorance of our affairs has misled you;
ignorance
(無知)
[名]
lack of knowledge or information
mislead
(誤解させる)
[動]
cause to have a wrong idea or impression
それから、私たちの事情に対するあなたの無知がどれほどあなたを誤解させたかをお見せします。
and will, in the last place, answer all your arguments.
in the last place
(最後に)
[副]
finally
そして最後に、あなたのすべての議論に答えます。
And, that I may begin where I promised, there were four things—’ ‘Hold your peace!’ said the Cardinal; ‘this will take up too much time;
begin
(始める)
[動]
start to do something
promise
(約束する)
[動]
assure someone that one will or will not do something
four
(4つ)
[数]
the number 4
hold one's peace
(黙る)
[動]
remain silent
take up
(取る)
[動]
occupy or fill
そして、私が約束したところから始められるように、4つのことがありました—」枢機卿は言った、「これはあまりにも多くの時間を取るでしょう。
therefore we will, at present, ease you of the trouble of answering, and reserve it to our next meeting, which shall be to-morrow, if Raphael’s affairs and yours can admit of it.
at present
(今は)
[副]
at the present time; now
ease
(省く)
[動]
make less painful or difficult
trouble
(手間)
[名]
difficulty or problems
answering
(答える)
[動]
say or write something in reply
reserve
(取っておく)
[動]
keep or set aside for a particular purpose
next
(次回)
[形]
coming immediately after the time of writing or speaking
meeting
(会議)
[名]
an assembly of people for formal discussions
tomorrow
(明日)
[名]
the day after today
ですから、今は答える手間を省き、ラファエルとあなたの都合が許せば、明日の次回の会議まで取っておきましょう。
But, Raphael,’ said he to me, ‘I would gladly know upon what reason it is that you think theft ought not to be punished by death: would you give way to it?
But
(しかし)
[接]
on the contrary; instead
gladly
(喜んで)
[副]
with pleasure
reason
(理由)
[名]
a cause, explanation, or justification for an action or event
ought
(べきである)
[助]
used to express duty or moral obligation
punished
(処せられる)
[動]
inflict a penalty or sanction on (someone) as retribution for an offense
death
(死刑)
[名]
the end of all biological functions that sustain a living organism
give way to
(屈する)
[動]
yield to
しかし、ラファエル」と彼は私に言った、「盗難が死刑に処せられるべきではないと思う理由を喜んで知りたい。あなたはそれに屈するだろうか?
or do you propose any other punishment that will be more useful to the public?
public
(国民)
[名]
the people of a country or area considered as a whole
それとも、国民にとってより有益な他の罰を提案するのか?
for, since death does not restrain theft, if men thought their lives would be safe, what fear or force could restrain ill men?
death
(死)
[名]
the end of life
ill
(悪人)
[形]
wicked or bad
なぜなら、死は盗難を抑止しないので、もし人々が自分の命が安全だと思ったなら、どんな恐怖や力が悪人を抑止できるだろうか?
On the contrary, they would look on the mitigation of the punishment as an invitation to commit more crimes.’
on the contrary
(それどころか)
[副]
quite the opposite
mitigation
(軽減)
[名]
the action of reducing the severity, seriousness, or painfulness of something
invitation
(招待状)
[名]
a written or verbal request inviting someone to go somewhere or to do something
それどころか、彼らは刑の軽減をより多くの犯罪を犯すための招待状と見なすだろう。」
I answered, ‘It seems to me a very unjust thing to take away a man’s life for a little money, for nothing in the world can be of equal value with a man’s life: and if it be said, “that it is not for the money that one suffers, but for his breaking the law,” I must say, extreme justice is an extreme injury: for we ought not to approve of those terrible laws that make the smallest offences capital, nor of that opinion of the Stoics that makes all crimes equal;
take away
(奪う)
[動]
remove something from someone or something
unjust
(不当な)
[形]
not just or fair
equal
(同等の)
[形]
being the same in quantity, size, value, or status
break
(破る)
[動]
cause to separate into pieces as a result of impact or stress
injury
(損害)
[名]
physical or mental harm or damage
approve
(認める)
[動]
have or express a favorable opinion of
terrible
(恐ろしい)
[形]
causing or likely to cause terror; shocking
smallest
(最も小さな)
[形]
of a size that is less than normal or usual
私は答えた、「私には、わずかなお金のために人の命を奪うことは非常に不当なことに思える。なぜなら、この世の何ものにも人の命と同等の価値があるものはないからだ。そして、「人が苦しむのはお金のためではなく、法律を破ったためだ」と言われるなら、私はこう言わなければならない。極端な正義は極端な損害である。なぜなら、私たちは、最も小さな犯罪を死刑にする恐ろしい法律や、すべての犯罪を平等にするストア派の意見を認めるべきではないからだ。
as if there were no difference to be made between the killing a man and the taking his purse, between which, if we examine things impartially, there is no likeness nor proportion.
as if
(まるで)
[接]
in the way that would be expected if
no difference
(違いがない)
[名]
the quality or state of being unlike or dissimilar
be made
(作られる)
[動]
be created or produced
between
(間に)
[前]
in the interval separating two points in space or time
the killing
(殺害)
[名]
the act of causing someone or something to die
a man
(人)
[名]
an adult male human being
the taking
(奪取)
[名]
the act of taking something
his
(彼の)
[代]
belonging to or connected with a male person or animal previously mentioned
purse
(財布)
[名]
a small pouch of leather or plastic used for carrying money, typically by a woman
between which
(その間に)
[前]
in the interval separating two points in space or time
we
(私たち)
[代]
used by a speaker to refer to himself or herself and one or more other people considered together
examine
(調べる)
[動]
inspect closely and thoroughly
impartially
(公平に)
[副]
in a fair and just way
no
(ない)
[形]
not any
likeness
(類似)
[名]
the quality or state of being alike or similar
proportion
(比例)
[名]
a relationship between quantities such that one varies in accordance with changes in the other
まるで人を殺すことと財布を奪うことの間に違いがないかのように、公平に調べれば、似ているところも比例するところもない。
God has commanded us not to kill, and shall we kill so easily for a little money?
command
(命じる)
[動]
give an authoritative order
kill
(殺す)
[動]
cause the death of
神は私たちに殺すなと命じられた。私たちはわずかなお金のためにそんなに簡単に殺すのか?
But if one shall say, that by that law we are only forbid to kill any except when the laws of the land allow of it, upon the same grounds, laws may be made, in some cases, to allow of adultery and perjury:
forbid
(禁じる)
[動]
order (someone) not to do something
ground
(理由)
[名]
a reason or cause
adultery
(姦通)
[名]
the act or fact of having a sexual relationship with someone other than one's spouse
perjury
(偽証)
[名]
the intentional act of swearing a false oath or falsifying an affirmation to tell the truth, whether spoken or in writing, concerning matters material to an official proceeding
しかし、もし誰かが、その法律によって、国の法律が許可している場合を除いて、私たちは誰かを殺すことを禁じられているだけだと言うなら、同じ理由で、姦通や偽証を許可する法律が作られるかもしれない。
for God having taken from us the right of disposing either of our own or of other people’s lives, if it is pretended that the mutual consent of men in making laws can authorise man-slaughter in cases in which God has given us no example, that it frees people from the obligation of the divine law, and so makes murder a lawful action, what is this, but to give a preference to human laws before the divine?
take
(奪う)
[動]
move something or someone from one place to another
right
(権利)
[名]
a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something
dispose
(処分する)
[動]
deal with in a particular way
authorize
(許可する)
[動]
give official permission for or approval to (an action or event)
case
(場合)
[名]
an instance of a situation; an example
free
(解放する)
[動]
release from captivity, confinement, or slavery
obligation
(義務)
[名]
an act or course of action to which a person is morally or legally bound; a duty or commitment
divine
(神の)
[形]
of or relating to a god
murder
(殺人)
[名]
the unlawful premeditated killing of one human being by another
lawful
(合法的な)
[形]
conforming to, permitted by, or recognized by law or rules
preference
(優先)
[名]
a greater liking for one alternative over another or others
human
(人間の)
[形]
of, relating to, or characteristic of humankind or human beings
神は私たちから自分や他人の命を処分する権利を奪われたので、もし法律を作る際に人間同士の合意が神が私たちに例を与えていない場合に殺人を許可し、人々を神の法の義務から解放し、殺人を合法的な行為にすることができると偽るなら、これは神の法よりも人間の法を優先させることに他ならない。
and, if this is once admitted, by the same rule men may, in all other things, put what restrictions they please upon the laws of God.
admit
(認める)
[動]
to accept as true; to acknowledge
rule
(ルール)
[名]
a principle or regulation governing conduct, action, procedure, arrangement, etc.
put
(加える)
[動]
to place or set in a specified position
restriction
(制限)
[名]
a limiting condition or measure
please
(好きな)
[動]
to be agreeable to; to satisfy
law
(法則)
[名]
a statement of fact, deduced from observation, to the effect that a particular natural or scientific phenomenon always occurs if certain conditions be present
そして、これが一度認められれば、同じルールで、人々は他のすべての事柄において、神の法則に好きな制限を加えることができる。
If, by the Mosaical law, though it was rough and severe, as being a yoke laid on an obstinate and servile nation, men were only fined, and not put to death for theft, we cannot imagine, that in this new law of mercy, in which God treats us with the tenderness of a father, He has given us a greater licence to cruelty than He did to the Jews.
Mosaical law
(モーセの律法)
[名]
the laws of the ancient Israelites as set out in the Pentateuch
rough
(粗野な)
[形]
not smooth or level
severe
(厳しい)
[形]
very great or intense
yoke
(軛)
[名]
a wooden frame or bar with two curved pieces that fit around the necks of two animals and are used to join them together so that they can pull a plow or wagon
obstinate
(頑固な)
[形]
unwilling to change your opinion or to do what someone else wants you to do
servile
(卑屈な)
[形]
too willing to obey other people
fine
(罰金)
[名]
a sum of money that you have to pay as a punishment for breaking the law
put to death
(死刑にする)
[動]
kill someone as a punishment
mercy
(慈悲)
[名]
kindness and forgiveness shown to someone
treat
(扱う)
[動]
behave in a particular way toward
tenderness
(優しさ)
[名]
the quality of being gentle and kind
father
(父親)
[名]
a man who has a child
licence
(許可)
[名]
an official document that gives you permission to do something
cruelty
(残酷な行為)
[名]
behaviour that causes pain or suffering to another person or animal
Jew
(ユダヤ人)
[名]
a member of the people and cultural community whose traditional religion is Judaism and who trace their origins through the ancient Hebrew people of Israel
モーセの律法は、頑固で卑屈な国民に課せられた軛として、粗野で厳しいものであったが、盗みを犯しても死刑にはならず、罰金刑に処せられるだけであったとすれば、神が父親のような優しさで私たちを扱ってくださるこの新しい慈悲の律法において、神がユダヤ人に対してよりも私たちに対して残酷な行為を許可されたとは考えられない。
Upon these reasons it is, that I think putting thieves to death is not lawful;
upon
(に基づいて)
[前]
on top of
lawful
(合法)
[形]
being in accordance with the law
これらの理由から、私は泥棒を死刑にすることは合法ではないと思う。
and it is plain and obvious that it is absurd and of ill consequence to the commonwealth that a thief and a murderer should be equally punished;
commonwealth
(国家)
[名]
a political unit
consequence
(結果)
[名]
the effect, result, or outcome of something
equally
(同等に)
[副]
in the same way or to the same degree
泥棒と殺人者が同等に処罰されることは、明らかに不合理であり、国家にとって悪い結果をもたらす。
for if a robber sees that his danger is the same if he is convicted of theft as if he were guilty of murder, this will naturally incite him to kill the person whom otherwise he would only have robbed;
robber
(強盗)
[名]
a person who commits robbery
convicted
(有罪判決を受ける)
[動]
find or declare guilty of an offense or crime
guilty
(有罪判決を受ける)
[形]
having committed a specified or implied offense or crime
incite
(仕向ける)
[動]
encourage or stir up
otherwise
(だけを犯す)
[副]
in a different way
なぜなら、強盗が窃盗で有罪判決を受けた場合も殺人で有罪判決を受けた場合も危険は同じだと知れば、強盗は当然、殺人だけを犯すように仕向けられるからである。
since, if the punishment is the same, there is more security, and less danger of discovery, when he that can best make it is put out of the way;
since
(なぜなら)
[接]
for the reason that; because
punishment
(処罰)
[名]
the act of punishing
security
(安全)
[名]
the state of being free from danger or threat
make
(発見する)
[動]
cause to happen or exist
put out of the way
(排除する)
[動]
get rid of; eliminate
なぜなら、処罰が同じであれば、最も発見しやすい人物を排除すれば、より安全で発見される危険性が低くなるからである。
so that terrifying thieves too much provokes them to cruelty.
terrifying
(恐ろしい)
[形]
causing terror
too much
(あまりに)
[副]
to a higher degree than is desirable, permissible, or possible
provoke
(引き起こす)
[動]
cause or give rise to
そのため、泥棒を恐れすぎると、彼らを残酷にしてしまう。
“But as to the question, ‘What more convenient way of punishment can be found?’ I think it much easier to find out that than to invent anything that is worse;
invent
(発明する)
[動]
create or design something that has not existed before
worse
(もっと悪い)
[形]
of poorer quality or a lower standard
「しかし、「もっと便利な処罰方法は何か?」という質問については、それよりも悪いことを発明するよりも、それを見つける方がはるかに簡単だと思う。
why should we doubt but the way that was so long in use among the old Romans, who understood so well the arts of government, was very proper for their punishment?
doubt
(疑う)
[動]
feel uncertain about
art
(術)
[名]
a skill at doing a specified thing, typically one acquired through practice
government
(統治)
[名]
the governing body of a nation, state, or community
proper
(適切)
[形]
suitable or appropriate in the circumstances
統治の術をよく理解していた古代ローマ人の間で長い間使われていた方法が、彼らの処罰に非常に適していたことを疑うべきだろうか?
They condemned such as they found guilty of great crimes to work their whole lives in quarries, or to dig in mines with chains about them.
condemn
(有罪にする)
[動]
express complete disapproval of
find guilty
(有罪にする)
[動]
judge or decide to be guilty
great crime
(大罪)
[名]
a serious crime
whole life
(一生涯)
[名]
the entire period of a person's life
quarry
(採石場)
[名]
an open excavation or pit from which dimension stone, rock, construction aggregate, riprap, sand, gravel, or slate is excavated from the ground
dig
(掘る)
[動]
break up and move earth with a tool or machine
mine
(鉱山)
[名]
a large excavation in the earth where coal, ores, or precious stones are extracted
彼らは、大罪を犯した者を、一生涯採石場で働かせたり、鎖につながれて鉱山を掘らせたりした。
But the method that I liked best was that which I observed in my travels in Persia, among the Polylerits, who are a considerable and well-governed people: they pay a yearly tribute to the King of Persia, but in all other respects they are a free nation, and governed by their own laws: they lie far from the sea, and are environed with hills;
like
(気に入る)
[動]
find agreeable or attractive
Persia
(ペルシア)
[名]
a historical region of southwestern Asia
Polylerits
(ポリレリット人)
[名]
a fictional people
considerable
(かなりの)
[形]
notably large in size, amount, or extent
well-governed
(よく統治された)
[形]
governed well
pay
(納める)
[動]
give (money) in exchange for a service or product
tribute
(貢物)
[名]
a gift or statement that is intended to show gratitude, respect, or admiration
free
(自由な)
[形]
not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes
lie
(位置する)
[動]
be in or occupy a particular position or place
far
(遠く)
[副]
a long way off; a great distance
environ
(囲む)
[動]
surround
hill
(丘)
[名]
a naturally raised area of land with a rounded top
しかし、私が最も気に入った方法は、ペルシア旅行中に観察した、ポリレリット人の間で行われていた方法である。彼らはペルシア王に毎年貢物を納めているが、それ以外の点では自由な民族であり、独自の法律で統治されている。彼らは海から遠く離れており、丘に囲まれている。
and, being contented with the productions of their own country, which is very fruitful, they have little commerce with any other nation;
be contented with
(満足している)
[動]
be happy with
production
(生産物)
[名]
something that is produced
own country
(自国)
[名]
the country that one is a citizen of
fruitful
(実り豊かな)
[形]
producing good results
little
(ほとんどない)
[形]
not much; small in amount
そして、非常に実り豊かな自国の生産物に満足しているため、他の国との通商はほとんどない。
and as they, according to the genius of their country, have no inclination to enlarge their borders, so their mountains and the pension they pay to the Persian, secure them from all invasions.
according to
(従って)
[前]
as stated or reported by
have no inclination to
(傾向がない)
[動]
not want to do something
enlarge
(拡大する)
[動]
make or become bigger or greater
border
(国境)
[名]
a line that marks the edge of an area
mountain
(山)
[名]
a large natural elevation of the earth's surface rising abruptly from the surrounding level or a large steep hill
pay
(支払う)
[動]
give (someone) money that is owed or due
pension
(年金)
[名]
a regular payment made during a person's retirement from an investment fund to which that person or their employer has contributed during their working life
secure
(守る)
[動]
make or become safe; protect
invasion
(侵略)
[名]
an incursion by a large number of people or things into a place or sphere of activity
そして、彼らは国の天才に従って、国境を拡大する傾向がないので、彼らの山々とペルシア人に支払う年金は、彼らをすべての侵略から守っている。
Thus they have no wars among them;
thus
(こうして)
[副]
in this way; therefore
have no wars
(戦争が起こらない)
[動]
be free from war
こうして彼らの間に戦争は起こらない。
they live rather conveniently than with splendour, and may be rather called a happy nation than either eminent or famous;
conveniently
(便利に)
[副]
in a convenient manner
splendour
(華麗に)
[名]
the state or quality of being splendid; magnificence
rather
(むしろ)
[副]
to a certain extent; somewhat
happy
(幸せな)
[形]
feeling or showing pleasure or contentment
彼らは華麗にというよりはむしろ便利に暮らしており、著名であるとか有名であるというよりはむしろ幸せな国と呼ぶことができる。
for I do not think that they are known, so much as by name, to any but their next neighbours.
I do not think
(私は思わない)
[動]
be of the opinion that
they
(彼ら)
[代]
the people or things previously mentioned
are known
(知られている)
[動]
be familiar with
so much as
(さえ)
[副]
even
by name
(名前で)
[名]
a word or set of words using which a person is referred to
to any
(誰にも)
[代]
anyone
but
(以外には)
[前]
other than
their next neighbours
(隣国)
[名]
a country next to another
なぜなら、彼らは隣国以外には名前すら知られていないと思うからだ。
Those that are found guilty of theft among them are bound to make restitution to the owner, and not, as it is in other places, to the prince, for they reckon that the prince has no more right to the stolen goods than the thief;
be found guilty of
(有罪となる)
[動]
be judged to have committed a crime
make restitution
(賠償する)
[動]
make amends for a wrong
stolen goods
(盗品)
[名]
goods that have been stolen
彼らの間で窃盗の罪で有罪となった者は、他の場所のように王子ではなく、所有者に賠償する義務がある。なぜなら、彼らは王子は盗品に対して泥棒よりも権利がないと考えているからである。
but if that which was stolen is no more in being, then the goods of the thieves are estimated, and restitution being made out of them, the remainder is given to their wives and children;
that which
(もの)
[名]
the thing that
stolen
(盗まれた)
[形]
taken without permission
no more
(もうない)
[副]
not any longer
being
(存在する)
[動]
have objective reality or exist in a specified way
then
(その場合)
[副]
at that time; in that case
goods
(品物)
[名]
a thing or things
estimate
(評価する)
[動]
roughly calculate the value, number, quantity, or extent of
restitution
(賠償)
[名]
the restoration of something lost or stolen to its proper owner
remainder
(残り)
[名]
the part that remains after the other parts have been removed
しかし、盗まれたものがもう存在しない場合は、泥棒の品物が評価され、それらから賠償が行われ、残りは妻と子供たちに与えられる。
and they themselves are condemned to serve in the public works, but are neither imprisoned nor chained, unless there happens to be some extraordinary circumstance in their crimes.
public works
(公共事業)
[名]
a project of construction or repair of public facilities
serve
(従事する)
[動]
work in a specified job or role
imprison
(投獄される)
[動]
put or keep in prison
chain
(鎖でつながれる)
[名]
a series of metal links connected to each other
そして、彼ら自身は公共事業に従事することを宣告されるが、彼らの犯罪に特別な事情がない限り、投獄されたり鎖でつながれたりすることはない。
They go about loose and free, working for the public: if they are idle or backward to work they are whipped, but if they work hard they are well used and treated without any mark of reproach;
go about
(動き回る)
[動]
move from place to place
loose
(自由に)
[形]
not held or tied together, or not held or fastened firmly
backward
(遅れる)
[形]
directed or moving toward the back or rear
whip
(鞭打つ)
[動]
strike with a whip
hard
(一生懸命)
[副]
with a great deal of effort
reproach
(非難)
[名]
a rebuke or criticism
彼らは自由に動き回り、公衆のために働く。怠惰であったり、仕事に遅れたりすると鞭打たれるが、一生懸命働けば、非難されることなく、よく扱われる。
only the lists of them are called always at night, and then they are shut up.
list
(名前)
[名]
a series of names or other items written or printed together in a meaningful grouping
call
(呼ばれる)
[動]
to give a name to
night
(夜)
[名]
the period of darkness in each twenty-four hours
shut up
(閉じ込められる)
[動]
to be or become closed or blocked
ただ、彼らの名前はいつも夜に呼ばれ、それから彼らは閉じ込められる。
They suffer no other uneasiness but this of constant labour;
uneasiness
(苦痛)
[名]
a feeling of worry, nervousness, or discomfort
constant
(絶え間ない)
[形]
non-stop; continuous
彼らは絶え間ない労働以外に苦痛を被ることはない。
for, as they work for the public, so they are well entertained out of the public stock, which is done differently in different places: in some places whatever is bestowed on them is raised by a charitable contribution;
entertain
(養う)
[動]
provide with food, drink, or amusement
public stock
(公衆の資金)
[名]
the money that the government has
differently
(異なる)
[副]
in a different way
bestow
(与える)
[動]
confer or present as a gift
charitable contribution
(慈善寄付)
[名]
a donation to a charity
彼らは公衆のために働くので、公衆の資金で十分に養われるが、それは場所によって異なる。ある場所では、彼らに与えられるものはすべて慈善寄付によって集められる。
and, though this way may seem uncertain, yet so merciful are the inclinations of that people, that they are plentifully supplied by it;
uncertain
(不確実)
[形]
not certain; not definitely known
yet
(しかし)
[接]
but
merciful
(慈悲深い)
[形]
showing mercy
inclination
(性向)
[名]
a tendency or disposition to do something
plentifully
(十分に)
[副]
in a plentiful manner
supply
(供給する)
[動]
provide or furnish with
この方法は不確実に思えるかもしれないが、この人々の性向はとても慈悲深いので、彼らはそれで十分に供給される。
but in other places public revenues are set aside for them, or there is a constant tax or poll-money raised for their maintenance.
public revenue
(公的収入)
[名]
money that a government receives from taxes and other sources
set aside
(取っておく)
[動]
reserve for a special purpose
other place
(他の場所)
[名]
a location that is not here
constant tax
(一定の税金)
[名]
a tax that is always the same
poll-money
(人頭税)
[名]
a tax that is levied on each person
しかし、他の場所では、公的収入が彼らのために取っておかれたり、彼らの維持のために一定の税金や人頭税が徴収される。
In some places they are set to no public work, but every private man that has occasion to hire workmen goes to the market-places and hires them of the public, a little lower than he would do a freeman.
some place
(ある場所)
[名]
an unspecified location
set to
(従事させられる)
[動]
start doing something
public work
(公の仕事)
[名]
work that is done for the benefit of the public
private man
(個人)
[名]
a person who is not in the military or a public official
hire
(雇う)
[動]
employ for wages
workman
(労働者)
[名]
a person who works
go to
(行く)
[動]
move or travel toward
market-place
(市場)
[名]
a place where goods are bought and sold
a little lower
(少し安く)
[副]
to a small extent
freeman
(自由人)
[名]
a person who is not a slave
ある場所では、彼らは公の仕事に従事させられることはないが、労働者を雇う機会のある個人は、市場に行って、自由人よりも少し安く公衆から彼らを雇う。
If they go lazily about their task he may quicken them with the whip.
go lazily
(怠惰に仕事をする)
[動]
work in a lazy manner
task
(仕事)
[名]
a piece of work to be done
もし彼らが怠惰に仕事をしたら、彼は鞭で彼らを急がせるかもしれない。
By this means there is always some piece of work or other to be done by them;
there is
(存在する)
[動]
be
always
(常に)
[副]
at all times; on all occasions
some piece of work
(仕事)
[名]
an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result
この方法によって、彼らが行うべき仕事が常に存在する。
and, besides their livelihood, they earn somewhat still to the public.
livelihood
(生計)
[名]
a means of securing the necessities of life
earn
(稼ぐ)
[動]
obtain (money) in return for labor or services
somewhat
(いくらか)
[副]
to some extent; slightly
still
(なお)
[副]
even now or at this time; yet
そして、彼らは生計を立てる以外にも、公衆のためにいくらか稼ぐ。
They all wear a peculiar habit, of one certain colour, and their hair is cropped a little above their ears, and a piece of one of their ears is cut off.
wear
(着る)
[動]
have on one's person
peculiar
(独特の)
[形]
strange or unusual
habit
(服)
[名]
a long, loose garment worn by a monk or nun
certain
(特定の)
[形]
having a specific but not explicitly stated value
colour
(色)
[名]
the property possessed by an object of producing different sensations on the eye as a result of the way it reflects or emits light
hair
(髪)
[名]
a threadlike structure that grows from the skin of humans and other mammals
crop
(刈る)
[動]
cut short
ear
(耳)
[名]
the organ of hearing and balance in humans and other vertebrates
cut off
(切り取る)
[動]
remove by cutting
彼らは皆、ある特定の色の独特の服を着ており、髪は耳の少し上で刈られ、片方の耳の一部が切り取られている。
Their friends are allowed to give them either meat, drink, or clothes, so they are of their proper colour;
allow
(許す)
[動]
permit to do something
meat
(肉)
[名]
the flesh of an animal or a bird that is eaten as food
drink
(飲み物)
[名]
a liquid that is drunk
彼らの友人は、彼らに肉、飲み物、または衣服を与えることを許されているので、彼らは適切な色をしている。
but it is death, both to the giver and taker, if they give them money;
しかし、彼らがお金を与えると、それは贈り主と受け手の両方にとって死である。
nor is it less penal for any freeman to take money from them upon any account whatsoever: and it is also death for any of these slaves (so they are called) to handle arms.
take money
(お金を受け取る)
[動]
receive money
handle arms
(武器を扱う)
[動]
use weapons
どんな理由であれ、自由人が彼らからお金を受け取ることは、それほど刑罰が軽いわけではない。また、これらの奴隷(彼らはそう呼ばれている)が武器を扱うことも死刑である。
Those of every division of the country are distinguished by a peculiar mark, which it is capital for them to lay aside, to go out of their bounds, or to talk with a slave of another jurisdiction, and the very attempt of an escape is no less penal than an escape itself.
division
(地区)
[名]
the action of separating something into parts, or the state of being divided
distinguish
(区別する)
[動]
recognize or treat as different
mark
(印)
[名]
a sign or indication of something
lay aside
(捨てる)
[動]
put to one side; abandon
bound
(境界)
[名]
a limit or boundary
go out of
(出る)
[動]
leave or depart from
jurisdiction
(管轄区域)
[名]
the official power to make legal decisions and judgments
attempt
(試み)
[名]
an act of trying to achieve something
escape
(逃亡)
[名]
the action of escaping from a place or situation
penal
(罰せられる)
[形]
relating to or prescribing punishment
itself
(それ自体)
[代]
used to emphasize the identity of the thing mentioned
国の各地区の奴隷は、独特の印によって区別されており、それを捨てたり、境界から出たり、別の管轄区域の奴隷と話したりすることは、彼らにとって死刑に値する。また、逃亡の試みは、逃亡そのものと同じくらい罰せられる。
It is death for any other slave to be accessory to it;
accessory
(加担)
[名]
a person who helps another commit a crime
他の奴隷がそれに加担することは死刑である。
and if a freeman engages in it he is condemned to slavery.
engage in
(関与する)
[動]
be involved in
そして、自由人がそれに関与した場合、彼は奴隷制に処せられる。
Those that discover it are rewarded—if freemen, in money;
reward
(報われる)
[動]
give a reward to
それを発見した者は、自由人なら金銭で報われる。
and if slaves, with liberty, together with a pardon for being accessory to it;
liberty
(自由)
[名]
the state of being free from oppressive restriction or control by a government or other power
pardon
(恩赦)
[名]
the official forgiveness of a crime
奴隷なら自由と、それに加担したことに対する恩赦を与えられる。
that so they might find their account rather in repenting of their engaging in such a design than in persisting in it.
repent
(悔い改める)
[動]
feel or express sincere regret or guilt for a past action or wrongdoing
engage
(関与する)
[動]
be involved in
design
(計画)
[名]
a plan or drawing produced to show the look and function or workings of a building, garment, or other object before it is made
彼らは、そのような計画に固執するよりも、むしろそれに関与したことを悔い改めることで、自分の説明を見つけることができる。
“These are their laws and rules in relation to robbery, and it is obvious that they are as advantageous as they are mild and gentle;
rule
(規則)
[名]
a statement that tells you what is or is not allowed
robbery
(強盗)
[名]
the crime of stealing from a person or place by force or threat of force
gentle
(優しい)
[形]
not rough or violent; mild, moderate, or slight
obvious
(明らかな)
[形]
easily perceived or understood; clear, self-evident, or apparent
advantageous
(有利な)
[形]
to one's benefit; favorable
「これらは強盗に関する彼らの法律と規則であり、それらが穏やかで優しいのと同じくらい有利であることは明らかである。
since vice is not only destroyed and men preserved, but they are treated in such a manner as to make them see the necessity of being honest and of employing the rest of their lives in repairing the injuries they had formerly done to society.
vice
(悪徳)
[名]
immoral or wicked behavior
preserve
(守る)
[動]
keep in its original state
honest
(正直)
[形]
free of deceit; truthful and sincere
life
(人生)
[名]
the period of time during which a person is alive
formerly
(以前)
[副]
in the past; previously
society
(社会)
[名]
the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community
悪徳が滅ぼされ、人々が守られるだけでなく、彼らは正直であることの必要性と、残りの人生を以前に社会に与えた損害を修復するために使う必要性を理解させるような方法で扱われるからである。
Nor is there any hazard of their falling back to their old customs;
fall back
(戻る)
[動]
return to a previous state or condition
彼らが古い習慣に戻ってしまう危険もない。
and so little do travellers apprehend mischief from them that they generally make use of them for guides from one jurisdiction to another;
apprehend
(心配する)
[動]
to be afraid or anxious about something that might happen
mischief
(悪さ)
[名]
playful misbehavior
make use of
(利用する)
[動]
to use something for a particular purpose
guide
(案内役)
[名]
a person who shows the way to others, especially one employed to show tourists around a place
旅行者は彼らから悪さをされることをほとんど心配しないので、彼らは通常、彼らをある管轄区域から別の管轄区域への案内役として利用している。
for there is nothing left them by which they can rob or be the better for it, since, as they are disarmed, so the very having of money is a sufficient conviction: and as they are certainly punished if discovered, so they cannot hope to escape;
be the better for
(利益を得る)
[動]
be improved or helped by
disarm
(武装解除する)
[動]
take a weapon or weapons away from
conviction
(証拠)
[名]
a formal declaration that someone is guilty of a crime
escape
(逃れる)
[動]
get free from a situation
彼らには強盗をしたり、それで利益を得たりする手段が何も残されていないからである。彼らは武装解除されているので、お金を持っていること自体が十分な証拠であり、発見されれば確実に処罰されるので、逃れることはできない。
for their habit being in all the parts of it different from what is commonly worn, they cannot fly away, unless they would go naked, and even then their cropped ear would betray them.
be different from
(異なる)
[動]
be unlike or dissimilar to
commonly
(普通に)
[副]
usually; generally
fly away
(逃げる)
[動]
leave quickly
naked
(裸)
[形]
without clothes
even then
(それでも)
[副]
in spite of that; nevertheless
cropped ear
(切り取られた耳)
[名]
an ear that has been cut off
betray
(裏切る)
[動]
be disloyal to
彼らの服装は、あらゆる点で普通に着られているものとは異なるので、裸にならない限り逃げることはできないし、裸になったとしても、切り取られた耳が彼らを裏切ることになる。
The only danger to be feared from them is their conspiring against the government;
彼らから恐れられる唯一の危険は、彼らが政府に対して陰謀を企てることである。
but those of one division and neighbourhood can do nothing to any purpose unless a general conspiracy were laid amongst all the slaves of the several jurisdictions, which cannot be done, since they cannot meet or talk together;
neighbourhood
(近隣)
[名]
the area around a place
general
(一般的な)
[形]
affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things; widespread
conspiracy
(陰謀)
[名]
a secret plan by a group to do something unlawful or harmful
several
(いくつかの)
[形]
more than two but not very many
しかし、1つの地区や近隣の奴隷は、いくつかの管轄区域のすべての奴隷の間で一般的な陰謀が企てられない限り、何の目的にも役立たない。彼らは会ったり話したりすることができないので、それはできない。
nor will any venture on a design where the concealment would be so dangerous and the discovery so profitable.
concealment
(隠蔽)
[名]
the action of hiding something
dangerous
(危険な)
[形]
able or likely to cause harm or injury
profitable
(有益な)
[形]
yielding a financial profit
また、隠蔽が非常に危険で、発見が非常に有益な計画に乗り出す者もいない。
None are quite hopeless of recovering their freedom, since by their obedience and patience, and by giving good grounds to believe that they will change their manner of life for the future, they may expect at last to obtain their liberty, and some are every year restored to it upon the good character that is given of them.
recover
(取り戻す)
[動]
return to a normal state
freedom
(自由)
[名]
the power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint
obedience
(服従)
[名]
the quality or state of being obedient
patience
(忍耐)
[名]
the capacity to accept or tolerate delay, problems, or suffering without becoming annoyed or anxious
believe
(信じる)
[動]
accept that (something) is true, especially without proof
change
(変える)
[動]
make or become different
future
(将来)
[名]
the time that is still to come
some
(何人か)
[代]
an unspecified number or amount of people or things
every year
(毎年)
[副]
once a year
restore
(取り戻す)
[動]
return (something) to a former condition, place, or owner
good character
(善良な性格)
[名]
a person's moral and mental qualities
彼らの服従と忍耐によって、また、彼らが将来の生き方を変えると信じるに足る根拠を与えることによって、彼らはついに自由を得ることを期待することができ、毎年何人かは彼らに与えられた善良な性格によって自由を取り戻すので、誰も自由を取り戻すことを全く絶望していない。
When I had related all this, I added that I did not see why such a method might not be followed with more advantage than could ever be expected from that severe justice which the Counsellor magnified so much.
add
(付け加える)
[動]
say something further
follow
(続く)
[動]
come after
advantage
(有利)
[名]
a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position
magnify
(拡大する)
[動]
make or become greater or larger
私がこのすべてを語ったとき、私は、顧問がそれほど拡大した厳しい正義から期待できるよりも、そのような方法がより有利に続かない理由がわからないと付け加えた。
To this he answered, ‘That it could never take place in England without endangering the whole nation.’
take place
(起こる)
[動]
happen
endanger
(危険にさらす)
[動]
put at risk or in danger
これに対して彼は、「イギリスでは国全体を危険にさらすことなく、そのようなことは起こり得ない」と答えた。
As he said this he shook his head, made some grimaces, and held his peace, while all the company seemed of his opinion, except the Cardinal, who said, ‘That it was not easy to form a judgment of its success, since it was a method that never yet had been tried;
shake one's head
(頭を振る)
[動]
move one's head from side to side
make a grimace
(しかめっ面をする)
[動]
make a distorted expression on one's face
all the company
(全員)
[名]
all the people in a group
easy
(容易)
[形]
able to be achieved without great effort
form a judgment
(判断を下す)
[動]
make a decision or form an opinion about something
success
(成功)
[名]
the accomplishment of an aim or purpose
yet
(まだ)
[副]
up until the present time; so far
彼がこう言うと、彼は頭を振り、しかめっ面をして黙り込み、枢機卿を除く全員が彼の意見に賛同しているようだったが、枢機卿は「それはまだ試されたことのない方法なので、その成功の判断を下すのは容易ではない」と言った。
but if,’ said he, ‘when sentence of death were passed upon a thief, the prince would reprieve him for a while, and make the experiment upon him, denying him the privilege of a sanctuary;
pass
(下す)
[動]
give or transfer to another
reprieve
(執行猶予)
[名]
a temporary relief or delay
experiment
(実験)
[名]
a scientific test to determine the validity of a hypothesis
deny
(否定する)
[動]
refuse to accept; reject
privilege
(特権)
[名]
a special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to a particular person or group of people
しかし、もし泥棒に死刑判決が下されたら、王子はしばらく彼を執行猶予にして、彼に聖域の特権を否定して実験するだろう。
and then, if it had a good effect upon him, it might take place;
and then
(そして)
[接]
after that; afterwards
have a good effect
(良い効果をもたらす)
[動]
produce a good or desired result
it
(それ)
[代]
the thing or animal previously mentioned
そして、もしそれが彼に良い効果をもたらしたら、それは起こるかもしれない。
and, if it did not succeed, the worst would be to execute the sentence on the condemned persons at last;
succeed
(成功する)
[動]
achieve a goal or objective
worst
(最悪)
[形]
of the poorest quality or the most unpleasant
execute
(執行する)
[動]
carry out a sentence of death on
sentence
(刑)
[名]
the punishment assigned to a defendant found guilty of a crime
condemned
(有罪判決を受けた)
[形]
found guilty of a crime
そして、もしそれが成功しなかったとしても、最悪なのは最後に有罪判決を受けた人に刑を執行することだろう。
and I do not see,’ added he, ‘why it would be either unjust, inconvenient, or at all dangerous to admit of such a delay;
I do not see
(私にはわからない)
[動]
fail to understand
added
(付け加えた)
[動]
say or write something further
why
(なぜ)
[副]
for what reason or purpose
it would be
(だろう)
[助]
used to express a strong possibility or certainty
either
(あるいは)
[接]
used to connect two or more alternatives
unjust
(不公平)
[形]
not just; unfair
inconvenient
(不便)
[形]
causing trouble, difficulty, or discomfort
or
(または)
[接]
used to connect two or more alternatives
at all
(まったく)
[副]
in any way; to any extent
to admit
(認める)
[動]
to accept that something is true
of
(の)
[前]
used to indicate a particular thing
delay
(遅れ)
[名]
a period of time by which something is late or postponed
そして、そのような遅れを認めることがなぜ不公平で、不便で、あるいは危険なのか、私にはわからない」と付け加えた。
in my opinion the vagabonds ought to be treated in the same manner, against whom, though we have made many laws, yet we have not been able to gain our end.’
in my opinion
(私の意見では)
[句]
I think that
be treated
(扱われる)
[動]
deal with in a certain way
in the same manner
(同じように)
[句]
in the same way
against whom
(彼らに対しては)
[句]
against them
though
(しかし)
[接]
despite the fact that
have made
(作った)
[動]
create or produce
have not been able to
(することができていない)
[動]
be unable to
gain
(達成する)
[動]
obtain or win
私の意見では、浮浪者も同じように扱われるべきであり、彼らに対しては、私たちは多くの法律を作ったが、まだ目的を達成することができていない。」
When the Cardinal had done, they all commended the motion, though they had despised it when it came from me, but more particularly commended what related to the vagabonds, because it was his own observation.
do
(言う)
[動]
say
commend
(賞賛する)
[動]
praise formally or officially
motion
(提案)
[名]
a proposal for action
despise
(軽蔑する)
[動]
look down on with intense aversion
observation
(観察)
[名]
the action or process of observing something
枢機卿がそう言うと、彼らは皆その提案を賞賛したが、それが私から出た時には軽蔑していたが、特に浮浪者に関することは彼自身の観察であったため、賞賛した。
“I do not know whether it be worth while to tell what followed, for it was very ridiculous;
be worth while
(価値がある)
[動]
be worth the time or effort spent
tell
(話す)
[動]
communicate with words
ridiculous
(ばかげた)
[形]
causing laughter because of being荒唐無稽 or inappropriate
「その後のことは非常にばかげたことだったので、話す価値があるかどうかわからない。
but I shall venture at it, for as it is not foreign to this matter, so some good use may be made of it.
venture
(あえて)
[動]
to do something that is dangerous or risky
foreign
(無関係)
[形]
of or from a country other than one's own
しかし、私はあえてそれを話そうと思う。なぜなら、それはこの問題と無関係ではないし、何か良い使い道があるかもしれないからだ。
There was a Jester standing by, that counterfeited the fool so naturally that he seemed to be really one;
jester
(道化師)
[名]
a professional joker or fool
stand by
(立っている)
[動]
be present but not taking part
counterfeit
(演じる)
[動]
imitate something
fool
(馬鹿)
[名]
a person who lacks judgment or sense
seem
(ようである)
[動]
appear to be; give the impression of being
道化師が立っていて、本当に馬鹿であるかのように自然に馬鹿を演じていた。
the jests which he offered were so cold and dull that we laughed more at him than at them, yet sometimes he said, as it were by chance, things that were not unpleasant, so as to justify the old proverb, ‘That he who throws the dice often, will sometimes have a lucky hit.’
jest
(冗談)
[名]
a joke
cold
(冷たい)
[形]
having a low temperature
dull
(退屈な)
[形]
uninteresting
laugh
(笑う)
[動]
make the sounds and movements of laughter
chance
(偶然)
[名]
the occurrence of events in the absence of any obvious intention or cause
unpleasant
(不快な)
[形]
causing discomfort or annoyance
justify
(正当化する)
[動]
show or prove to be right or reasonable
proverb
(諺)
[名]
a short, well-known saying that gives advice or expresses a general truth
throw
(投げる)
[動]
propel through the air with a rapid movement of the arm and hand
lucky
(幸運な)
[形]
having, bringing, or resulting from good luck
hit
(当たり)
[名]
a successful stroke or shot
彼が言う冗談は冷たく退屈だったので、私たちは冗談よりも彼を笑ったが、時々彼は偶然のように不快ではないことを言ったので、「サイコロをよく投げる人は時々幸運な当たりがある」という古い諺を正当化した。
When one of the company had said that I had taken care of the thieves, and the Cardinal had taken care of the vagabonds, so that there remained nothing but that some public provision might be made for the poor whom sickness or old age had disabled from labour, ‘Leave that to me,’ said the Fool, ‘and I shall take care of them, for there is no sort of people whose sight I abhor more, having been so often vexed with them and with their sad complaints;
one of the company
(一座の一人)
[名]
a member of the group
take care of
(面倒をみる)
[動]
to deal with or manage
public provision
(公的な準備)
[名]
something that is provided by the government or another public body
sickness
(病気)
[名]
a disease or period of illness affecting the body or mind
old age
(老齢)
[名]
the later part of normal human life
leave that to me
(それは私に任せてください)
[動]
to allow someone else to deal with something
sort of
(人種)
[名]
a kind, type, or category
sight
(見たくない)
[名]
the ability or act of seeing
abhor
(忌み嫌う)
[動]
to detest or hate
often
(しばしば)
[副]
many times; frequently
vexed
(悩まされる)
[動]
to cause annoyance or distress to
sad
(悲しい)
[形]
unhappy or mournful
complaint
(訴え)
[名]
a statement that something is wrong or not satisfactory
一座の一人から、私が泥棒の面倒をみ、枢機卿が浮浪者の面倒をみたので、病気や老齢で働けなくなった貧しい人々のために公的な準備を整える以外に何も残っていないと言われると、「それは私に任せてください」と道化師は言った。「私が彼らの面倒をみますよ。彼らや彼らの悲しい訴えに何度も悩まされてきたので、彼らほど見たくない人種はいません。
but as dolefully soever as they have told their tale, they could never prevail so far as to draw one penny from me;
dolefully
(悲しげに)
[副]
in a sad manner
tale
(話)
[名]
a story about fictitious or legendary people and events
prevail
(勝つ)
[動]
be victorious or successful
draw
(引き出す)
[動]
pull or move out of something
penny
(一銭)
[名]
a small amount of money
しかし、彼らがどんなに悲しげに話をしても、私から一銭も引き出すことはできませんでした。
for either I had no mind to give them anything, or, when I had a mind to do it, I had nothing to give them;
for either
(なぜなら)
[接]
for the reason that
have no mind to
(気がなかった)
[動]
not want to do something
anything
(何か)
[名]
something
when
(そうする気があっても)
[接]
at or during the time that
have a mind to
(そうする気があっても)
[動]
want to do something
have nothing to
(何もなかった)
[動]
not have anything
なぜなら、私は彼らに何かを与える気がなかったか、あるいは、そうする気があっても、彼らに与えるものが何もなかったからです。
and they now know me so well that they will not lose their labour, but let me pass without giving me any trouble, because they hope for nothing—no more, in faith, than if I were a priest;
lose
(無駄にする)
[動]
fail to keep or maintain
hope
(期待する)
[動]
want something to happen or be the case
faith
(信仰)
[名]
a strong belief in the doctrines of a religion, based on spiritual conviction rather than proof
priest
(司祭)
[名]
an ordained minister of the Catholic, Orthodox, or Anglican Church
そして、彼らは今では私のことをよく知っているので、労力を無駄にせず、私に迷惑をかけずに通してくれますが、それは彼らが何も期待していないからです。信仰において、私が司祭である場合よりも、それ以上は期待していないからです。
but I would have a law made for sending all these beggars to monasteries, the men to the Benedictines, to be made lay-brothers, and the women to be nuns.’
monastery
(修道院)
[名]
a place where monks live and work
Benedictines
(ベネディクト会)
[名]
a Roman Catholic monastic order
lay-brother
(修道士)
[名]
a man who is a member of a religious order but is not a priest
nun
(修道女)
[名]
a woman who is a member of a religious order
しかし、私はこれらの乞食をすべて修道院に送り、男性はベネディクト会に送り、修道士にし、女性は修道女にするという法律を作りたいと思っています。」
The Cardinal smiled, and approved of it in jest, but the rest liked it in earnest.
smile
(微笑む)
[動]
to form a smile
approve
(承認する)
[動]
to have or express a favorable opinion of
earnest
(真面目)
[形]
characterized by or proceeding from an intense and serious state of mind
枢機卿は微笑んで、それを冗談で承認したが、残りの人々はそれを真面目に気に入った。
There was a divine present, who, though he was a grave morose man, yet he was so pleased with this reflection that was made on the priests and the monks that he began to play with the Fool, and said to him, ‘This will not deliver you from all beggars, except you take care of us Friars.’
present
(贈り物)
[名]
a gift
grave
(墓場の)
[形]
of or relating to a grave
reflection
(反省)
[名]
the result of meditation or serious thought
monk
(修道士)
[名]
a member of a religious order that usually takes vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience
deliver
(救う)
[動]
save or rescue
神聖な贈り物があったが、彼は墓場の不機嫌な男だったが、司祭や修道士にされたこの反省にとても満足していたので、彼は愚か者と遊び始め、彼に言った、「これはあなたをすべての乞食から救うわけではない、あなたは私たち修道士の世話をする以外は。」
‘That is done already,’ answered the Fool, ‘for the Cardinal has provided for you by what he proposed for restraining vagabonds and setting them to work, for I know no vagabonds like you.’
That is done already
(それはもう済んでいる)
[句]
that has already been done
Fool
(道化)
[名]
a person who is foolish or stupid
provided
(準備した)
[動]
make available for use; supply
restraining
(抑制する)
[動]
prevent the development, action, or expression of
setting
(働かせる)
[動]
put into a specified state
「それはもう済んでいる」と道化は答えた、「枢機卿は放浪者を抑制して働かせるために提案したことであなたのために準備をしてくれた、私はあなたのような放浪者を知らないからだ。」
This was well entertained by the whole company, who, looking at the Cardinal, perceived that he was not ill-pleased at it;
be well entertained
(大いに受ける)
[動]
be greatly amused
whole company
(一同)
[名]
all the people in a group
look at
(見る)
[動]
direct one's gaze toward
perceive
(わかる)
[動]
become aware or conscious of
be ill-pleased
(不快に思う)
[動]
be displeased or dissatisfied
これは一同に大いに受け、枢機卿を見ると、彼がそれを不快に思っていないことがわかった。
only the Friar himself was vexed, as may be easily imagined, and fell into such a passion that he could not forbear railing at the Fool, and calling him knave, slanderer, backbiter, and son of perdition, and then cited some dreadful threatenings out of the Scriptures against him.
Friar
(修道士)
[名]
a member of a religious order of men
vexed
(腹を立てる)
[動]
to annoy or bother
fall into
(陥る)
[動]
to become involved in or affected by
passion
(激情)
[名]
a strong feeling or emotion
forbear
(我慢する)
[動]
to refrain from doing something
railing
(なじる)
[動]
to criticize or complain about someone or something in a very angry way
knave
(悪党)
[名]
a dishonest or unscrupulous man
slanderer
(中傷者)
[名]
a person who makes false and damaging statements about someone
backbiter
(陰口を叩く者)
[名]
a person who says unpleasant things about someone when they are not present
son of perdition
(滅びの子)
[名]
a person who is doomed to destruction
cite
(引用する)
[動]
to mention or refer to something as evidence or proof
threatening
(脅迫)
[名]
a statement or action that expresses an intention to cause harm to someone
Scripture
(聖書)
[名]
the sacred writings of Christianity contained in the Old Testament and the New Testament
想像に難くないことだが、修道士だけが腹を立て、道化をなじり、悪党、中傷者、陰口を叩く者、滅びの子と呼び、聖書から彼に対する恐ろしい脅迫を引用せずにはいられないほど激昂した。
Now the Jester thought he was in his element, and laid about him freely.
element
(本領)
[名]
a situation in which one feels comfortable
lay about
(扱う)
[動]
to hit someone or something repeatedly
freely
(自由に)
[副]
without restriction or limitation
道化師は、彼が自分の本領を発揮していると思い、彼を自由に扱った。
‘Good Friar,’ said he, ‘be not angry, for it is written, “In patience possess your soul.”’
Good Friar
(良い修道士)
[名]
a member of a religious order who lives in a monastery
be angry
(怒る)
[動]
feel or show anger
it is written
(書いてある)
[動]
be written
possess
(保つ)
[動]
have as belonging to one; own
「良い修道士よ」と彼は言った、「怒ってはいけない、「忍耐して魂を保て」と書いてある。」
The Friar answered (for I shall give you his own words), ‘I am not angry, you hangman;
hangman
(絞首刑執行人)
[名]
a person who hangs people as a form of capital punishment
修道士は答えた(彼自身の言葉をあげよう)、私は怒っていない、この絞首刑執行人め。
at least, I do not sin in it, for the Psalmist says, “Be ye angry and sin not.”’
sin
(罪)
[名]
an immoral act considered to be a transgression against divine law
Psalmist
(詩篇作者)
[名]
the author of the Book of Psalms
少なくとも、私はそれで罪を犯していない、詩篇作者は「怒れ、しかし罪を犯すな」と言っている。
Upon this the Cardinal admonished him gently, and wished him to govern his passions.
admonish
(諭す)
[動]
to warn or reprimand someone firmly but kindly
govern
(抑える)
[動]
to rule or control
すると枢機卿は彼を優しく諭し、彼が自分の情熱を抑えてくれることを望んだ。
‘No, my lord,’ said he, ‘I speak not but from a good zeal, which I ought to have, for holy men have had a good zeal, as it is said, “The zeal of thy house hath eaten me up;” and we sing in our church that those who mocked Elisha as he went up to the house of God felt the effects of his zeal, which that mocker, that rogue, that scoundrel, will perhaps feel.’
No
(いいえ)
[間]
a negative response
my lord
(私の主よ)
[名]
a title used to address a British nobleman
good zeal
(善い熱意)
[名]
a strong feeling of interest and enthusiasm that makes someone very eager or determined to do something
holy man
(聖人)
[名]
a person who is recognized as having lived a particularly good and holy life
have had
(持っていました)
[動]
have something in the past
as it is said
(言われているように)
[句]
as people say
zeal
(熱意)
[名]
a strong feeling of interest and enthusiasm that makes someone very eager or determined to do something
eat up
(食べ尽くす)
[動]
eat all of something
mock
(嘲笑う)
[動]
laugh at someone or something in a cruel or unkind way
go up
(上がる)
[動]
move to a higher position
house of God
(神の家)
[名]
a place of worship for Christians, Jews, or Muslims
feel
(感じる)
[動]
be aware of something through one of the senses
effect
(影響)
[名]
a change that is caused by something
mocker
(嘲笑者)
[名]
someone who mocks
rogue
(悪党)
[名]
a dishonest or unprincipled man
scoundrel
(悪党)
[名]
a dishonest or unprincipled man
「いいえ、私の主よ」と彼は言った、「私は私が持つべき善い熱意からしか話しません、聖人は善い熱意を持っていたからです、「あなたの家の熱意が私を食べ尽くしました」と言われています、そして私たちは教会で、エリシャが神の家に行くときに彼を嘲笑した人々は彼の熱意の影響を感じたと歌っています、その嘲笑者、その悪党、その悪党はおそらく感じるでしょう。」
‘You do this, perhaps, with a good intention,’ said the Cardinal, ‘but, in my opinion, it were wiser in you, and perhaps better for you, not to engage in so ridiculous a contest with a Fool.’
good intention
(善意)
[名]
a kind intention
「あなたはおそらく善意でこれをしているのでしょう」と枢機卿は言った、「しかし、私の意見では、愚か者とそのようなばかげた争いをしない方が賢明であり、おそらくあなたにとってより良いでしょう。」
‘No, my lord,’ answered he, ‘that were not wisely done, for Solomon, the wisest of men, said, “Answer a Fool according to his folly,” which I now do, and show him the ditch into which he will fall, if he is not aware of it;
Solomon
(ソロモン)
[名]
the third king of Israel
wisest
(最も賢い)
[形]
having or showing great wisdom
men
(人類)
[名]
human beings in general or considered collectively
Answer
(答えよ)
[動]
say something in reply
ditch
(溝)
[名]
a long, narrow channel dug in the earth
fall
(落ちる)
[動]
move from a higher to a lower position
aware
(気づく)
[形]
having knowledge; conscious
「いいえ、私の主よ」と彼は答えた、「それは賢明なことではありませんでした、なぜなら人類で最も賢いソロモンは「愚か者にはその愚かさに従って答えよ」と言いました、私は今それを行っており、彼が気づいていなければ彼が落ちる溝を彼に示しています。
for if the many mockers of Elisha, who was but one bald man, felt the effect of his zeal, what will become of the mocker of so many Friars, among whom there are so many bald men?
mocker
(嘲笑した者)
[名]
a person who mocks
Elisha
(エリシャ)
[名]
a prophet in the Hebrew Bible
bald
(ハゲ)
[形]
having a scalp wholly or partly lacking hair
so many
(非常に多い)
[形]
a large number of
Friars
(修道士)
[名]
a member of a religious order of men
there are
(いる)
[動]
be or exist
なぜなら、ただ一人のハゲ男であったエリシャを嘲笑した多くの者が彼の熱意の影響を感じたのであれば、ハゲ男が非常に多い非常に多くの修道士を嘲笑した者はどうなるだろうか?
We have, likewise, a bull, by which all that jeer us are excommunicated.’
bull
(教皇勅書)
[名]
a letter from the pope
jeer
(嘲笑する)
[動]
to make fun of or laugh at in a rude or mocking way
excommunicate
(破門する)
[動]
to exclude from the church
同様に、私たちには教皇勅書があり、それによって私たちを嘲笑する者はすべて破門されます。」
When the Cardinal saw that there was no end of this matter he made a sign to the Fool to withdraw, turned the discourse another way, and soon after rose from the table, and, dismissing us, went to hear causes.
make a sign
(合図する)
[動]
to make a gesture or movement that conveys a meaning
withdraw
(退出する)
[動]
to remove oneself from a place or situation
turn
(向ける)
[動]
to change direction
rise
(立ち上がる)
[動]
to get up from a sitting or lying position
dismiss
(解散させる)
[動]
to send away or cause to disperse
枢機卿はこの問題に終わりがないことを見て、道化に退出するよう合図し、話題を別の方向に向け、すぐにテーブルから立ち上がり、私たちを解散させて、原因を聞きに行った。
“Do not you think that if I were about any king, proposing good laws to him, and endeavouring to root out all the cursed seeds of evil that I found in him, I should either be turned out of his court, or, at least, be laughed at for my pains?
about
(側近)
[前]
in the area or vicinity of
root out
(根絶する)
[動]
to get rid of something completely
turn out
(追い出される)
[動]
to be found to be
be laughed at
(笑われる)
[動]
to be ridiculed or mocked
「もし私が王の側近で、彼に良い法律を提案し、彼の中に見つけた悪の呪われた種をすべて根絶しようとしたら、私は彼の宮廷から追い出されるか、少なくとも私の苦労を笑われるだろうと思いませんか?
For instance, what could I signify if I were about the King of France, and were called into his cabinet council, where several wise men, in his hearing, were proposing many expedients;
for instance
(例えば)
[副]
as an example
King of France
(フランス国王)
[名]
the head of state of France
cabinet council
(内閣会議)
[名]
a meeting of the cabinet
hearing
(聴聞会)
[名]
a meeting of a court or other tribunal to hear evidence and decide on a case
expedient
(方策)
[名]
a means of achieving a particular end
例えば、私がフランス国王の側近で、彼の聴聞会で何人かの賢者が多くの方策を提案している彼の内閣会議に呼ばれたとしたら、私は何を意味するでしょうか。
as, by what arts and practices Milan may be kept, and Naples, that has so often slipped out of their hands, recovered;
Milan
(ミラノ)
[名]
a city in northern Italy
Naples
(ナポリ)
[名]
a city in southern Italy
slip
(滑り落ちる)
[動]
move or cause to move smoothly and quickly
hand
(手)
[名]
the end of a person's arm beyond the wrist, including the palm, fingers, and thumb
どのような芸術や慣行によってミラノを維持し、ナポリを何度も手から滑り落ちたナポリを取り戻すことができるかなどです。
how the Venetians, and after them the rest of Italy, may be subdued;
Venetian
(ヴェネツィア人)
[名]
a native or inhabitant of Venice
Italy
(イタリア)
[名]
a republic in southern Europe
subdue
(征服する)
[動]
overcome and bring under control by military force
ヴェネツィア人、そしてその後イタリアの残りの部分をどのように征服できるかなどです。
and then how Flanders, Brabant, and all Burgundy, and some other kingdoms which he has swallowed already in his designs, may be added to his empire?
Flanders
(フランダース)
[名]
a region in northern Belgium
Brabant
(ブラバント)
[名]
a region in central Belgium
Burgundy
(ブルゴーニュ)
[名]
a region in eastern France
empire
(帝国)
[名]
a group of countries or states under the control of one ruler
そして、どのようにフランダース、ブラバント、ブルゴーニュ、そして彼がすでに彼のデザインで飲み込んだ他のいくつかの王国を彼の帝国に加えることができるかなどです。
One proposes a league with the Venetians, to be kept as long as he finds his account in it, and that he ought to communicate counsels with them, and give them some share of the spoil till his success makes him need or fear them less, and then it will be easily taken out of their hands;
league
(同盟)
[名]
a group of people or countries that have joined together for a particular purpose
communicate
(伝える)
[動]
share or exchange information
spoil
(戦利品)
[名]
property or goods taken from an enemy in war
need
(必要とする)
[動]
require (something) because it is essential or very important
ある人はヴェネツィア人との同盟を提案し、彼がその中で自分の説明を見つけるまで維持し、彼は彼らと助言を伝え、彼の成功が彼を必要とするか、彼らをあまり恐れなくなるまで、彼らに戦利品の一部を与えるべきであり、そしてそれは彼らの手から簡単に取り出されるでしょう。
another proposes the hiring the Germans and the securing the Switzers by pensions;
another
(別の人)
[名]
a different person
German
(ドイツ人)
[名]
a native or inhabitant of Germany
secure
(保護する)
[動]
make safe; protect
Swiss
(スイス人)
[名]
a native or inhabitant of Switzerland
別の人はドイツ人を雇い、年金でスイス人を保護することを提案しています。
another proposes the gaining the Emperor by money, which is omnipotent with him;
gain
(獲得する)
[動]
obtain or secure
omnipotent
(全能)
[形]
having unlimited power
emperor
(皇帝)
[名]
the sovereign ruler of an empire
別の人は、彼にとって全能であるお金で皇帝を獲得することを提案しています。
another proposes a peace with the King of Arragon, and, in order to cement it, the yielding up the King of Navarre’s pretensions;
King of Arragon
(アラゴン王)
[名]
the ruler of the Kingdom of Aragon
cement
(固める)
[動]
to make something stronger or more solid
yield
(放棄する)
[動]
to give up something
King of Navarre
(ナバラ王)
[名]
the ruler of the Kingdom of Navarre
pretension
(要求)
[名]
a claim or assertion of a right or title
別の人はアラゴン王との和平を提案し、それを固めるためにナバラ王の要求を放棄します。
another thinks that the Prince of Castile is to be wrought on by the hope of an alliance, and that some of his courtiers are to be gained to the French faction by pensions.
Prince of Castile
(カスティーリャの王子)
[名]
the heir apparent to the throne of Castile
be wrought on
(鍛えられる)
[動]
be worked on
hope
(希望)
[名]
a feeling of expectation and desire for something to happen
be gained
(獲得される)
[動]
be obtained
French
(フランスの)
[形]
of or relating to France or its people or language
faction
(派閥)
[名]
a group of people forming a cohesive minority within a larger group
別の人は、カスティーリャの王子は同盟の希望によって鍛えられるべきであり、彼の廷臣の一部は年金によってフランスの派閥に獲得されるべきであると考えています。
The hardest point of all is, what to do with England;
the hardest point
(最も難しい点)
[名]
the most difficult thing
最も難しいのは、イギリスをどうするかということです。
a treaty of peace is to be set on foot, and, if their alliance is not to be depended on, yet it is to be made as firm as possible, and they are to be called friends, but suspected as enemies:
treaty
(条約)
[名]
a formal agreement between two or more states or international organizations
set on foot
(結ぶ)
[動]
to start or initiate
firm
(強固)
[形]
strong or solid
enemy
(敵)
[名]
a person who is actively opposed or hostile to someone or something
和平条約を結び、彼らの同盟に頼ることができない場合でも、可能な限り強固なものにし、彼らを友人と呼びながらも敵として疑うべきである。
therefore the Scots are to be kept in readiness to be let loose upon England on every occasion;
therefore
(そのため)
[副]
for that reason; consequently
Scot
(スコットランド人)
[名]
a native or inhabitant of Scotland
be to be
(であるべきだ)
[助]
be obliged or required to
keep
(整えておく)
[動]
cause to remain in a specified state
be let loose
(放たれる)
[動]
be allowed to move freely
そのため、スコットランド人はあらゆる機会にイギリスに放たれる準備を整えておくべきである。
and some banished nobleman is to be supported underhand (for by the League it cannot be done avowedly) who has a pretension to the crown, by which means that suspected prince may be kept in awe.
banished
(追放された)
[形]
sent away from a country or place as a punishment
be to be
(される)
[助]
be going to be
supported
(支援される)
[動]
give assistance to, especially financially
underhand
(密かに)
[形]
done in a secret or dishonest way
by
(によって)
[前]
next to; beside
the League
(同盟)
[名]
a group of people, countries, or organizations that have joined together for a particular purpose
cannot be done
(できない)
[動]
be unable to be done
avowedly
(公然と)
[副]
openly and without shame
who
(誰)
[代]
the person previously mentioned
has
(持つ)
[動]
have or possess
a pretension
(狙い)
[名]
a claim or aspiration to something
to
(に)
[前]
used to indicate a direction
the crown
(王位)
[名]
the position or authority of a king or queen
that
(その)
[限]
the person or thing previously mentioned
suspected
(疑わしい)
[形]
doubtful; questionable
may be kept
(抱かせることができる)
[動]
be able to be kept
in awe
(畏敬の念を)
[名]
a feeling of respect and admiration mixed with fear
そして、王位を狙う追放された貴族を密かに支援し(同盟によって公然と行うことはできない)、それによって疑わしい王子を畏敬の念を抱かせることができる。
Now when things are in so great a fermentation, and so many gallant men are joining counsels how to carry on the war, if so mean a man as I should stand up and wish them to change all their counsels—to let Italy alone and stay at home, since the kingdom of France was indeed greater than could be well governed by one man;
fermentation
(混乱)
[名]
a state of confusion or agitation
gallant
(勇敢な)
[形]
brave; heroic
carry on
(遂行する)
[動]
continue doing something
mean
(卑劣な)
[形]
unkind or unfair
stand up
(立ち上がる)
[動]
rise to a standing position
wish
(願う)
[動]
want something to happen or be the case
let alone
(放っておく)
[動]
not to mention; much less
stay
(いる)
[動]
be in a place
indeed
(確かに)
[副]
really; truly; certainly
greater
(大きい)
[形]
of a size that is more than average or usual
事態がこれほどまでに混乱し、多くの勇敢な男たちが戦争を遂行するための協議に参加している今、私のような卑劣な男が立ち上がって、彼らにすべての協議を変えてほしいと願うならば、イタリアを放っておいて、フランス王国は確かに一人の男がうまく統治できるよりも大きかったので、家にいてください。
that therefore he ought not to think of adding others to it;
ought
(すべき)
[助]
should
add
(加える)
[動]
join or combine two or more things together
だから、彼はそれに他のものを加えることを考慮すべきではない。
and if, after this, I should propose to them the resolutions of the Achorians, a people that lie on the south-east of Utopia, who long ago engaged in war in order to add to the dominions of their prince another kingdom, to which he had some pretensions by an ancient alliance:
after this
(この後)
[副]
after this time
resolution
(決議)
[名]
a firm decision to do or not to do something
south-east
(南東)
[名]
the direction midway between south and east
long ago
(ずっと昔)
[副]
in the distant past
dominion
(支配)
[名]
supreme authority
ancient
(古代)
[形]
belonging to the very distant past
そして、この後、私が彼らに、ユートピアの南東に位置するアコリア人の決議を提案するとしたら、彼らはずっと昔、彼らの王子の支配に別の王国を加えるために戦争に従事していたが、彼は古代の同盟によっていくつかの要求をしていた。
this they conquered, but found that the trouble of keeping it was equal to that by which it was gained;
conquer
(征服する)
[動]
overcome and take control of a country or area by force
find
(気づく)
[動]
become aware of
keep
(維持する)
[動]
continue to have or do something
彼らはこれを征服したが、それを維持する苦労はそれを獲得するのに等しいことに気づいた。
that the conquered people were always either in rebellion or exposed to foreign invasions, while they were obliged to be incessantly at war, either for or against them, and consequently could never disband their army;
exposed
(さらされる)
[動]
make (something) visible, accessible, or known
foreign
(外国の)
[形]
of, from, in, or characteristic of a country or language other than one's own
obliged
(義務付けられる)
[動]
make (someone) legally or morally bound to an action or course of action
incessantly
(絶えず)
[副]
without interruption; continuously
disband
(解散する)
[動]
(with reference to an organized group) break up or cause to break up and disperse
征服された人々は常に反乱を起こすか、外国の侵略にさらされていたが、彼らは彼らのために、あるいは彼らに反対して、絶えず戦争をしなければならず、その結果、彼らの軍隊を解散させることはできなかった。
that in the meantime they were oppressed with taxes, their money went out of the kingdom, their blood was spilt for the glory of their king without procuring the least advantage to the people, who received not the smallest benefit from it even in time of peace;
in the meantime
(その間に)
[副]
during the intervening period of time
oppress
(圧迫する)
[動]
keep down by unjust use of force or authority
tax
(税金)
[名]
a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions
go out of
(出て行く)
[動]
leave a place
glory
(栄光)
[名]
high renown or honor won by notable achievements
その間に彼らは税金で圧迫され、彼らのお金は王国から出て行き、彼らの血は王の栄光のために流され、人々にはわずかな利益ももたらさず、平和な時でさえそれからわずかな利益も受けなかった。
and that, their manners being corrupted by a long war, robbery and murders everywhere abounded, and their laws fell into contempt;
long war
(長い戦争)
[名]
a war that lasts a long time
everywhere
(至る所)
[副]
in all places or in every part
abound
(横行する)
[動]
be plentiful or very common
contempt
(軽蔑)
[名]
the act of despising
そして、彼らの風習は長い戦争によって堕落し、強盗や殺人が至る所で横行し、彼らの法律は軽蔑された。
while their king, distracted with the care of two kingdoms, was the less able to apply his mind to the interest of either.
distract
(気を取られる)
[動]
to cause to turn away from the original focus of attention or interest
care
(世話)
[名]
the provision of what is necessary for the health, welfare, maintenance, and protection of someone or something
two
(二つの)
[形]
one more than one
apply
(向ける)
[動]
to put or spread on the surface of
その一方で、彼らの王は二つの王国の世話に気を取られ、どちらの利益にも心を向けることができなかった。
When they saw this, and that there would be no end to these evils, they by joint counsels made an humble address to their king, desiring him to choose which of the two kingdoms he had the greatest mind to keep, since he could not hold both;
there would be no end to
(終わりがない)
[動]
have no end
joint
(共同の)
[形]
done with or shared by two or more people or groups
make an address
(演説を行う)
[動]
give a speech
humble
(謙虚な)
[形]
having or showing a modest or low estimate of one's own importance
desire
(求める)
[動]
strongly wish for or want
choose
(選ぶ)
[動]
pick out or select from a number of alternatives
hold
(保持する)
[動]
keep in a certain state, position, or relation
彼らはこれを知り、これらの悪に終わりがないことを知ったとき、彼らは共同で王に謙虚な演説を行い、両方を保持することはできないので、どちらの王国を保持したいかを彼に選ぶように求めた。
for they were too great a people to be governed by a divided king, since no man would willingly have a groom that should be in common between him and another.
too great
(偉大すぎる)
[形]
very great
be governed
(支配される)
[動]
be ruled or controlled
divided
(分断された)
[形]
separated into parts
no man
(誰も)
[名]
no person
groom
(花婿)
[名]
a man who is about to be married
common
(共通の)
[形]
belonging to or shared by two or more parties
彼らは分断された王に支配されるには偉大すぎる人々だった。なぜなら、誰も自分と他人の間で共通の花婿を喜んで持とうとはしないからだ。
Upon which the good prince was forced to quit his new kingdom to one of his friends (who was not long after dethroned), and to be contented with his old one.
upon which
(その結果)
[接]
as a result of which
force
(余儀なくされる)
[動]
make someone do something against their will
quit
(譲る)
[動]
leave a place
new
(新しい)
[形]
recently created or having come into existence
dethrone
(退位)
[動]
remove from a throne
その結果、善良な王子は新しい王国を友人の一人(退位後間もなく)に譲り、古い王国に満足することを余儀なくされた。
To this I would add that after all those warlike attempts, the vast confusions, and the consumption both of treasure and of people that must follow them, perhaps upon some misfortune they might be forced to throw up all at last;
those
(それらの)
[限]
the ones mentioned
warlike
(戦争のような)
[形]
involving fighting or violence
confusion
(混乱)
[名]
lack of understanding; uncertainty
consumption
(消費)
[名]
the using up of a resource
treasure
(宝物)
[名]
a quantity of precious metals or gems
throw up
(投げ捨てる)
[動]
vomit
これに加えて、これらすべての戦争の試み、大混乱、そして彼らに従わなければならない宝物と人々の消費の後、おそらくいくつかの不幸の上に、彼らはついにすべてを投げ捨てることを余儀なくされるかもしれない。
therefore it seemed much more eligible that the king should improve his ancient kingdom all he could, and make it flourish as much as possible;
much more
(はるかに)
[副]
to a much greater extent
eligible
(適格な)
[形]
having the right to do or obtain something
improve
(改善する)
[動]
make or become better
all
(できる限り)
[副]
as much as possible
flourish
(繁栄する)
[動]
grow or develop in a healthy or vigorous way
したがって、王が古代王国をできる限り改善し、可能な限り繁栄させることがはるかに適格であるように思われた。
that he should love his people, and be beloved of them;
be beloved of
(愛される)
[動]
be loved by
彼は自分の民を愛し、彼らに愛されるべきだ。
that he should live among them, govern them gently and let other kingdoms alone, since that which had fallen to his share was big enough, if not too big, for him:—pray, how do you think would such a speech as this be heard?”
live among
(住む)
[動]
to have as one's home
fall to one's share
(分け前になる)
[動]
to become one's portion or lot
big
(大きい)
[形]
of great size or extent
pray
(祈る)
[動]
to address God or a god with adoration, confession, supplication, or thanksgiving
how do you think
(どのように思う)
[動]
to have an opinion about something
such a speech as this
(このようなスピーチ)
[名]
a speech of this kind
be heard
(聞こえる)
[動]
to be perceived by the ear
彼は彼らの間に住み、彼らを優しく統治し、他の王国を放っておくべきだ、なぜなら彼の分け前になったものは彼にとって大きすぎるわけではないにしても十分に大きかったからだ。祈れ、このようなスピーチがどのように聞こえると思うか?」
“But what,” said he, “if I should sort with another kind of ministers, whose chief contrivances and consultations were by what art the prince’s treasures might be increased?
sort with
(組む)
[動]
to be in a group with
contrivance
(工夫)
[名]
a device or an object that is cleverly and originally designed
consultation
(協議)
[名]
the action or process of formally discussing something with someone
「しかし、もし私が別の種類の大臣と組んだらどうなるだろう、彼らの主な工夫や協議は、どのような芸術によって王子の宝を増やすことができるかということだった。
where one proposes raising the value of specie when the king’s debts are large, and lowering it when his revenues were to come in, that so he might both pay much with a little, and in a little receive a great deal.
raise
(上げる)
[動]
increase the amount, value, or strength of
value
(価値)
[名]
the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something
specie
(金貨)
[名]
money in the form of coins
debt
(借金)
[名]
something, typically money, that is owed or due
large
(大きい)
[形]
of considerable or relatively great size, extent, or capacity
lower
(下げる)
[動]
move or cause to move to a lower position
come in
(入ってくる)
[動]
arrive or be received
receive
(受け取る)
[動]
be given, presented with, or paid
a great deal
(多く)
[名]
a large amount or extent
王の借金が大きいときには金貨の価値を上げ、収入が入ってくるときには金貨の価値を下げて、少しで多くを支払い、少しで多くを受け取ることができるようにすることを提案する。
Another proposes a pretence of a war, that money might be raised in order to carry it on, and that a peace be concluded as soon as that was done;
pretence
(口実)
[名]
a false appearance or action intended to deceive
raise
(調達する)
[動]
collect or cause to be collected
conclude
(結ぶ)
[動]
bring to an end
別の人は戦争の口実を提案し、それを遂行するために資金を調達し、それが完了したらすぐに和平を結ぶことを提案する。
and this with such appearances of religion as might work on the people, and make them impute it to the piety of their prince, and to his tenderness for the lives of his subjects.
work on
(働きかける)
[動]
try to persuade or influence
subject
(臣下)
[名]
a person who owes allegiance to a monarch or other sovereign
そして、これは人々に働きかけ、彼らがそれを彼らの王子の信心深さと彼の臣下たちの命に対する優しさに帰するような宗教の外観を伴っている。
A third offers some old musty laws that have been antiquated by a long disuse (and which, as they had been forgotten by all the subjects, so they had also been broken by them), and proposes the levying the penalties of these laws, that, as it would bring in a vast treasure, so there might be a very good pretence for it, since it would look like the executing a law and the doing of justice.
third
(三人目)
[名]
the ordinal number of three
offer
(提示する)
[動]
present for consideration, discussion, or use
musty
(カビの生えた)
[形]
having a stale or moldy smell
disuse
(使われない)
[名]
the state of not being used
antiquated
(時代遅れ)
[形]
too old to be useful or fashionable
levy
(徴収する)
[動]
impose or collect (a tax, fee, or fine)
penalty
(罰金)
[名]
a punishment imposed for breaking a law, rule, or contract
bring in
(もたらす)
[動]
cause to come or be taken in
there might be
(あるかもしれない)
[動]
be possible or likely
very good
(非常に良い)
[形]
of a high standard; very satisfactory
三人目は、長い間使われずに時代遅れになった古いカビの生えた法律(すべての臣下によって忘れ去られていたため、彼らによって破られていた)を提示し、これらの法律の罰金を徴収することを提案する。それは莫大な宝をもたらすので、法律を執行し、正義を行うように見えるので、それには非常に良い口実があるかもしれない。
A fourth proposes the prohibiting of many things under severe penalties, especially such as were against the interest of the people, and then the dispensing with these prohibitions, upon great compositions, to those who might find their advantage in breaking them.
fourth
(四人目)
[名]
the ordinal number of four
prohibit
(禁止する)
[動]
formally or legally forbid
四人目は、厳しい罰則の下で多くのことを禁止すること、特に人々の利益に反することを禁止し、それからこれらの禁止を、それらを破ることで利益を得るかもしれない人々に、大作曲の上で免除することを提案する。
This would serve two ends, both of them acceptable to many;
serve
(果たす)
[動]
to be used for a particular purpose
two
(2つの)
[形]
being one more than one
end
(目的)
[名]
the final part of something
both
(どちらも)
[形]
the two people or things mentioned
これは2つの目的を果たすだろうが、どちらも多くの人に受け入れられる。
for as those whose avarice led them to transgress would be severely fined, so the selling licences dear would look as if a prince were tender of his people, and would not easily, or at low rates, dispense with anything that might be against the public good.
lead
(駆る)
[動]
cause to go in a specified direction
transgress
(違反する)
[動]
go beyond the limits of
severely
(厳しく)
[副]
to a great degree
fine
(罰する)
[動]
punish by a fine
selling licence
(販売許可証)
[名]
a document that gives official permission to sell something
look as if
(~のように見える)
[動]
appear to be
tender
(優しく扱う)
[動]
treat with care
low rate
(低料金)
[名]
a price that is below average
dispense with
(免除する)
[動]
do without
public good
(公共の利益)
[名]
something that benefits the public
貪欲に駆られて違反した者は厳しく罰せられるので、高額で販売許可証を販売することは、王子が国民を優しく扱っているように見え、公共の利益に反する可能性のあるものを簡単に、または低料金で免除することはできない。
Another proposes that the judges must be made sure, that they may declare always in favour of the prerogative;
judge
(裁判官)
[名]
a public official who hears and decides cases in a court of law
make sure
(確実にする)
[動]
ensure that something will happen or that something is done
declare
(宣言する)
[動]
make a formal or explicit statement about something
favour
(賛成する)
[名]
an act of kindness beyond what is usual or expected
prerogative
(特権)
[名]
a right or privilege exclusive to one person or group
別の人は、裁判官は常に特権に賛成であると宣言できるように、裁判官を確実にしなければならないと提案する。
that they must be often sent for to court, that the king may hear them argue those points in which he is concerned;
be sent for
(送られる)
[動]
be summoned
court
(法廷)
[名]
a place where legal disputes are settled
argue
(議論する)
[動]
exchange diverging or opposite views, typically in a heated or angry way
彼らはしばしば法廷に送られ、王は彼らが彼が関係しているそれらの点を議論するのを聞くことができる。
since, how unjust soever any of his pretensions may be, yet still some one or other of them, either out of contradiction to others, or the pride of singularity, or to make their court, would find out some pretence or other to give the king a fair colour to carry the point.
pretension
(ふり)
[名]
a claim to something
contradiction
(矛盾)
[名]
a statement or proposition that contradicts or denies another or itself and is logically incongruous
singularity
(特異性)
[名]
the state or fact of being singular
find out
(見つける)
[動]
discover or notice
彼のふりをするどんなことがどれほど不当であっても、それでも彼らの誰かが、他人と矛盾したり、特異性のプライドから、あるいは彼らの法廷を作るために、王にポイントを運ぶための公正な色を与えるために、何らかのふりを見つけるだろう。
For if the judges but differ in opinion, the clearest thing in the world is made by that means disputable, and truth being once brought in question, the king may then take advantage to expound the law for his own profit;
differ
(異なる)
[動]
be unlike or dissimilar
clear
(明確な)
[形]
easy to understand; intelligible
means
(手段)
[名]
a method, style, or manner of doing something
disputable
(議論の的)
[形]
open to question or debate
truth
(真実)
[名]
the quality or state of being true
take advantage
(機会を得る)
[動]
make good use of
expound
(解説する)
[動]
explain or interpret in detail
profit
(利益)
[名]
a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
裁判官が意見を異にするならば、世界で最も明確なことはその手段によって議論の的となり、真実が一度問題にされると、王は自分の利益のために法律を解説する機会を得るかもしれない。
while the judges that stand out will be brought over, either through fear or modesty;
stand out
(目立つ)
[動]
be noticeable or prominent
bring over
(引き継ぐ)
[動]
persuade to change sides or positions
目立つ裁判官は恐怖や謙虚さによって引き継がれるだろう。
and they being thus gained, all of them may be sent to the Bench to give sentence boldly as the king would have it;
all of them
(彼ら全員)
[名]
the whole group of people or things
be sent
(送られる)
[動]
be taken or directed to a destination; be dispatched
Bench
(裁判官席)
[名]
the seat occupied by a judge or judges in a court
give sentence
(判決を下す)
[動]
pronounce a sentence on
boldly
(大胆に)
[副]
in a confident and courageous manner
そして、彼らがこのように獲得されると、彼ら全員が王が望むように大胆に判決を下すために裁判官席に送られるかもしれない。
for fair pretences will never be wanting when sentence is to be given in the prince’s favour.
fair
(公正な)
[形]
just or impartial
pretence
(ふり)
[名]
an act of pretending
sentence
(判決)
[名]
a decision of a court of law
give
(下される)
[動]
cause to be received
王子の好意で判決が下されるとき、公正なふりをすることは決して望ましくないだろう。
It will either be said that equity lies of his side, or some words in the law will be found sounding that way, or some forced sense will be put on them;
equity
(公平性)
[名]
the difference between the value of a property and the amount of any outstanding mortgages or other liens on the property
lie
(ある)
[動]
be in a specified state or condition
side
(側)
[名]
a position to the left or right of an object, place, or central point
sound
(聞こえる)
[動]
be perceived or understood
forced
(強制的な)
[形]
done or produced with effort or against one's will
sense
(意味)
[名]
a meaning that is conveyed or intended
公平性が彼の側にあると言われるか、法律の中のいくつかの言葉がそのように聞こえるか、またはいくつかの強制的な意味がそれらに置かれるだろう。
and, when all other things fail, the king’s undoubted prerogative will be pretended, as that which is above all law, and to which a religious judge ought to have a special regard.
undoubted
(疑いのない)
[形]
certain; not questioned
pretend
(偽装する)
[動]
to give a false appearance of
above
(超える)
[前]
at a higher level or position than
religious
(宗教的な)
[形]
relating to or believing in a religion
have a regard
(注意を払う)
[動]
to think carefully about something
そして、他のすべてのことが失敗したとき、王の疑いのない特権は、すべての法律を超えており、宗教的な裁判官が特別な注意を払うべきものとして偽装されるだろう。
Thus all consent to that maxim of Crassus, that a prince cannot have treasure enough, since he must maintain his armies out of it;
consent
(同意する)
[動]
give permission for something to happen
こうして、王子は軍隊を維持しなければならないので、十分な宝を持つことはできないというクラッススの格言にすべてが同意する。
that a king, even though he would, can do nothing unjustly;
even though
(たとえ)
[接]
despite the fact that
would
(そうする)
[助]
be willing to
unjustly
(不正に)
[副]
in an unfair or unjust way
王は、たとえそうしようとも、不正なことは何もできない。
that all property is in him, not excepting the very persons of his subjects;
property
(財産)
[名]
a thing or things belonging to someone
in
(彼のものである)
[前]
belonging to
not excepting
(例外ではない)
[動]
not excluding
very
(まさに)
[副]
in actual fact; really
person
(人々)
[名]
a human being regarded as an individual
すべての財産は彼のものであり、臣下の人々も例外ではない。
and that no man has any other property but that which the king, out of his goodness, thinks fit to leave him.
goodness
(善意)
[名]
the quality of being good
fit
(適当)
[形]
of a suitable quality, standard, or type
そして、王が善意から彼に残すのに適当と考えるもの以外に、誰も他の財産を持っていない。
And they think it is the prince’s interest that there be as little of this left as may be, as if it were his advantage that his people should have neither riches nor liberty, since these things make them less easy and willing to submit to a cruel and unjust government.
riches
(富)
[名]
a great deal of money or valuable possessions
willing
(喜んで)
[形]
ready, eager, or prepared to do something
submit
(服従する)
[動]
accept or yield to a superior force or to the authority or will of another person
そして、彼らは、国民が富も自由も持たないことが彼の利益であるかのように、これができるだけ残されないことが王子の利益であると考えており、これらのことが彼らを残酷で不当な政府に服従することをより困難にし、喜んで服従させないからである。
Whereas necessity and poverty blunts them, makes them patient, beats them down, and breaks that height of spirit that might otherwise dispose them to rebel.
poverty
(貧困)
[名]
the state of being extremely poor
blunt
(鈍らせる)
[動]
make or become less sharp
patient
(忍耐強くさせる)
[形]
able to accept or tolerate delay, problems, or suffering without becoming annoyed or anxious
beat down
(打ちのめす)
[動]
hit someone or something repeatedly and violently
break
(打ち砕く)
[動]
separate into pieces as a result of impact or force
spirit
(精神)
[名]
the nonphysical part of a person that is the seat of emotions and character; the soul
height
(高さ)
[名]
the distance from the top to the bottom of something
dispose
(反逆させようとする)
[動]
make someone likely to behave in a particular manner
rebel
(反逆)
[名]
a person who rises in opposition or armed resistance against an established government or ruler
一方、必要性と貧困は彼らを鈍らせ、忍耐強くさせ、打ちのめし、さもなければ反逆させようとする精神の高さを打ち砕く。
Now what if, after all these propositions were made, I should rise up and assert that such counsels were both unbecoming a king and mischievous to him;
these
(これらの)
[限]
the ones mentioned
proposition
(提案)
[名]
a statement or assertion that something is true
be made
(行われた)
[動]
be produced or created
rise up
(立ち上がる)
[動]
get up from a sitting or lying position
assert
(主張する)
[動]
state a fact or belief confidently and forcefully
unbecoming
(ふさわしくない)
[形]
inappropriate or unsuitable
mischievous
(有害)
[形]
causing or intending to cause harm or trouble
さて、これらの提案がすべて行われた後、私が立ち上がって、そのような助言は王にふさわしくなく、彼にとって有害であると主張したらどうなるだろうか。
and that not only his honour, but his safety, consisted more in his people’s wealth than in his own;
safety
(安全)
[名]
the condition of being protected from or unlikely to cause danger, risk, or injury
consist
(ある)
[動]
be composed or made up of
wealth
(富)
[名]
a great quantity of money or valuable possessions
そして、彼の名誉だけでなく、彼の安全も、彼自身の富よりも彼の民の富にある。
if I should show that they choose a king for their own sake, and not for his;
sake
(利益)
[名]
benefit or advantage
their own
(自分たちの)
[代]
belonging to or connected with the people or things previously mentioned
もし私が、彼らが王のためにではなく、自分たちの利益のために王を選んだことを示したらどうなるだろうか。
that, by his care and endeavours, they may be both easy and safe;
endeavour
(努力)
[名]
a serious attempt to achieve something
easy
(安楽)
[形]
achieved without great effort; presenting few difficulties
彼の配慮と努力によって、彼らは安楽で安全である。
and that, therefore, a prince ought to take more care of his people’s happiness than of his own, as a shepherd is to take more care of his flock than of himself?
だから、羊飼いが自分よりも羊の群れの世話をするように、君主は自分の幸福よりも国民の幸福を大切にすべきだ。
It is also certain that they are much mistaken that think the poverty of a nation is a means of the public safety.
国民の貧困が公共の安全の手段であると考えるのは、大きな間違いであることも確かである。
Who quarrel more than beggars?
quarrel
(喧嘩をする)
[動]
argue angrily
乞食よりも喧嘩をする人がいるだろうか。
who does more earnestly long for a change than he that is uneasy in his present circumstances?
earnestly
(切望している)
[副]
in a serious manner
long for
(望んでいる)
[動]
to wish for something
uneasy
(不安を抱いている)
[形]
not feeling comfortable or relaxed
circumstance
(状況)
[名]
a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action
現在の状況に不安を抱いている人よりも、変化を切望している人がいるだろうか。
and who run to create confusions with so desperate a boldness as those who, having nothing to lose, hope to gain by them?
run
(走る)
[動]
move at a speed faster than a walk
create
(起こす)
[動]
cause to come into being
desperate
(必死の)
[形]
having lost all hope
boldness
(勇気)
[名]
the quality of being courageous
have nothing to lose
(失うものがない)
[動]
have no stake in something
失うものが何もなくて、混乱によって利益を得ようと望む人々ほど、必死の勇気で混乱を起こそうとする人がいるだろうか。
If a king should fall under such contempt or envy that he could not keep his subjects in their duty but by oppression and ill usage, and by rendering them poor and miserable, it were certainly better for him to quit his kingdom than to retain it by such methods as make him, while he keeps the name of authority, lose the majesty due to it.
fall under
(陥る)
[動]
be classified or included in
envy
(嫉妬)
[名]
a feeling of discontented or resentful longing aroused by someone else's possessions, qualities, or luck
oppression
(圧制)
[名]
the exercise of authority or power in a burdensome, cruel, or unjust manner
ill usage
(虐待)
[名]
cruel or violent treatment of a person or animal
miserable
(惨めな)
[形]
wretchedly unhappy or uncomfortable
retain
(維持する)
[動]
keep in one's possession or power
authority
(権威)
[名]
the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience
majesty
(威厳)
[名]
impressive stateliness, dignity, or beauty
もし王が、圧制と虐待によって、また臣民を貧しく惨めな状態にすることによってしか臣民を従わせることができないような軽蔑や嫉妬に陥ったならば、権威の名を保ちながらもそれに伴う威厳を失うような方法で王国を維持するよりも、王国を去った方が王にとって確かに良いことである。
Nor is it so becoming the dignity of a king to reign over beggars as over rich and happy subjects.
reign
(支配する)
[動]
to rule as a monarch
dignity
(威厳)
[名]
the state or quality of being worthy of honor or respect
乞食を支配することは、裕福で幸せな臣民を支配することほど王の威厳にふさわしくはない。
And therefore Fabricius, a man of a noble and exalted temper, said ‘he would rather govern rich men than be rich himself;
Fabricius
(ファブリキウス)
[名]
a Roman general and statesman
noble
(高貴な)
[形]
belonging to a hereditary class with high social or political status; aristocratic
exalted
(高潔な)
[形]
of high moral or intellectual value
だから、高貴で高潔な気質の持ち主であるファブリキウスは、「自分自身が金持ちになるよりも、金持ちを治めたい」と言った。
since for one man to abound in wealth and pleasure when all about him are mourning and groaning, is to be a gaoler and not a king.’
abound
(満ち溢れる)
[動]
be plentiful or extremely common
pleasure
(快楽)
[名]
a feeling of satisfaction or enjoyment
mourning
(嘆き悲しむ)
[動]
feel or show great sadness because of someone's death
groaning
(嘆き悲しむ)
[動]
make a deep sound in your throat because you are in pain, angry, or unhappy
gaoler
(看守)
[名]
a person in charge of a prison or of prisoners
周囲の人々が皆嘆き悲しんでいる時に、一人だけ富と快楽に満ち溢れているのは、王ではなく看守である。」
He is an unskilful physician that cannot cure one disease without casting his patient into another.
physician
(医者)
[名]
a person qualified to practice medicine
cure
(治す)
[動]
relieve of the symptoms of a disease or condition
disease
(病気)
[名]
a disorder of structure or function in a human, animal, or plant, especially one that produces specific signs or symptoms or that affects a specific location and is not simply a direct result of physi...
患者を別の病気に陥らせずに一つの病気を治せない医者は未熟な医者である。
So he that can find no other way for correcting the errors of his people but by taking from them the conveniences of life, shows that he knows not what it is to govern a free nation.
error
(過ち)
[名]
a mistake
だから、国民の過ちを正すために、彼らから生活の便宜を奪う以外に方法を見いだせない者は、自由な国民を統治することがどういうことかを知らないことを示している。
He himself ought rather to shake off his sloth, or to lay down his pride, for the contempt or hatred that his people have for him takes its rise from the vices in himself.
shake off
(振り払う)
[動]
get rid of
sloth
(怠惰)
[名]
laziness
lay down
(捨てる)
[動]
put down
pride
(プライド)
[名]
a feeling or deep pleasure or satisfaction derived from one's own achievements
hatred
(憎しみ)
[名]
intense dislike
take its rise
(生じる)
[動]
come into existence
彼自身はむしろ怠惰を振り払い、あるいはプライドを捨てるべきである。なぜなら、国民が彼に対して抱く軽蔑や憎しみは、彼自身の悪徳から生じているのだから。
Let him live upon what belongs to him without wronging others, and accommodate his expense to his revenue.
live upon
(生活する)
[動]
to use something as a source of food or income
belong to
(所有する)
[動]
to be owned by
wrong
(迷惑をかける)
[動]
to do something that is unfair or harmful to someone
accommodate
(見合う)
[動]
to provide with something needed or wanted
expense
(支出)
[名]
a cost incurred in making or doing something
他人に迷惑をかけずに自分の所有物で生活し、収入に見合った支出をするようにさせよ。
Let him punish crimes, and, by his wise conduct, let him endeavour to prevent them, rather than be severe when he has suffered them to be too common.
conduct
(行動)
[名]
the manner in which a person behaves
prevent
(防ぐ)
[動]
keep or stop from happening or arising
common
(ありふれた)
[形]
occurring, found, or done often; prevalent
彼は犯罪を罰し、賢明な行動によって、犯罪があまりにもありふれたものになったときに厳しくするのではなく、犯罪を防ぐように努力するべきである。
Let him not rashly revive laws that are abrogated by disuse, especially if they have been long forgotten and never wanted.
let
(~させる)
[動]
allow or permit
rashly
(軽率に)
[副]
without careful thought or planning
revive
(復活させる)
[動]
bring back to life or consciousness
abrogate
(廃止する)
[動]
repeal or do away with
never
(決して~ない)
[副]
at no time in the past or future; on no occasion; not ever
特に長い間忘れ去られ、必要とされていなかった法律は、軽率に復活させてはならない。
And let him never take any penalty for the breach of them to which a judge would not give way in a private man, but would look on him as a crafty and unjust person for pretending to it.
breach
(違反)
[名]
an act of breaking a law, agreement, or promise
give way
(許す)
[動]
allow someone to do something
crafty
(ずる賢い)
[形]
clever in a dishonest way
pretend
(装う)
[動]
behave as if you have a particular quality or feeling that you do not really have
そして、裁判官が私人には許さず、それを装ったずる賢く不正な人物と見なすような違反に対しては、決して罰を与えてはならない。
To these things I would add that law among the Macarians—a people that live not far from Utopia—by which their king, on the day on which he began to reign, is tied by an oath, confirmed by solemn sacrifices, never to have at once above a thousand pounds of gold in his treasures, or so much silver as is equal to that in value.
Macarians
(マカリア人)
[名]
a people that live not far from Utopia
not far from
(そう遠くない)
[副]
a short distance from
reign
(即位する)
[動]
rule as king or queen
day
(日)
[名]
a period of time
oath
(誓い)
[名]
a formal promise or statement of fact
tie
(縛る)
[動]
fasten or secure with a cord, string, or other such means
confirm
(確認する)
[動]
establish the truth or correctness of
solemn
(厳粛な)
[形]
formal and dignified
sacrifice
(犠牲)
[名]
an act of giving up something important for the sake of something else
thousand
(千)
[名]
the number 1000
pound
(ポンド)
[名]
a unit of weight equal to 16 ounces or 0.45359237 kilograms
gold
(金)
[名]
a yellow precious metal
silver
(銀)
[名]
a white precious metal
equal
(等しい)
[形]
the same in quantity, size, value, or status
これらのことに、私はマカリア人(ユートピアからそう遠くないところに住む人々)の法律を付け加えたい。その法律では、王は即位した日に、厳粛な犠牲によって確認された誓いによって縛られ、一度に千ポンド以上の金やそれに相当する銀を宝物に持つことはできない。
This law, they tell us, was made by an excellent king who had more regard to the riches of his country than to his own wealth, and therefore provided against the heaping up of so much treasure as might impoverish the people.
provide
(防ぐ)
[動]
take measures in preparation for something
impoverish
(貧困に陥らせる)
[動]
make poor
この法律は、自分の富よりも国の富を重視した優れた王によって作られたものであり、国民を貧困に陥らせるほどの宝を蓄積することを防ぐものであったとされている。
He thought that moderate sum might be sufficient for any accident, if either the king had occasion for it against the rebels, or the kingdom against the invasion of an enemy;
moderate
(適度な)
[形]
not extreme
sum
(金額)
[名]
the total amount resulting from the addition of two or more numbers, amounts, or items
accident
(事故)
[名]
an unfortunate event that happens unexpectedly and usually results in harm or damage
王が反逆者に対して、あるいは王国が敵の侵略に対して、その必要が生じた場合、その適度な金額で十分であると考えた。
but that it was not enough to encourage a prince to invade other men’s rights—a circumstance that was the chief cause of his making that law.
encourage
(奨励する)
[動]
give support, courage, or hope to
invade
(侵害する)
[動]
enter a country or area in a military operation
しかし、王子が他人の権利を侵害することを奨励するには十分ではなかった。それが彼がその法律を作った主な原因であった。
He also thought that it was a good provision for that free circulation of money so necessary for the course of commerce and exchange.
circulation
(流通)
[名]
the movement of people or things around a place or system
course
(過程)
[名]
the development of a situation or event over a period of time
exchange
(交換)
[名]
an act of giving one thing and receiving another in return
彼はまた、それが商業と交換の過程に必要な貨幣の自由な流通のための良い準備であると考えた。
And when a king must distribute all those extraordinary accessions that increase treasure beyond the due pitch, it makes him less disposed to oppress his subjects.
extraordinary
(特別な)
[形]
very unusual or remarkable
accession
(収入)
[名]
the attainment of a position or office
due
(適切な)
[形]
proper or appropriate
pitch
(範囲)
[名]
the extent to which something is carried
そして、王が宝を適切な範囲を超えて増やすような特別な収入をすべて分配しなければならない場合、それは彼が臣民を抑圧する傾向を少なくする。
Such a king as this will be the terror of ill men, and will be beloved by all the good.
such a
(このような)
[限]
of the type or kind described
terror
(恐怖)
[名]
a state of intense fear
beloved
(愛される)
[形]
dearly loved
このような王は悪人の恐怖となり、善人すべてに愛されるだろう。
“If, I say, I should talk of these or such-like things to men that had taken their bias another way, how deaf would they be to all I could say!”
take
(歩む)
[動]
go along or follow
deaf
(耳を貸さない)
[形]
unable to hear or not hearing well
「もし私が、別の道を歩んでいる人々にこれらのことやそのようなことを話したら、彼らは私の言うことにどれほど耳を貸さないだろうか!」
“No doubt, very deaf,” answered I;
no doubt
(間違いなく)
[副]
certainly; without doubt
very
(とても)
[副]
to a high degree; extremely
「間違いなく、とても耳を貸さないだろう」と私は答えた。
“and no wonder, for one is never to offer propositions or advice that we are certain will not be entertained.
offer
(する)
[動]
present for acceptance or rejection
certain
(確信している)
[形]
having or showing no doubt
be entertained
(受け入れられる)
[動]
be amused or entertained
「そして、驚くことではない。なぜなら、受け入れられないと確信している提案やアドバイスを決してしてはならないからだ。
Discourses so much out of the road could not avail anything, nor have any effect on men whose minds were prepossessed with different sentiments.
out of the road
(道から外れた)
[形]
not on the road
avail
(役に立つ)
[動]
be of use or benefit
have an effect on
(影響を及ぼす)
[動]
to cause a change in someone or something
prepossess
(心を奪う)
[動]
to influence or affect strongly in advance
sentiment
(感情)
[名]
a thought, opinion, or feeling
道から外れた議論は、何の役にも立たず、異なる感情に心を奪われている人々には何の影響も及ぼさない。
This philosophical way of speculation is not unpleasant among friends in a free conversation;
philosophical
(哲学的)
[形]
of or relating to philosophy
speculation
(思索)
[名]
the forming of a theory or conjecture without firm evidence
このような哲学的な思索は、友人同士の自由な会話の中では不快なものではない。
but there is no room for it in the courts of princes, where great affairs are carried on by authority.”
room
(余地)
[名]
space that can be occupied
しかし、権力によって大事件が起こる王侯の宮廷では、そのような思索の余地はない。」
“That is what I was saying,” replied he, “that there is no room for philosophy in the courts of princes.”
that is what I was saying
(それが私が言っていることだ)
[句]
that is what I was saying
replied
(答えた)
[動]
say something in response
there is no room for
(余地はない)
[句]
there is no room for
「それが私が言っていることだ」と彼は答えた。「王侯の宮廷には哲学の余地はない。」
“Yes, there is,” said I, “but not for this speculative philosophy, that makes everything to be alike fitting at all times;
speculative
(思索的な)
[形]
involving or based on conjecture rather than knowledge
「いや、ある」と私は言った。「しかし、この思索的な哲学には余地がない。この哲学は、あらゆることをいつでも同じように適合させる。
but there is another philosophy that is more pliable, that knows its proper scene, accommodates itself to it, and teaches a man with propriety and decency to act that part which has fallen to his share.
that is
(それは)
[関]
that
pliable
(柔軟な)
[形]
easily bent or shaped
knows
(知っている)
[動]
be aware of
its
(その)
[他]
of or belonging to it
scene
(場面)
[名]
the place where an event occurs
accommodates
(順応する)
[動]
adjust to
teaches
(教える)
[動]
impart knowledge to or instruct (someone) as to how to do something
with
(をもって)
[前]
having
propriety
(適切)
[名]
the state or quality of being proper
decency
(品位)
[名]
the quality or state of being decent
to act
(行動する)
[動]
do something
part
(役割)
[名]
a piece of something
which
(それ)
[関]
that
has fallen
(落ちた)
[動]
move or come quickly from a higher to a lower level
share
(分け前)
[名]
a part or portion of a whole
しかし、もっと柔軟で、適切な場面を知り、それに順応し、自分の役割を適切に、品位をもって行動することを教えてくれる哲学がある。
If when one of Plautus’ comedies is upon the stage, and a company of servants are acting their parts, you should come out in the garb of a philosopher, and repeat, out of Octavia, a discourse of Seneca’s to Nero, would it not be better for you to say nothing than by mixing things of such different natures to make an impertinent tragi-comedy?
Plautus
(プラウトゥス)
[名]
a Roman playwright
comedy
(喜劇)
[名]
a play, movie, etc. that is funny
stage
(上演)
[名]
a platform on which plays, etc. are performed
part
(役)
[名]
a character played by an actor
garb
(衣装)
[名]
clothing
Octavia
(オクタヴィア)
[名]
the sister of the Roman emperor Augustus
Nero
(ネロ)
[名]
a Roman emperor
nature
(性質)
[名]
the basic or inherent features, character, or qualities of something
mix
(混ぜる)
[動]
combine or blend
impertinent
(無礼な)
[形]
rude or disrespectful
tragi-comedy
(悲喜劇)
[名]
a drama or a work of fiction in which both tragic and comic elements are combined
プラウトゥスの喜劇の一つが上演されていて、召使たちがそれぞれの役を演じている時に、あなたが哲学者の衣装を着て出てきて、オクタヴィアからセネカのネロへの講演を繰り返すとしたら、そのような異なる性質のものを混ぜて無礼な悲喜劇を作るよりも、何も言わない方が良いのではないだろうか?
for you spoil and corrupt the play that is in hand when you mix with it things of an opposite nature, even though they are much better.
spoil
(台無しにする)
[動]
diminish the value or quality of
corrupt
(堕落させる)
[動]
cause to act dishonestly
play
(劇)
[名]
a theatrical performance
in hand
(手元にある)
[形]
being dealt with or in progress
opposite
(反対の)
[形]
being the other of a pair of things of a contrary nature or quality
なぜなら、たとえそれがはるかに優れたものであっても、反対の性質のものを混ぜると、手元にある劇を台無しにしてしまうからだ。
Therefore go through with the play that is acting the best you can, and do not confound it because another that is pleasanter comes into your thoughts.
go through with
(やり遂げる)
[動]
to complete or finish something
do not confound
(混同しない)
[動]
to mix up or confuse two or more things
come into one's thoughts
(頭に浮かぶ)
[動]
to come to mind
だから、できるだけ上手に演じている劇を最後までやり遂げ、もっと楽しい劇が頭に浮かんできたからといって、それを混同しないようにしなさい。
It is even so in a commonwealth and in the councils of princes;
council
(評議会)
[名]
an assembly of people who are elected to make laws and decisions for a country or area
共和国や君主の評議会でもそうである。
if ill opinions cannot be quite rooted out, and you cannot cure some received vice according to your wishes, you must not, therefore, abandon the commonwealth, for the same reasons as you should not forsake the ship in a storm because you cannot command the winds.
ill opinion
(悪しき意見)
[名]
a negative opinion
wish
(望み)
[名]
a desire or hope for something
abandon
(捨てる)
[動]
to leave someone or something completely
forsake
(捨てる)
[動]
to leave someone or something completely
storm
(嵐)
[名]
a violent weather condition with high winds and usually rain, snow, or hail
wind
(風)
[名]
a natural force that moves air
悪しき意見を根絶することができず、自分の望み通りに受け継いだ悪徳を治すことができないからといって、共和国を捨ててはならない。それは、嵐の中で風を操ることができないからといって、船を捨ててはならないのと同じ理由である。
You are not obliged to assault people with discourses that are out of their road, when you see that their received notions must prevent your making an impression upon them: you ought rather to cast about and to manage things with all the dexterity in your power, so that, if you are not able to make them go well, they may be as little ill as possible;
be obliged to
(義務がある)
[動]
be required to do something
assault
(攻撃する)
[動]
make a physical or verbal attack on
out of
(外れた)
[前]
not in
road
(道)
[名]
a way on land between two places that has been paved to allow travel by transport
prevent
(妨げる)
[動]
keep from happening
make an impression
(印象を与える)
[動]
affect someone or something in a particular way
cast about
(処理する)
[動]
search for something
manage
(処理する)
[動]
be in charge of
dexterity
(器用さ)
[名]
skill in performing tasks, especially with the hands
go well
(うまくいく)
[動]
proceed or fare well
as little as possible
(できるだけ少なく)
[副]
to the smallest extent or degree possible
ill
(悪くなる)
[形]
sick or unwell
人々が受け継いだ観念が、彼らに印象を与えるのを妨げているのを見たら、彼らの道から外れた言説で彼らを攻撃する義務はない。むしろ、自分の力の及ぶ限りの器用さで物事を処理し、うまくいかなくても、できるだけ悪くならないようにすべきである。
for, except all men were good, everything cannot be right, and that is a blessing that I do not at present hope to see.”
except
(なければ)
[接]
if not
right
(正しい)
[形]
correct or true
blessing
(祝福)
[名]
something that brings happiness
なぜなら、すべての人が善良でなければ、すべてが正しくなることはできないし、それは私が現在見ることを望んでいない祝福である。」
“According to your argument,” answered he, “all that I could be able to do would be to preserve myself from being mad while I endeavoured to cure the madness of others;
argument
(議論)
[名]
a statement or series of statements for or against something
all that
(できること)
[名]
the only thing that
be able to do
(できること)
[動]
have the ability, power, or skill to do something
myself
(私自身)
[代]
I or me
being mad
(狂わないように)
[動]
be angry or annoyed
madness
(狂気)
[名]
the state of being mad; insanity
「あなたの議論によると、私ができることは、他人の狂気を治そうと努力している間に、自分自身が狂わないようにすることだけだ。
for, if I speak truth, I must repeat what I have said to you;
speak truth
(真実を語る)
[動]
say what is true
must
(しなければならない)
[助]
be obliged to; be compelled to
what
(何)
[代]
that which; the thing that
have said
(言った)
[動]
say something in the past
なぜなら、私が真実を語るなら、私はあなたに言ったことを繰り返さなければならないからだ。
and as for lying, whether a philosopher can do it or not I cannot tell: I am sure I cannot do it.
lie
(嘘をつく)
[動]
make an untrue statement with deliberate intent to deceive; utter an untruth
tell
(わかる)
[動]
be able to say or know with certainty
sure
(確かだ)
[形]
having or showing no doubt or uncertainty; confident
嘘をつくのは、哲学者にできるかどうかはわからないが、私にはできないことは確かだ。
But though these discourses may be uneasy and ungrateful to them, I do not see why they should seem foolish or extravagant;
ungrateful
(不愉快な)
[形]
not feeling or showing gratitude
foolish
(愚かな)
[形]
lacking good sense or judgment
extravagant
(突飛な)
[形]
spending a lot of money in a careless or wasteful way
しかし、これらの議論は彼らにとって不安で不愉快なものかもしれないが、なぜそれが愚かで突飛なものに見えるのか私にはわからない。
indeed, if I should either propose such things as Plato has contrived in his ‘Commonwealth,’ or as the Utopians practise in theirs, though they might seem better, as certainly they are, yet they are so different from our establishment, which is founded on property (there being no such thing among them), that I could not expect that it would have any effect on them.
practise
(実践する)
[動]
carry out or perform
certainly
(確かに)
[副]
without doubt; definitely
establishment
(制度)
[名]
an organization or institution
effect
(効果)
[名]
a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause
実際、私がプラトンが彼の「共和国」で考案したようなことや、ユートピア人が彼らの共和国で実践していることを提案したとしても、それらはより良いように見えるかもしれないが、確かにそうであるとしても、それらは私有財産に基づく私たちの制度とは非常に異なっているので(彼らの間にはそのようなものは存在しない)、それが彼らに何らかの効果をもたらすとは思えなかった。
But such discourses as mine, which only call past evils to mind and give warning of what may follow, leave nothing in them that is so absurd that they may not be used at any time, for they can only be unpleasant to those who are resolved to run headlong the contrary way;
call to mind
(思い出させる)
[動]
cause to be remembered
give warning
(警告する)
[動]
inform someone in advance of something
leave nothing
(何も残さない)
[動]
not leave anything
at any time
(いつでも)
[副]
on any occasion or at any time
run headlong
(突き進む)
[動]
rush forward without thinking
the contrary way
(反対の道)
[名]
the opposite way
しかし、私の話のような、過去の悪事を思い出させ、後に起こりうることについて警告するような話は、いつでも使えるように、それほど馬鹿げたことは何も残さない。なぜなら、それは反対の道を突き進む決意をした人にとってのみ不快なものだからだ。
and if we must let alone everything as absurd or extravagant—which, by reason of the wicked lives of many, may seem uncouth—we must, even among Christians, give over pressing the greatest part of those things that Christ hath taught us, though He has commanded us not to conceal them, but to proclaim on the housetops that which He taught in secret.
absurd
(馬鹿げた)
[形]
extremely unreasonable, illogical, or inappropriate
wicked
(邪悪な)
[形]
morally bad or wrong
uncouth
(無作法な)
[形]
lacking good manners or refinement
Christian
(キリスト教徒)
[名]
a person who adheres to Christianity
Christ
(キリスト)
[名]
the central figure of Christianity
conceal
(隠す)
[動]
not allow to be seen; hide
proclaim
(宣言する)
[動]
announce officially or publicly
そして、もし私たちが馬鹿げたことや突飛なことはすべて放っておくべきだとしたら、それは多くの人の邪悪な生活のために、無作法に見えるかもしれないが、私たちはキリスト教徒の間でも、キリストが私たちに教えてくれたことの大部分を押し付けるのをやめなければならない。
The greatest parts of His precepts are more opposite to the lives of the men of this age than any part of my discourse has been, but the preachers seem to have learned that craft to which you advise me:
the greatest part of
(大部分)
[名]
the majority of
precept
(戒め)
[名]
a general rule intended to regulate behavior or thought
this age
(この時代)
[名]
the present time
preacher
(説教者)
[名]
a person who delivers sermons
advise
(勧める)
[動]
recommend as a course of action
craft
(技術)
[名]
an activity involving skill in making things by hand
彼の戒めの大部分は、私の話のどの部分よりも、この時代の人々の生活とは正反対だが、説教者たちはあなたが私に勧めてくれた技術を学んだようだ。
for they, observing that the world would not willingly suit their lives to the rules that Christ has given, have fitted His doctrine, as if it had been a leaden rule, to their lives, that so, some way or other, they might agree with one another.
world
(世間)
[名]
the earth and all the people living on it
suit
(合わせる)
[動]
be appropriate or acceptable to
doctrine
(教え)
[名]
a belief or set of beliefs held and taught by a church, political party, or other group
fit
(合わせる)
[動]
be of the right shape and size to go in or on something
leaden
(鉛の)
[形]
made of lead
agree
(一致する)
[動]
have the same opinion about something
彼らは、世間がキリストが与えた規則に自分たちの生活を喜んで合わせようとしないことを観察し、キリストの教えを、まるでそれが鉛の規則であるかのように、自分たちの生活に合わせ、そうすることで、何らかの形で、互いに一致することができるようにしたのである。
But I see no other effect of this compliance except it be that men become more secure in their wickedness by it;
compliance
(従順さ)
[名]
the action or fact of complying with a wish or command
wickedness
(邪悪さ)
[名]
the quality of being wicked; sinfulness
しかし、私はこの従順さによって、人々が自分の邪悪さにもっと安心するようになる以外に、何の効果も見ていない。
and this is all the success that I can have in a court, for I must always differ from the rest, and then I shall signify nothing;
this
(これが)
[代]
the person or thing that is close to you or that you are talking about
have
(得られる)
[動]
possess, own, or hold
then
(そうしなければ)
[副]
at that time; at the time in question
shall
(私は)
[助]
expressing a strong intention or determination
signify
(意味も持たない)
[動]
be a sign of; indicate
これが私が宮廷で得られるすべての成功である。なぜなら、私は常に他の者と異なっていなければならないからだ。そうしなければ、私は何の意味も持たない。
or, if I agree with them, I shall then only help forward their madness.
forward
(助長する)
[動]
help to make progress
あるいは、私が彼らに同意すれば、私は彼らの狂気を助長するだけだ。
I do not comprehend what you mean by your ‘casting about,’ or by ‘the bending and handling things so dexterously that, if they go not well, they may go as little ill as may be;’
comprehend
(理解する)
[動]
understand something
mean
(意味する)
[動]
intend to convey, indicate, or refer to (something)
casting
(見回す)
[動]
look around
bending
(曲げる)
[動]
cause (something) to change from a straight or flat form into a curved or angular one
handling
(扱う)
[動]
deal with or manage (something)
dexterously
(巧みに)
[副]
in a skillful or adroit manner
little
(少し)
[形]
small in size, amount, or degree
ill
(悪く)
[形]
not in good health; sick
私は、あなたが「見回す」とか、「物事を巧みに曲げたり扱ったりして、うまくいかなくても、できるだけ悪くならないようにする」と言う意味がわからない。
for in courts they will not bear with a man’s holding his peace or conniving at what others do:
bear with
(許す)
[動]
tolerate
connive at
(黙認する)
[動]
secretly allow or encourage something illegal or immoral
宮廷では、人が平和を保ったり、他人のすることに黙認したりすることを許さないからだ。
a man must barefacedly approve of the worst counsels and consent to the blackest designs:
barefacedly
(恥ずかしげもなく)
[副]
without shame or embarrassment
人は最悪の助言を恥ずかしげもなく承認し、最も黒い計画に同意しなければならない。
so that he would pass for a spy, or, possibly, for a traitor, that did but coldly approve of such wicked practices;
pass for
(通る)
[動]
be accepted as
spy
(スパイ)
[名]
a person who secretly collects and reports information on the activities, movements, and plans of an enemy or competitor
traitor
(裏切り者)
[名]
a person who betrays a friend, country, principle, etc.
そのため、彼はスパイ、あるいは裏切り者として通っていたが、そのような邪悪な行為を冷静に認めていた。
and therefore when a man is engaged in such a society, he will be so far from being able to mend matters by his ‘casting about,’ as you call it, that he will find no occasions of doing any good—the ill company will sooner corrupt him than be the better for him;
be far from
(程遠い)
[動]
be not at all
mend
(解決する)
[動]
repair or improve
casting about
(見回す)
[動]
look around
do good
(善いことを)
[動]
perform a good deed
company
(仲間)
[名]
a person or group of people with whom one spends time or associates
sooner
(早く)
[副]
earlier or more quickly
be better for
(より良いものになる)
[動]
be more beneficial to
だから、人がそのような社会に従事しているとき、彼はあなたが言うように「見回す」ことによって問題を解決することができるどころか、善いことをするための機会を見つけることができないだろう。悪い仲間は彼にとってより良いものになるよりも早く彼を堕落させるだろう。
or if, notwithstanding all their ill company, he still remains steady and innocent, yet their follies and knavery will be imputed to him;
notwithstanding
(にもかかわらず)
[前]
without being influenced by; despite
remain
(残る)
[動]
be left after others have gone
steady
(落ち着いた)
[形]
not shaking or moving
innocent
(無実)
[形]
not guilty of a crime or offense
folly
(愚行)
[名]
a foolish act
knavery
(悪党ぶり)
[名]
the behavior of a dishonest person
impute
(転嫁する)
[動]
to represent as being done or possessed by another
あるいは、彼らの悪い仲間にもかかわらず、彼がまだ落ち着いていて無実のままであれば、彼らの愚行や悪党ぶりは彼に転嫁されるだろう。
and, by mixing counsels with them, he must bear his share of all the blame that belongs wholly to others.
counsel
(相談)
[名]
advice given to someone
bear
(負う)
[動]
carry or support
blame
(責任)
[名]
responsibility for a fault or wrong
belong
(属する)
[動]
be a member of or part of
そして、彼らと相談を交わすことで、彼は他人に属するすべての責任の一部を負わなければならない。
“Though, to speak plainly my real sentiments, I must freely own that as long as there is any property, and while money is the standard of all other things, I cannot think that a nation can be governed either justly or happily: not justly, because the best things will fall to the share of the worst men;
real
(本当の)
[形]
not imaginary; having objective existence
own
(認める)
[動]
to admit to or acknowledge
standard
(基準)
[名]
something used as a measure, norm, or model in comparative evaluations
justly
(公正に)
[副]
in a just manner; fairly
not justly
(公正ではない)
[副]
in an unjust manner; unfairly
fall to
(なる)
[動]
to be given to
「しかし、私の本当の気持ちを率直に言えば、私有財産がある限り、そしてお金が他のすべてのものの基準である限り、国が公正に、あるいは幸福に統治されるとは思えないことを率直に認めなければならない。公正ではないのは、最良のものが最悪の人の分け前になるからである。
nor happily, because all things will be divided among a few (and even these are not in all respects happy), the rest being left to be absolutely miserable.
be divided
(分割される)
[動]
be separated into parts
even
(でさえ)
[副]
to an extreme degree
the rest
(残りの)
[名]
the remaining part
being left
(ままにされる)
[動]
be allowed to remain
absolutely
(絶対的に)
[副]
completely; totally
幸福でもないのは、すべてのものが少数の人々の間で分割され(そして、これらの人々でさえすべての点で幸福ではない)、残りの人々は絶対的に惨めなままにされるからである。
Therefore, when I reflect on the wise and good constitution of the Utopians, among whom all things are so well governed and with so few laws, where virtue hath its due reward, and yet there is such an equality that every man lives in plenty—when I compare with them so many other nations that are still making new laws, and yet can never bring their constitution to a right regulation;
reflect
(振り返る)
[動]
to think carefully about something
constitution
(体質)
[名]
the way in which someone or something is composed
reward
(報酬)
[名]
a thing given in recognition of one's service, effort, or achievement
yet
(しかも)
[接]
and at the same time; but
equality
(平等)
[名]
the state of being equal
plenty
(豊かに)
[名]
a state or condition of abundance
compare
(比較する)
[動]
to find the difference between two or more things
make
(制定する)
[動]
to create or produce
bring
(することはできない)
[動]
to cause to come or go to a place
constitution
(憲法)
[名]
a body of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or other organization is acknowledged to be governed
だから、私はユートピア人の賢明で善良な体質を振り返ると、彼らの間ではすべてのことが非常によく統治され、法律も少なく、美徳には正当な報酬があり、しかも誰もが豊かに暮らせるような平等がある。彼らと比較すると、他の多くの国々は、いまだに新しい法律を制定しているにもかかわらず、憲法を正しい規制にすることはできない。
where, notwithstanding every one has his property, yet all the laws that they can invent have not the power either to obtain or preserve it, or even to enable men certainly to distinguish what is their own from what is another’s, of which the many lawsuits that every day break out, and are eternally depending, give too plain a demonstration—when, I say, I balance all these things in my thoughts, I grow more favourable to Plato, and do not wonder that he resolved not to make any laws for such as would not submit to a community of all things;
every one
(誰もが)
[代]
each person
enable
(できるようにする)
[動]
make possible
lawsuit
(訴訟)
[名]
a legal action started by a plaintiff against a defendant in a court of law
break out
(起こる)
[動]
start suddenly
eternally
(永遠に)
[副]
forever
demonstration
(証拠)
[名]
a public display of the capabilities of a product or service
balance
(バランスをとる)
[動]
keep or put (something) in a state of equilibrium
favourable
(好意的)
[形]
expressing approval or support
community
(共同体)
[名]
a group of people living in the same place or having a particular characteristic in common
誰もが自分の財産を持っているにもかかわらず、彼らが発明できるすべての法律は、それを取得したり保存したりする力を持たず、また、人々が自分のものと他人のものを区別できるようにすることもできない。その証拠に、毎日のように多くの訴訟が起こり、永遠に依存している。私が言うには、私はこれらのすべてのことを私の考えの中でバランスをとるとき、私はプラトンにもっと好意的になり、彼がすべてのものの共同体に服従しないような人々のために法律を作らないことを決意したことに驚かない。
for so wise a man could not but foresee that the setting all upon a level was the only way to make a nation happy;
foresee
(予見する)
[動]
be aware of beforehand
setting
(設定)
[名]
the place or type of surroundings where something is positioned or where an event takes place
level
(平等)
[名]
a position on a scale of amount, quantity, extent, or quality
only
(唯一)
[形]
single or solitary in number or kind
なぜなら、賢い人は、すべてを平等にすることが国を幸せにする唯一の方法であることを予見せざるを得なかったからである。
which cannot be obtained so long as there is property, for when every man draws to himself all that he can compass, by one title or another, it must needs follow that, how plentiful soever a nation may be, yet a few dividing the wealth of it among themselves, the rest must fall into indigence.
long
(限り)
[名]
a period of time
every man
(誰もが)
[名]
each person
draw
(自分のものにしようとする)
[動]
move or cause to move toward or into a place
compass
(手に入れられる)
[名]
an instrument for determining directions
title
(権利)
[名]
a name that describes someone's position or job
plentiful
(豊か)
[形]
existing or available in large quantities; abundant
divide
(分け合う)
[動]
separate into parts
indigence
(貧困)
[名]
the state of being extremely poor
私有財産がある限り、それは得られない。なぜなら、誰もが何らかの権利によって自分の手に入れられるものをすべて自分のものにしようとすると、国がどれほど豊かであっても、その富を少数の人々が自分たちの間で分け合うことになり、残りの人々は貧困に陥ってしまうからである。
So that there will be two sorts of people among them, who deserve that their fortunes should be interchanged—the former useless, but wicked and ravenous;
there will be
(存在することになる)
[動]
will exist
two sorts of
(2種類の)
[名]
two kinds of
among them
(彼らの間に)
[前]
in the middle of them
should be
(であるべき)
[助]
ought to be
interchanged
(入れ替わる)
[動]
change places with each other
そのため、彼らの間には2種類の人々が存在することになる。前者は役に立たず、邪悪で貪欲である。
and the latter, who by their constant industry serve the public more than themselves, sincere and modest men—from whence I am persuaded that till property is taken away, there can be no equitable or just distribution of things, nor can the world be happily governed;
latter
(後者)
[名]
the second of two things mentioned
industry
(勤勉さ)
[名]
the quality of being hard-working
more than
(よりも)
[前]
to a greater extent than
sincere
(誠実な)
[形]
free from pretense or deceit
modest
(謙虚な)
[形]
unassuming in the estimation of one's abilities or accomplishments
whence
(このことから)
[副]
from what place or source
persuade
(確信する)
[動]
cause to believe
take away
(取り上げる)
[動]
remove or carry away
equitable
(公平な)
[形]
just or fair
distribution
(分配)
[名]
the action of sharing something out among a number of recipients
後者は、絶え間ない勤勉さによって自分よりも公衆に奉仕する誠実で謙虚な人々である。このことから、私は私有財産が取り上げられるまでは、公平で正当な分配はあり得ないし、世界が幸福に統治されることもないと確信している。
for as long as that is maintained, the greatest and the far best part of mankind, will be still oppressed with a load of cares and anxieties.
load
(重荷)
[名]
a weight or mass of something that is carried
care
(心配)
[名]
worry, anxiety, or concern
anxiety
(不安)
[名]
a feeling of worry, nervousness, or unease, typically about an imminent event or something with an uncertain outcome
なぜなら、それが維持される限り、人類の最も偉大で最も優れた部分は、依然として心配や不安の重荷に押しつぶされるからである。
I confess, without taking it quite away, those pressures that lie on a great part of mankind may be made lighter, but they can never be quite removed;
pressure
(重圧)
[名]
the force exerted on a surface by an object
lighter
(軽減される)
[形]
of less weight
remove
(取り除く)
[動]
take away or eliminate something
確かに、それを完全に取り除かなくても、人類の大部分にかかる重圧は軽減されるかもしれないが、決して完全に取り除くことはできない。
for if laws were made to determine at how great an extent in soil, and at how much money, every man must stop—to limit the prince, that he might not grow too great;
determine
(決定する)
[動]
cause to occur in a particular manner; settle or decide
stop
(立ち止まる)
[動]
cease moving
limit
(制限する)
[動]
set or serve as a boundary to
なぜなら、もし法律が、土地の広さや金額を決定するために作られたとしたら、誰もが王を制限するために立ち止まらなければならないからだ。
and to restrain the people, that they might not become too insolent—and that none might factiously aspire to public employments, which ought neither to be sold nor made burdensome by a great expense, since otherwise those that serve in them would be tempted to reimburse themselves by cheats and violence, and it would become necessary to find out rich men for undergoing those employments, which ought rather to be trusted to the wise.
insolent
(横柄な)
[形]
boldly disrespectful
aspire
(就こうとする)
[動]
direct one's hopes or ambitions toward achieving something
public employment
(公職)
[名]
a job in the government
sell
(売却される)
[動]
give or hand over in exchange for money
burdensome
(負担になる)
[形]
involving a great deal of effort
cheat
(詐欺)
[名]
a person who swindles you by means of deception or fraud
violence
(暴力)
[名]
behavior involving physical force intended to hurt or kill someone
undergo
(就く)
[動]
experience
wise
(賢者)
[名]
a person who has knowledge and good judgment
人々を抑制し、彼らがあまりにも横柄にならないようにするため、また、誰も公職に就こうとしないために、公職は売却されたり、多額の費用で負担になったりしてはならない。そうでなければ、公職に就く者は、詐欺や暴力によって自分たちの費用を補填しようとする誘惑に駆られるだろうし、賢者に任せるべき公職に就くために金持ちを見つける必要が出てくるだろう。
These laws, I say, might have such effect as good diet and care might have on a sick man whose recovery is desperate;
these laws
(これらの法律)
[名]
the laws mentioned before
have such effect
(効果がある)
[動]
have a certain effect
good diet
(良い食事)
[名]
a diet that is healthy
sick man
(病人)
[名]
a man who is sick
recovery
(回復)
[名]
the return to health after being sick
これらの法律は、回復の見込みのない病人に対する良い食事とケアのような効果があるかもしれない。
they might allay and mitigate the disease, but it could never be quite healed, nor the body politic be brought again to a good habit as long as property remains;
allay
(和らげる)
[動]
make or become less intense or severe
mitigate
(軽減する)
[動]
make or become less severe, serious, or painful
heal
(治癒する)
[動]
make or become sound or healthy again
body politic
(政治体制)
[名]
a state or nation considered as a political entity
病気を和らげたり軽減したりすることはできるかもしれないが、完全に治癒することはできないし、財産が残っている限り、政治体制を再び良い習慣に戻すこともできない。
and it will fall out, as in a complication of diseases, that by applying a remedy to one sore you will provoke another, and that which removes the one ill symptom produces others, while the strengthening one part of the body weakens the rest.”
complication
(合併症)
[名]
a secondary disease or condition aggravating a primary one
sore
(傷)
[名]
a place on the body where the skin or flesh is damaged
provoke
(誘発する)
[動]
cause or bring about
symptom
(症状)
[名]
a physical or mental feature that is regarded as indicating a condition of disease, particularly such a feature that is apparent to the patient
strengthen
(強化する)
[動]
make or become stronger
weaken
(弱める)
[動]
make or become weaker
病気の合併症のように、一つの傷に治療を施すことで別の傷を誘発し、一つの症状を取り除くことで別の症状を引き起こし、体の一部を強化することで残りの部分を弱めてしまうことになる。」
“On the contrary,” answered I, “it seems to me that men cannot live conveniently where all things are common.
「それどころか」と私は答えた。「私には、すべてが共通であるところでは、人は便利に暮らせないように思える。
How can there be any plenty where every man will excuse himself from labour?
how
(どうして)
[副]
in what way or manner
there be
(生まれる)
[動]
come into existence
where
(ところで)
[副]
in the place that
will
(逃れる)
[助]
expressing a strong intention or determination
excuse
(逃れる)
[動]
try to lessen the blame attaching to (a fault or offence); seek to defend or justify
himself
(自分)
[代]
the male person or animal previously mentioned
誰もが労働から逃れるところで、どうして豊かさが生まれるのか?
for as the hope of gain doth not excite him, so the confidence that he has in other men’s industry may make him slothful.
gain
(利益)
[名]
an increase in wealth or resources
doth
(する)
[動]
does
excite
(刺激する)
[動]
cause strong feelings in
confidence
(信頼)
[名]
a feeling or belief that you can do something well or succeed at something
slothful
(怠惰にする)
[形]
lazy
利益への期待が彼を刺激しないように、他人の勤勉さへの信頼が彼を怠惰にするかもしれない。
If people come to be pinched with want, and yet cannot dispose of anything as their own, what can follow upon this but perpetual sedition and bloodshed, especially when the reverence and authority due to magistrates falls to the ground?
come to be
(~になる)
[動]
become
pinch
(困窮する)
[動]
be in a difficult situation
follow
(起こりうる)
[動]
come after something in time; come next
sedition
(反乱)
[名]
conduct or speech inciting people to rebel against the authority of a state or monarch
bloodshed
(流血)
[名]
the killing or wounding of people
magistrate
(行政官)
[名]
a civil officer or lay judge who administers the law
reverence
(尊敬)
[名]
deep respect for someone or something
fall to the ground
(地に落ちる)
[動]
fail completely
人々が困窮し、しかも自分のものとして何も処分できないようになったら、特に行政官に対する尊敬と権威が地に落ちたとき、永続的な反乱と流血以外に何が起こりうるだろうか?
for I cannot imagine how that can be kept up among those that are in all things equal to one another.”
cannot imagine
(想像できない)
[動]
be unable to form a mental image of something
be kept up
(維持できる)
[動]
be maintained at a certain level
those
(人々)
[名]
people
are
(である)
[動]
be
things
(点)
[名]
an object that one can see or touch but that is not alive and does not grow
なぜなら、あらゆる点で互いに平等な人々の間で、それがどのように維持できるか想像できないからだ。」
“I do not wonder,” said he, “that it appears so to you, since you have no notion, or at least no right one, of such a constitution;
appear
(見える)
[動]
be or become visible
constitution
(体制)
[名]
the system of fundamental principles according to which a state or other organization is governed
「あなたにはそう見えるのも不思議ではない」と彼は言った、「あなたはそのような体制について全く知らない、少なくとも正しく知らないのだから。
but if you had been in Utopia with me, and had seen their laws and rules, as I did, for the space of five years, in which I lived among them, and during which time I was so delighted with them that indeed I should never have left them if it had not been to make the discovery of that new world to the Europeans, you would then confess that you had never seen a people so well constituted as they.”
five years
(五年間)
[名]
a period of five years
during which time
(その間に)
[名]
in or during the time that
delighted
(とても満足していた)
[形]
very pleased
European
(ヨーロッパ人)
[名]
a native or inhabitant of Europe
well
(立派な)
[副]
in a good or satisfactory manner
constitute
(国民)
[動]
be a part of or form
しかし、もしあなたが私と一緒にユートピアに行って、私が彼らと共に暮らした五年間に彼らの法律や規則を見ていたら、その間に私は彼らにとても満足していたので、ヨーロッパ人にその新世界を発見させるためでなければ、私は決して彼らのもとを離れることはなかっただろうし、あなたは彼らほど立派な国民を見たことがないと白状するだろう。」
“You will not easily persuade me,” said Peter, “that any nation in that new world is better governed than those among us;
「あなたは私を簡単には説得できないだろう」とピーターは言った、「あの新世界のどの国も私たちの国よりもよく統治されているとは。
for as our understandings are not worse than theirs, so our government (if I mistake not) being more ancient, a long practice has helped us to find out many conveniences of life, and some happy chances have discovered other things to us which no man’s understanding could ever have invented.”
understanding
(理解力)
[名]
the ability to understand something
theirs
(彼らの)
[代]
belonging to or connected with the people or things previously mentioned
mistake
(間違える)
[動]
be wrong about
なぜなら、私たちの理解力は彼らの理解力よりも劣っていないし、私たちの政府は(私が間違っていなければ)より古く、長い実践によって私たちは生活の多くの便利さを見つけ出すことができ、いくつかの幸運な機会によって人間の理解力では決して発明できなかった他のものを発見することができたからだ。」
“As for the antiquity either of their government or of ours,” said he, “you cannot pass a true judgment of it unless you had read their histories;
antiquity
(古さ)
[名]
the ancient past
「彼らの政府と私たちの政府のどちらが古いかについては」と彼は言った、「彼らの歴史を読まなければ、正しい判断を下すことはできない。
for, if they are to be believed, they had towns among them before these parts were so much as inhabited;
are to be believed
(信じられる)
[動]
be worthy of belief
had
(持っていた)
[動]
possess, own, or hold
them
(それら)
[代]
the people or things previously mentioned or easily identified
before
(前に)
[前]
earlier than; prior to
parts
(地域)
[名]
a piece or segment of something such as an object, area, or period of time
were
(だった)
[動]
be
so much as
(とても)
[副]
to a great extent; very much
inhabited
(住む)
[動]
live in or occupy
なぜなら、彼らが信じているように、彼らはこれらの地域に人が住むようになる前から町を持っていた。
and as for those discoveries that have been either hit on by chance or made by ingenious men, these might have happened there as well as here.
hit on
(ヒットする)
[動]
find or discover by chance
ingenious
(独創的な)
[形]
having or showing an unusual aptitude for discovering, inventing, or contriving
happen
(起こる)
[動]
take place; occur
here
(ここ)
[副]
in this place
そして、偶然にヒットしたり、独創的な人によってなされた発見については、これらはここだけでなく、そこでも起こったかもしれない。
I do not deny but we are more ingenious than they are, but they exceed us much in industry and application.
exceed
(上回る)
[動]
be greater or better than
application
(応用)
[名]
the act of putting something into operation
私たちが彼らよりも独創的であることは否定しないが、彼らは勤勉さと応用において私たちをはるかに上回っている。
They knew little concerning us before our arrival among them.
arrival
(到着)
[名]
the act of arriving
私たちが彼らのところに到着するまで、彼らは私たちのことをほとんど知らなかった。
They call us all by a general name of ‘The nations that lie beyond the equinoctial line;’
call
(呼ぶ)
[動]
give a name to
general name
(総称)
[名]
a name that refers to a group of things
beyond
(越えて)
[前]
on the other side of
equinoctial line
(赤道)
[名]
the imaginary line around the earth that is equidistant from the North Pole and the South Pole
彼らは私たちを皆「赤道を越えた国々」という総称で呼んでいる。
for their chronicle mentions a shipwreck that was made on their coast twelve hundred years ago, and that some Romans and Egyptians that were in the ship, getting safe ashore, spent the rest of their days amongst them;
chronicle
(年代記)
[名]
a record of events in chronological order
mention
(言及する)
[動]
refer to briefly
shipwreck
(難破船)
[名]
the remains of a ship that has been wrecked
coast
(海岸)
[名]
the land next to the sea
twelve hundred years ago
(1200年前)
[名]
1200 years before the present time
Egyptian
(エジプト人)
[名]
a citizen of Egypt
ashore
(上陸する)
[副]
on or to the shore
amongst
(間で)
[前]
in the middle of
彼らの年代記には、1200年前に彼らの海岸で起こった難破船について言及されており、船に乗っていたローマ人とエジプト人の一部が安全に上陸し、残りの日々を彼らの間で過ごした。
and such was their ingenuity that from this single opportunity they drew the advantage of learning from those unlooked-for guests, and acquired all the useful arts that were then among the Romans, and which were known to these shipwrecked men;
ingenuity
(独創性)
[名]
the quality of being clever, original, and inventive
single
(たった一度の)
[形]
only one
opportunity
(機会)
[名]
a time or set of circumstances that makes it possible to do something
learning
(学ぶ)
[名]
the acquisition of knowledge or skills through study, experience, or being taught
guest
(客)
[名]
a person who is invited to visit someone's home or take part in a social event
acquire
(習得する)
[動]
gain or come to have
shipwreck
(難破)
[名]
the destruction of a ship at sea
そして彼らの独創性は、このたった一度の機会から、彼らが予期せぬ客から学ぶという利点を引き出し、当時ローマ人の間にあり、これらの難破した人々に知られていたすべての有用な技術を習得した。
and by the hints that they gave them they themselves found out even some of those arts which they could not fully explain, so happily did they improve that accident of having some of our people cast upon their shore.
by the hint
(ヒントによって)
[名]
a small piece of information that helps you to find out or guess something
find out
(発見する)
[動]
discover or notice something
some of
(いくつかの)
[限]
an unspecified number or amount of
fully
(十分に)
[副]
completely or entirely
explain
(説明する)
[動]
make (something) clear or easy to understand
so
(とても)
[副]
to a great extent
cast
(投げ込まれる)
[動]
throw forcefully
shore
(岸)
[名]
the land along the edge of a large area of water
そして彼らが与えたヒントによって、彼ら自身が十分に説明できない芸術のいくつかさえも発見したので、彼らは私たちの何人かが彼らの岸に投げ込まれるという事故をとても幸せに改善した。
But if such an accident has at any time brought any from thence into Europe, we have been so far from improving it that we do not so much as remember it, as, in aftertimes perhaps, it will be forgot by our people that I was ever there;
bring
(もたらす)
[動]
cause to come or happen
Europe
(ヨーロッパ)
[名]
a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere
remember
(覚えている)
[動]
have in or be able to bring to one's mind an awareness of
aftertime
(後世)
[名]
a later time
しかし、そのような事故がいつでもそこからヨーロッパに何かをもたらした場合、私たちはそれを改善することから遠く離れていたので、それを覚えているほどではなく、おそらく後世に、私がそこにいたことは私たちの人々によって忘れられるだろう。
for though they, from one such accident, made themselves masters of all the good inventions that were among us, yet I believe it would be long before we should learn or put in practice any of the good institutions that are among them.
for though
(なぜなら)
[接]
because
make oneself master
(達人になる)
[動]
become an expert in something
invention
(発明)
[名]
a new or improved product or process that has been invented by someone
put in practice
(実践する)
[動]
apply (something) in a practical manner
彼らは、そのような事故から、私たちの間にあったすべての良い発明の達人になったが、私たちが彼らの間にある良い制度を学んだり、実践したりするまでには長い時間がかかるだろうと思う。
And this is the true cause of their being better governed and living happier than we, though we come not short of them in point of understanding or outward advantages.”
true
(真の)
[形]
being in accordance with fact or reality
come short of
(劣る)
[動]
fail to reach or attain a certain standard or level
understanding
(理解)
[名]
a mental process of comprehension
outward
(外見上の)
[形]
of or relating to the external form or structure of something
そして、これが彼らが私たちよりもよく統治され、幸せに暮らしている真の原因であるが、私たちは理解や外見上の利点という点で彼らに劣るわけではない。」
Upon this I said to him, “I earnestly beg you would describe that island very particularly to us;
say to
(言う)
[動]
to express (something) in words
earnestly beg
(切に願う)
[動]
to ask for something in a serious and sincere way
describe
(説明する)
[動]
to give an account of something
very particularly
(非常に詳細に)
[副]
in a very detailed way
island
(島)
[名]
a piece of land surrounded by water
これを聞いて私は彼に言った、「私はあなたにその島を私たちに非常に詳細に説明してくれるよう切に願う。
be not too short, but set out in order all things relating to their soil, their rivers, their towns, their people, their manners, constitution, laws, and, in a word, all that you imagine we desire to know;
be not too short
(あまり短くせず)
[動]
be not too brief
set out
(説明する)
[動]
to explain something in detail
river
(川)
[名]
a large natural stream of water
あまり短くせず、彼らの土壌、川、町、人々、マナー、憲法、法律、そして一言で言えば、私たちが知りたいと思うすべてのことに関連するすべてのことを順番に説明してください。
and you may well imagine that we desire to know everything concerning them of which we are hitherto ignorant.”
hitherto
(これまで)
[副]
until now; up until the present
そして、あなたは私たちがこれまで知らなかった彼らに関するすべてを知りたいと思っていることを想像できるだろう。」
“I will do it very willingly,” said he, “for I have digested the whole matter carefully, but it will take up some time.”
digest
(消化する)
[動]
convert food into a form that can be absorbed by the body
carefully
(注意深く)
[副]
taking care to avoid damage or risk
「喜んでそうする」と彼は言った、「私はすべての事柄を注意深く消化したが、それには少し時間がかかる。」
“Let us go, then,” said I, “first and dine, and then we shall have leisure enough.”
let us go
(行こう)
[動]
go
first
(まず)
[副]
before anything else
then
(そうすれば)
[副]
after that; afterwards
have leisure
(余裕ができる)
[動]
have free time
「それなら、まず食事をしよう、そうすれば十分な余裕ができる」と私は言った。
He consented; we went in and dined, and after dinner came back and sat down in the same place.
go in
(中に入る)
[動]
enter a place
come back
(戻る)
[動]
return to a place
sit down
(座る)
[動]
take a seat
彼は同意した。私たちは中に入って食事をし、食事の後に戻って同じ場所に座った。
I ordered my servants to take care that none might come and interrupt us, and both Peter and I desired Raphael to be as good as his word.
order
(命じる)
[動]
give an authoritative command or instruction to
take care
(気を付ける)
[動]
be careful or cautious
interrupt
(邪魔する)
[動]
stop the continuous progress of
as good as one's word
(言葉通り)
[形]
reliable; trustworthy
私は召使に誰も来ないように気を付けるように命じ、ピーターと私はラファエルに彼の言葉通りにしてくれるように頼んだ。
When he saw that we were very intent upon it he paused a little to recollect himself, and began in this manner:—
intent
(熱心な)
[形]
having a strong feeling or purpose
pause
(間を置く)
[動]
stop or hesitate briefly
recollect
(思い出す)
[動]
recall to the mind
彼は私たちがそれに熱心なのを見て、少し間を置いて思い出し、次のように始めた。
“There are fifty-four cities in the island, all large and well built, the manners, customs, and laws of which are the same, and they are all contrived as near in the same manner as the ground on which they stand will allow.
fifty-four
(54)
[数]
the number 54
build
(造る)
[動]
construct or erect
stand
(立つ)
[動]
be in or assume an upright position
「島には54の都市があり、どれも大きくてよく造られており、風習、習慣、法律は同じで、どれも立っている地面が許す限り同じ方法で造られている。
The nearest lie at least twenty-four miles’ distance from one another, and the most remote are not so far distant but that a man can go on foot in one day from it to that which lies next it.
lie
(離れている)
[動]
be situated
twenty-four miles
(24マイル)
[名]
a unit of length equal to 1,760 yards
distance
(距離)
[名]
the space between two points
one another
(互いに)
[代]
each other
most remote
(最も遠い)
[形]
farthest away
not so far
(それほど遠くない)
[副]
not very far
distant
(遠い)
[形]
far away
go on foot
(歩いて行く)
[動]
walk
one day
(1日)
[名]
a period of 24 hours
最も近い都市同士でも少なくとも24マイル離れており、最も遠い都市同士でも、1日で歩いて隣の都市まで行けるほど離れていない。
Every city sends three of their wisest senators once a year to Amaurot, to consult about their common concerns;
every city
(どの都市も)
[名]
each city
three
(3人)
[名]
the number 3
senator
(上院議員)
[名]
a member of a senate
once a year
(年に一度)
[副]
annually
Amaurot
(アマウロット)
[名]
the capital city of Utopia
consult
(協議する)
[動]
seek information or advice from
common concern
(共通の関心事)
[名]
something that is of interest or importance to all members of a group
どの都市も年に一度、最も賢い上院議員3人をアマウロットに派遣し、共通の関心事について協議する。
for that is the chief town of the island, being situated near the centre of it, so that it is the most convenient place for their assemblies.
town
(都市)
[名]
a large human settlement
centre
(中心部)
[名]
the middle point of something
そこは島の中心部に位置する島の主要都市であり、彼らの集会には最も便利な場所である。
The jurisdiction of every city extends at least twenty miles, and, where the towns lie wider, they have much more ground.
extend
(及ぶ)
[動]
stretch out so as to reach farther
twenty miles
(20マイル)
[名]
a unit of length equal to 1.609344 kilometers
どの都市の管轄区域も少なくとも20マイルあり、町が広く分布しているところでは、もっと広い土地がある。
No town desires to enlarge its bounds, for the people consider themselves rather as tenants than landlords.
landlord
(地主)
[名]
a person who owns land or property and rents it out to others
どの町も境界を広げようとはしない。人々は自分たちのことを地主というよりは借家人だと思っているからだ。
They have built, over all the country, farmhouses for husbandmen, which are well contrived, and furnished with all things necessary for country labour.
build
(建てる)
[動]
construct
all over
(国中に)
[副]
throughout
farmhouse
(農家)
[名]
a house on a farm
husbandman
(農夫)
[名]
a farmer
contrive
(工夫する)
[動]
plan or devise
furnish
(備える)
[動]
supply with furniture
彼らは国中に農夫のための農家を建て、それはよく工夫され、農作業に必要なすべてのものが備えられている。
Inhabitants are sent, by turns, from the cities to dwell in them;
住民は都市から交代で農家に住むために送られる。
no country family has fewer than forty men and women in it, besides two slaves.
fewer than
(未満)
[限]
a smaller number than
forty
(40)
[数]
the cardinal number that is the product of four and ten
women
(女)
[名]
an adult female human being
two
(2)
[数]
the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one
田舎の家族は、2人の奴隷を除いて、40人以上の男女で構成されている。
There is a master and a mistress set over every family, and over thirty families there is a magistrate.
set over
(いる)
[動]
be in charge of
thirty
(30)
[名]
the cardinal number that is the product of ten and three
magistrate
(治安判事)
[名]
a civil officer with power to administer and enforce law
どの家族にも主人と女主人がいて、30家族以上には治安判事がいる。
Every year twenty of this family come back to the town after they have stayed two years in the country, and in their room there are other twenty sent from the town, that they may learn country work from those that have been already one year in the country, as they must teach those that come to them the next from the town.
stay
(滞在する)
[動]
remain in a place
two years
(2年間)
[名]
a period of time equal to 24 months
room
(部屋)
[名]
an enclosed space within a building
country work
(田舎の仕事)
[名]
work that is done in the country
one year
(1年間)
[名]
a period of time equal to 12 months
毎年、この家族の20人が田舎に2年間滞在した後、町に戻り、その部屋には町から送られた別の20人がいて、すでに田舎に1年間滞在している人から田舎の仕事を学ぶことができる。彼らは町から次に来る人に教えなければならないからだ。
By this means such as dwell in those country farms are never ignorant of agriculture, and so commit no errors which might otherwise be fatal and bring them under a scarcity of corn.
dwell
(住む)
[動]
live in a place
country farm
(田舎の農場)
[名]
a farm in the country
commit
(犯す)
[動]
do or perform
bring
(陥れる)
[動]
cause to be in a specified state
この方法によって、田舎の農場に住む人々は農業に無知になることはなく、致命的となり、穀物不足に陥るような過ちを犯さない。
But though there is every year such a shifting of the husbandmen to prevent any man being forced against his will to follow that hard course of life too long, yet many among them take such pleasure in it that they desire leave to continue in it many years.
shifting
(交代)
[名]
a change from one thing to another
being forced
(強いられる)
[動]
be compelled to do something
against one's will
(自分の意志に反して)
[副]
unwillingly
hard
(過酷な)
[形]
requiring a great deal of effort
take pleasure in
(楽しむ)
[動]
enjoy
leave
(続ける)
[動]
go away from a place
continue
(続ける)
[動]
keep doing something
しかし、毎年農民の交代があり、誰もが自分の意志に反してその過酷な人生を長く続けることを強いられないようにしているが、その中にはそれをとても楽しんでいて、何年も続けたいと望む人も多い。
These husbandmen till the ground, breed cattle, hew wood, and convey it to the towns either by land or water, as is most convenient.
till
(耕す)
[動]
prepare and use land for growing crops
hew
(切る)
[動]
cut with an axe
wood
(木)
[名]
the hard fibrous substance that forms the main part of the trunk or branches of a tree
convey
(運ぶ)
[動]
take or carry people or goods from one place to another by means of a vehicle, aircraft, or ship
これらの農民は、地面を耕し、牛を飼育し、木を切り、陸路または水路で町に運ぶ。
They breed an infinite multitude of chickens in a very curious manner;
infinite
(無数の)
[形]
very great in number or extent
multitude
(多数)
[名]
a large number of people or things
chicken
(鶏)
[名]
a domestic fowl kept for its eggs or meat
curious
(奇妙な)
[形]
strange or unusual
彼らは非常に奇妙な方法で無数の鶏を飼育している。
for the hens do not sit and hatch them, but a vast number of eggs are laid in a gentle and equal heat in order to be hatched, and they are no sooner out of the shell, and able to stir about, but they seem to consider those that feed them as their mothers, and follow them as other chickens do the hen that hatched them.
hen
(雌鶏)
[名]
a female chicken
sit
(抱く)
[動]
be in or assume a position in which one's weight is supported by one's buttocks rather than one's feet and one's upper body is more or less upright
hatch
(孵化させる)
[動]
cause to emerge from an egg
egg
(卵)
[名]
an oval or round object laid by a female bird, reptile, fish, or invertebrate, especially one containing a developing embryo
lay
(産む)
[動]
produce an egg
shell
(殻)
[名]
the hard protective outer covering of an animal or plant
stir
(動き回る)
[動]
move or cause to move slightly
mother
(母親)
[名]
a woman in relation to a child or children to whom she has given birth
雌鶏は卵を抱いて孵化させるのではなく、孵化させるために穏やかで均一な熱の中に大量の卵を産み、殻から出てすぐに動き回れるようになるが、彼らは餌を与えてくれる人を母親だと思っているようで、他の鶏が孵化させた雌鶏に従うように、彼らに従う。
They breed very few horses, but those they have are full of mettle, and are kept only for exercising their youth in the art of sitting and riding them;
horse
(馬)
[名]
a large, four-legged mammal that has been domesticated by humans since prehistoric times
full of
(いっぱいの)
[形]
having a lot of something
mettle
(気性)
[名]
a person's ability to cope well with difficulties or to face a danger, etc., in a determined and courageous way
keep
(飼う)
[動]
have and maintain something
exercise
(練習する)
[動]
do physical activity to stay healthy or become stronger
彼らは馬をほとんど飼育していないが、飼育している馬は気性が荒く、若者が馬に乗る練習をするためだけに飼われている。
for they do not put them to any work, either of ploughing or carriage, in which they employ oxen.
put
(使う)
[動]
use
work
(仕事)
[名]
an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result
ploughing
(耕作)
[名]
the activity of preparing soil for growing crops
carriage
(運搬)
[名]
the action of transporting something
employ
(使う)
[動]
use
彼らは馬を耕作や運搬には使わず、牛を使っている。
For though their horses are stronger, yet they find oxen can hold out longer;
strong
(強い)
[形]
having the power to perform well or to withstand
ox
(牛)
[名]
a large domesticated mammal that is often used for pulling heavy loads
hold out
(長持ちする)
[動]
to continue to exist or to continue to do something
彼らの馬は牛よりも強いが、牛の方が長持ちする。
and as they are not subject to so many diseases, so they are kept upon a less charge and with less trouble.
subject to
(かかりやすい)
[形]
likely to be affected by
charge
(費用)
[名]
the price asked for something
牛は病気にかかりにくいので、飼育にかかる費用や手間が少ない。
And even when they are so worn out that they are no more fit for labour, they are good meat at last.
worn out
(疲れ果てる)
[動]
exhausted
fit for
(適する)
[形]
suitable for
牛は、労働に適さないほど疲れ果てても、最後には良い肉になる。
They sow no corn but that which is to be their bread;
sow
(播く)
[動]
plant (seed) by scattering it on or in the earth
bread
(パン)
[名]
a food made of flour or meal that is mixed with a liquid, usually water, and kneaded, shaped, and baked
彼らはパンになる穀物以外は播かない。
for they drink either wine, cider or perry, and often water, sometimes boiled with honey or liquorice, with which they abound;
wine
(ワイン)
[名]
an alcoholic drink typically made from fermented grape juice
cider
(リンゴ酒)
[名]
an alcoholic drink made from fermented apple juice
perry
(梨酒)
[名]
an alcoholic drink made from fermented pear juice
honey
(蜂蜜)
[名]
a sweet, sticky yellowish-brown fluid made by bees and other insects from the nectar collected from flowers
liquorice
(甘草)
[名]
a black substance with a sweet taste that is obtained from the root of a plant and used in medicine and in making sweets
彼らはワイン、リンゴ酒、梨酒、そしてしばしば水を飲むが、時には蜂蜜や甘草を煮詰めたものを飲む。
and though they know exactly how much corn will serve every town and all that tract of country which belongs to it, yet they sow much more and breed more cattle than are necessary for their consumption, and they give that overplus of which they make no use to their neighbours.
serve
(必要である)
[動]
be of use to
overplus
(余分)
[名]
an excess
neighbour
(隣人)
[名]
a person living near or next to the speaker or person referred to
彼らは、どの町にも、その町に属するすべての地域にも、どれだけの穀物が必要かを正確に知っているが、彼らは消費に必要な量よりもはるかに多くの穀物を播き、より多くの牛を飼育し、余った分は隣人に与える。
When they want anything in the country which it does not produce, they fetch that from the town, without carrying anything in exchange for it.
produce
(生産する)
[動]
make or manufacture from components or raw materials
fetch
(取ってくる)
[動]
go for and then bring back
彼らが田舎で生産していない何かを欲しがるとき、彼らはそれを交換するために何も運ばずに町からそれを取ってくる。
And the magistrates of the town take care to see it given them;
そして、町の行政官は彼らにそれが与えられるように気を配る。
for they meet generally in the town once a month, upon a festival day.
month
(月)
[名]
one of the twelve divisions of a year
festival
(祭り)
[名]
an organized series of events, typically staged over several days and nights, in which several performances of plays, concerts, and other entertainments are given in a particular place
彼らは通常、月に一度、祭りの日に町で会う。
When the time of harvest comes, the magistrates in the country send to those in the towns and let them know how many hands they will need for reaping the harvest;
time
(時期)
[名]
a point of time as measured in hours and minutes
harvest
(収穫)
[名]
the gathering of ripe crops
let know
(知らせる)
[動]
inform
hand
(人数)
[名]
a person who does a particular kind of work
収穫の時期になると、田舎の行政官は町の行政官に連絡を取り、収穫に必要な人数を知らせる。
and the number they call for being sent to them, they commonly despatch it all in one day.
call for
(呼び寄せる)
[動]
to demand or request
number
(人数)
[名]
a quantity of persons or things
commonly
(通常)
[副]
usually; ordinarily
despatch
(片付ける)
[動]
to send off or away quickly
そして、彼らが呼び寄せた人数が彼らに送られると、彼らは通常、一日ですべてを片付ける。