[English-Japanese Annotation Book]

Utopia

ユートピア

by Thomas More

sections=9, paragraphs=104, sentences=1376

words=42194, characters=227966, annotations=5666

Contents

1. DISCOURSES OF RAPHAEL HYTHLODAY, OF THE BEST STATE OF A COMMONWEALTH

2. OF THEIR TOWNS, PARTICULARLY OF AMAUROT

3. OF THEIR MAGISTRATES

4. OF THEIR TRADES, AND MANNER OF LIFE

5. OF THEIR TRAFFIC

6. OF THE TRAVELLING OF THE UTOPIANS

7. OF THEIR SLAVES, AND OF THEIR MARRIAGES

8. OF THEIR MILITARY DISCIPLINE

9. OF THE RELIGIONS OF THE UTOPIANS

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DISCOURSES OF RAPHAEL HYTHLODAY, OF THE BEST STATE OF A COMMONWEALTH

DISCOURSES (談話) [名] a formal discussion of a topic in speech or writing

RAPHAEL HYTHLODAY (ラファエル・ヒュトロダエウス) [名] a character in Utopia

COMMONWEALTH (共和国) [名] a state in which the supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives or by an elected or nominated president

BEST (最善) [形] of the highest quality

STATE (状態) [名] the particular condition that someone or something is in at a specific time

ラファエル・ヒュトロダエウスの共和国の最善の状態に関する談話

Henry VIII., the unconquered King of England, a prince adorned with all the virtues that become a great monarch, having some differences of no small consequence with Charles the most serene Prince of Castile, sent me into Flanders, as his ambassador, for treating and composing matters between them.

Henry VIII (ヘンリー八世) [名] King of England from 28 January 1547

England (英国) [名] a country in Europe

unconquered (不敗の) [形] not defeated or overcome

prince (王子) [名] a male member of a royal family other than the king

virtue (美徳) [名] a quality considered morally good or desirable

monarch (君主) [名] the head of a monarchy

Charles (チャールズ) [名] the name of a person

Castile (カスティーリャ) [名] a historical region of Spain

ambassador (大使) [名] the highest-ranking diplomat sent by a state to another state or to an international organization

Flanders (フランドル) [名] a historical region of Europe

treat (交渉する) [動] deal with or handle in a certain way

compose (和解する) [動] settle or come to an agreement about

偉大な君主にふさわしいあらゆる美徳を備えた、不敗の英国王ヘンリー八世は、カスティーリャの最も穏やかな王子チャールズとの間に、小さくない結果をもたらすいくつかの相違があったため、私を彼の大使として、彼らの間の交渉と和解のためにフランドルに派遣した。

I was colleague and companion to that incomparable man Cuthbert Tonstal, whom the King, with such universal applause, lately made Master of the Rolls; but of whom I will say nothing;

I (私) [代] the speaker or writer

colleague (同僚) [名] a person who works with another

companion (友人) [名] a person who accompanies another

incomparable (比類なき) [形] too good or bad to be compared with anything else

Cuthbert Tonstal (カスバート・トンスタル) [名] a person's name

King (国王) [名] the male ruler of a kingdom

universal (万雷の) [形] of, affecting, or done by all people or things in the world or in a particular group; general

applause (拍手喝采) [名] an expression of approval or praise

lately (最近) [副] not long ago; recently

Master of the Rolls (記録長官) [名] the head of the civil division of the Court of Appeal of England and Wales

of whom (彼については) [代] of or about whom

nothing (何も) [代] not anything; no single thing

私は、比類なき人物であるカスバート・トンスタルの同僚であり、友人でもあった。彼は、国王が最近、万雷の拍手喝采を浴びて記録長官に任命した人物であるが、彼については何も語らないでおこう。

not because I fear that the testimony of a friend will be suspected, but rather because his learning and virtues are too great for me to do them justice, and so well known, that they need not my commendations, unless I would, according to the proverb, “Show the sun with a lantern.”

testimony (証言) [名] a statement or declaration of fact or opinion given under oath by a witness

friend (友人) [名] a person whom one knows and with whom one has a bond of mutual affection

fear (恐れる) [動] be afraid of

proverb (ことわざ) [名] a short, well-known pithy saying, stating a general truth or piece of advice

lantern (提灯) [名] a portable lamp with a transparent case protecting the flame or electric bulb

友人の証言が疑われるのを恐れているからではなく、むしろ彼の学識と美徳は私には正当に評価できないほど偉大であり、あまりにもよく知られているので、ことわざにあるように「提灯で太陽を見せる」ようなことをしない限り、私の推薦は必要ないからである。

Those that were appointed by the Prince to treat with us, met us at Bruges, according to agreement;

appoint (任命する) [動] officially choose someone for a job or position

meet (会う) [動] come together with someone by chance or arrangement

agreement (合意) [名] an arrangement or understanding between two or more parties

王子から私たちとの交渉を任された人々は、合意に従ってブルージュで私たちと会った。

they were all worthy men.

worthy (立派な) [形] having worth or value

man (人物) [名] an adult male human being

彼らは皆立派な人物だった。

The Margrave of Bruges was their head, and the chief man among them;

Margrave of Bruges (ブルージュの辺境伯) [名] the ruler of the Margraviate of Bruges

head (長) [名] the person in charge of an organization

chief (最も重要な) [形] most important

ブルージュの辺境伯がその長であり、彼らの中で最も重要な人物だった。

but he that was esteemed the wisest, and that spoke for the rest, was George Temse, the Provost of Casselsee: both art and nature had concurred to make him eloquent: he was very learned in the law;

be esteemed (評価される) [動] be regarded with respect and admiration

wise (賢い) [形] having or showing experience, knowledge, and good judgment

speak for (代表して発言する) [動] speak on behalf of

George Temse (ジョージ・テムス) [名] a character in the story

Provost (教区長) [名] the head of a cathedral chapter

Casselsee (カッセルシー) [名] a fictional place in the story

both (両方) [限] the two

art (芸術) [名] the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination

nature (自然) [名] the physical world and everything in it

concur (同意する) [動] be of the same opinion about something

eloquent (雄弁な) [形] fluent or persuasive in speaking or writing

law (法律) [名] the system of rules that a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and may enforce by the imposition of penalties

しかし、最も賢いと評価され、他の人々を代表して発言したのは、カッセルシーの教区長であるジョージ・テムスだった。彼は芸術と自然の両方によって雄弁になっており、法律に非常に精通していた。

and, as he had a great capacity, so, by a long practice in affairs, he was very dexterous at unravelling them.

have a great capacity (優れた能力を持つ) [動] be able to do something well

by a long practice (長い間の実務経験によって) [名] by doing something repeatedly

unravelling (解明) [名] the action of solving a mystery or problem

そして、彼は優れた能力を持っていたので、長い間の実務経験によって、彼は問題を解明するのに非常に器用だった。

After we had several times met, without coming to an agreement, they went to Brussels for some days, to know the Prince’s pleasure;

several times (数回) [副] more than once

meet (会合を持つ) [動] come together with another or others for a purpose

go (行く) [動] move or travel from one place to another

Brussels (ブリュッセル) [名] the capital of Belgium

some days (数日間) [名] a period of time

know (知る) [動] be aware of through observation, inquiry, or information

pleasure (意向) [名] what one prefers to do or have

私たちが何度か会合を持った後、合意に至らず、彼らは王子の意向を知るために数日間ブリュッセルに行った。

and, since our business would admit it, I went to Antwerp.

business (仕事) [名] a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade

admit (許す) [動] allow to enter; let in

そして、私たちの仕事がそれを許すので、私はアントワープに行った。

While I was there, among many that visited me, there was one that was more acceptable to me than any other, Peter Giles, born at Antwerp, who is a man of great honour, and of a good rank in his town, though less than he deserves;

while (間に) [接] during the time that

there (そこに) [副] in or at that place

many (多くの) [形] a large number of

visit (訪れる) [動] go to see someone or something

one (1人) [名] the lowest cardinal number

more (より) [副] to a greater extent

acceptable (受け入れやすい) [形] able to be accepted

other (他の) [形] different from the one already mentioned

Peter Giles (ピーター・ジャイルズ) [名] a man

Antwerp (アントワープ) [名] a city in Belgium

great (非常に) [形] of major significance or importance

honour (名誉) [名] high respect

town (町) [名] an urban area that has a name, defined boundaries, and local government, and that is generally larger than a village and smaller than a city

less (ほどではない) [形] not as much or as many as

deserve (ふさわしい) [動] be worthy of

私がそこにいた間に、私を訪ねてきた多くの人々の中で、私にとって他の誰よりも受け入れやすい人がいた。アントワープで生まれたピーター・ジャイルズは、彼の町で非常に名誉ある人物であり、彼にふさわしいほどではないが、良い地位にある。

for I do not know if there be anywhere to be found a more learned and a better bred young man;

for (なぜなら) [接] because

I do not know (わからない) [動] be not sure or certain about something

if (もし) [接] on the condition or supposition that; in the event that

there be (ある) [動] exist

anywhere (どこにも) [副] in or to any place

to be found (いる) [動] be present or available

a more learned (もっと学識がある) [形] having or showing knowledge or learning

a better bred (より良い育ちの) [形] having or showing good manners

young man (若者) [名] a male human being who is young

なぜなら、どこにももっと学識があり、より良い育ちの若者がいるかどうかわからないからだ。

for as he is both a very worthy and a very knowing person, so he is so civil to all men, so particularly kind to his friends, and so full of candour and affection, that there is not, perhaps, above one or two anywhere to be found, that is in all respects so perfect a friend: he is extraordinarily modest, there is no artifice in him, and yet no man has more of a prudent simplicity.

for as (なぜなら) [接] because

knowing (博識な) [形] having a lot of knowledge

civil (礼儀正しい) [形] polite

particularly (特に) [副] to a higher degree than is usual or average

kind (親切) [形] helpful and generous

candour (率直) [名] the quality of being open and honest

affection (愛情) [名] a feeling of love

above (以上) [前] more than

one or two (1人か2人) [名] a small number of people

in all respects (あらゆる点で) [副] in every way

perfect (完璧な) [形] having no flaws or defects

extraordinarily (非常に) [副] to a very great degree

modest (謙虚) [形] not arrogant or pretentious

artifice (策略) [名] a clever trick or stratagem

prudent (思慮深い) [形] acting with or showing care for the consequences of an action

simplicity (素朴さ) [名] the quality or condition of being simple

彼は非常に立派で博識な人であるため、すべての人に礼儀正しく、特に友人には親切で、率直で愛情に満ちているので、おそらくどこにも1人か2人しかいない、あらゆる点で完璧な友人である。彼は非常に謙虚で、彼には策略がないが、それでも彼ほど思慮深い素朴さを備えた人はいない。

His conversation was so pleasant and so innocently cheerful, that his company in a great measure lessened any longings to go back to my country, and to my wife and children, which an absence of four months had quickened very much.

conversation (会話) [名] informal talk between two or more people

pleasant (楽しい) [形] giving a feeling of happy satisfaction

innocently (無邪気に) [副] in a way that is not intended to cause harm

cheerful (陽気な) [形] happy and positive

company (一緒) [名] the fact of being with someone

lessen (薄れる) [動] make or become less

longing (気持ち) [名] a strong feeling of wanting something

go back (帰る) [動] return to a place

country (国) [名] a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory

wife (妻) [名] a married woman

children (子供たち) [名] a son or daughter of any age

absence (不在) [名] the state of being away from a place or person

quicken (強まる) [動] make or become faster or quicker

彼の会話はとても楽しく、無邪気に陽気だったので、彼と一緒だと、4ヶ月の不在でとても強まっていた私の国や妻や子供たちのもとに帰りたいという気持ちがかなり薄れた。

One day, as I was returning home from mass at St. Mary’s, which is the chief church, and the most frequented of any in Antwerp, I saw him, by accident, talking with a stranger, who seemed past the flower of his age;

One day (ある日) [名] an unspecified day

St. Mary's (聖マリア教会) [名] a church

by accident (偶然) [副] by chance

stranger (見知らぬ人) [名] a person whom one does not know

past (過ぎた) [形] no longer existing or happening

flower (花) [名] the seed-bearing part of a plant

age (年齢) [名] the number of years that a person has lived

ある日、私がアントワープで最も頻繁に訪れる主要な教会である聖マリア教会のミサから帰宅していたとき、偶然、彼が年齢の花を過ぎたように見える見知らぬ人と話しているのを見た。

his face was tanned, he had a long beard, and his cloak was hanging carelessly about him, so that, by his looks and habit, I concluded he was a seaman.

face (顔) [名] the front of the human head from the forehead to the chin and ear to ear

tan (日焼けする) [動] make or become brown or browner by exposure to the sun

long (長い) [形] having a great distance or duration from end to end

beard (髭) [名] the hair that grows on a man's face

cloak (マント) [名] a loose outer garment

hang (羽織る) [動] be suspended or be suspended from

carelessly (無造作に) [副] without care or concern

look (容貌) [名] the way that someone or something appears

habit (服装) [名] a settled or regular tendency or practice

conclude (判断する) [動] reach a decision or form an opinion about something

彼の顔は日焼けし、長い髭を生やし、マントを無造作に羽織っていたので、彼の容貌と服装から、私は彼が船乗りだと判断した。

As soon as Peter saw me, he came and saluted me, and as I was returning his civility, he took me aside, and pointing to him with whom he had been discoursing, he said, “Do you see that man?

as soon as (すぐに) [副] at the very moment that

see (見る) [動] perceive with the eyes

come (来る) [動] move or travel toward or into a place thought of as near or familiar to the speaker

salute (挨拶する) [動] greet in a respectful or friendly way

return (答える) [動] give, send, or put back

civility (礼儀) [名] politeness and courtesy

take aside (脇に連れて行く) [動] take someone to a private place to talk to them

point (指さす) [動] direct someone's attention to something

say (言う) [動] express (something) in words

ピーターは私を見るとすぐに近づいてきて挨拶し、私が彼の礼儀に答えると、私を脇に連れて行き、彼が話していた相手を指さして言った、「あの男が見えるか?

I was just thinking to bring him to you.”

bring (連れて来る) [動] cause to come to a place

think (思う) [動] have a particular opinion, belief, or idea

彼を連れて来ようと思っていたところだ」

I answered, “He should have been very welcome on your account.”

answer (答える) [動] say or write something in reply

welcome (歓迎する) [動] greet cordially

私は答えた、「彼はあなたのために大歓迎されるべきだった」

“And on his own too,” replied he, “if you knew the man, for there is none alive that can give so copious an account of unknown nations and countries as he can do, which I know you very much desire.”

on his own (彼自身のために) [副] without help from others

if you knew the man (もしあなたがその男を知っていたなら) [他] if you had knowledge of the man

for there is none alive (彼ほど未知の国や国々について豊富な説明ができる人はいない) [他] for no living person

can give so copious an account of (説明ができる) [動] be able to explain something in detail

unknown nations and countries (未知の国や国々) [名] nations and countries that are not known

which I know you very much desire (あなたがとても望んでいることを私は知っている) [他] which is something that I know you want very much

「そして彼自身のためにも」と彼は答えた、「もしあなたがその男を知っていたなら、彼ほど未知の国や国々について豊富な説明ができる人はいない、あなたがとても望んでいることを私は知っている」

“Then,” said I, “I did not guess amiss, for at first sight I took him for a seaman.”

at first sight (一目で) [副] immediately; as soon as one sees something

take for (思う) [動] consider or regard as being

seaman (船乗り) [名] a person who works on a ship

「それなら」と私は言った、「私は見当違いではなかった、一目で彼を船乗りだと思った」

“But you are much mistaken,” said he, “for he has not sailed as a seaman, but as a traveller, or rather a philosopher.

much (大きく) [副] to a great extent

mistaken (間違っている) [形] wrong in one's opinion or judgment

traveller (旅行者) [名] a person who travels

philosopher (哲学者) [名] a person who studies philosophy

「しかし、あなたは大きく間違っている」と彼は言った、「彼は船乗りとしてではなく、旅行者として、あるいはむしろ哲学者として航海したのだ。

This Raphael, who from his family carries the name of Hythloday, is not ignorant of the Latin tongue, but is eminently learned in the Greek, having applied himself more particularly to that than to the former, because he had given himself much to philosophy, in which he knew that the Romans have left us nothing that is valuable, except what is to be found in Seneca and Cicero.

This Raphael (このラファエル) [名] a man's name

family (家族) [名] a group of people who are related to each other

carry (受け継ぐ) [動] take or bring from one place to another

name (名) [名] a word or set of words using which a person is referred to

ignorant (知らないわけではない) [形] lacking knowledge or awareness in general

Latin (ラテン語) [名] the language of ancient Rome

tongue (言葉) [名] the fleshy muscular organ in the mouth that is used for tasting, licking, swallowing, and for speech

eminently (精通している) [副] to a notable degree

learned (学んだ) [形] having much knowledge acquired by study

Greek (ギリシャ語) [名] the language of Greece

applied (熱心に取り組み) [動] put to a special use or purpose

himself (彼自身) [代] that male person or animal

philosophy (哲学) [名] the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence

knew (知っていた) [動] be aware of through observation, inquiry, or information

Romans (ローマ人) [名] a person from ancient Rome

left (残していない) [動] go away from a place

valuable (価値のある) [形] worth a great deal of money

except (以外に) [前] not including; other than

found (見出される) [動] discover or notice

Seneca (セネカ) [名] a Roman Stoic philosopher, statesman, dramatist, and in one work humorist of the Silver Age of Latin literature

Cicero (キケロ) [名] a Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, philosopher and Academic Skeptic, who tried to uphold republican principles during the final civil wars that destroyed the Roman Republic

彼の家族からヒュトロダエウスという名を受け継いだこのラファエルは、ラテン語を知らないわけではないが、ギリシャ語に精通しており、前者よりも後者に熱心に取り組み、哲学に没頭していたため、ローマ人はセネカとキケロに見出されるもの以外に価値のあるものを何も残していないことを知っていた。

He is a Portuguese by birth, and was so desirous of seeing the world, that he divided his estate among his brothers, ran the same hazard as Americus Vesputius, and bore a share in three of his four voyages that are now published;

Portuguese (ポルトガル人) [名] a person from Portugal

desirous (望む) [形] having or showing a wish or desire

divide (分ける) [動] separate into two or more parts

estate (財産) [名] all the money and property owned by a person or family

brother (兄弟) [名] a male sibling

run (冒す) [動] be exposed to or at risk of

hazard (危険) [名] a danger or risk

Americus Vesputius (アメリゴ・ヴェスプッチ) [名] an Italian explorer, financier, navigator and cartographer

bear (参加する) [動] take part in

voyage (航海) [名] a journey by sea

彼は生まれはポルトガル人で、世界を見たいと強く望んでいたので、彼の財産を兄弟の間で分け、アメリゴ・ヴェスプッチと同じ危険を冒し、現在出版されている彼の4回の航海のうち3回に参加した。

only he did not return with him in his last, but obtained leave of him, almost by force, that he might be one of those twenty-four who were left at the farthest place at which they touched in their last voyage to New Castile.

only (ただ) [副] and no one or nothing more or else

return (帰る) [動] go or come back to a place

last (最後) [形] coming after all others in time or order

obtain (得る) [動] get, acquire, or secure

leave (許可) [名] permission to be absent from duty or work

force (強引) [名] strength or energy exerted or brought to bear

twenty-four (24) [名] the cardinal number that is the sum of twenty-three and one

farthest (最も遠い) [形] most distant

place (場所) [名] a particular portion of space

touch (到達する) [動] come into or be in contact with

New Castile (ニュー・カスティーリャ) [名] a historical region of Spain

ただ、彼は最後の航海では彼と一緒に帰らず、ニュー・カスティーリャへの最後の航海で到達した最も遠い場所に残された24人の一人になるために、ほとんど強引に彼の許可を得た。

The leaving him thus did not a little gratify one that was more fond of travelling than of returning home to be buried in his own country;

leave (残す) [動] go away from

thus (このように) [副] in this way

gratify (喜ばせる) [動] give pleasure to

one (彼) [名] a person

fond (好む) [形] having a strong liking for

travel (旅) [名] the action of going from one place to another

home (故郷) [名] the place where one lives

be buried (埋葬される) [動] be put into a grave

このように彼を残すことは、故郷に帰って埋葬されるよりも旅を好む彼を少なからず喜ばせた。

for he used often to say, that the way to heaven was the same from all places, and he that had no grave had the heavens still over him.

heaven (天国) [名] the place where God lives and where good people go after they die

way (道) [名] a method, style, or manner of doing something

same (同じ) [形] not different or changed

grave (墓) [名] a location where a dead body (typically that of a human, although sometimes that of an animal) is buried

still (まだ) [副] even now or even then; even so

over (頭上に) [前] above or higher than

彼はよく、天国への道はどこからでも同じであり、墓を持たない人は天国が頭上にあるものだとよく言っていた。

Yet this disposition of mind had cost him dear, if God had not been very gracious to him;

disposition (傾向) [名] a tendency to behave in a particular way

mind (心) [名] the part of a person that thinks, feels, and remembers

cost (高くつく) [動] require the payment of

dear (高く) [形] high in price

God (神) [名] the creator and ruler of the universe and source of all moral authority; the supreme being

gracious (慈悲深い) [形] kind and pleasant

それでも、神が彼にとても慈悲深くなければ、この心の傾向は彼に高くついただろう。

for after he, with five Castalians, had travelled over many countries, at last, by strange good fortune, he got to Ceylon, and from thence to Calicut, where he, very happily, found some Portuguese ships;

after (後に) [前] later or following (the event mentioned)

five (5人) [数] the number 5

Castalians (カスティリアン) [名] a native or inhabitant of Castile

travel over (旅する) [動] go across or through

at last (ついに) [副] finally

strange (奇妙な) [形] unusual or surprising in a way that is unsettling or hard to understand

good fortune (幸運) [名] success or luck

get to (着く) [動] reach a destination

Ceylon (セイロン) [名] a large island in the Indian Ocean, southeast of India

thence (そこから) [副] from that place

Calicut (カリカット) [名] a city and port on the Malabar Coast of India

very happily (幸運にも) [副] in a very happy way

find (見つける) [動] discover or notice

Portuguese (ポルトガル) [形] of or relating to Portugal or its people or language

彼は5人のカスティリアンと一緒に多くの国を旅した後、ついに奇妙な幸運によってセイロンに着き、そこからカリカットに着き、そこで幸運にもポルトガル船を見つけた。

and, beyond all men’s expectations, returned to his native country.”

beyond (を超えて) [前] on the farther side of

expectation (期待) [名] a strong belief that something will happen or be the case in the future

native country (母国) [名] the country where one was born

そして、すべての人の期待を超えて、彼の母国に戻った。」

When Peter had said this to me, I thanked him for his kindness in intending to give me the acquaintance of a man whose conversation he knew would be so acceptable;

thank (感謝する) [動] express gratitude to

kindness (親切) [名] the quality of being friendly, generous, and considerate

intend (つもりである) [動] have as one's purpose or intention

give (させる) [動] cause (someone) to have, receive, or do something

acquaintance (知り合い) [名] a person one knows slightly

ピーターが私にこう言った時、私は彼が会話がとても受け入れられると知っている男性と知り合いにさせてくれるつもりの彼の親切に感謝した。

and upon that Raphael and I embraced each other.

upon (すると) [前] on

each other (互いに) [代] one another

そして、ラファエルと私は抱き合った。

After those civilities were past which are usual with strangers upon their first meeting, we all went to my house, and entering into the garden, sat down on a green bank and entertained one another in discourse.

first meeting (初対面) [名] the first time that two or more people meet

house (家) [名] a place where people live permanently, especially as a member of a family or household

garden (庭) [名] a piece of land where plants (such as flowers or vegetables) are grown

sit down (腰を下ろす) [動] to move from a standing position to a sitting position

discourse (会話) [名] a formal discussion of a topic in speech or writing

初対面の見知らぬ人同士がよくするような礼儀正しい挨拶を交わした後、私たちは皆私の家に向かい、庭に入って緑の土手に腰を下ろし、互いに会話を楽しんだ。

He told us that when Vesputius had sailed away, he, and his companions that stayed behind in New Castile, by degrees insinuated themselves into the affections of the people of the country, meeting often with them and treating them gently;

Vesputius (ヴェスプチウス) [名] Amerigo Vespucci

sail away (出航する) [動] leave a port

by degrees (次第に) [副] gradually

insinuate (溶け込む) [動] introduce or establish gradually or subtly

gently (優しく) [副] in a kind and tender manner

彼は、ヴェスプチウスが出航した時、彼とニュー・カスティーリャに残った仲間たちは、度々彼らと会って優しく接することで、次第にその国の人々の愛情に溶け込んでいったと語った。

and at last they not only lived among them without danger, but conversed familiarly with them, and got so far into the heart of a prince, whose name and country I have forgot, that he both furnished them plentifully with all things necessary, and also with the conveniences of travelling, both boats when they went by water, and waggons when they travelled over land:

live (住む) [動] have as one's home

among (間に) [前] in the middle of

danger (危険) [名] the possibility of suffering harm or injury

converse (会話する) [動] talk with

familiarly (親しく) [副] in a friendly way

get into (入り込む) [動] become involved in

heart (心) [名] the organ that pumps blood around the body

forget (忘れる) [動] not be able to remember

furnish (提供する) [動] supply or provide

plentifully (豊富に) [副] in large quantities

necessary (必要な) [形] required

convenience (便宜) [名] the quality of being easy to use or to do

boat (船) [名] a small vessel for travelling over water

water (水) [名] the liquid that descends from the clouds as rain, forms streams, lakes, and seas, and is the major constituent of all living matter and that when pure is an odorless, tasteless, very slightly compress...

land (陸) [名] the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water

そしてついに彼らは危険もなく彼らの間に住むだけでなく、彼らと親しく会話し、名前と国を忘れてしまった王子の心に入り込み、王子は彼らに必要なすべてのものを豊富に提供し、また、水上を行く時には船を、陸路を行く時には荷車を用意して、旅の便宜を図った。

he sent with them a very faithful guide, who was to introduce and recommend them to such other princes as they had a mind to see:

send (同行させる) [動] cause to go or be taken to a destination; arrange for the delivery of

faithful (忠実な) [形] loyal, constant, and steadfast

guide (案内人) [名] someone who shows the way to others

introduce (紹介する) [動] cause to be acquainted

recommend (推薦する) [動] present as worthy of acceptance or trial

彼は彼らに非常に忠実な案内人を同行させ、彼らが会いたいと思う他の王子たちに彼らを紹介し、推薦することになっていた。

and after many days’ journey, they came to towns, and cities, and to commonwealths, that were both happily governed and well peopled.

many days (何日も) [名] a long period of time

journey (旅) [名] a long and difficult process of personal change and growth

city (都市) [名] a large human settlement

happily (幸せに) [副] in a happy way

govern (統治する) [動] conduct the policy, actions, and affairs of (a state, organization, or people) with authority

people (人々) [名] human beings in general or considered collectively

そして何日も旅をした後、彼らは町や都市、そして共和国にたどり着き、それらは幸せに統治され、人々も豊かだった。

Under the equator, and as far on both sides of it as the sun moves, there lay vast deserts that were parched with the perpetual heat of the sun;

under (直下) [前] directly below

equator (赤道) [名] an imaginary line around the middle of the earth

as far as (限り) [接] to the extent or degree that

sun (太陽) [名] the star that the earth revolves around

move (動く) [動] change position

vast (広大な) [形] of very great extent or quantity

desert (砂漠) [名] a dry, sandy region of little rainfall, extreme temperature, and sparse vegetation

lay (広がる) [動] be in or assume a horizontal position

parch (焼ける) [動] make or become dry through intense heat

perpetual (永続的な) [形] continuing forever or for a very long time

heat (熱) [名] the quality or state of being hot

赤道直下と、太陽が動く限りその両側には、太陽の永続的な熱で焼けた広大な砂漠が広がっていた。

the soil was withered, all things looked dismally, and all places were either quite uninhabited, or abounded with wild beasts and serpents, and some few men, that were neither less wild nor less cruel than the beasts themselves.

soil (土壌) [名] the upper layer of earth in which plants grow, a black or dark brown material typically consisting of a mixture of organic remains, clay, and rock particles

wither (枯れる) [動] dry up and shrivel

dismally (陰鬱に) [副] in a gloomy manner

uninhabited (人が住んでいない) [形] without inhabitants

abound (住んでいる) [動] be plentiful or numerous

wild beast (野獣) [名] an undomesticated animal

serpent (蛇) [名] a limbless reptile with a long, thin body and a forked tongue

cruel (残酷な) [形] willfully causing pain or suffering to others, or feeling no concern about it

土壌は枯れ、すべてのものが陰鬱に見え、すべての場所は全く人が住んでいないか、野獣や蛇、そして獣そのものよりも野蛮でも残酷でもない少数の人間が住んでいた。

But, as they went farther, a new scene opened, all things grew milder, the air less burning, the soil more verdant, and even the beasts were less wild: and, at last, there were nations, towns, and cities, that had not only mutual commerce among themselves and with their neighbours, but traded, both by sea and land, to very remote countries.

go farther (進む) [動] move forward

open (開ける) [動] move a door or window so as to leave a space allowing access and vision

grow milder (穏やかになる) [動] become less severe, extreme, or intense

air (空気) [名] the mixture of gases that surrounds the earth and forms its atmosphere

burn (燃える) [動] be on fire

verdant (緑に覆われた) [形] green with grass or other vegetation

beast (獣) [名] an animal, especially a large or dangerous four-footed one

wild (野生の) [形] living or growing in the natural environment; not domesticated or cultivated

nation (国) [名] a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory

mutual (相互の) [形] done, felt, or given by each of two or more parties to the other or others

commerce (通商) [名] the activity of buying and selling, especially on a large scale

themselves (自分たち) [代] used to refer to the people or things previously mentioned as the subject

neighbour (隣国) [名] a person living next door or very close

trade (貿易) [名] the activity of buying and selling goods and services

sea (海) [名] a large expanse of salt water covering most of the earth's surface and surrounding its land masses

remote (遠い) [形] far away in space or time

しかし、彼らがさらに進むと、新しい景色が開け、すべてのものが穏やかになり、空気は燃えにくくなり、土壌はより緑に覆われ、獣でさえも野生ではなくなった。そしてついに、自分たちの間や隣国との相互通商だけでなく、海と陸の両方で非常に遠い国々とも貿易を行っていた国や町や都市があった。

There they found the conveniencies of seeing many countries on all hands, for no ship went any voyage into which he and his companions were not very welcome.

hand (方面) [名] a direction or position

ship (船) [名] a large vessel for traveling on water

go (出かける) [動] move or travel

welcome (歓迎) [名] a kind or glad reception

そこで彼らは、あらゆる方面で多くの国々を見物する便宜を得た。なぜなら、彼とその仲間が歓迎されない航海に出かける船はなかったからである。

The first vessels that they saw were flat-bottomed, their sails were made of reeds and wicker, woven close together, only some were of leather;

first (最初) [形] coming before all others in time or order

vessel (船) [名] a hollow container used to hold liquid

flat-bottomed (底が平ら) [形] having a flat bottom

sail (帆) [名] a piece of fabric that catches the wind and propels a boat

reed (葦) [名] a tall, slender-stemmed plant that grows in wet areas

wicker (柳) [名] a flexible twig or branch

make (作る) [動] create or produce

together (一緒に) [副] with or in the company of another person or other people

leather (革) [名] a material made from the skin of an animal

彼らが最初に見た船は底が平らで、帆は葦や柳で作られ、密に編まれており、革製のものもあった。

but, afterwards, they found ships made with round keels and canvas sails, and in all respects like our ships, and the seamen understood both astronomy and navigation.

afterwards (その後) [副] at a later time

round (丸い) [形] having a circular shape

keel (竜骨) [名] a long, narrow piece of wood or metal that forms the lowest part of a ship and that helps to keep it upright

canvas (帆布) [名] a strong, heavy cloth made from cotton

respect (点) [名] a particular aspect or feature of something

understand (理解する) [動] know or comprehend the nature or meaning of

astronomy (天文学) [名] the study of the stars, planets, and other objects in space

navigation (航海術) [名] the process of directing the course of a ship or aircraft

しかし、その後、彼らは丸い竜骨と帆布の帆で作られた船を見つけ、あらゆる点で私たちの船に似ていて、船員たちは天文学と航海術の両方を理解していた。

He got wonderfully into their favour by showing them the use of the needle, of which till then they were utterly ignorant.

get into (得る) [動] receive or be given

favour (好意) [名] approval, liking, or goodwill

show (教える) [動] cause or allow to be seen

use (使い方) [名] the action of using something

needle (針) [名] a small, thin, sharp piece of metal with a point at one end and a hole for thread at the other

wonderfully (驚くほど) [副] in a wonderful way

utterly (全く) [副] completely; absolutely

彼は彼らに針の使い方を教えることで、彼らの好意を驚くほど得たが、それまでは彼らは針の使い方を全く知らなかった。

They sailed before with great caution, and only in summer time;

sail (航海する) [動] travel by water

before (以前) [副] at a time in the past

caution (注意) [名] care taken to avoid danger or mistakes

summer (夏) [名] the season of the year between spring and autumn

彼らは以前は細心の注意を払って航海し、夏にしか航海しなかった。

but now they count all seasons alike, trusting wholly to the loadstone, in which they are, perhaps, more secure than safe;

count (数える) [動] determine the total number of

season (季節) [名] one of the four periods of the year (spring, summer, fall, and winter)

alike (同じように) [副] in a similar way

trust (信頼する) [動] have confidence in the reliability, truth, or ability of

wholly (完全に) [副] completely

loadstone (磁石) [名] a piece of magnetite that has magnetic properties and attracts iron and steel

safe (安全) [形] free from danger or risk

secure (安心) [形] free from danger or threat; not likely to fail, give way, etc.

しかし、今では彼らはすべての季節を同じように数え、磁石に完全に信頼を置いているが、それはおそらく安全というよりは安心感を与えている。

so that there is reason to fear that this discovery, which was thought would prove so much to their advantage, may, by their imprudence, become an occasion of much mischief to them.

so that (そのため) [接] with the result that

there is reason to (理由がある) [動] have a good reason to

this (この) [限] the one near you or the one just mentioned

discovery (発見) [名] the act of finding something new

which was thought (と思われていた) [他] that was thought

would prove (働く) [動] turn out to be

so much (とても) [副] to a great extent

to their advantage (有利に) [名] a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position

may (かもしれない) [助] be possible or likely

by their imprudence (軽率さによって) [名] the trait of acting or done without care or thought for the consequences

become (なる) [動] come to be

an occasion (機会) [名] a particular time or event

of much mischief (多くの災い) [名] a cause or source of harm, evil, or irritation

そのため、彼らに有利に働くと思われていたこの発見が、彼らの軽率さによって、彼らに多くの災いをもたらす機会になるのではないかと恐れる理由がある。

But it were too long to dwell on all that he told us he had observed in every place, it would be too great a digression from our present purpose: whatever is necessary to be told concerning those wise and prudent institutions which he observed among civilised nations, may perhaps be related by us on a more proper occasion.

dwell on (語る) [動] to think or talk about something for a long time

all (すべて) [名] the whole amount of

too long (長すぎる) [形] longer than is desirable or necessary

too great (大きく) [形] more than is desirable or necessary

digression (逸脱) [名] a departure from the main subject

present (現在の) [形] existing or happening now

purpose (目的) [名] the intention to do something

whatever (何であれ) [代] no matter what

necessary (必要) [形] required to be done, achieved, or present

told (語られる) [動] to communicate information or an opinion

institution (制度) [名] an established law, practice, or custom

civilised (文明国) [形] having an advanced or humane culture

perhaps (おそらく) [副] possibly

related (語られる) [動] to tell or narrate

proper (適切な) [形] suitable or right in the circumstances

しかし、彼があらゆる場所で観察したことをすべて語るには長すぎるし、現在の目的から大きく逸脱してしまうだろう。彼が文明国で観察した賢明で慎重な制度について語られるべきことは、おそらくもっと適切な機会に語られるだろう。

We asked him many questions concerning all these things, to which he answered very willingly;

ask (尋ねる) [動] say something in order to obtain an answer or some information

question (質問) [名] a statement asking for something and expecting an answer

concerning (に関して) [前] about

willingly (喜んで) [副] of your own free will

私たちは彼にこれらすべてのことについて多くの質問をしたが、彼はそれにとても喜んで答えてくれた。

we made no inquiries after monsters, than which nothing is more common;

make inquiry (尋ねる) [動] ask a question

monster (怪物) [名] a creature that is typically large, ugly, and frightening

私たちは怪物について尋ねることはしなかったが、それ以上にありふれたものはない。

for everywhere one may hear of ravenous dogs and wolves, and cruel men-eaters, but it is not so easy to find states that are well and wisely governed.

everywhere (どこでも) [副] in all places

hear of (聞く) [動] be told or informed of

ravenous (貪欲な) [形] extremely hungry

dog (犬) [名] a domesticated carnivorous mammal that typically has a long snout, an acute sense of smell, and a barking, howling, or whining voice

wolf (狼) [名] a wild carnivorous mammal that is the largest member of the dog family

man-eater (人食い) [名] an animal that eats humans

well (賢く) [副] in a good manner

wisely (賢く) [副] in a wise manner

governed (統治されている) [動] rule or control

どこでも貪欲な犬や狼、残酷な人食いの話を聞くことができるが、賢く統治されている国を見つけるのはそう簡単ではない。

As he told us of many things that were amiss in those new-discovered countries, so he reckoned up not a few things, from which patterns might be taken for correcting the errors of these nations among whom we live;

tell (語る) [動] communicate information, facts, or news to someone in spoken or written words

thing (こと) [名] an object that one need not, cannot, or does not wish to give a specific name to

amiss (間違っている) [形] wrong; faulty; improper

reckon (数える) [動] count or calculate

few (少ない) [形] a small number of

pattern (パターン) [名] a repeated decorative design

take (取る) [動] get into one's possession, power, or control

correct (正す) [動] free from error; accurate

error (誤り) [名] a deviation from accuracy or correctness

彼は新しく発見された国々で間違っていた多くのことを私たちに語ったように、私たちが住んでいるこれらの国々の誤りを正すためのパターンが取られるかもしれない多くのことを数えた。

of which an account may be given, as I have already promised, at some other time;

of which (その) [代] of the thing that

account (説明) [名] a statement of the facts or reasons

may be given (与えられるかもしれない) [動] be possible to be given

as (ように) [接] in the way that

have already promised (すでに約束した) [動] have made a promise

at some other time (別の機会に) [名] at a different time

私がすでに約束したように、その説明は別の機会に与えられるかもしれない。

for, at present, I intend only to relate those particulars that he told us, of the manners and laws of the Utopians: but I will begin with the occasion that led us to speak of that commonwealth.

at present (今のところ) [副] now; at this time

intend (つもり) [動] have in mind as a purpose

relate (述べる) [動] give an account of

particular (詳細) [名] an individual fact or item

manner (風習) [名] a way of doing something

Utopian (ユートピア人) [名] an inhabitant of Utopia

occasion (機会) [名] a particular time or event

なぜなら、今のところ、私は彼が私たちに語ったユートピア人の風習と法律に関する詳細を述べるつもりだけだからだ。しかし、私は私たちがその共和国について話すことになった機会から始めよう。

After Raphael had discoursed with great judgment on the many errors that were both among us and these nations, had treated of the wise institutions both here and there, and had spoken as distinctly of the customs and government of every nation through which he had past, as if he had spent his whole life in it, Peter, being struck with admiration, said, “I wonder, Raphael, how it comes that you enter into no king’s service, for I am sure there are none to whom you would not be very acceptable;

Raphael (ラファエル) [名] archangel of the Bible

discourse (論じる) [動] talk or write about a subject in a comprehensive and systematic way

judgment (判断) [名] the ability to make considered decisions or come to sensible conclusions

custom (習慣) [名] a traditional and widely accepted way of behaving or doing something that is specific to a particular society, place, or time

government (政府) [名] the group of people with authority to govern it

distinctly (はっきりと) [副] in a clear and definite way

admiration (感心) [名] a feeling of respect and approval

wonder (不思議に思う) [動] feel curious or surprised about something

enter into (仕える) [動] become involved in

king (王) [名] the male ruler of an independent state, especially one who inherits the position by birth

service (奉仕) [名] the action of helping or doing work for someone

ラファエルが私たちとこれらの国々の両方にあった多くの誤りについて素晴らしい判断で論じ、あちらこちらで賢明な制度を扱い、彼が通ったすべての国の習慣と政府について、まるで彼がその国で一生を過ごしたかのようにはっきりと話した後、ピーターは感心して言った、「ラファエル、どうして王に仕えないのか不思議だ。

for your learning and knowledge, both of men and things, is such, that you would not only entertain them very pleasantly, but be of great use to them, by the examples you could set before them, and the advices you could give them;

learning (学識) [名] knowledge acquired by systematic study

knowledge (知識) [名] information and skills acquired through experience or education

men (人間) [名] an adult male human being

things (物事) [名] an object that one need not, cannot, or does not wish to give a specific name to

such (そのような) [限] of the type previously mentioned

entertain (楽しませる) [動] provide entertainment for

pleasantly (とても) [副] in a pleasant manner

be of great use (非常に役立つ) [動] be very useful

example (例) [名] a thing characteristic of its kind or illustrating a general rule

advice (アドバイス) [名] guidance or recommendations concerning prudent future action

なぜなら、人間と物事の両方に関するあなたの学識と知識は、あなたが彼らをとても楽しませるだけでなく、彼らの前に示せる例や彼らに与えられるアドバイスによって、彼らにとって非常に役立つものだからだ。

and by this means you would both serve your own interest, and be of great use to all your friends.”

by this means (この方法で) [副] in this way

serve (奉仕する) [動] work as a servant

interest (利益) [名] money paid for the use of money

be of great use (大いに役立つ) [動] be very helpful

そして、この方法であなたは自分の利益に奉仕し、すべての友人に大いに役立つだろう。」

“As for my friends,” answered he, “I need not be much concerned, having already done for them all that was incumbent on me;

as for (については) [前] with regard to; concerning

need (必要) [名] a requirement for something

be concerned (心配する) [動] be worried or anxious

already (すでに) [副] before or by now or the time in question

do (する) [動] perform an action

for (のために) [前] with the object or purpose of

that (こと) [名] the thing mentioned before

be incumbent on (課せられる) [動] be imposed as a duty or responsibility

「友人については、」彼は答えた、「私はすでに彼らのために私に課せられたすべてのことをしたので、あまり心配する必要はない。

for when I was not only in good health, but fresh and young, I distributed that among my kindred and friends which other people do not part with till they are old and sick: when they then unwillingly give that which they can enjoy no longer themselves.

when (頃) [接] at the time that

not only (だけでなく) [接] and also

health (健康) [名] the condition of being sound in body and mind

fresh (元気) [形] in a good condition

young (若い) [形] having lived or existed for only a short time

distribute (分け与える) [動] give shares of something to a number of recipients

kindred (親戚) [名] a person's relatives

not (ない) [副] a word that expresses negation

part with (手放す) [動] give up possession of

till (まで) [接] up to the point in time or space when

old (老いて) [形] having lived for a long time

sick (病気になる) [形] affected by a disease or illness

unwillingly (しぶしぶ) [副] in a reluctant manner

give (与える) [動] transfer possession of something to someone

enjoy (楽しむ) [動] take delight or pleasure in

no longer (もはやない) [副] not any more

なぜなら、私が健康なだけでなく、若くて元気だった頃、私は親戚や友人に、他の人々が老いて病気になるまで手放さないものを分け与えたからだ。

I think my friends ought to rest contented with this, and not to expect that for their sakes I should enslave myself to any king whatsoever.”

ought to (するべきである) [助] should

rest contented (満足する) [動] be happy with

expect (期待する) [動] regard as likely to happen

sake (ため) [名] purpose

enslave (奴隷にする) [動] make a slave of

whatsoever (どんな〜でも) [限] any at all

私の友人はこれに満足して、彼らのために私がどんな王にも奴隷になることを期待するべきではないと思う。」

“Soft and fair!” said Peter; “I do not mean that you should be a slave to any king, but only that you should assist them and be useful to them.”

soft (穏やかに) [副] gently

fair (公平に) [副] justly

slave (奴隷) [名] a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them

assist (助ける) [動] to give help to

useful (役立つ) [形] able to be used for a particular purpose

「穏やかに、公平に!」ピーターは言った、「私はあなたがどんな王の奴隷になるべきだという意味ではなく、ただあなたが彼らを助け、彼らに役立つべきだという意味だ。」

“The change of the word,” said he, “does not alter the matter.”

change (変更) [名] the act or instance of making or becoming different

word (言葉) [名] a unit of language

matter (問題) [名] a subject of concern

「言葉の変更は、」彼は言った、「問題を変えない。」

“But term it as you will,” replied Peter, “I do not see any other way in which you can be so useful, both in private to your friends and to the public, and by which you can make your own condition happier.”

term (呼ぶ) [動] give a name to

reply (答える) [動] say something in response

private (個人的に) [形] belonging to or for the use of one particular person or group of people only

public (公衆) [名] the people as a whole

condition (状態) [名] the state of something, especially with regard to its appearance, quality, or working order

happier (より幸せに) [形] feeling or showing pleasure or contentment

「しかし、あなたがそう呼ぶなら、」ピーターは答えた、「私はあなたが友人や公衆に個人的に、そしてあなた自身の状態をより幸せにすることができる他の方法を知らない。」

“Happier?” answered Raphael, “is that to be compassed in a way so abhorrent to my genius?

compass (達成する) [動] achieve or attain

way (方法) [名] how something is done or how it happens

abhorrent (忌まわしい) [形] causing disgust or hatred

genius (天才) [名] a person who is exceptionally intelligent or creative, either generally or in some particular respect

「より幸せに?」ラファエルは答えた、「それは私の天才にとってとても忌まわしい方法で達成されるのか?

Now I live as I will, to which I believe, few courtiers can pretend;

live (生きる) [動] be alive

will (思うように) [名] the ability to choose your own actions

courtier (廷臣) [名] a person who attends a royal court

pretend (できない) [動] to act as if something is true when it is not

今、私は自分の思うように生きている、それは廷臣にはほとんどできないことだ。

and there are so many that court the favour of great men, that there will be no great loss if they are not troubled either with me or with others of my temper.”

court (訴える) [動] try to win

loss (損失) [名] the fact or process of losing something or someone

そして、偉大な人々の好意に訴える人が非常に多いので、私や私の気質の他の人に悩まされなければ、大きな損失はないだろう。」

Upon this, said I, “I perceive, Raphael, that you neither desire wealth nor greatness;

upon this (これを聞いて) [副] after hearing this

neither (どちらも) [接] not either

desire (望む) [動] want or wish for

これを聞いて私は言った、「ラファエル、あなたは富も偉大さも望んでいないことがわかる。

and, indeed, I value and admire such a man much more than I do any of the great men in the world.

and (そして) [接] used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time

indeed (実際) [副] really; truly; in fact

value (評価する) [動] regard highly; think highly of

admire (賞賛する) [動] regard with respect or warm approval

そして、実際、私はそのような人を世界の偉人の誰よりもはるかに高く評価し、賞賛している。

Yet I think you would do what would well become so generous and philosophical a soul as yours is, if you would apply your time and thoughts to public affairs, even though you may happen to find it a little uneasy to yourself;

generous (寛大な) [形] willing to give money, time, help, etc., especially more than is usual or expected

philosophical (哲学的な) [形] of or relating to the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence, especially when considered as an academic discipline

soul (魂) [名] the spiritual or immaterial part of a human being or animal, regarded as immortal

apply (当てる) [動] make a formal request, as for a job or a place at a school or college

public affairs (公務) [名] the business of government or the state

uneasy (不安な) [形] causing or feeling anxiety or worry

それでも、あなたのような寛大で哲学的な魂にふさわしいことをするだろうと思う、もしあなたが自分の時間と考えを公務に当てるなら、たとえそれが自分にとって少し不安に感じられるとしても。

and this you can never do with so much advantage as by being taken into the council of some great prince and putting him on noble and worthy actions, which I know you would do if you were in such a post;

and this (そしてこれを) [接] and this

you can never do (あなたはできない) [動] you can never do

so much advantage (それほど有利に) [名] so much advantage

as by being taken into (加わることほど) [動] as by being taken into

the council of some great prince (偉大な君主の評議会) [名] the council of some great prince

and putting him on (彼を導くこと) [動] and putting him on

noble and worthy actions (高貴で価値ある行動) [名] noble and worthy actions

which I know you would do (あなたはそうするだろうと私は知っている) [動] which I know you would do

if you were in such a post (もしあなたがそのような地位にいたら) [動] if you were in such a post

そして、これをあなたは、偉大な君主の評議会に加わり、彼を高貴で価値ある行動に導くことほど有利に行うことはできない、もしあなたがそのような地位にいたら、あなたはそうするだろうと私は知っている。

for the springs both of good and evil flow from the prince over a whole nation, as from a lasting fountain.

spring (泉) [名] a natural flow of water from the ground

flow (流れ出る) [動] move or cause to move steadily and continuously

prince (君主) [名] the son of a king or queen

善と悪の泉は、永続的な泉からのように、君主から国全体に流れ出る。

So much learning as you have, even without practice in affairs, or so great a practice as you have had, without any other learning, would render you a very fit counsellor to any king whatsoever.”

so much (それほど) [副] to such a great extent

even (たとえ) [副] in the event that; if

without (なくても) [前] not having or not accompanied by

practice (経験) [名] the actual application or use of an idea, belief, or method, as opposed to theories about such application or use

affair (実務) [名] a matter of business or public concern

so great (それほど) [副] to such a great extent

render (するだろう) [動] cause to be or become

counsellor (相談役) [名] a person who gives advice, especially on social or personal problems

あなたが持っているほどの学識は、たとえ実務の経験がなくても、あるいはあなたが持っているほどの実務の経験は、他の学識がなくても、あなたをどんな王にも非常に適した相談役にするだろう。」

“You are doubly mistaken,” said he, “Mr. More, both in your opinion of me and in the judgment you make of things:

doubly (二重に) [副] twice as much or as many

said (言った) [動] express (something) in words

opinion (意見) [名] a view or judgment formed about something, not necessarily based on fact or knowledge

「あなたは二重に間違っている」と彼は言った、「モアさん、私に対するあなたの意見と物事に対するあなたの判断の両方において。

for as I have not that capacity that you fancy I have, so if I had it, the public would not be one jot the better when I had sacrificed my quiet to it.

capacity (能力) [名] the ability to do something

fancy (想像する) [動] to think that something is true or possible

have (持っている) [動] to possess, own, or hold

be not one jot the better (少しも良くなるわけではない) [動] not be any better

sacrifice (犠牲にする) [動] to give up something important for the sake of achieving something else

quiet (安らぎ) [名] the state of being calm and peaceful

私にはあなたが想像しているような能力はないし、もしあったとしても、私が自分の安らぎを犠牲にしたところで、公衆は少しも良くなるわけではない。

For most princes apply themselves more to affairs of war than to the useful arts of peace;

most (ほとんどの) [形] the majority of

apply (熱心である) [動] devote (oneself) to a particular activity

peace (平和) [名] a state of tranquility or quiet

war (戦争) [名] a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state

ほとんどの君主は、平和の有用な技術よりも戦争の事に熱心である。

and in these I neither have any knowledge, nor do I much desire it;

in (について) [前] on the subject of

these (これらのこと) [代] the things mentioned before

any (何の) [限] one, some, or all indiscriminately of whatever quantity

nor (また) [接] and not; also not

do (欲しくもない) [動] perform, execute, or accomplish

much (あまり) [副] to a great extent or degree

そして、これらのことについて私は何の知識も持っていないし、あまり欲しくもない。

they are generally more set on acquiring new kingdoms, right or wrong, than on governing well those they possess:

set on (熱心である) [動] determined to do something

acquire (獲得する) [動] to gain or obtain

kingdom (王国) [名] a country, state, or territory ruled by a king or queen

彼らは一般的に、正しいか間違っているかにかかわらず、新しい王国を獲得することに熱心であり、所有している王国をうまく統治することに熱心ではない。

and, among the ministers of princes, there are none that are not so wise as to need no assistance, or at least, that do not think themselves so wise that they imagine they need none;

minister (大臣) [名] a person appointed by a state leader to head a ministry

assistance (助け) [名] the action of helping someone by sharing work or providing money, information, or other resources

at least (少なくとも) [副] not less than; as much as

imagine (思う) [動] form a mental image of something that is not present or that is not the case

none (いない) [代] not one; not any

そして、君主の大臣の中には、助けを必要としないほど賢くない者はいないし、少なくとも、自分を賢いと思っていない者はいない。

and if they court any, it is only those for whom the prince has much personal favour, whom by their fawning and flatteries they endeavour to fix to their own interests;

court (求愛する) [動] try to win the love of

fawning (媚びへつらい) [名] the act of flattering or fawning over someone

flattery (お世辞) [名] excessive and insincere praise

endeavour (固執する) [動] try hard to do or achieve something

そして、もし彼らが誰かに求愛するならば、それは君主が個人的に好意を持っている人だけであり、彼らは媚びへつらいやお世辞によって自分の利益に固執しようとする。

and, indeed, nature has so made us, that we all love to be flattered and to please ourselves with our own notions:

love (大好きだ) [動] be extremely fond of

flatter (お世辞を言う) [動] praise too much or insincerely

notion (考え) [名] a general understanding

そして、実際、自然は私たちをそう作ったので、私たちは皆、お世辞を言われたり、自分の考えで自分を喜ばせたりするのが大好きだ。

the old crow loves his young, and the ape her cubs.

crow (カラス) [名] a large black bird

love (愛する) [動] feel a deep or constant affection for

young (子供) [名] a person who is relatively young

ape (猿) [名] a large primate mammal

cub (子供) [名] the young of certain animals

老いたカラスは子供を愛し、猿は子供を愛する。

Now if in such a court, made up of persons who envy all others and only admire themselves, a person should but propose anything that he had either read in history or observed in his travels, the rest would think that the reputation of their wisdom would sink, and that their interests would be much depressed if they could not run it down:

court (宮廷) [名] the residence of a sovereign or other high-ranking person

envy (羨む) [動] feel resentful or jealous of

propose (提案する) [動] put forward a plan or suggestion

history (歴史) [名] the study of past events

rest (残り) [名] the remaining part of something

reputation (評判) [名] the beliefs or opinions that are generally held about someone or something

sink (落ちる) [動] go down below the surface of something

run down (実行する) [動] cause to deteriorate or decline

さて、もしそのような宮廷で、他人を羨み、自分だけを賞賛する人々で構成されている場合、人は歴史の中で読んだり、旅行中に観察したことを提案するだけで、残りの人々は自分の知恵の評判が落ち、それを実行できなければ自分の利益が大きく落ち込むと考えるだろう。

and, if all other things failed, then they would fly to this, that such or such things pleased our ancestors, and it were well for us if we could but match them.

fail (失敗する) [動] be unsuccessful in achieving a particular goal

fly to (飛びつく) [動] move or travel quickly

please (喜ばせる) [動] cause to feel happy or satisfied

ancestor (先祖) [名] a person from whom one is descended

match (匹敵する) [動] be equal to or as good as

そして、他のすべてのことが失敗した場合、彼らはこれに飛びつき、そのようなことが私たちの先祖を喜ばせ、私たちがそれに匹敵することができれば、それは私たちにとって良いことだった。

They would set up their rest on such an answer, as a sufficient confutation of all that could be said, as if it were a great misfortune that any should be found wiser than his ancestors.

set up (安住する) [動] establish or start

answer (答え) [名] a reply to a question

sufficient (十分な) [形] as much or as good as required

confutation (論駁) [名] an argument or evidence that contradicts or disproves something

misfortune (不幸) [名] bad luck

彼らは、誰かが先祖よりも賢いと思われるのは大きな不幸であるかのように、そのような答えに安住し、言うべきことのすべてを十分に論駁した。

But though they willingly let go all the good things that were among those of former ages, yet, if better things are proposed, they cover themselves obstinately with this excuse of reverence to past times.

let go (手放す) [動] release one's hold on

good (良い) [形] to be desired or approved of

former (過去の) [形] having previously filled a particular role or been a particular thing

age (時代) [名] a period of time in which events occur

better (より良い) [形] of a more excellent or effective type or quality

cover (隠す) [動] conceal from view or knowledge

obstinately (頑固に) [副] in an obstinate manner

reverence (畏敬) [名] a feeling or attitude of deep respect tinged with awe

excuse (言い訳) [名] a reason or explanation put forward to defend or justify a fault or offense

しかし、彼らは喜んで過去の時代に存在したすべての良いものを手放したが、より良いものが提案された場合、彼らは過去への畏敬の念というこの言い訳で頑固に身を隠す。

I have met with these proud, morose, and absurd judgments of things in many places, particularly once in England.”

meet with (出会う) [動] come across or encounter

proud (傲慢な) [形] having or showing a high or excessively high opinion of oneself or one's importance, achievements, or abilities

morose (不機嫌な) [形] sullen and ill-tempered

absurd (ばかげた) [形] wildly unreasonable, illogical, or inappropriate

once (一度) [副] on one occasion or for one time only

私は多くの場所で、特にイギリスで一度、これらの傲慢で、不機嫌で、ばかげた判断に出会ったことがある。」

“Were you ever there?” said I.

be ever (かつて~したことがある) [動] at any time in the past

「あなたはそこにいたことがありますか?」と私は言った。

“Yes, I was,” answered he, “and stayed some months there, not long after the rebellion in the West was suppressed, with a great slaughter of the poor people that were engaged in it.

Yes (はい) [副] used to give a positive response

answered (答えた) [動] say or write something in reply

stayed (滞在した) [動] remain in a place

some months (数ヶ月) [名] a period of time

not long after (から間もなく) [副] a short time after

rebellion (反乱) [名] an act of violent or open resistance to an established government or ruler

suppressed (鎮圧された) [動] forcibly put an end to

slaughter (虐殺) [名] the killing of a large number of people or animals

engaged (関与した) [動] be involved in

「はい、いました」と彼は答えた。「西部の反乱が鎮圧され、それに関与した貧しい人々が大量に虐殺されてから間もなく、そこに数ヶ月滞在しました。

“I was then much obliged to that reverend prelate, John Morton, Archbishop of Canterbury, Cardinal, and Chancellor of England;

be obliged to (お世話になる) [動] be grateful to

John Morton (ジョン・モートン) [名] Archbishop of Canterbury, Cardinal, and Chancellor of England

Archbishop (大司教) [名] a bishop of the highest rank

Canterbury (カンタベリー) [名] a city in Kent, England

Cardinal (枢機卿) [名] a leading dignitary of the Roman Catholic Church

Chancellor (大法官) [名] the head of the government in some countries

「私は当時、カンタベリー大司教、枢機卿、イギリス大法官であるジョン・モートン師に大変お世話になりました。

a man,” said he, “Peter (for Mr. More knows well what he was), that was not less venerable for his wisdom and virtues than for the high character he bore:

Peter (ピーター) [名] a male given name

wisdom (知恵) [名] the quality of having experience, knowledge, and good judgment

character (性格) [名] the mental and moral qualities distinctive to an individual

彼は「ピーター(モア氏は彼がどんな人だったかをよく知っている)は、彼が持っていた高潔な性格よりも、彼の知恵と美徳のために尊敬されていた。

he was of a middle stature, not broken with age;

middle stature (中背) [名] a person of average height

彼は中背で、年齢の割に元気だった。

his looks begot reverence rather than fear;

beget (抱かせる) [動] cause to exist or to be born

fear (恐怖) [名] an unpleasant emotion caused by the belief that someone or something is dangerous, likely to cause pain, or a threat

彼の容貌は恐怖というよりは畏敬の念を抱かせた。

his conversation was easy, but serious and grave;

easy (気さく) [形] not difficult or hard

serious (真面目) [形] requiring much thought or work

grave (重々しい) [形] requiring much thought or work

彼の会話は気さくだが、真面目で重々しかった。

he sometimes took pleasure to try the force of those that came as suitors to him upon business by speaking sharply, though decently, to them, and by that he discovered their spirit and presence of mind;

take pleasure (楽しみ) [動] to enjoy something

try (試す) [動] to make an attempt at doing something

suitor (求婚者) [名] a man who is courting a woman

speak (話す) [動] to say something

sharply (きっぱりと) [副] in a sharp manner

decently (礼儀正しく) [副] in a decent manner

discover (発見する) [動] to find out or notice something

彼は時々、仕事で彼に求婚者としてやってくる人々の力を試すのを楽しみ、彼らにきっぱりと、しかし礼儀正しく話しかけ、それによって彼らの精神と心の存在を発見した。

with which he was much delighted when it did not grow up to impudence, as bearing a great resemblance to his own temper, and he looked on such persons as the fittest men for affairs.

grow up (成長する) [動] become an adult

impudence (厚かましさ) [名] people who lack modesty or shame

resemblance (似ている) [名] the state of being alike or similar

temper (気質) [名] a person's state of mind

look on (見なす) [動] regard or consider in a specified way

fittest (最も適した) [形] most suitable or appropriate

それが厚かましさにまで成長しない時には、彼自身の気質に非常に似ているとして、彼は非常に喜び、そのような人々を仕事に最も適した人々と見なした。

He spoke both gracefully and weightily;

gracefully (優雅に) [副] in a graceful manner

weightily (重々しく) [副] in a weighty manner

彼は優雅に、そして重々しく話した。

he was eminently skilled in the law, had a vast understanding, and a prodigious memory;

be skilled in (精通している) [動] have knowledge about or be good at

have a vast understanding (広い理解力を持つ) [動] be able to understand something

prodigious (驚異的な) [形] remarkably or impressively great in extent, size, or degree

memory (記憶力) [名] the retention of information over time

彼は法律に非常に精通しており、広い理解力と驚異的な記憶力を持っていた。

and those excellent talents with which nature had furnished him were improved by study and experience.

furnish (与える) [動] provide or supply

talent (才能) [名] a special natural ability or aptitude

study (勉強) [名] the devotion of time and attention to gaining knowledge especially by means of books

experience (経験) [名] practical contact with and observation of facts or events

そして、自然が彼に与えた優れた才能は、勉強と経験によって磨かれた。

When I was in England the King depended much on his counsels, and the Government seemed to be chiefly supported by him;

depend (依存する) [動] be controlled or determined by

counsel (助言) [名] advice, especially that given formally

support (支える) [動] give assistance to, especially financially

私がイギリスにいた時、国王は彼の助言に大きく依存しており、政府は主に彼に支えられているようだった。

for from his youth he had been all along practised in affairs;

from (から) [前] beginning at

youth (若い頃) [名] the period of life when one is young

all along (ずっと) [副] from the beginning to the end

practise (携わる) [動] be engaged in

affair (政務) [名] a matter of public concern

彼は若い頃からずっと政務に携わっていた。

and, having passed through many traverses of fortune, he had, with great cost, acquired a vast stock of wisdom, which is not soon lost when it is purchased so dear.

pass through (経る) [動] go through

traverse (巡り合わせ) [名] a journey across or through

fortune (運命) [名] the course of events in a person's life

cost (犠牲) [名] the price paid for something

stock (知恵) [名] a supply of something

soon (すぐに) [副] in a short time

lose (失う) [動] to no longer have something

そして、多くの運命の巡り合わせを経て、彼は多大な犠牲を払って、膨大な知恵を身につけたが、それは高くついたからといってすぐに失われるものではない。

One day, when I was dining with him, there happened to be at table one of the English lawyers, who took occasion to run out in a high commendation of the severe execution of justice upon thieves, ‘who,’ as he said, ‘were then hanged so fast that there were sometimes twenty on one gibbet!’ and, upon that, he said, ‘he could not wonder enough how it came to pass that, since so few escaped, there were yet so many thieves left, who were still robbing in all places.’

dine (食事をする) [動] eat dinner

happen to be (たまたまいる) [動] occur by chance

table (食卓) [名] a piece of furniture with a flat top and one or more legs, providing a level surface for eating, writing, or working at

English (イギリスの) [形] of or relating to England or its people or language

lawyer (弁護士) [名] a person who is qualified to practice law

take occasion to (機会をとらえて) [動] use an event or situation as an opportunity to do something

run out (尽きる) [動] come to an end

high commendation (大いに賞賛) [名] a strong expression of approval

severe execution (厳しい処刑) [名] the carrying out of a sentence of death on a condemned person

justice (正義) [名] the quality of being just; righteousness

thief (泥棒) [名] a person who steals

fast (素早く) [副] quickly

hang (吊るす) [動] suspend or be suspended from above with no support from below

sometimes (時々) [副] occasionally

twenty (20) [名] the cardinal number that is the product of two and ten

gibbet (絞首台) [名] a gallows

upon that (その上で) [副] in addition to that

come to pass (起こる) [動] happen

escape (逃げる) [動] get away from a place or situation

rob (強盗を働く) [動] take property unlawfully from a person or place by force or threat of force

ある日、私が彼と食事をしていると、たまたまイギリスの弁護士の一人が食卓にいて、泥棒に対する厳しい処刑を大いに賞賛し、「当時は、一本の絞首台に20人もの泥棒が吊るされていた」と言った。そして、その上で、「逃げ出した者がほとんどいないのに、まだ多くの泥棒が残っていて、あらゆる場所で強盗を働いていることが、どうして起こったのか、不思議でならない」と言った。

Upon this, I (who took the boldness to speak freely before the Cardinal) said, ‘There was no reason to wonder at the matter, since this way of punishing thieves was neither just in itself nor good for the public;

upon this (すると) [副] after this; following this

take the boldness to (大胆にも) [動] have the courage to

speak freely (自由に話す) [動] talk without restraint

matter (件) [名] a subject or situation under consideration

punish (罰する) [動] inflict a penalty or sanction on

just (公正) [形] based on or behaving according to what is morally right and fair

すると、私は(大胆にも枢機卿の前で自由に話した)、「泥棒を罰するこの方法は、それ自体が公正でもなければ、公衆にとっても良いことではないので、この件について不思議に思う理由はない。

for, as the severity was too great, so the remedy was not effectual;

severity (厳しさ) [名] the quality or state of being severe

remedy (治療法) [名] a medicine or treatment for a disease or injury

effectual (効果的) [形] producing or capable of producing an intended effect

厳しすぎるので、治療法は効果的ではなかった。

simple theft not being so great a crime that it ought to cost a man his life;

simple (単純な) [形] not complicated or elaborate

theft (窃盗) [名] the act of stealing

cost (奪う) [動] cause to lose or suffer

単純な窃盗は、人の命を奪うほどの大罪ではない。

no punishment, how severe soever, being able to restrain those from robbing who can find out no other way of livelihood.

no punishment (どんな刑罰も) [名] a penalty imposed on someone for a crime or other offense

how severe soever (どんなに厳しい) [副] to whatever extent or degree

restrain (遠ざける) [動] hold back from doing something

robbing (強盗) [名] the action of taking property unlawfully from a person or place by force or threat of force

どんなに厳しい刑罰も、他の生計手段を見つけられない者を強盗から遠ざけることはできない。

In this,’ said I, ‘not only you in England, but a great part of the world, imitate some ill masters, that are readier to chastise their scholars than to teach them.

in this (この点で) [副] in this matter

great part (大部分) [名] a large portion

world (世界) [名] the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on

imitate (真似る) [動] follow as a model

ill (悪い) [形] bad or poor

master (教師) [名] a person who has control over another person

chastise (罰する) [動] punish

scholar (生徒) [名] a person who attends a school

teach (教える) [動] impart knowledge to or instruct (someone) as to how to do something

この点で、イギリスのあなた方だけでなく、世界の大部分が、生徒を教えるよりは罰する方が得意な悪い教師を真似ている。

There are dreadful punishments enacted against thieves, but it were much better to make such good provisions by which every man might be put in a method how to live, and so be preserved from the fatal necessity of stealing and of dying for it.’

dreadful (恐ろしい) [形] causing or likely to cause great fear or suffering

punishment (刑罰) [名] a penalty imposed for a crime or other offense

enact (制定する) [動] make (a bill or other proposal) into law

better (良い) [形] of a higher standard or quality

provision (準備) [名] the action of providing or supplying something

every (誰もが) [限] each and all of a group

might (身につける) [助] expressing possibility or probability

put (置く) [動] move or cause to move into a specified place or position

method (方法) [名] a particular procedure for accomplishing or approaching something, especially a systematic or established one

so (そう) [副] to such a great extent

be preserved (守られる) [動] keep in its original state

fatal (致命的な) [形] causing death

necessity (必要性) [名] the quality or state of being necessary

steal (盗む) [動] take (something) without permission or legal right and without intending to return it

die (死ぬ) [動] stop living

泥棒に対しては恐ろしい刑罰が制定されているが、誰もが生きる方法を身につけ、盗みを働いて死ぬという致命的な必要性から守られるような良い準備をしておけば、ずっと良いだろう。」

‘There has been care enough taken for that,’ said he;

care (配慮) [名] serious attention or consideration applied to doing something correctly or to avoid damage or risk

enough (十分な) [形] as much or as many as required

「そのために十分な配慮がなされている」と彼は言った。

‘there are many handicrafts, and there is husbandry, by which they may make a shift to live, unless they have a greater mind to follow ill courses.’

handicraft (手工芸品) [名] an object that is made by hand

husbandry (農業) [名] the science of raising plants and animals for food, comfort, and other purposes

make a shift (生活する) [動] to manage to do something

unless (ない限り) [接] except if; if not

have a mind to (気がある) [動] to intend to do something

follow (犯す) [動] to go after someone or something

ill course (悪事) [名] a bad or harmful action

「多くの手工芸品があり、農業もある。悪事を犯す気がない限り、それで生活できる」

‘That will not serve your turn,’ said I, ‘for many lose their limbs in civil or foreign wars, as lately in the Cornish rebellion, and some time ago in your wars with France, who, being thus mutilated in the service of their king and country, can no more follow their old trades, and are too old to learn new ones;

serve one's turn (役に立つ) [動] be useful or helpful

limb (手足) [名] an arm or leg of a person or animal

civil war (内戦) [名] a war between citizens of the same country

foreign war (外国との戦争) [名] a war between different countries

Cornish rebellion (コーンウォールの反乱) [名] a rebellion in Cornwall

some time ago (少し前) [副] a short time ago

France (フランス) [名] a country in Europe

mutilated (手足を失った) [形] having a part of the body cut off

follow (続ける) [動] go after someone or something

old (以前の) [形] having lived or existed for a long time

trade (仕事) [名] a job or profession

learn (学ぶ) [動] gain knowledge or skills

「それでは役に立たない」と私は言った。「最近のコーンウォールの反乱や、少し前のフランスとの戦争のように、内戦や外国との戦争で手足を失う人が多い。王や国のために奉仕して手足を失った彼らは、もはや以前の仕事を続けることはできず、新しい仕事を学ぶには年を取りすぎている。

but since wars are only accidental things, and have intervals, let us consider those things that fall out every day.

accidental (偶発的) [形] happening by chance or accident

interval (間隔) [名] a space of time between two events or states

fall out (起こる) [動] happen or occur

every day (毎日) [副] on each day; daily

しかし、戦争は偶発的なものであり、間隔があるので、毎日起こっていることを考えてみましょう。

There is a great number of noblemen among you that are themselves as idle as drones, that subsist on other men’s labour, on the labour of their tenants, whom, to raise their revenues, they pare to the quick.

There is (いる) [動] exist

great number (数多く) [名] a large number

nobleman (貴族) [名] a member of the aristocracy

themselves (自分自身) [代] the reflexive form of the third-person plural pronoun

idle (怠け者) [形] not working or active

drone (怠け者) [名] a male bee that does no work and cannot sting

subsist (生計を立てる) [動] maintain or support oneself

labour (労働) [名] work, especially hard physical work

tenant (小作人) [名] a person who occupies land or property rented from a landlord

revenue (収入) [名] income

pare (搾り取る) [動] cut or trim the outer layer or edge of

あなた方の中には、自分自身は怠け者で、他人の労働、つまり小作人の労働で生計を立て、収入を増やすために小作人を骨の髄まで搾り取る貴族が数多くいる。

This, indeed, is the only instance of their frugality, for in all other things they are prodigal, even to the beggaring of themselves;

only (唯一の) [形] being the only one

instance (例) [名] an example or occurrence of something

frugality (倹約) [名] the quality of being careful with money or resources; thriftiness

all other (他のすべての) [形] the remaining ones

prodigal (浪費家) [形] spending money or resources freely and recklessly; wasteful

beggar (乞食) [名] a person who lives by asking for money or food

実際、これが彼らの倹約の唯一の例であり、他のすべての事柄においては、彼らは自分自身を乞食にするほど浪費家である。

but, besides this, they carry about with them a great number of idle fellows, who never learned any art by which they may gain their living;

besides (これ以外にも) [前] in addition to; as well as

carry about (連れ歩く) [動] take or bring with oneself

fellow (仲間) [名] a man or boy

never (決して) [副] not ever; at no time in the past or future; on no occasion; not at all

しかし、これ以外にも、彼らは生計を立てるための技術を学んだことのない怠け者を大勢連れ歩いている。

and these, as soon as either their lord dies, or they themselves fall sick, are turned out of doors;

as soon as (とすぐに) [接] immediately after

either (どちらか) [接] one or the other of two things

lord (主人) [名] a person having power and authority over others

fall sick (病気になる) [動] become ill

turn out (追い出す) [動] expel or eject

door (戸外) [名] a hinged barrier used to close an entrance to a room or building

そして、彼らの主人が死ぬか、彼ら自身が病気になるとすぐに、彼らは戸外に追い出される。

for your lords are readier to feed idle people than to take care of the sick;

lord (領主) [名] a person who has authority over others

be readier to (の方が得意だ) [動] be more prepared or willing to do something

feed (養う) [動] give food to

take care of (世話をする) [動] be responsible for the health, safety, and well-being of

あなた方の領主は、病人の世話をするよりも怠け者を養う方が得意だからだ。

and often the heir is not able to keep together so great a family as his predecessor did.

heir (相続人) [名] a person who inherits or is entitled to inherit property

keep together (維持する) [動] to maintain or preserve

predecessor (前任者) [名] a person who held a job or office before the current holder

そして、しばしば相続人は前任者ほど大家族を維持することができない。

Now, when the stomachs of those that are thus turned out of doors grow keen, they rob no less keenly;

grow keen (空腹になる) [動] become hungry

rob (盗みを働く) [動] take something from someone by force or threat of force

さて、このように戸外に追い出された人々の胃袋が空腹になると、彼らは盗みを働く。

and what else can they do?

else (他に) [副] other than what has been mentioned or implied

can (できる) [助] be able to

彼らは他に何ができるだろうか?

For when, by wandering about, they have worn out both their health and their clothes, and are tattered, and look ghastly, men of quality will not entertain them, and poor men dare not do it, knowing that one who has been bred up in idleness and pleasure, and who was used to walk about with his sword and buckler, despising all the neighbourhood with an insolent scorn as far below him, is not fit for the spade and mattock;

for when (なぜなら) [接] because

by wandering about (放浪によって) [前] by means of wandering

have worn out (ぼろぼろになる) [動] become worn out

clothes (衣服) [名] things that people wear

are tattered (ぼろぼろになる) [動] become worn out

look ghastly (みすぼらしい姿になる) [動] look terrible

men of quality (上流階級の人々) [名] people of high social status

will not entertain (相手にしない) [動] will not provide hospitality to

poor men (貧しい人々) [名] people who have little money

dare not do (勇気がない) [動] not have the courage to do

knowing that (知っている) [動] be aware of

one who has been bred up (育った人) [名] a person who has been raised

in idleness and pleasure (怠惰と快楽の中で) [前] in a state of idleness and pleasure

who was used to walk about (持ち歩き) [動] be accustomed to walking about

with his sword and buckler (剣と盾) [名] a sword and a shield

despising all the neighbourhood (見下して) [動] look down on

as far below him (はるかに下) [副] much lower

is not fit for (ふさわしくない) [動] be not suitable for

the spade and mattock (鍬やつるはし) [名] a spade and a mattock

放浪によって健康も衣服もぼろぼろになり、みすぼらしい姿になると、上流階級の人々は彼らを相手にせず、貧しい人々は彼らを相手にする勇気がない。怠惰と快楽の中で育ち、剣と盾を持ち歩き、近隣の人々を自分よりはるかに下に見下して横柄に振る舞っていた者が、鍬やつるはしを持つのにふさわしくないことを知っているからだ。

nor will he serve a poor man for so small a hire and in so low a diet as he can afford to give him.’

will (だろう) [助] expressing the future tense

serve (仕える) [動] work for

poor (貧しい) [形] having little money or few possessions

small (低い) [形] of a size that is less than average or usual

hire (賃金) [名] the money paid for the use of something

low (粗末な) [形] of a size that is less than average or usual

diet (食事) [名] the food and drink that a person regularly consumes

貧しい人に仕えるにしても、その人が支払える程度の低い賃金や粗末な食事では働かないだろう。」

To this he answered, ‘This sort of men ought to be particularly cherished, for in them consists the force of the armies for which we have occasion;

this (これ) [代] the thing that is being discussed or referred to

sort (種) [名] a category of things or people having similar characteristics

cherish (大事にする) [動] to hold something dear

in (で) [前] inside

consist (なる) [動] be composed of

force (戦力) [名] strength or power exerted upon an object

army (軍隊) [名] an organized military force equipped for fighting on land

occasion (必要) [名] a time or event when something happens or is done

これに対して彼は答えた。「この種の人々は特に大事にされるべきだ。彼らは我々が必要とする軍隊の戦力になるからだ。

since their birth inspires them with a nobler sense of honour than is to be found among tradesmen or ploughmen.’

birth (生まれ) [名] the beginning of life

inspire (持つ) [動] fill with a feeling or emotion

sense (感覚) [名] a faculty by which the body perceives an external stimulus; one of the faculties of sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch

彼らは生まれながらに商人や農民よりも高貴な名誉の感覚を持っている。」

‘You may as well say,’ replied I, ‘that you must cherish thieves on the account of wars, for you will never want the one as long as you have the other;

want (必要とする) [動] feel a need or a wish for

as long as (限り) [接] on condition that; provided that

「戦争のためには盗賊を大事にしなければならないと言うようなものだ」と私は答えた。「戦争がある限り盗賊は必要ないだろう。

and as robbers prove sometimes gallant soldiers, so soldiers often prove brave robbers, so near an alliance there is between those two sorts of life.

robber (盗賊) [名] a person who steals from others

prove (なる) [動] to be found to be; to turn out to be

soldier (兵士) [名] a person who serves in an army

brave (勇敢な) [形] ready to face and endure danger or pain; showing courage

alliance (関係) [名] a union or association formed for mutual benefit

near (近い) [形] not far away in space or time

盗賊が勇敢な兵士になることがあるように、兵士が勇敢な盗賊になることもよくある。この二つの生き方は非常に近い関係にある。

But this bad custom, so common among you, of keeping many servants, is not peculiar to this nation.

common (一般的な) [形] happening often or frequently

keep (抱える) [動] have or retain possession of

servant (召使) [名] a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties or as a personal attendant

しかし、多くの召使を抱えるという、あなた方の間で非常に一般的なこの悪習は、この国特有のものではない。

In France there is yet a more pestiferous sort of people, for the whole country is full of soldiers, still kept up in time of peace (if such a state of a nation can be called a peace);

yet (さらに) [副] in addition; besides

pestiferous (有害な) [形] harmful or destructive

whole (全体) [形] all of; the entire

full (いっぱい) [形] containing or holding as much or as many as possible

keep up (維持する) [動] maintain or continue at a certain rate or level

time (時) [名] the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole

フランスにはもっと有害な種類の人々がいる。国全体が兵士でいっぱいで、平和な時でさえ維持されている(そのような国家の状態を平和と呼べるならば)。

and these are kept in pay upon the same account that you plead for those idle retainers about noblemen: this being a maxim of those pretended statesmen, that it is necessary for the public safety to have a good body of veteran soldiers ever in readiness.

keep in pay (支払われる) [動] to continue to pay someone

plead (弁護する) [動] to speak in defense of

retainer (家臣) [名] a person who is employed by a person of high rank

maxim (格言) [名] a short, pithy statement expressing a general truth or rule of conduct

pretended (偽りの) [形] not genuine; false

statesman (政治家) [名] a person who is involved in the government of a country

public safety (公衆の安全) [名] the protection of the general public from danger or harm

veteran (退役軍人) [名] a person who has served in the armed forces

readiness (準備) [名] the state of being ready or prepared

そして、これらはあなたが貴族の周りの怠惰な家臣のために弁護するのと同じ理由で支払われている。これは、公衆の安全のためには常に準備の整った退役軍人の良い体を持つことが必要であるという、それらの偽りの政治家の格言である。

They think raw men are not to be depended on, and they sometimes seek occasions for making war, that they may train up their soldiers in the art of cutting throats, or, as Sallust observed, “for keeping their hands in use, that they may not grow dull by too long an intermission.”

raw (未熟な) [形] not having enough training or experience

depend on (頼る) [動] rely on

seek (求める) [動] try to get or find

make war (戦争をする) [動] engage in a war

train up (訓練する) [動] teach a particular skill or type of behavior

cut throat (喉を切る) [動] kill someone by cutting their throat

observe (観察する) [動] notice or perceive

keep in use (使い続ける) [動] continue to use

grow dull (退屈になる) [動] become bored

too long (あまりにも長い) [形] excessively long

intermission (休憩) [名] a pause or break in a cinema performance, concert, play, or other entertainment

彼らは未熟な男は頼りにならないと考え、時には戦争の機会を求めて、兵士を喉を切る技術の訓練をしたり、サルストゥスが観察したように、「あまりにも長い休憩で退屈にならないように、手を使い続けるために」戦争の機会を求める。

But France has learned to its cost how dangerous it is to feed such beasts.

しかし、フランスはそのような獣を養うことがどれほど危険かを学んだ。

The fate of the Romans, Carthaginians, and Syrians, and many other nations and cities, which were both overturned and quite ruined by those standing armies, should make others wiser;

Roman (ローマ人) [名] a citizen of ancient Rome

Carthaginian (カルタゴ人) [名] a citizen of ancient Carthage

Syrian (シリア人) [名] a citizen of Syria

fate (運命) [名] the development of events beyond a person's control, regarded as determined by a supernatural power

overturn (転覆させる) [動] turn upside down

ruin (破壊する) [動] reduce to a state of decay, collapse, or destruction

make (する) [動] cause to be or become

wiser (賢く) [形] having or showing experience, knowledge, and good judgment

ローマ人、カルタゴ人、シリア人、そして他の多くの国や都市の運命は、それらの常備軍によって転覆され、完全に破壊されたが、他の国や都市をより賢くするはずである。

and the folly of this maxim of the French appears plainly even from this, that their trained soldiers often find your raw men prove too hard for them, of which I will not say much, lest you may think I flatter the English.

folly (愚かさ) [名] foolishness

plainly (明らかに) [副] in a clear and simple manner

even (さえ) [副] to a greater extent or degree than is usual or expected

hard (難しい) [形] not easy; requiring much effort

prove (証明する) [動] to show or make clear the truth or existence of

lest (かもしれないので) [接] for fear that

そして、フランス人のこの格言の愚かさは、彼らの訓練された兵士がしばしばあなたの未熟な男が彼らにとってあまりにも難しいことを証明することからさえ明らかになるが、私はあなたが私がイギリス人をお世辞を言うと思うかもしれないので、あまり言わない。

Every day’s experience shows that the mechanics in the towns or the clowns in the country are not afraid of fighting with those idle gentlemen, if they are not disabled by some misfortune in their body or dispirited by extreme want;

show (示す) [動] to make visible or noticeable

mechanic (機械工) [名] a person who repairs and maintains machines

clown (道化師) [名] a performer who wears brightly colored clothes and makeup and performs tricks and jokes to entertain people

country (田舎) [名] the land of a nation

afraid (恐れる) [形] filled with fear

fight (戦う) [動] take part in a violent confrontation

gentleman (紳士) [名] a man who behaves in a polite and honorable way

disabled (障害を負う) [形] having a physical or mental condition that limits movements, senses, or activities

extreme (極度の) [形] very great in degree

want (欠乏) [名] a lack or deficiency of something

毎日の経験から、町の機械工や田舎の道化師は、身体に不幸があって障害を負ったり、極度の欠乏で意気消沈したりしない限り、怠惰な紳士と戦うことを恐れていないことがわかる。

so that you need not fear that those well-shaped and strong men (for it is only such that noblemen love to keep about them till they spoil them), who now grow feeble with ease and are softened with their effeminate manner of life, would be less fit for action if they were well bred and well employed.

need not (する必要はない) [助] not have to

well-shaped (体格の良い) [形] having a good shape

strong (たくましい人々) [形] having great physical power

spoil (駄目にする) [動] ruin or damage something

grow feeble (弱り) [動] become weak

ease (安楽) [名] freedom from pain or trouble

effeminate (女々しい) [形] having or showing characteristics regarded as typical of a woman

manner (態度) [名] a way of behaving

life (生活) [名] the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death

less fit (適さなくなる) [形] not as suitable

action (行動) [名] the fact or process of doing something

well bred (きちんと育てられ) [形] having good manners

well employed (適切に使われたら) [形] used in a good or proper way

だから、今は安楽に弱り、女々しい生活態度で軟弱になっている、あの体格の良いたくましい人々(貴族が甘やかして駄目にするまでそばに置きたがるのは、そういう人だけだから)が、もしもきちんと育てられ、適切に使われたら、行動に適さなくなるのではないかと心配する必要はない。

And it seems very unreasonable that, for the prospect of a war, which you need never have but when you please, you should maintain so many idle men, as will always disturb you in time of peace, which is ever to be more considered than war.

prospect (可能性) [名] the possibility or likelihood of some future event occurring

please (望む) [動] cause to be happy or satisfied

maintain (維持する) [動] cause to continue or be in a certain state

disturb (邪魔する) [動] interfere with the normal arrangement or functioning of

consider (考慮する) [動] think carefully about (something), typically before making a decision

そして、戦争の可能性のために、あなたが望む時以外は決して必要のない、戦争よりも常に考慮されるべき平和な時にあなたを常に邪魔するような、多くの怠惰な人々を維持することは非常に不合理に思われる。

But I do not think that this necessity of stealing arises only from hence;

arise (生じる) [動] come into existence or prominence

hence (ここから) [副] from this place; from here

しかし、私はこの盗みの必要性がここからだけ生じるとは思わない。

there is another cause of it, more peculiar to England.’ ‘What is that?’ said the Cardinal:

another (別の) [形] different from the one already mentioned

cause (原因) [名] the reason for which something happens

イギリスに特有の別の原因がある。」「それは何か?」と枢機卿は言った。

‘The increase of pasture,’ said I, ‘by which your sheep, which are naturally mild, and easily kept in order, may be said now to devour men and unpeople, not only villages, but towns;

increase (増加) [名] the action of increasing something

pasture (牧草地) [名] an area of land covered with grass and other plants that is used for grazing animals

sheep (羊) [名] an animal that is often kept for its wool or its meat

naturally (本来) [副] in a natural manner

mild (温和) [形] not severe, serious, or harsh

easily (簡単に) [副] in an easy manner

keep (管理できる) [動] to continue to have, hold, or maintain

devour (食い尽くす) [動] eat up greedily

unpeople (無人にする) [動] to remove people from

village (村) [名] a small human settlement in a rural area

「牧草地の増加だ」と私は言った。「それによって、本来は温和で、簡単に管理できる羊が、今や村だけでなく町でも人々を食い尽くし、無人にしていると言えるかもしれない。

for wherever it is found that the sheep of any soil yield a softer and richer wool than ordinary, there the nobility and gentry, and even those holy men, the abbots!

wherever (どこであれ) [副] in or to whatever place

yield (生み出す) [動] produce or provide

softer (より柔らかい) [形] less hard or firm to the touch

richer (より豊かな) [形] having a great deal of money or valuable possessions

wool (羊毛) [名] the soft curly hair forming the coat of a sheep, goat, or similar animal, especially when shorn and prepared for use in making cloth or yarn

ordinary (普通の) [形] with no special or distinctive features; normal or usual

nobility (貴族) [名] the quality of being noble in character, mind, birth, or rank

gentry (紳士) [名] well-born and well-bred people

holy (聖なる) [形] dedicated to God or to some religious purpose; consecrated

abbot (修道院長) [名] the head of a monastery

なぜなら、どんな土地の羊でも普通よりも柔らかく豊かな羊毛が採れることが分かれば、そこには貴族や紳士、そしてあの聖職者たち、修道院長までが!

not contented with the old rents which their farms yielded, nor thinking it enough that they, living at their ease, do no good to the public, resolve to do it hurt instead of good.

content (満足する) [動] be happy with

farm (農場) [名] an area of land and its buildings used for growing crops and rearing animals

rent (賃料) [名] a payment made by a tenant to a landlord

good (善) [名] that which is morally right

hurt (害) [名] physical or mental pain or suffering

resolve (決意する) [動] make a firm decision about

農場から得られる古い賃料に満足せず、また、自分たちが安楽に暮らして公衆に何の利益ももたらさないことを十分と考えず、善の代わりに害を与えようと決意する。

They stop the course of agriculture, destroying houses and towns, reserving only the churches, and enclose grounds that they may lodge their sheep in them.

stop (止める) [動] cause to cease moving or operating

course (流れ) [名] the general route or direction of something

agriculture (農業) [名] the science or practice of farming

destroy (破壊する) [動] cause to cease to exist

reserve (残す) [動] keep for future use

church (教会) [名] a building used for public Christian worship

enclose (囲い込む) [動] surround or close off on all sides

彼らは農業の流れを止め、家や町を破壊し、教会だけを残し、羊を住まわせるために敷地を囲い込む。

As if forests and parks had swallowed up too little of the land, those worthy countrymen turn the best inhabited places into solitudes;

forest (森) [名] a large area of land covered with trees

park (公園) [名] a large area of land with grass and trees, in a town, where people go in order to relax and enjoy themselves

swallow up (飲み込む) [動] to take in or engulf

land (土地) [名] the solid surface of the earth

countryman (同胞) [名] a person from one's own country

turn (変える) [動] to cause to move around an axis or center

inhabited (住みやすい) [形] lived in

solitude (孤独) [名] the state of being alone

森や公園が土地をあまりにも飲み込んでいないかのように、あの立派な同胞たちは最も住みやすい場所を孤独な場所に変えてしまう。

for when an insatiable wretch, who is a plague to his country, resolves to enclose many thousand acres of ground, the owners, as well as tenants, are turned out of their possessions by trick or by main force, or, being wearied out by ill usage, they are forced to sell them;

insatiable (飽くことのない) [形] extremely greedy

wretch (悪党) [名] a despicable person

plague (疫病) [名] a contagious disease that is deadly

ground (土地) [名] the solid surface of the earth

owner (所有者) [名] a person who owns something

possession (所有地) [名] the state of having, owning, or controlling something

trick (策略) [名] a clever act or scheme intended to deceive or outwit

main force (武力) [名] the military forces of a country

wearied (疲れ果てる) [動] make or become extremely tired

ill usage (悪用) [名] bad or harsh treatment

sell (売却) [動] give or hand over (something) in exchange for money

なぜなら、国にとっての疫病である飽くことのない悪党が何千エーカーもの土地を囲い込もうと決意したとき、所有者は借家人と同様に、策略や武力によって所有地から追い出されるか、あるいは悪用に疲れ果てて、売却を余儀なくされるからである。

by which means those miserable people, both men and women, married and unmarried, old and young, with their poor but numerous families (since country business requires many hands), are all forced to change their seats, not knowing whither to go;

by which means (その結果) [副] as a result of which

miserable (悲惨な) [形] causing great unhappiness or suffering

both men and women (男も女も) [名] both male and female people

married and unmarried (既婚者も未婚者も) [名] both married and unmarried people

old and young (老いも若きも) [名] both old and young people

numerous (大家族) [形] very many

country business (田舎の仕事) [名] work that is done in the countryside

require (必要である) [動] need for a particular purpose

hand (人手) [名] a person who works in a particular industry or job

change one's seat (住居を変える) [動] move to a different place

not knowing whither to go (どこへ行けばいいのかわからない) [動] not knowing where to go

その結果、男も女も、既婚者も未婚者も、老いも若きも、貧しいながらも大家族を抱えた(田舎の仕事には多くの人手が必要だから)悲惨な人々は、どこへ行けばいいのかわからないまま、住居を変えざるを得なくなる。

and they must sell, almost for nothing, their household stuff, which could not bring them much money, even though they might stay for a buyer.

almost (ほとんど) [副] very nearly

household (家財道具) [名] the members of a family living together

stuff (道具) [名] the things that a person owns

much (大した) [形] a large amount or quantity of

money (お金) [名] a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes

そして、彼らは家財道具をほとんどただ同然で売らなければならないが、買い手を待ったとしても大したお金にはならない。

When that little money is at an end (for it will be soon spent), what is left for them to do but either to steal, and so to be hanged (God knows how justly!), or to go about and beg?

at an end (底をつく) [動] to be finished or completed

be hanged (絞首刑にされる) [動] to be killed by hanging

go about (放浪する) [動] to move from place to place

beg (物乞いをする) [動] to ask for something, especially money, as a gift

そのわずかなお金が底をついたとき(すぐに使い果たしてしまうだろう)、彼らに残された道は盗みを働いて絞首刑にされるか(神はどれほど公正かを知っている!)、あるいは放浪して物乞いをするしかない。

and if they do this they are put in prison as idle vagabonds, while they would willingly work but can find none that will hire them;

do this (そうすれば) [動] do this

put in prison (刑務所に入れられる) [動] put in prison

vagabond (放浪者) [名] a person who wanders from place to place

work (働く) [動] do work

そして、そうすれば、彼らは喜んで働こうとするのに雇ってくれる人を見つけられないのに、怠惰な放浪者として刑務所に入れられる。

for there is no more occasion for country labour, to which they have been bred, when there is no arable ground left.

there is no more occasion (機会がなくなる) [名] there is no more chance

country labour (田舎の労働) [名] work done in the countryside

to which they have been bred (彼らが育ってきた) [他] where they grew up

when there is no arable ground left (耕作地が残っていないと) [他] when there is no land left that can be farmed

耕作地が残っていないと、彼らが育ってきた田舎の労働の機会がなくなるからだ。

One shepherd can look after a flock, which will stock an extent of ground that would require many hands if it were to be ploughed and reaped.

look after (世話をする) [動] take care of

flock (一群) [名] a large number of people or things

stock (占領する) [動] fill or supply with

extent (ほどの) [名] the area covered by something

plough (耕す) [動] turn up the soil with a plough

reap (収穫する) [動] cut or gather a crop

一人の羊飼いが一群の羊の世話をすることができるが、その羊は耕して収穫するのに多くの人手を必要とするほどの土地を占領する。

This, likewise, in many places raises the price of corn.

likewise (同様に) [副] in a similar manner

raise (高騰させる) [動] cause to rise

price (価格) [名] the amount of money that is paid for something

corn (穀物) [名] a plant that produces seeds that are used for food

これもまた、多くの場所で穀物の価格を高騰させている。

The price of wool is also so risen that the poor people, who were wont to make cloth, are no more able to buy it;

rise (上昇する) [動] go up

cloth (布) [名] a piece of woven or knitted material

wont (習慣) [名] a usual or habitual practice

buy (買う) [動] obtain in exchange for payment

羊毛の価格も上昇し、布を作る習慣があった貧しい人々はもはやそれを買うことができなくなった。

and this, likewise, makes many of them idle:

likewise (また) [副] in addition; also; too

これもまた、彼らの多くを怠惰にしている。

for since the increase of pasture God has punished the avarice of the owners by a rot among the sheep, which has destroyed vast numbers of them—to us it might have seemed more just had it fell on the owners themselves.

avarice (貪欲) [名] an extreme greed for wealth or material gain

rot (腐敗) [名] the process of decaying

destroy (死んでしまう) [動] cause the destruction of

fall on (降りかかる) [動] happen to

牧草地の増加以来、神は羊の腐敗によって所有者の貪欲を罰し、その結果、羊の多くが死んでしまったが、私たちには、それが所有者自身に降りかかっていたらもっと公正に思えたかもしれない。

But, suppose the sheep should increase ever so much, their price is not likely to fall;

suppose (仮定する) [動] assume that something is the case on the basis of evidence or probability but without proof or certain knowledge

increase (増える) [動] become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree

しかし、羊がそれだけ増えたとしても、その価格が下がる可能性は低い。

since, though they cannot be called a monopoly, because they are not engrossed by one person, yet they are in so few hands, and these are so rich, that, as they are not pressed to sell them sooner than they have a mind to it, so they never do it till they have raised the price as high as possible.

monopoly (独占) [名] the exclusive supply of a good or service

be called (と呼ばれる) [動] be named or referred to as

engrossed (占領されている) [動] occupy the whole of

rich (裕福な) [形] having a great deal of money or assets

sooner (より早く) [副] earlier or before the usual or expected time

mind (思う) [名] the element of a person that enables them to be aware of the world and their experiences, to think, and to feel; the faculty of consciousness and thought

羊は独占とは言えないが、一人に占領されているわけではないが、ごく少数の人の手に渡っており、彼らはとても裕福なので、彼らがそれを売りたいと思うよりも早く売るように迫られることはないので、彼らは価格を可能な限り高くするまで決してそれをしない。

And on the same account it is that the other kinds of cattle are so dear, because many villages being pulled down, and all country labour being much neglected, there are none who make it their business to breed them.

on the same account (同じ理由で) [副] for the same reason

cattle (家畜) [名] cows, bulls, or oxen

dear (高価な) [形] costing a lot of money

be pulled down (取り壊される) [動] be demolished

be neglected (無視される) [動] be left unattended or uncared for

breed (育てる) [動] keep and raise animals

そして、同じ理由で、他の種類の家畜もとても高価である。多くの村が取り壊され、すべての田舎の労働があまりにも無視されているので、家畜を育てることを仕事にしている人はいない。

The rich do not breed cattle as they do sheep, but buy them lean and at low prices;

rich (金持ち) [名] a person with a great deal of money or property

cattle (牛) [名] a large domesticated ungulate

lean (痩せた) [形] having little or no fat

low (安い) [形] of small extent from top to bottom or from head to foot

金持ちは羊のように牛を飼育せず、痩せた牛を安く買う。

and, after they have fattened them on their grounds, sell them again at high rates.

fatten (太らせる) [動] make or become fat

そして、自分の土地で太らせてから、再び高値で売る。

And I do not think that all the inconveniences this will produce are yet observed;

inconvenience (不便) [名] trouble or difficulty caused to one

produce (生み出す) [動] make or create

そして、私はこれが生み出すすべての不便がまだ観察されているとは思わない。

for, as they sell the cattle dear, so, if they are consumed faster than the breeding countries from which they are brought can afford them, then the stock must decrease, and this must needs end in great scarcity;

consume (消費する) [動] eat, drink, or ingest

faster (より早く) [副] at a high speed

breeding (飼育) [名] the keeping and raising of animals

afford (供給できる) [動] be able to pay for

stock (家畜の数) [名] the total number of animals or plants of a particular type in a particular area

decrease (減る) [動] become or make smaller or fewer

need (必然的に) [名] a thing that is wanted or required

end (終わる) [動] come or bring to a final point; finish

scarcity (不足) [名] a lack of something

なぜなら、彼らは家畜を高く売るので、もし家畜が運ばれてくる飼育国が供給できるよりも早く消費されれば、家畜の数が減り、これは必然的に大きな不足に終わるからである。

and by these means, this your island, which seemed as to this particular the happiest in the world, will suffer much by the cursed avarice of a few persons: besides this, the rising of corn makes all people lessen their families as much as they can;

by these means (この手段によって) [副] in this way

this your island (このあなたの島) [名] the island that you live on

seem (思われる) [動] appear to be

particular (特定の) [形] specific

happiest (最も幸せ) [形] most happy

suffer (苦しむ) [動] experience or be subjected to something bad or unpleasant

cursed (呪われた) [形] deserving a curse

besides (加えて) [副] in addition to

rising (上昇) [名] an increase in the level of something

そして、この手段によって、このあなたの島は、この特定の点では世界で最も幸せそうに見えたが、少数の人々の呪われた貪欲によって多くの苦しみを受けるだろう。これに加えて、穀物の上昇はすべての人々ができるだけ家族を減らすようにする。

and what can those who are dismissed by them do but either beg or rob?

dismiss (解雇する) [動] order or allow to leave

beg (物乞いする) [動] ask for something, typically food or money, as charity

そして、彼らに解雇された人々は、物乞いするか強盗する以外に何ができるだろうか?

And to this last a man of a great mind is much sooner drawn than to the former.

to this last (この最後の点に) [名] to the last thing mentioned

a man of a great mind (偉大な精神の人は) [名] a person with a great mind

much sooner (ずっと早く) [副] much earlier

drawn (引き寄せられる) [動] move or be moved toward something

そして、この最後の点に、偉大な精神の人は前者よりもずっと早く引き寄せられる。

Luxury likewise breaks in apace upon you to set forward your poverty and misery;

luxury (贅沢) [名] the state of great comfort and extravagant living

break in (押し寄せる) [動] enter forcibly

apace (急速に) [副] quickly

set forward (前進させる) [動] cause to move ahead

同様に、贅沢はあなたの貧困と悲惨さを前進させるために、あなたに急速に押し寄せている。

there is an excessive vanity in apparel, and great cost in diet, and that not only in noblemen’s families, but even among tradesmen, among the farmers themselves, and among all ranks of persons.

apparel (衣服) [名] clothing

excessive (過度の) [形] more than is usual or proper

vanity (虚栄心) [名] excessive pride in oneself or one's appearance

family (家庭) [名] a group of people living together in one house

tradesman (商人) [名] a person who runs a business

farmer (農民) [名] a person who grows crops or raises animals

person (人) [名] a human being

衣服には過度の虚栄心があり、食事には多大な費用がかかり、それは貴族の家庭だけでなく、商人の間でも、農民の間でも、あらゆる階級の人々の間でも見られる。

You have also many infamous houses, and, besides those that are known, the taverns and ale-houses are no better;

also (また) [副] in addition; too; as well

infamous (悪名高い) [形] well known for some bad quality or deed

besides (ほかに) [前] in addition to; apart from

those (それら) [代] the people or things previously mentioned

tavern (居酒屋) [名] a place where people gather to drink alcoholic beverages and be served food

ale-house (エールハウス) [名] a place where ale is sold and drunk

あなたはまた、多くの悪名高い家を持っており、知られている人たちのほかに、居酒屋やエールハウスもそれほど良くはない。

add to these dice, cards, tables, football, tennis, and quoits, in which money runs fast away;

add to (加える) [動] increase the amount or number of

dice (サイコロ) [名] a small cube with each side having a different number of spots on it

card (カード) [名] a small piece of stiff paper

football (フットボール) [名] a game played by two teams of eleven players with a round ball that may be kicked, headed, or handled by all players except the goalkeepers

tennis (テニス) [名] a game played on a rectangular court by two players or two pairs of players using rackets to strike a ball over a net

quoit (輪投げ) [名] a game in which rings of rope or metal are thrown at a peg or similar target

run away (なくなる) [動] leave a place or situation in order to escape from it

これらのサイコロ、カード、テーブル、フットボール、テニス、輪投げに加えて、お金がすぐになくなる。

and those that are initiated into them must, in the conclusion, betake themselves to robbing for a supply.

betake oneself to (身を任せる) [動] go to a place

そして、それらを始める人々は、結局、供給のために強盗に身を任せなければならない。

Banish these plagues, and give orders that those who have dispeopled so much soil may either rebuild the villages they have pulled down or let out their grounds to such as will do it;

banish (追放する) [動] send (someone) away from a country or place as an official punishment

give orders (命令する) [動] tell someone to do something

dispeople (荒廃させる) [動] deprive of inhabitants

rebuild (再建する) [動] build (something) again

pull down (破壊する) [動] cause to fall

let out (貸し出す) [動] allow to leave

これらの疫病を追放し、それほど多くの土壌を荒廃させた人々が、彼らが破壊した村を再建するか、そうする人に彼らの土地を貸し出すように命令しなさい。

restrain those engrossings of the rich, that are as bad almost as monopolies;

restrain (抑制する) [動] hold back; keep under control

engrossing (独占) [名] the action of taking all of something for oneself

bad (悪い) [形] of poor quality; unsatisfactory

独占とほぼ同じくらい悪い、金持ちの独占を抑制しなさい。

leave fewer occasions to idleness;

leave (減らす) [動] cause to be less

怠惰な機会を減らしなさい。

let agriculture be set up again, and the manufacture of the wool be regulated, that so there may be work found for those companies of idle people whom want forces to be thieves, or who now, being idle vagabonds or useless servants, will certainly grow thieves at last.

set up (立ち上げる) [動] to start or establish

manufacture (製造) [名] the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale

regulate (規制する) [動] to control or direct according to rule, principle, or law

company (集団) [名] a body of soldiers, especially the smallest subdivision of an infantry battalion

now (今) [副] at the present time

useless (役に立たない) [形] not fulfilling or not expected to achieve the intended purpose or desired outcome

grow (なる) [動] become larger or greater over a period of time

農業が再び立ち上げられ、羊毛の製造が規制されるようにしなさい。そうすれば、盗人になるために力を欲する怠惰な人々の集団や、今は怠惰な放浪者や役に立たない召使であるが、最後には確かに盗人になる人々のために仕事が見つかるかもしれない。

If you do not find a remedy to these evils it is a vain thing to boast of your severity in punishing theft, which, though it may have the appearance of justice, yet in itself is neither just nor convenient;

evil (悪) [名] something that is harmful or undesirable

boast (自慢する) [動] speak too proudly about oneself or one's achievements

theft (盗み) [名] the action or crime of stealing

appearance (外観) [名] the way that someone or something looks

convenient (便利) [形] involving little trouble or effort

これらの悪に対する救済策を見つけられないのであれば、盗みを罰する際の厳しさを自慢するのは無駄なことであり、それは正義の外観を有するかもしれないが、それ自体は正義でも便利でもない。

for if you suffer your people to be ill-educated, and their manners to be corrupted from their infancy, and then punish them for those crimes to which their first education disposed them, what else is to be concluded from this but that you first make thieves and then punish them?’

suffer (許す) [動] allow or admit

people (国民) [名] the inhabitants of a country

ill-educated (十分な教育を受けない) [形] not having received a good education

be corrupted (堕落する) [動] become morally bad

infancy (幼少期) [名] the early stage of development

crime (犯罪) [名] an action or omission that constitutes an offense that may be prosecuted by the state and is punishable by law

dispose (陥れる) [動] make someone or something likely to do or suffer something

なぜなら、もしあなたが国民が十分な教育を受けず、幼少期からマナーが堕落するのを許し、その後、彼らの最初の教育が彼らを陥れた犯罪に対して彼らを罰するなら、これから他に何が結論付けられるだろうか、あなたが最初に泥棒を作り、それから彼らを罰するということ以外に。」

“While I was talking thus, the Counsellor, who was present, had prepared an answer, and had resolved to resume all I had said, according to the formality of a debate, in which things are generally repeated more faithfully than they are answered, as if the chief trial to be made were of men’s memories.

talk (話す) [動] speak or converse

prepare (用意する) [動] make ready for use or consideration

resume (再開する) [動] begin again

debate (討論) [名] a formal discussion on a particular topic

formality (形式) [名] the quality or condition of being formal

generally (一般的に) [副] in most cases; usually

faithfully (忠実に) [副] loyally; reliably

trial (試練) [名] a test of the quality of something

「私がこう話している間に、出席していた顧問は答えを用意し、討論の形式に従って私が言ったことをすべて再開することを決意していた。討論では、主な試練が人の記憶であるかのように、物事は一般的に答えられるよりも忠実に繰り返される。

‘You have talked prettily, for a stranger,’ said he, ‘having heard of many things among us which you have not been able to consider well;

talk prettily (きれいに話す) [動] speak in a way that is pleasing to the ear

hear (聞く) [動] perceive with the ear the sound made by (someone or something)

「あなたは、よく考えることができなかった私たちの間で多くのことを聞いて、見知らぬ人のためにきれいに話しました」と彼は言った。

but I will make the whole matter plain to you, and will first repeat in order all that you have said;

make plain (明らかにする) [動] make clear or easy to understand

repeat (繰り返す) [動] do or say again

order (順番) [名] the arrangement of things in a series

しかし、私はあなたに全体を明らかにし、最初にあなたが言ったことをすべて順番に繰り返します。

then I will show how much your ignorance of our affairs has misled you;

ignorance (無知) [名] lack of knowledge or information

mislead (誤解させる) [動] cause to have a wrong idea or impression

それから、私たちの事情に対するあなたの無知がどれほどあなたを誤解させたかをお見せします。

and will, in the last place, answer all your arguments.

in the last place (最後に) [副] finally

そして最後に、あなたのすべての議論に答えます。

And, that I may begin where I promised, there were four things—’ ‘Hold your peace!’ said the Cardinal; ‘this will take up too much time;

begin (始める) [動] start to do something

promise (約束する) [動] assure someone that one will or will not do something

four (4つ) [数] the number 4

hold one's peace (黙る) [動] remain silent

take up (取る) [動] occupy or fill

そして、私が約束したところから始められるように、4つのことがありました—」枢機卿は言った、「これはあまりにも多くの時間を取るでしょう。

therefore we will, at present, ease you of the trouble of answering, and reserve it to our next meeting, which shall be to-morrow, if Raphael’s affairs and yours can admit of it.

at present (今は) [副] at the present time; now

ease (省く) [動] make less painful or difficult

trouble (手間) [名] difficulty or problems

answering (答える) [動] say or write something in reply

reserve (取っておく) [動] keep or set aside for a particular purpose

next (次回) [形] coming immediately after the time of writing or speaking

meeting (会議) [名] an assembly of people for formal discussions

tomorrow (明日) [名] the day after today

ですから、今は答える手間を省き、ラファエルとあなたの都合が許せば、明日の次回の会議まで取っておきましょう。

But, Raphael,’ said he to me, ‘I would gladly know upon what reason it is that you think theft ought not to be punished by death: would you give way to it?

But (しかし) [接] on the contrary; instead

gladly (喜んで) [副] with pleasure

reason (理由) [名] a cause, explanation, or justification for an action or event

ought (べきである) [助] used to express duty or moral obligation

punished (処せられる) [動] inflict a penalty or sanction on (someone) as retribution for an offense

death (死刑) [名] the end of all biological functions that sustain a living organism

give way to (屈する) [動] yield to

しかし、ラファエル」と彼は私に言った、「盗難が死刑に処せられるべきではないと思う理由を喜んで知りたい。あなたはそれに屈するだろうか?

or do you propose any other punishment that will be more useful to the public?

public (国民) [名] the people of a country or area considered as a whole

それとも、国民にとってより有益な他の罰を提案するのか?

for, since death does not restrain theft, if men thought their lives would be safe, what fear or force could restrain ill men?

death (死) [名] the end of life

ill (悪人) [形] wicked or bad

なぜなら、死は盗難を抑止しないので、もし人々が自分の命が安全だと思ったなら、どんな恐怖や力が悪人を抑止できるだろうか?

On the contrary, they would look on the mitigation of the punishment as an invitation to commit more crimes.’

on the contrary (それどころか) [副] quite the opposite

mitigation (軽減) [名] the action of reducing the severity, seriousness, or painfulness of something

invitation (招待状) [名] a written or verbal request inviting someone to go somewhere or to do something

それどころか、彼らは刑の軽減をより多くの犯罪を犯すための招待状と見なすだろう。」

I answered, ‘It seems to me a very unjust thing to take away a man’s life for a little money, for nothing in the world can be of equal value with a man’s life: and if it be said, “that it is not for the money that one suffers, but for his breaking the law,” I must say, extreme justice is an extreme injury: for we ought not to approve of those terrible laws that make the smallest offences capital, nor of that opinion of the Stoics that makes all crimes equal;

take away (奪う) [動] remove something from someone or something

unjust (不当な) [形] not just or fair

equal (同等の) [形] being the same in quantity, size, value, or status

break (破る) [動] cause to separate into pieces as a result of impact or stress

injury (損害) [名] physical or mental harm or damage

approve (認める) [動] have or express a favorable opinion of

terrible (恐ろしい) [形] causing or likely to cause terror; shocking

smallest (最も小さな) [形] of a size that is less than normal or usual

私は答えた、「私には、わずかなお金のために人の命を奪うことは非常に不当なことに思える。なぜなら、この世の何ものにも人の命と同等の価値があるものはないからだ。そして、「人が苦しむのはお金のためではなく、法律を破ったためだ」と言われるなら、私はこう言わなければならない。極端な正義は極端な損害である。なぜなら、私たちは、最も小さな犯罪を死刑にする恐ろしい法律や、すべての犯罪を平等にするストア派の意見を認めるべきではないからだ。

as if there were no difference to be made between the killing a man and the taking his purse, between which, if we examine things impartially, there is no likeness nor proportion.

as if (まるで) [接] in the way that would be expected if

no difference (違いがない) [名] the quality or state of being unlike or dissimilar

be made (作られる) [動] be created or produced

between (間に) [前] in the interval separating two points in space or time

the killing (殺害) [名] the act of causing someone or something to die

a man (人) [名] an adult male human being

the taking (奪取) [名] the act of taking something

his (彼の) [代] belonging to or connected with a male person or animal previously mentioned

purse (財布) [名] a small pouch of leather or plastic used for carrying money, typically by a woman

between which (その間に) [前] in the interval separating two points in space or time

we (私たち) [代] used by a speaker to refer to himself or herself and one or more other people considered together

examine (調べる) [動] inspect closely and thoroughly

impartially (公平に) [副] in a fair and just way

no (ない) [形] not any

likeness (類似) [名] the quality or state of being alike or similar

proportion (比例) [名] a relationship between quantities such that one varies in accordance with changes in the other

まるで人を殺すことと財布を奪うことの間に違いがないかのように、公平に調べれば、似ているところも比例するところもない。

God has commanded us not to kill, and shall we kill so easily for a little money?

command (命じる) [動] give an authoritative order

kill (殺す) [動] cause the death of

神は私たちに殺すなと命じられた。私たちはわずかなお金のためにそんなに簡単に殺すのか?

But if one shall say, that by that law we are only forbid to kill any except when the laws of the land allow of it, upon the same grounds, laws may be made, in some cases, to allow of adultery and perjury:

forbid (禁じる) [動] order (someone) not to do something

ground (理由) [名] a reason or cause

adultery (姦通) [名] the act or fact of having a sexual relationship with someone other than one's spouse

perjury (偽証) [名] the intentional act of swearing a false oath or falsifying an affirmation to tell the truth, whether spoken or in writing, concerning matters material to an official proceeding

しかし、もし誰かが、その法律によって、国の法律が許可している場合を除いて、私たちは誰かを殺すことを禁じられているだけだと言うなら、同じ理由で、姦通や偽証を許可する法律が作られるかもしれない。

for God having taken from us the right of disposing either of our own or of other people’s lives, if it is pretended that the mutual consent of men in making laws can authorise man-slaughter in cases in which God has given us no example, that it frees people from the obligation of the divine law, and so makes murder a lawful action, what is this, but to give a preference to human laws before the divine?

take (奪う) [動] move something or someone from one place to another

right (権利) [名] a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something

dispose (処分する) [動] deal with in a particular way

authorize (許可する) [動] give official permission for or approval to (an action or event)

case (場合) [名] an instance of a situation; an example

free (解放する) [動] release from captivity, confinement, or slavery

obligation (義務) [名] an act or course of action to which a person is morally or legally bound; a duty or commitment

divine (神の) [形] of or relating to a god

murder (殺人) [名] the unlawful premeditated killing of one human being by another

lawful (合法的な) [形] conforming to, permitted by, or recognized by law or rules

preference (優先) [名] a greater liking for one alternative over another or others

human (人間の) [形] of, relating to, or characteristic of humankind or human beings

神は私たちから自分や他人の命を処分する権利を奪われたので、もし法律を作る際に人間同士の合意が神が私たちに例を与えていない場合に殺人を許可し、人々を神の法の義務から解放し、殺人を合法的な行為にすることができると偽るなら、これは神の法よりも人間の法を優先させることに他ならない。

and, if this is once admitted, by the same rule men may, in all other things, put what restrictions they please upon the laws of God.

admit (認める) [動] to accept as true; to acknowledge

rule (ルール) [名] a principle or regulation governing conduct, action, procedure, arrangement, etc.

put (加える) [動] to place or set in a specified position

restriction (制限) [名] a limiting condition or measure

please (好きな) [動] to be agreeable to; to satisfy

law (法則) [名] a statement of fact, deduced from observation, to the effect that a particular natural or scientific phenomenon always occurs if certain conditions be present

そして、これが一度認められれば、同じルールで、人々は他のすべての事柄において、神の法則に好きな制限を加えることができる。

If, by the Mosaical law, though it was rough and severe, as being a yoke laid on an obstinate and servile nation, men were only fined, and not put to death for theft, we cannot imagine, that in this new law of mercy, in which God treats us with the tenderness of a father, He has given us a greater licence to cruelty than He did to the Jews.

Mosaical law (モーセの律法) [名] the laws of the ancient Israelites as set out in the Pentateuch

rough (粗野な) [形] not smooth or level

severe (厳しい) [形] very great or intense

yoke (軛) [名] a wooden frame or bar with two curved pieces that fit around the necks of two animals and are used to join them together so that they can pull a plow or wagon

obstinate (頑固な) [形] unwilling to change your opinion or to do what someone else wants you to do

servile (卑屈な) [形] too willing to obey other people

fine (罰金) [名] a sum of money that you have to pay as a punishment for breaking the law

put to death (死刑にする) [動] kill someone as a punishment

mercy (慈悲) [名] kindness and forgiveness shown to someone

treat (扱う) [動] behave in a particular way toward

tenderness (優しさ) [名] the quality of being gentle and kind

father (父親) [名] a man who has a child

licence (許可) [名] an official document that gives you permission to do something

cruelty (残酷な行為) [名] behaviour that causes pain or suffering to another person or animal

Jew (ユダヤ人) [名] a member of the people and cultural community whose traditional religion is Judaism and who trace their origins through the ancient Hebrew people of Israel

モーセの律法は、頑固で卑屈な国民に課せられた軛として、粗野で厳しいものであったが、盗みを犯しても死刑にはならず、罰金刑に処せられるだけであったとすれば、神が父親のような優しさで私たちを扱ってくださるこの新しい慈悲の律法において、神がユダヤ人に対してよりも私たちに対して残酷な行為を許可されたとは考えられない。

Upon these reasons it is, that I think putting thieves to death is not lawful;

upon (に基づいて) [前] on top of

lawful (合法) [形] being in accordance with the law

これらの理由から、私は泥棒を死刑にすることは合法ではないと思う。

and it is plain and obvious that it is absurd and of ill consequence to the commonwealth that a thief and a murderer should be equally punished;

commonwealth (国家) [名] a political unit

consequence (結果) [名] the effect, result, or outcome of something

equally (同等に) [副] in the same way or to the same degree

泥棒と殺人者が同等に処罰されることは、明らかに不合理であり、国家にとって悪い結果をもたらす。

for if a robber sees that his danger is the same if he is convicted of theft as if he were guilty of murder, this will naturally incite him to kill the person whom otherwise he would only have robbed;

robber (強盗) [名] a person who commits robbery

convicted (有罪判決を受ける) [動] find or declare guilty of an offense or crime

guilty (有罪判決を受ける) [形] having committed a specified or implied offense or crime

incite (仕向ける) [動] encourage or stir up

otherwise (だけを犯す) [副] in a different way

なぜなら、強盗が窃盗で有罪判決を受けた場合も殺人で有罪判決を受けた場合も危険は同じだと知れば、強盗は当然、殺人だけを犯すように仕向けられるからである。

since, if the punishment is the same, there is more security, and less danger of discovery, when he that can best make it is put out of the way;

since (なぜなら) [接] for the reason that; because

punishment (処罰) [名] the act of punishing

security (安全) [名] the state of being free from danger or threat

make (発見する) [動] cause to happen or exist

put out of the way (排除する) [動] get rid of; eliminate

なぜなら、処罰が同じであれば、最も発見しやすい人物を排除すれば、より安全で発見される危険性が低くなるからである。

so that terrifying thieves too much provokes them to cruelty.

terrifying (恐ろしい) [形] causing terror

too much (あまりに) [副] to a higher degree than is desirable, permissible, or possible

provoke (引き起こす) [動] cause or give rise to

そのため、泥棒を恐れすぎると、彼らを残酷にしてしまう。

“But as to the question, ‘What more convenient way of punishment can be found?’ I think it much easier to find out that than to invent anything that is worse;

invent (発明する) [動] create or design something that has not existed before

worse (もっと悪い) [形] of poorer quality or a lower standard

「しかし、「もっと便利な処罰方法は何か?」という質問については、それよりも悪いことを発明するよりも、それを見つける方がはるかに簡単だと思う。

why should we doubt but the way that was so long in use among the old Romans, who understood so well the arts of government, was very proper for their punishment?

doubt (疑う) [動] feel uncertain about

art (術) [名] a skill at doing a specified thing, typically one acquired through practice

government (統治) [名] the governing body of a nation, state, or community

proper (適切) [形] suitable or appropriate in the circumstances

統治の術をよく理解していた古代ローマ人の間で長い間使われていた方法が、彼らの処罰に非常に適していたことを疑うべきだろうか?

They condemned such as they found guilty of great crimes to work their whole lives in quarries, or to dig in mines with chains about them.

condemn (有罪にする) [動] express complete disapproval of

find guilty (有罪にする) [動] judge or decide to be guilty

great crime (大罪) [名] a serious crime

whole life (一生涯) [名] the entire period of a person's life

quarry (採石場) [名] an open excavation or pit from which dimension stone, rock, construction aggregate, riprap, sand, gravel, or slate is excavated from the ground

dig (掘る) [動] break up and move earth with a tool or machine

mine (鉱山) [名] a large excavation in the earth where coal, ores, or precious stones are extracted

彼らは、大罪を犯した者を、一生涯採石場で働かせたり、鎖につながれて鉱山を掘らせたりした。

But the method that I liked best was that which I observed in my travels in Persia, among the Polylerits, who are a considerable and well-governed people: they pay a yearly tribute to the King of Persia, but in all other respects they are a free nation, and governed by their own laws: they lie far from the sea, and are environed with hills;

like (気に入る) [動] find agreeable or attractive

Persia (ペルシア) [名] a historical region of southwestern Asia

Polylerits (ポリレリット人) [名] a fictional people

considerable (かなりの) [形] notably large in size, amount, or extent

well-governed (よく統治された) [形] governed well

pay (納める) [動] give (money) in exchange for a service or product

tribute (貢物) [名] a gift or statement that is intended to show gratitude, respect, or admiration

free (自由な) [形] not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes

lie (位置する) [動] be in or occupy a particular position or place

far (遠く) [副] a long way off; a great distance

environ (囲む) [動] surround

hill (丘) [名] a naturally raised area of land with a rounded top

しかし、私が最も気に入った方法は、ペルシア旅行中に観察した、ポリレリット人の間で行われていた方法である。彼らはペルシア王に毎年貢物を納めているが、それ以外の点では自由な民族であり、独自の法律で統治されている。彼らは海から遠く離れており、丘に囲まれている。

and, being contented with the productions of their own country, which is very fruitful, they have little commerce with any other nation;

be contented with (満足している) [動] be happy with

production (生産物) [名] something that is produced

own country (自国) [名] the country that one is a citizen of

fruitful (実り豊かな) [形] producing good results

little (ほとんどない) [形] not much; small in amount

そして、非常に実り豊かな自国の生産物に満足しているため、他の国との通商はほとんどない。

and as they, according to the genius of their country, have no inclination to enlarge their borders, so their mountains and the pension they pay to the Persian, secure them from all invasions.

according to (従って) [前] as stated or reported by

have no inclination to (傾向がない) [動] not want to do something

enlarge (拡大する) [動] make or become bigger or greater

border (国境) [名] a line that marks the edge of an area

mountain (山) [名] a large natural elevation of the earth's surface rising abruptly from the surrounding level or a large steep hill

pay (支払う) [動] give (someone) money that is owed or due

pension (年金) [名] a regular payment made during a person's retirement from an investment fund to which that person or their employer has contributed during their working life

secure (守る) [動] make or become safe; protect

invasion (侵略) [名] an incursion by a large number of people or things into a place or sphere of activity

そして、彼らは国の天才に従って、国境を拡大する傾向がないので、彼らの山々とペルシア人に支払う年金は、彼らをすべての侵略から守っている。

Thus they have no wars among them;

thus (こうして) [副] in this way; therefore

have no wars (戦争が起こらない) [動] be free from war

こうして彼らの間に戦争は起こらない。

they live rather conveniently than with splendour, and may be rather called a happy nation than either eminent or famous;

conveniently (便利に) [副] in a convenient manner

splendour (華麗に) [名] the state or quality of being splendid; magnificence

rather (むしろ) [副] to a certain extent; somewhat

happy (幸せな) [形] feeling or showing pleasure or contentment

彼らは華麗にというよりはむしろ便利に暮らしており、著名であるとか有名であるというよりはむしろ幸せな国と呼ぶことができる。

for I do not think that they are known, so much as by name, to any but their next neighbours.

I do not think (私は思わない) [動] be of the opinion that

they (彼ら) [代] the people or things previously mentioned

are known (知られている) [動] be familiar with

so much as (さえ) [副] even

by name (名前で) [名] a word or set of words using which a person is referred to

to any (誰にも) [代] anyone

but (以外には) [前] other than

their next neighbours (隣国) [名] a country next to another

なぜなら、彼らは隣国以外には名前すら知られていないと思うからだ。

Those that are found guilty of theft among them are bound to make restitution to the owner, and not, as it is in other places, to the prince, for they reckon that the prince has no more right to the stolen goods than the thief;

be found guilty of (有罪となる) [動] be judged to have committed a crime

make restitution (賠償する) [動] make amends for a wrong

stolen goods (盗品) [名] goods that have been stolen

彼らの間で窃盗の罪で有罪となった者は、他の場所のように王子ではなく、所有者に賠償する義務がある。なぜなら、彼らは王子は盗品に対して泥棒よりも権利がないと考えているからである。

but if that which was stolen is no more in being, then the goods of the thieves are estimated, and restitution being made out of them, the remainder is given to their wives and children;

that which (もの) [名] the thing that

stolen (盗まれた) [形] taken without permission

no more (もうない) [副] not any longer

being (存在する) [動] have objective reality or exist in a specified way

then (その場合) [副] at that time; in that case

goods (品物) [名] a thing or things

estimate (評価する) [動] roughly calculate the value, number, quantity, or extent of

restitution (賠償) [名] the restoration of something lost or stolen to its proper owner

remainder (残り) [名] the part that remains after the other parts have been removed

しかし、盗まれたものがもう存在しない場合は、泥棒の品物が評価され、それらから賠償が行われ、残りは妻と子供たちに与えられる。

and they themselves are condemned to serve in the public works, but are neither imprisoned nor chained, unless there happens to be some extraordinary circumstance in their crimes.

public works (公共事業) [名] a project of construction or repair of public facilities

serve (従事する) [動] work in a specified job or role

imprison (投獄される) [動] put or keep in prison

chain (鎖でつながれる) [名] a series of metal links connected to each other

そして、彼ら自身は公共事業に従事することを宣告されるが、彼らの犯罪に特別な事情がない限り、投獄されたり鎖でつながれたりすることはない。

They go about loose and free, working for the public: if they are idle or backward to work they are whipped, but if they work hard they are well used and treated without any mark of reproach;

go about (動き回る) [動] move from place to place

loose (自由に) [形] not held or tied together, or not held or fastened firmly

backward (遅れる) [形] directed or moving toward the back or rear

whip (鞭打つ) [動] strike with a whip

hard (一生懸命) [副] with a great deal of effort

reproach (非難) [名] a rebuke or criticism

彼らは自由に動き回り、公衆のために働く。怠惰であったり、仕事に遅れたりすると鞭打たれるが、一生懸命働けば、非難されることなく、よく扱われる。

only the lists of them are called always at night, and then they are shut up.

list (名前) [名] a series of names or other items written or printed together in a meaningful grouping

call (呼ばれる) [動] to give a name to

night (夜) [名] the period of darkness in each twenty-four hours

shut up (閉じ込められる) [動] to be or become closed or blocked

ただ、彼らの名前はいつも夜に呼ばれ、それから彼らは閉じ込められる。

They suffer no other uneasiness but this of constant labour;

uneasiness (苦痛) [名] a feeling of worry, nervousness, or discomfort

constant (絶え間ない) [形] non-stop; continuous

彼らは絶え間ない労働以外に苦痛を被ることはない。

for, as they work for the public, so they are well entertained out of the public stock, which is done differently in different places: in some places whatever is bestowed on them is raised by a charitable contribution;

entertain (養う) [動] provide with food, drink, or amusement

public stock (公衆の資金) [名] the money that the government has

differently (異なる) [副] in a different way

bestow (与える) [動] confer or present as a gift

charitable contribution (慈善寄付) [名] a donation to a charity

彼らは公衆のために働くので、公衆の資金で十分に養われるが、それは場所によって異なる。ある場所では、彼らに与えられるものはすべて慈善寄付によって集められる。

and, though this way may seem uncertain, yet so merciful are the inclinations of that people, that they are plentifully supplied by it;

uncertain (不確実) [形] not certain; not definitely known

yet (しかし) [接] but

merciful (慈悲深い) [形] showing mercy

inclination (性向) [名] a tendency or disposition to do something

plentifully (十分に) [副] in a plentiful manner

supply (供給する) [動] provide or furnish with

この方法は不確実に思えるかもしれないが、この人々の性向はとても慈悲深いので、彼らはそれで十分に供給される。

but in other places public revenues are set aside for them, or there is a constant tax or poll-money raised for their maintenance.

public revenue (公的収入) [名] money that a government receives from taxes and other sources

set aside (取っておく) [動] reserve for a special purpose

other place (他の場所) [名] a location that is not here

constant tax (一定の税金) [名] a tax that is always the same

poll-money (人頭税) [名] a tax that is levied on each person

しかし、他の場所では、公的収入が彼らのために取っておかれたり、彼らの維持のために一定の税金や人頭税が徴収される。

In some places they are set to no public work, but every private man that has occasion to hire workmen goes to the market-places and hires them of the public, a little lower than he would do a freeman.

some place (ある場所) [名] an unspecified location

set to (従事させられる) [動] start doing something

public work (公の仕事) [名] work that is done for the benefit of the public

private man (個人) [名] a person who is not in the military or a public official

hire (雇う) [動] employ for wages

workman (労働者) [名] a person who works

go to (行く) [動] move or travel toward

market-place (市場) [名] a place where goods are bought and sold

a little lower (少し安く) [副] to a small extent

freeman (自由人) [名] a person who is not a slave

ある場所では、彼らは公の仕事に従事させられることはないが、労働者を雇う機会のある個人は、市場に行って、自由人よりも少し安く公衆から彼らを雇う。

If they go lazily about their task he may quicken them with the whip.

go lazily (怠惰に仕事をする) [動] work in a lazy manner

task (仕事) [名] a piece of work to be done

もし彼らが怠惰に仕事をしたら、彼は鞭で彼らを急がせるかもしれない。

By this means there is always some piece of work or other to be done by them;

there is (存在する) [動] be

always (常に) [副] at all times; on all occasions

some piece of work (仕事) [名] an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result

この方法によって、彼らが行うべき仕事が常に存在する。

and, besides their livelihood, they earn somewhat still to the public.

livelihood (生計) [名] a means of securing the necessities of life

earn (稼ぐ) [動] obtain (money) in return for labor or services

somewhat (いくらか) [副] to some extent; slightly

still (なお) [副] even now or at this time; yet

そして、彼らは生計を立てる以外にも、公衆のためにいくらか稼ぐ。

They all wear a peculiar habit, of one certain colour, and their hair is cropped a little above their ears, and a piece of one of their ears is cut off.

wear (着る) [動] have on one's person

peculiar (独特の) [形] strange or unusual

habit (服) [名] a long, loose garment worn by a monk or nun

certain (特定の) [形] having a specific but not explicitly stated value

colour (色) [名] the property possessed by an object of producing different sensations on the eye as a result of the way it reflects or emits light

hair (髪) [名] a threadlike structure that grows from the skin of humans and other mammals

crop (刈る) [動] cut short

ear (耳) [名] the organ of hearing and balance in humans and other vertebrates

cut off (切り取る) [動] remove by cutting

彼らは皆、ある特定の色の独特の服を着ており、髪は耳の少し上で刈られ、片方の耳の一部が切り取られている。

Their friends are allowed to give them either meat, drink, or clothes, so they are of their proper colour;

allow (許す) [動] permit to do something

meat (肉) [名] the flesh of an animal or a bird that is eaten as food

drink (飲み物) [名] a liquid that is drunk

彼らの友人は、彼らに肉、飲み物、または衣服を与えることを許されているので、彼らは適切な色をしている。

but it is death, both to the giver and taker, if they give them money;

しかし、彼らがお金を与えると、それは贈り主と受け手の両方にとって死である。

nor is it less penal for any freeman to take money from them upon any account whatsoever: and it is also death for any of these slaves (so they are called) to handle arms.

take money (お金を受け取る) [動] receive money

handle arms (武器を扱う) [動] use weapons

どんな理由であれ、自由人が彼らからお金を受け取ることは、それほど刑罰が軽いわけではない。また、これらの奴隷(彼らはそう呼ばれている)が武器を扱うことも死刑である。

Those of every division of the country are distinguished by a peculiar mark, which it is capital for them to lay aside, to go out of their bounds, or to talk with a slave of another jurisdiction, and the very attempt of an escape is no less penal than an escape itself.

division (地区) [名] the action of separating something into parts, or the state of being divided

distinguish (区別する) [動] recognize or treat as different

mark (印) [名] a sign or indication of something

lay aside (捨てる) [動] put to one side; abandon

bound (境界) [名] a limit or boundary

go out of (出る) [動] leave or depart from

jurisdiction (管轄区域) [名] the official power to make legal decisions and judgments

attempt (試み) [名] an act of trying to achieve something

escape (逃亡) [名] the action of escaping from a place or situation

penal (罰せられる) [形] relating to or prescribing punishment

itself (それ自体) [代] used to emphasize the identity of the thing mentioned

国の各地区の奴隷は、独特の印によって区別されており、それを捨てたり、境界から出たり、別の管轄区域の奴隷と話したりすることは、彼らにとって死刑に値する。また、逃亡の試みは、逃亡そのものと同じくらい罰せられる。

It is death for any other slave to be accessory to it;

accessory (加担) [名] a person who helps another commit a crime

他の奴隷がそれに加担することは死刑である。

and if a freeman engages in it he is condemned to slavery.

engage in (関与する) [動] be involved in

そして、自由人がそれに関与した場合、彼は奴隷制に処せられる。

Those that discover it are rewarded—if freemen, in money;

reward (報われる) [動] give a reward to

それを発見した者は、自由人なら金銭で報われる。

and if slaves, with liberty, together with a pardon for being accessory to it;

liberty (自由) [名] the state of being free from oppressive restriction or control by a government or other power

pardon (恩赦) [名] the official forgiveness of a crime

奴隷なら自由と、それに加担したことに対する恩赦を与えられる。

that so they might find their account rather in repenting of their engaging in such a design than in persisting in it.

repent (悔い改める) [動] feel or express sincere regret or guilt for a past action or wrongdoing

engage (関与する) [動] be involved in

design (計画) [名] a plan or drawing produced to show the look and function or workings of a building, garment, or other object before it is made

彼らは、そのような計画に固執するよりも、むしろそれに関与したことを悔い改めることで、自分の説明を見つけることができる。

“These are their laws and rules in relation to robbery, and it is obvious that they are as advantageous as they are mild and gentle;

rule (規則) [名] a statement that tells you what is or is not allowed

robbery (強盗) [名] the crime of stealing from a person or place by force or threat of force

gentle (優しい) [形] not rough or violent; mild, moderate, or slight

obvious (明らかな) [形] easily perceived or understood; clear, self-evident, or apparent

advantageous (有利な) [形] to one's benefit; favorable

「これらは強盗に関する彼らの法律と規則であり、それらが穏やかで優しいのと同じくらい有利であることは明らかである。

since vice is not only destroyed and men preserved, but they are treated in such a manner as to make them see the necessity of being honest and of employing the rest of their lives in repairing the injuries they had formerly done to society.

vice (悪徳) [名] immoral or wicked behavior

preserve (守る) [動] keep in its original state

honest (正直) [形] free of deceit; truthful and sincere

life (人生) [名] the period of time during which a person is alive

formerly (以前) [副] in the past; previously

society (社会) [名] the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community

悪徳が滅ぼされ、人々が守られるだけでなく、彼らは正直であることの必要性と、残りの人生を以前に社会に与えた損害を修復するために使う必要性を理解させるような方法で扱われるからである。

Nor is there any hazard of their falling back to their old customs;

fall back (戻る) [動] return to a previous state or condition

彼らが古い習慣に戻ってしまう危険もない。

and so little do travellers apprehend mischief from them that they generally make use of them for guides from one jurisdiction to another;

apprehend (心配する) [動] to be afraid or anxious about something that might happen

mischief (悪さ) [名] playful misbehavior

make use of (利用する) [動] to use something for a particular purpose

guide (案内役) [名] a person who shows the way to others, especially one employed to show tourists around a place

旅行者は彼らから悪さをされることをほとんど心配しないので、彼らは通常、彼らをある管轄区域から別の管轄区域への案内役として利用している。

for there is nothing left them by which they can rob or be the better for it, since, as they are disarmed, so the very having of money is a sufficient conviction: and as they are certainly punished if discovered, so they cannot hope to escape;

be the better for (利益を得る) [動] be improved or helped by

disarm (武装解除する) [動] take a weapon or weapons away from

conviction (証拠) [名] a formal declaration that someone is guilty of a crime

escape (逃れる) [動] get free from a situation

彼らには強盗をしたり、それで利益を得たりする手段が何も残されていないからである。彼らは武装解除されているので、お金を持っていること自体が十分な証拠であり、発見されれば確実に処罰されるので、逃れることはできない。

for their habit being in all the parts of it different from what is commonly worn, they cannot fly away, unless they would go naked, and even then their cropped ear would betray them.

be different from (異なる) [動] be unlike or dissimilar to

commonly (普通に) [副] usually; generally

fly away (逃げる) [動] leave quickly

naked (裸) [形] without clothes

even then (それでも) [副] in spite of that; nevertheless

cropped ear (切り取られた耳) [名] an ear that has been cut off

betray (裏切る) [動] be disloyal to

彼らの服装は、あらゆる点で普通に着られているものとは異なるので、裸にならない限り逃げることはできないし、裸になったとしても、切り取られた耳が彼らを裏切ることになる。

The only danger to be feared from them is their conspiring against the government;

彼らから恐れられる唯一の危険は、彼らが政府に対して陰謀を企てることである。

but those of one division and neighbourhood can do nothing to any purpose unless a general conspiracy were laid amongst all the slaves of the several jurisdictions, which cannot be done, since they cannot meet or talk together;

neighbourhood (近隣) [名] the area around a place

general (一般的な) [形] affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things; widespread

conspiracy (陰謀) [名] a secret plan by a group to do something unlawful or harmful

several (いくつかの) [形] more than two but not very many

しかし、1つの地区や近隣の奴隷は、いくつかの管轄区域のすべての奴隷の間で一般的な陰謀が企てられない限り、何の目的にも役立たない。彼らは会ったり話したりすることができないので、それはできない。

nor will any venture on a design where the concealment would be so dangerous and the discovery so profitable.

concealment (隠蔽) [名] the action of hiding something

dangerous (危険な) [形] able or likely to cause harm or injury

profitable (有益な) [形] yielding a financial profit

また、隠蔽が非常に危険で、発見が非常に有益な計画に乗り出す者もいない。

None are quite hopeless of recovering their freedom, since by their obedience and patience, and by giving good grounds to believe that they will change their manner of life for the future, they may expect at last to obtain their liberty, and some are every year restored to it upon the good character that is given of them.

recover (取り戻す) [動] return to a normal state

freedom (自由) [名] the power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint

obedience (服従) [名] the quality or state of being obedient

patience (忍耐) [名] the capacity to accept or tolerate delay, problems, or suffering without becoming annoyed or anxious

believe (信じる) [動] accept that (something) is true, especially without proof

change (変える) [動] make or become different

future (将来) [名] the time that is still to come

some (何人か) [代] an unspecified number or amount of people or things

every year (毎年) [副] once a year

restore (取り戻す) [動] return (something) to a former condition, place, or owner

good character (善良な性格) [名] a person's moral and mental qualities

彼らの服従と忍耐によって、また、彼らが将来の生き方を変えると信じるに足る根拠を与えることによって、彼らはついに自由を得ることを期待することができ、毎年何人かは彼らに与えられた善良な性格によって自由を取り戻すので、誰も自由を取り戻すことを全く絶望していない。

When I had related all this, I added that I did not see why such a method might not be followed with more advantage than could ever be expected from that severe justice which the Counsellor magnified so much.

add (付け加える) [動] say something further

follow (続く) [動] come after

advantage (有利) [名] a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position

magnify (拡大する) [動] make or become greater or larger

私がこのすべてを語ったとき、私は、顧問がそれほど拡大した厳しい正義から期待できるよりも、そのような方法がより有利に続かない理由がわからないと付け加えた。

To this he answered, ‘That it could never take place in England without endangering the whole nation.’

take place (起こる) [動] happen

endanger (危険にさらす) [動] put at risk or in danger

これに対して彼は、「イギリスでは国全体を危険にさらすことなく、そのようなことは起こり得ない」と答えた。

As he said this he shook his head, made some grimaces, and held his peace, while all the company seemed of his opinion, except the Cardinal, who said, ‘That it was not easy to form a judgment of its success, since it was a method that never yet had been tried;

shake one's head (頭を振る) [動] move one's head from side to side

make a grimace (しかめっ面をする) [動] make a distorted expression on one's face

all the company (全員) [名] all the people in a group

easy (容易) [形] able to be achieved without great effort

form a judgment (判断を下す) [動] make a decision or form an opinion about something

success (成功) [名] the accomplishment of an aim or purpose

yet (まだ) [副] up until the present time; so far

彼がこう言うと、彼は頭を振り、しかめっ面をして黙り込み、枢機卿を除く全員が彼の意見に賛同しているようだったが、枢機卿は「それはまだ試されたことのない方法なので、その成功の判断を下すのは容易ではない」と言った。

but if,’ said he, ‘when sentence of death were passed upon a thief, the prince would reprieve him for a while, and make the experiment upon him, denying him the privilege of a sanctuary;

pass (下す) [動] give or transfer to another

reprieve (執行猶予) [名] a temporary relief or delay

experiment (実験) [名] a scientific test to determine the validity of a hypothesis

deny (否定する) [動] refuse to accept; reject

privilege (特権) [名] a special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to a particular person or group of people

しかし、もし泥棒に死刑判決が下されたら、王子はしばらく彼を執行猶予にして、彼に聖域の特権を否定して実験するだろう。

and then, if it had a good effect upon him, it might take place;

and then (そして) [接] after that; afterwards

have a good effect (良い効果をもたらす) [動] produce a good or desired result

it (それ) [代] the thing or animal previously mentioned

そして、もしそれが彼に良い効果をもたらしたら、それは起こるかもしれない。

and, if it did not succeed, the worst would be to execute the sentence on the condemned persons at last;

succeed (成功する) [動] achieve a goal or objective

worst (最悪) [形] of the poorest quality or the most unpleasant

execute (執行する) [動] carry out a sentence of death on

sentence (刑) [名] the punishment assigned to a defendant found guilty of a crime

condemned (有罪判決を受けた) [形] found guilty of a crime

そして、もしそれが成功しなかったとしても、最悪なのは最後に有罪判決を受けた人に刑を執行することだろう。

and I do not see,’ added he, ‘why it would be either unjust, inconvenient, or at all dangerous to admit of such a delay;

I do not see (私にはわからない) [動] fail to understand

added (付け加えた) [動] say or write something further

why (なぜ) [副] for what reason or purpose

it would be (だろう) [助] used to express a strong possibility or certainty

either (あるいは) [接] used to connect two or more alternatives

unjust (不公平) [形] not just; unfair

inconvenient (不便) [形] causing trouble, difficulty, or discomfort

or (または) [接] used to connect two or more alternatives

at all (まったく) [副] in any way; to any extent

to admit (認める) [動] to accept that something is true

of (の) [前] used to indicate a particular thing

delay (遅れ) [名] a period of time by which something is late or postponed

そして、そのような遅れを認めることがなぜ不公平で、不便で、あるいは危険なのか、私にはわからない」と付け加えた。

in my opinion the vagabonds ought to be treated in the same manner, against whom, though we have made many laws, yet we have not been able to gain our end.’

in my opinion (私の意見では) [句] I think that

be treated (扱われる) [動] deal with in a certain way

in the same manner (同じように) [句] in the same way

against whom (彼らに対しては) [句] against them

though (しかし) [接] despite the fact that

have made (作った) [動] create or produce

have not been able to (することができていない) [動] be unable to

gain (達成する) [動] obtain or win

私の意見では、浮浪者も同じように扱われるべきであり、彼らに対しては、私たちは多くの法律を作ったが、まだ目的を達成することができていない。」

When the Cardinal had done, they all commended the motion, though they had despised it when it came from me, but more particularly commended what related to the vagabonds, because it was his own observation.

do (言う) [動] say

commend (賞賛する) [動] praise formally or officially

motion (提案) [名] a proposal for action

despise (軽蔑する) [動] look down on with intense aversion

observation (観察) [名] the action or process of observing something

枢機卿がそう言うと、彼らは皆その提案を賞賛したが、それが私から出た時には軽蔑していたが、特に浮浪者に関することは彼自身の観察であったため、賞賛した。

“I do not know whether it be worth while to tell what followed, for it was very ridiculous;

be worth while (価値がある) [動] be worth the time or effort spent

tell (話す) [動] communicate with words

ridiculous (ばかげた) [形] causing laughter because of being荒唐無稽 or inappropriate

「その後のことは非常にばかげたことだったので、話す価値があるかどうかわからない。

but I shall venture at it, for as it is not foreign to this matter, so some good use may be made of it.

venture (あえて) [動] to do something that is dangerous or risky

foreign (無関係) [形] of or from a country other than one's own

しかし、私はあえてそれを話そうと思う。なぜなら、それはこの問題と無関係ではないし、何か良い使い道があるかもしれないからだ。

There was a Jester standing by, that counterfeited the fool so naturally that he seemed to be really one;

jester (道化師) [名] a professional joker or fool

stand by (立っている) [動] be present but not taking part

counterfeit (演じる) [動] imitate something

fool (馬鹿) [名] a person who lacks judgment or sense

seem (ようである) [動] appear to be; give the impression of being

道化師が立っていて、本当に馬鹿であるかのように自然に馬鹿を演じていた。

the jests which he offered were so cold and dull that we laughed more at him than at them, yet sometimes he said, as it were by chance, things that were not unpleasant, so as to justify the old proverb, ‘That he who throws the dice often, will sometimes have a lucky hit.’

jest (冗談) [名] a joke

cold (冷たい) [形] having a low temperature

dull (退屈な) [形] uninteresting

laugh (笑う) [動] make the sounds and movements of laughter

chance (偶然) [名] the occurrence of events in the absence of any obvious intention or cause

unpleasant (不快な) [形] causing discomfort or annoyance

justify (正当化する) [動] show or prove to be right or reasonable

proverb (諺) [名] a short, well-known saying that gives advice or expresses a general truth

throw (投げる) [動] propel through the air with a rapid movement of the arm and hand

lucky (幸運な) [形] having, bringing, or resulting from good luck

hit (当たり) [名] a successful stroke or shot

彼が言う冗談は冷たく退屈だったので、私たちは冗談よりも彼を笑ったが、時々彼は偶然のように不快ではないことを言ったので、「サイコロをよく投げる人は時々幸運な当たりがある」という古い諺を正当化した。

When one of the company had said that I had taken care of the thieves, and the Cardinal had taken care of the vagabonds, so that there remained nothing but that some public provision might be made for the poor whom sickness or old age had disabled from labour, ‘Leave that to me,’ said the Fool, ‘and I shall take care of them, for there is no sort of people whose sight I abhor more, having been so often vexed with them and with their sad complaints;

one of the company (一座の一人) [名] a member of the group

take care of (面倒をみる) [動] to deal with or manage

public provision (公的な準備) [名] something that is provided by the government or another public body

sickness (病気) [名] a disease or period of illness affecting the body or mind

old age (老齢) [名] the later part of normal human life

leave that to me (それは私に任せてください) [動] to allow someone else to deal with something

sort of (人種) [名] a kind, type, or category

sight (見たくない) [名] the ability or act of seeing

abhor (忌み嫌う) [動] to detest or hate

often (しばしば) [副] many times; frequently

vexed (悩まされる) [動] to cause annoyance or distress to

sad (悲しい) [形] unhappy or mournful

complaint (訴え) [名] a statement that something is wrong or not satisfactory

一座の一人から、私が泥棒の面倒をみ、枢機卿が浮浪者の面倒をみたので、病気や老齢で働けなくなった貧しい人々のために公的な準備を整える以外に何も残っていないと言われると、「それは私に任せてください」と道化師は言った。「私が彼らの面倒をみますよ。彼らや彼らの悲しい訴えに何度も悩まされてきたので、彼らほど見たくない人種はいません。

but as dolefully soever as they have told their tale, they could never prevail so far as to draw one penny from me;

dolefully (悲しげに) [副] in a sad manner

tale (話) [名] a story about fictitious or legendary people and events

prevail (勝つ) [動] be victorious or successful

draw (引き出す) [動] pull or move out of something

penny (一銭) [名] a small amount of money

しかし、彼らがどんなに悲しげに話をしても、私から一銭も引き出すことはできませんでした。

for either I had no mind to give them anything, or, when I had a mind to do it, I had nothing to give them;

for either (なぜなら) [接] for the reason that

have no mind to (気がなかった) [動] not want to do something

anything (何か) [名] something

when (そうする気があっても) [接] at or during the time that

have a mind to (そうする気があっても) [動] want to do something

have nothing to (何もなかった) [動] not have anything

なぜなら、私は彼らに何かを与える気がなかったか、あるいは、そうする気があっても、彼らに与えるものが何もなかったからです。

and they now know me so well that they will not lose their labour, but let me pass without giving me any trouble, because they hope for nothing—no more, in faith, than if I were a priest;

lose (無駄にする) [動] fail to keep or maintain

hope (期待する) [動] want something to happen or be the case

faith (信仰) [名] a strong belief in the doctrines of a religion, based on spiritual conviction rather than proof

priest (司祭) [名] an ordained minister of the Catholic, Orthodox, or Anglican Church

そして、彼らは今では私のことをよく知っているので、労力を無駄にせず、私に迷惑をかけずに通してくれますが、それは彼らが何も期待していないからです。信仰において、私が司祭である場合よりも、それ以上は期待していないからです。

but I would have a law made for sending all these beggars to monasteries, the men to the Benedictines, to be made lay-brothers, and the women to be nuns.’

monastery (修道院) [名] a place where monks live and work

Benedictines (ベネディクト会) [名] a Roman Catholic monastic order

lay-brother (修道士) [名] a man who is a member of a religious order but is not a priest

nun (修道女) [名] a woman who is a member of a religious order

しかし、私はこれらの乞食をすべて修道院に送り、男性はベネディクト会に送り、修道士にし、女性は修道女にするという法律を作りたいと思っています。」

The Cardinal smiled, and approved of it in jest, but the rest liked it in earnest.

smile (微笑む) [動] to form a smile

approve (承認する) [動] to have or express a favorable opinion of

earnest (真面目) [形] characterized by or proceeding from an intense and serious state of mind

枢機卿は微笑んで、それを冗談で承認したが、残りの人々はそれを真面目に気に入った。

There was a divine present, who, though he was a grave morose man, yet he was so pleased with this reflection that was made on the priests and the monks that he began to play with the Fool, and said to him, ‘This will not deliver you from all beggars, except you take care of us Friars.’

present (贈り物) [名] a gift

grave (墓場の) [形] of or relating to a grave

reflection (反省) [名] the result of meditation or serious thought

monk (修道士) [名] a member of a religious order that usually takes vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience

deliver (救う) [動] save or rescue

神聖な贈り物があったが、彼は墓場の不機嫌な男だったが、司祭や修道士にされたこの反省にとても満足していたので、彼は愚か者と遊び始め、彼に言った、「これはあなたをすべての乞食から救うわけではない、あなたは私たち修道士の世話をする以外は。」

‘That is done already,’ answered the Fool, ‘for the Cardinal has provided for you by what he proposed for restraining vagabonds and setting them to work, for I know no vagabonds like you.’

That is done already (それはもう済んでいる) [句] that has already been done

Fool (道化) [名] a person who is foolish or stupid

provided (準備した) [動] make available for use; supply

restraining (抑制する) [動] prevent the development, action, or expression of

setting (働かせる) [動] put into a specified state

「それはもう済んでいる」と道化は答えた、「枢機卿は放浪者を抑制して働かせるために提案したことであなたのために準備をしてくれた、私はあなたのような放浪者を知らないからだ。」

This was well entertained by the whole company, who, looking at the Cardinal, perceived that he was not ill-pleased at it;

be well entertained (大いに受ける) [動] be greatly amused

whole company (一同) [名] all the people in a group

look at (見る) [動] direct one's gaze toward

perceive (わかる) [動] become aware or conscious of

be ill-pleased (不快に思う) [動] be displeased or dissatisfied

これは一同に大いに受け、枢機卿を見ると、彼がそれを不快に思っていないことがわかった。

only the Friar himself was vexed, as may be easily imagined, and fell into such a passion that he could not forbear railing at the Fool, and calling him knave, slanderer, backbiter, and son of perdition, and then cited some dreadful threatenings out of the Scriptures against him.

Friar (修道士) [名] a member of a religious order of men

vexed (腹を立てる) [動] to annoy or bother

fall into (陥る) [動] to become involved in or affected by

passion (激情) [名] a strong feeling or emotion

forbear (我慢する) [動] to refrain from doing something

railing (なじる) [動] to criticize or complain about someone or something in a very angry way

knave (悪党) [名] a dishonest or unscrupulous man

slanderer (中傷者) [名] a person who makes false and damaging statements about someone

backbiter (陰口を叩く者) [名] a person who says unpleasant things about someone when they are not present

son of perdition (滅びの子) [名] a person who is doomed to destruction

cite (引用する) [動] to mention or refer to something as evidence or proof

threatening (脅迫) [名] a statement or action that expresses an intention to cause harm to someone

Scripture (聖書) [名] the sacred writings of Christianity contained in the Old Testament and the New Testament

想像に難くないことだが、修道士だけが腹を立て、道化をなじり、悪党、中傷者、陰口を叩く者、滅びの子と呼び、聖書から彼に対する恐ろしい脅迫を引用せずにはいられないほど激昂した。

Now the Jester thought he was in his element, and laid about him freely.

element (本領) [名] a situation in which one feels comfortable

lay about (扱う) [動] to hit someone or something repeatedly

freely (自由に) [副] without restriction or limitation

道化師は、彼が自分の本領を発揮していると思い、彼を自由に扱った。

‘Good Friar,’ said he, ‘be not angry, for it is written, “In patience possess your soul.”’

Good Friar (良い修道士) [名] a member of a religious order who lives in a monastery

be angry (怒る) [動] feel or show anger

it is written (書いてある) [動] be written

possess (保つ) [動] have as belonging to one; own

「良い修道士よ」と彼は言った、「怒ってはいけない、「忍耐して魂を保て」と書いてある。」

The Friar answered (for I shall give you his own words), ‘I am not angry, you hangman;

hangman (絞首刑執行人) [名] a person who hangs people as a form of capital punishment

修道士は答えた(彼自身の言葉をあげよう)、私は怒っていない、この絞首刑執行人め。

at least, I do not sin in it, for the Psalmist says, “Be ye angry and sin not.”’

sin (罪) [名] an immoral act considered to be a transgression against divine law

Psalmist (詩篇作者) [名] the author of the Book of Psalms

少なくとも、私はそれで罪を犯していない、詩篇作者は「怒れ、しかし罪を犯すな」と言っている。

Upon this the Cardinal admonished him gently, and wished him to govern his passions.

admonish (諭す) [動] to warn or reprimand someone firmly but kindly

govern (抑える) [動] to rule or control

すると枢機卿は彼を優しく諭し、彼が自分の情熱を抑えてくれることを望んだ。

‘No, my lord,’ said he, ‘I speak not but from a good zeal, which I ought to have, for holy men have had a good zeal, as it is said, “The zeal of thy house hath eaten me up;” and we sing in our church that those who mocked Elisha as he went up to the house of God felt the effects of his zeal, which that mocker, that rogue, that scoundrel, will perhaps feel.’

No (いいえ) [間] a negative response

my lord (私の主よ) [名] a title used to address a British nobleman

good zeal (善い熱意) [名] a strong feeling of interest and enthusiasm that makes someone very eager or determined to do something

holy man (聖人) [名] a person who is recognized as having lived a particularly good and holy life

have had (持っていました) [動] have something in the past

as it is said (言われているように) [句] as people say

zeal (熱意) [名] a strong feeling of interest and enthusiasm that makes someone very eager or determined to do something

eat up (食べ尽くす) [動] eat all of something

mock (嘲笑う) [動] laugh at someone or something in a cruel or unkind way

go up (上がる) [動] move to a higher position

house of God (神の家) [名] a place of worship for Christians, Jews, or Muslims

feel (感じる) [動] be aware of something through one of the senses

effect (影響) [名] a change that is caused by something

mocker (嘲笑者) [名] someone who mocks

rogue (悪党) [名] a dishonest or unprincipled man

scoundrel (悪党) [名] a dishonest or unprincipled man

「いいえ、私の主よ」と彼は言った、「私は私が持つべき善い熱意からしか話しません、聖人は善い熱意を持っていたからです、「あなたの家の熱意が私を食べ尽くしました」と言われています、そして私たちは教会で、エリシャが神の家に行くときに彼を嘲笑した人々は彼の熱意の影響を感じたと歌っています、その嘲笑者、その悪党、その悪党はおそらく感じるでしょう。」

‘You do this, perhaps, with a good intention,’ said the Cardinal, ‘but, in my opinion, it were wiser in you, and perhaps better for you, not to engage in so ridiculous a contest with a Fool.’

good intention (善意) [名] a kind intention

「あなたはおそらく善意でこれをしているのでしょう」と枢機卿は言った、「しかし、私の意見では、愚か者とそのようなばかげた争いをしない方が賢明であり、おそらくあなたにとってより良いでしょう。」

‘No, my lord,’ answered he, ‘that were not wisely done, for Solomon, the wisest of men, said, “Answer a Fool according to his folly,” which I now do, and show him the ditch into which he will fall, if he is not aware of it;

Solomon (ソロモン) [名] the third king of Israel

wisest (最も賢い) [形] having or showing great wisdom

men (人類) [名] human beings in general or considered collectively

Answer (答えよ) [動] say something in reply

ditch (溝) [名] a long, narrow channel dug in the earth

fall (落ちる) [動] move from a higher to a lower position

aware (気づく) [形] having knowledge; conscious

「いいえ、私の主よ」と彼は答えた、「それは賢明なことではありませんでした、なぜなら人類で最も賢いソロモンは「愚か者にはその愚かさに従って答えよ」と言いました、私は今それを行っており、彼が気づいていなければ彼が落ちる溝を彼に示しています。

for if the many mockers of Elisha, who was but one bald man, felt the effect of his zeal, what will become of the mocker of so many Friars, among whom there are so many bald men?

mocker (嘲笑した者) [名] a person who mocks

Elisha (エリシャ) [名] a prophet in the Hebrew Bible

bald (ハゲ) [形] having a scalp wholly or partly lacking hair

so many (非常に多い) [形] a large number of

Friars (修道士) [名] a member of a religious order of men

there are (いる) [動] be or exist

なぜなら、ただ一人のハゲ男であったエリシャを嘲笑した多くの者が彼の熱意の影響を感じたのであれば、ハゲ男が非常に多い非常に多くの修道士を嘲笑した者はどうなるだろうか?

We have, likewise, a bull, by which all that jeer us are excommunicated.’

bull (教皇勅書) [名] a letter from the pope

jeer (嘲笑する) [動] to make fun of or laugh at in a rude or mocking way

excommunicate (破門する) [動] to exclude from the church

同様に、私たちには教皇勅書があり、それによって私たちを嘲笑する者はすべて破門されます。」

When the Cardinal saw that there was no end of this matter he made a sign to the Fool to withdraw, turned the discourse another way, and soon after rose from the table, and, dismissing us, went to hear causes.

make a sign (合図する) [動] to make a gesture or movement that conveys a meaning

withdraw (退出する) [動] to remove oneself from a place or situation

turn (向ける) [動] to change direction

rise (立ち上がる) [動] to get up from a sitting or lying position

dismiss (解散させる) [動] to send away or cause to disperse

枢機卿はこの問題に終わりがないことを見て、道化に退出するよう合図し、話題を別の方向に向け、すぐにテーブルから立ち上がり、私たちを解散させて、原因を聞きに行った。

“Thus, Mr. More, I have run out into a tedious story, of the length of which I had been ashamed, if (as you earnestly begged it of me) I had not observed you to hearken to it as if you had no mind to lose any part of it.

run out (走り出す) [動] start running

tedious (退屈な) [形] too long, slow, or dull

story (話) [名] a tale or account of a series of events, true or fictional

length (長さ) [名] the measurement of something from end to end

ashamed (恥ずかしい) [形] feeling shame or guilt

hearken (耳を傾ける) [動] listen attentively

lose (聞き漏らす) [動] fail to win or keep

part (一部) [名] a piece or portion of something

「こうして、モアさん、私は退屈な話に走り、その長さに恥ずかしく思っていたのですが、もしあなたがその一部も聞き漏らすまいと耳を傾けているのを見ていなかったら、(あなたが熱心に私に懇願したように)私はその長さに恥ずかしく思っていたでしょう。

I might have contracted it, but I resolved to give it you at large, that you might observe how those that despised what I had proposed, no sooner perceived that the Cardinal did not dislike it but presently approved of it, fawned so on him and flattered him to such a degree, that they in good earnest applauded those things that he only liked in jest;

contract (短くする) [動] make or become shorter, smaller, or tighter

give (話す) [動] communicate or express

at large (長々と) [副] in full; in detail

no sooner (知るや否や) [接] as soon as

dislike (嫌う) [動] not like

presently (すぐに) [副] in a little while; soon

fawn (媚びる) [動] act in an excessively flattering or servile way

flatter (喜ばせる) [動] praise or compliment excessively

in good earnest (真面目に) [副] seriously

applaud (賞賛する) [動] express approval or praise

私はそれを短くすることもできたのですが、私が提案したことを軽蔑していた人々が、枢機卿がそれを嫌っていないと知るや否や、すぐにそれを承認し、彼に媚びを売り、彼を大いに喜ばせ、彼が冗談で言ったことを真面目に賞賛する様子を観察してもらえるように、長々と話すことにしました。

and from hence you may gather how little courtiers would value either me or my counsels.”

そして、ここから、廷臣たちが私や私の助言をどれほど軽視しているかがわかるでしょう。」

To this I answered, “You have done me a great kindness in this relation;

これに対して私は答えた、「あなたはこの関係において私に大きな親切をしてくれましたね。

for as everything has been related by you both wisely and pleasantly, so you have made me imagine that I was in my own country and grown young again, by recalling that good Cardinal to my thoughts, in whose family I was bred from my childhood;

everything (すべて) [名] all that exists; all that is

own (自分の) [形] belonging to (the person or thing mentioned)

grow young (若返る) [動] become young again

recalling (思い出させる) [動] bring back to the mind

childhood (幼少期) [名] the time of a person's life when they are a child

あなたはすべてを賢く、また楽しく語ってくれたので、私は自分の国にいるような気がして、また若返ったような気がしました。幼い頃から育ててくれたあの善良な枢機卿を思い出させてくれたからです。

and though you are, upon other accounts, very dear to me, yet you are the dearer because you honour his memory so much;

upon other accounts (他の点でも) [副] in other respects

dear (大切な) [形] regarded with deep affection

honour (尊敬する) [動] regard with great respect

あなたは他の点でも私にとってとても大切な人ですが、彼の記憶をとても尊敬しているので、あなたはさらに大切な人です。

but, after all this, I cannot change my opinion, for I still think that if you could overcome that aversion which you have to the courts of princes, you might, by the advice which it is in your power to give, do a great deal of good to mankind, and this is the chief design that every good man ought to propose to himself in living;

after all (結局) [副] in spite of everything

overcome (克服する) [動] successfully deal with or gain control over (a problem or difficulty)

aversion (嫌悪感) [名] a feeling of intense dislike

prince (王侯) [名] a son, grandson, or other close male relative of a monarch

mankind (人類) [名] human beings considered collectively

ought to (すべきである) [助] used to express moral obligation or desirability

しかし、このすべての後でも、私は自分の意見を変えることはできません。なぜなら、あなたが王侯の宮廷に対して抱いている嫌悪感を克服することができれば、あなたはあなたの力で与えることができる助言によって、人類に大きな利益をもたらすことができると私はまだ考えているからです。そして、これはすべての善人が生きる上で自分自身に提案すべき主要な設計です。

for your friend Plato thinks that nations will be happy when either philosophers become kings or kings become philosophers.

Plato (プラトン) [名] a Greek philosopher and mathematician

be happy (幸せになる) [動] feel or show pleasure or contentment

あなたの友人プラトンは、哲学者が王になるか、王が哲学者になると、国は幸せになると考えているのです。

It is no wonder if we are so far from that happiness while philosophers will not think it their duty to assist kings with their counsels.”

no wonder (不思議ではない) [名] not surprising

so far (遠く離れている) [副] to a great extent

happiness (幸福) [名] the state of being happy

duty (義務) [名] a moral or legal obligation

哲学者が王を助言で助けることが義務だと考えないうちは、私たちがそのような幸福から遠く離れていても不思議ではありません。」

“They are not so base-minded,” said he, “but that they would willingly do it;

base-minded (卑劣な) [形] having or showing a lack of moral standards

「彼らはそこまで卑劣ではありません」と彼は言った。「彼らは喜んでそうするでしょう。

many of them have already done it by their books, if those that are in power would but hearken to their good advice.

many of (多く) [名] a large number of

book (本) [名] a written or printed work consisting of pages bound together between two covers

power (権力) [名] the ability to do or act

advice (助言) [名] an opinion or recommendation offered as a guide to action, conduct, or procedure

権力者が彼らの良い助言に耳を傾けるならば、彼らの多くはすでに本でそれを行っています。

But Plato judged right, that except kings themselves became philosophers, they who from their childhood are corrupted with false notions would never fall in entirely with the counsels of philosophers, and this he himself found to be true in the person of Dionysius.

judge (判断する) [動] form an opinion or conclusion about

right (正しく) [副] correctly

childhood (子供の頃) [名] the time of someone's life when they are a child

false (誤った) [形] not true or correct

fall in (従う) [動] agree with or support

Dionysius (ディオニュシウス) [名] a tyrant of Syracuse

しかし、プラトンは正しく判断しました。王自身が哲学者にならない限り、子供の頃から誤った考えに惑わされている人々は、哲学者の助言に完全に従うことは決してなく、彼自身がディオニュシウスの人物に当てはまることを発見しました。

“Do not you think that if I were about any king, proposing good laws to him, and endeavouring to root out all the cursed seeds of evil that I found in him, I should either be turned out of his court, or, at least, be laughed at for my pains?

about (側近) [前] in the area or vicinity of

root out (根絶する) [動] to get rid of something completely

turn out (追い出される) [動] to be found to be

be laughed at (笑われる) [動] to be ridiculed or mocked

「もし私が王の側近で、彼に良い法律を提案し、彼の中に見つけた悪の呪われた種をすべて根絶しようとしたら、私は彼の宮廷から追い出されるか、少なくとも私の苦労を笑われるだろうと思いませんか?

For instance, what could I signify if I were about the King of France, and were called into his cabinet council, where several wise men, in his hearing, were proposing many expedients;

for instance (例えば) [副] as an example

King of France (フランス国王) [名] the head of state of France

cabinet council (内閣会議) [名] a meeting of the cabinet

hearing (聴聞会) [名] a meeting of a court or other tribunal to hear evidence and decide on a case

expedient (方策) [名] a means of achieving a particular end

例えば、私がフランス国王の側近で、彼の聴聞会で何人かの賢者が多くの方策を提案している彼の内閣会議に呼ばれたとしたら、私は何を意味するでしょうか。

as, by what arts and practices Milan may be kept, and Naples, that has so often slipped out of their hands, recovered;

Milan (ミラノ) [名] a city in northern Italy

Naples (ナポリ) [名] a city in southern Italy

slip (滑り落ちる) [動] move or cause to move smoothly and quickly

hand (手) [名] the end of a person's arm beyond the wrist, including the palm, fingers, and thumb

どのような芸術や慣行によってミラノを維持し、ナポリを何度も手から滑り落ちたナポリを取り戻すことができるかなどです。

how the Venetians, and after them the rest of Italy, may be subdued;

Venetian (ヴェネツィア人) [名] a native or inhabitant of Venice

Italy (イタリア) [名] a republic in southern Europe

subdue (征服する) [動] overcome and bring under control by military force

ヴェネツィア人、そしてその後イタリアの残りの部分をどのように征服できるかなどです。

and then how Flanders, Brabant, and all Burgundy, and some other kingdoms which he has swallowed already in his designs, may be added to his empire?

Flanders (フランダース) [名] a region in northern Belgium

Brabant (ブラバント) [名] a region in central Belgium

Burgundy (ブルゴーニュ) [名] a region in eastern France

empire (帝国) [名] a group of countries or states under the control of one ruler

そして、どのようにフランダース、ブラバント、ブルゴーニュ、そして彼がすでに彼のデザインで飲み込んだ他のいくつかの王国を彼の帝国に加えることができるかなどです。

One proposes a league with the Venetians, to be kept as long as he finds his account in it, and that he ought to communicate counsels with them, and give them some share of the spoil till his success makes him need or fear them less, and then it will be easily taken out of their hands;

league (同盟) [名] a group of people or countries that have joined together for a particular purpose

communicate (伝える) [動] share or exchange information

spoil (戦利品) [名] property or goods taken from an enemy in war

need (必要とする) [動] require (something) because it is essential or very important

ある人はヴェネツィア人との同盟を提案し、彼がその中で自分の説明を見つけるまで維持し、彼は彼らと助言を伝え、彼の成功が彼を必要とするか、彼らをあまり恐れなくなるまで、彼らに戦利品の一部を与えるべきであり、そしてそれは彼らの手から簡単に取り出されるでしょう。

another proposes the hiring the Germans and the securing the Switzers by pensions;

another (別の人) [名] a different person

German (ドイツ人) [名] a native or inhabitant of Germany

secure (保護する) [動] make safe; protect

Swiss (スイス人) [名] a native or inhabitant of Switzerland

別の人はドイツ人を雇い、年金でスイス人を保護することを提案しています。

another proposes the gaining the Emperor by money, which is omnipotent with him;

gain (獲得する) [動] obtain or secure

omnipotent (全能) [形] having unlimited power

emperor (皇帝) [名] the sovereign ruler of an empire

別の人は、彼にとって全能であるお金で皇帝を獲得することを提案しています。

another proposes a peace with the King of Arragon, and, in order to cement it, the yielding up the King of Navarre’s pretensions;

King of Arragon (アラゴン王) [名] the ruler of the Kingdom of Aragon

cement (固める) [動] to make something stronger or more solid

yield (放棄する) [動] to give up something

King of Navarre (ナバラ王) [名] the ruler of the Kingdom of Navarre

pretension (要求) [名] a claim or assertion of a right or title

別の人はアラゴン王との和平を提案し、それを固めるためにナバラ王の要求を放棄します。

another thinks that the Prince of Castile is to be wrought on by the hope of an alliance, and that some of his courtiers are to be gained to the French faction by pensions.

Prince of Castile (カスティーリャの王子) [名] the heir apparent to the throne of Castile

be wrought on (鍛えられる) [動] be worked on

hope (希望) [名] a feeling of expectation and desire for something to happen

be gained (獲得される) [動] be obtained

French (フランスの) [形] of or relating to France or its people or language

faction (派閥) [名] a group of people forming a cohesive minority within a larger group

別の人は、カスティーリャの王子は同盟の希望によって鍛えられるべきであり、彼の廷臣の一部は年金によってフランスの派閥に獲得されるべきであると考えています。

The hardest point of all is, what to do with England;

the hardest point (最も難しい点) [名] the most difficult thing

最も難しいのは、イギリスをどうするかということです。

a treaty of peace is to be set on foot, and, if their alliance is not to be depended on, yet it is to be made as firm as possible, and they are to be called friends, but suspected as enemies:

treaty (条約) [名] a formal agreement between two or more states or international organizations

set on foot (結ぶ) [動] to start or initiate

firm (強固) [形] strong or solid

enemy (敵) [名] a person who is actively opposed or hostile to someone or something

和平条約を結び、彼らの同盟に頼ることができない場合でも、可能な限り強固なものにし、彼らを友人と呼びながらも敵として疑うべきである。

therefore the Scots are to be kept in readiness to be let loose upon England on every occasion;

therefore (そのため) [副] for that reason; consequently

Scot (スコットランド人) [名] a native or inhabitant of Scotland

be to be (であるべきだ) [助] be obliged or required to

keep (整えておく) [動] cause to remain in a specified state

be let loose (放たれる) [動] be allowed to move freely

そのため、スコットランド人はあらゆる機会にイギリスに放たれる準備を整えておくべきである。

and some banished nobleman is to be supported underhand (for by the League it cannot be done avowedly) who has a pretension to the crown, by which means that suspected prince may be kept in awe.

banished (追放された) [形] sent away from a country or place as a punishment

be to be (される) [助] be going to be

supported (支援される) [動] give assistance to, especially financially

underhand (密かに) [形] done in a secret or dishonest way

by (によって) [前] next to; beside

the League (同盟) [名] a group of people, countries, or organizations that have joined together for a particular purpose

cannot be done (できない) [動] be unable to be done

avowedly (公然と) [副] openly and without shame

who (誰) [代] the person previously mentioned

has (持つ) [動] have or possess

a pretension (狙い) [名] a claim or aspiration to something

to (に) [前] used to indicate a direction

the crown (王位) [名] the position or authority of a king or queen

that (その) [限] the person or thing previously mentioned

suspected (疑わしい) [形] doubtful; questionable

may be kept (抱かせることができる) [動] be able to be kept

in awe (畏敬の念を) [名] a feeling of respect and admiration mixed with fear

そして、王位を狙う追放された貴族を密かに支援し(同盟によって公然と行うことはできない)、それによって疑わしい王子を畏敬の念を抱かせることができる。

Now when things are in so great a fermentation, and so many gallant men are joining counsels how to carry on the war, if so mean a man as I should stand up and wish them to change all their counsels—to let Italy alone and stay at home, since the kingdom of France was indeed greater than could be well governed by one man;

fermentation (混乱) [名] a state of confusion or agitation

gallant (勇敢な) [形] brave; heroic

carry on (遂行する) [動] continue doing something

mean (卑劣な) [形] unkind or unfair

stand up (立ち上がる) [動] rise to a standing position

wish (願う) [動] want something to happen or be the case

let alone (放っておく) [動] not to mention; much less

stay (いる) [動] be in a place

indeed (確かに) [副] really; truly; certainly

greater (大きい) [形] of a size that is more than average or usual

事態がこれほどまでに混乱し、多くの勇敢な男たちが戦争を遂行するための協議に参加している今、私のような卑劣な男が立ち上がって、彼らにすべての協議を変えてほしいと願うならば、イタリアを放っておいて、フランス王国は確かに一人の男がうまく統治できるよりも大きかったので、家にいてください。

that therefore he ought not to think of adding others to it;

ought (すべき) [助] should

add (加える) [動] join or combine two or more things together

だから、彼はそれに他のものを加えることを考慮すべきではない。

and if, after this, I should propose to them the resolutions of the Achorians, a people that lie on the south-east of Utopia, who long ago engaged in war in order to add to the dominions of their prince another kingdom, to which he had some pretensions by an ancient alliance:

after this (この後) [副] after this time

resolution (決議) [名] a firm decision to do or not to do something

south-east (南東) [名] the direction midway between south and east

long ago (ずっと昔) [副] in the distant past

dominion (支配) [名] supreme authority

ancient (古代) [形] belonging to the very distant past

そして、この後、私が彼らに、ユートピアの南東に位置するアコリア人の決議を提案するとしたら、彼らはずっと昔、彼らの王子の支配に別の王国を加えるために戦争に従事していたが、彼は古代の同盟によっていくつかの要求をしていた。

this they conquered, but found that the trouble of keeping it was equal to that by which it was gained;

conquer (征服する) [動] overcome and take control of a country or area by force

find (気づく) [動] become aware of

keep (維持する) [動] continue to have or do something

彼らはこれを征服したが、それを維持する苦労はそれを獲得するのに等しいことに気づいた。

that the conquered people were always either in rebellion or exposed to foreign invasions, while they were obliged to be incessantly at war, either for or against them, and consequently could never disband their army;

exposed (さらされる) [動] make (something) visible, accessible, or known

foreign (外国の) [形] of, from, in, or characteristic of a country or language other than one's own

obliged (義務付けられる) [動] make (someone) legally or morally bound to an action or course of action

incessantly (絶えず) [副] without interruption; continuously

disband (解散する) [動] (with reference to an organized group) break up or cause to break up and disperse

征服された人々は常に反乱を起こすか、外国の侵略にさらされていたが、彼らは彼らのために、あるいは彼らに反対して、絶えず戦争をしなければならず、その結果、彼らの軍隊を解散させることはできなかった。

that in the meantime they were oppressed with taxes, their money went out of the kingdom, their blood was spilt for the glory of their king without procuring the least advantage to the people, who received not the smallest benefit from it even in time of peace;

in the meantime (その間に) [副] during the intervening period of time

oppress (圧迫する) [動] keep down by unjust use of force or authority

tax (税金) [名] a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions

go out of (出て行く) [動] leave a place

glory (栄光) [名] high renown or honor won by notable achievements

その間に彼らは税金で圧迫され、彼らのお金は王国から出て行き、彼らの血は王の栄光のために流され、人々にはわずかな利益ももたらさず、平和な時でさえそれからわずかな利益も受けなかった。

and that, their manners being corrupted by a long war, robbery and murders everywhere abounded, and their laws fell into contempt;

long war (長い戦争) [名] a war that lasts a long time

everywhere (至る所) [副] in all places or in every part

abound (横行する) [動] be plentiful or very common

contempt (軽蔑) [名] the act of despising

そして、彼らの風習は長い戦争によって堕落し、強盗や殺人が至る所で横行し、彼らの法律は軽蔑された。

while their king, distracted with the care of two kingdoms, was the less able to apply his mind to the interest of either.

distract (気を取られる) [動] to cause to turn away from the original focus of attention or interest

care (世話) [名] the provision of what is necessary for the health, welfare, maintenance, and protection of someone or something

two (二つの) [形] one more than one

apply (向ける) [動] to put or spread on the surface of

その一方で、彼らの王は二つの王国の世話に気を取られ、どちらの利益にも心を向けることができなかった。

When they saw this, and that there would be no end to these evils, they by joint counsels made an humble address to their king, desiring him to choose which of the two kingdoms he had the greatest mind to keep, since he could not hold both;

there would be no end to (終わりがない) [動] have no end

joint (共同の) [形] done with or shared by two or more people or groups

make an address (演説を行う) [動] give a speech

humble (謙虚な) [形] having or showing a modest or low estimate of one's own importance

desire (求める) [動] strongly wish for or want

choose (選ぶ) [動] pick out or select from a number of alternatives

hold (保持する) [動] keep in a certain state, position, or relation

彼らはこれを知り、これらの悪に終わりがないことを知ったとき、彼らは共同で王に謙虚な演説を行い、両方を保持することはできないので、どちらの王国を保持したいかを彼に選ぶように求めた。

for they were too great a people to be governed by a divided king, since no man would willingly have a groom that should be in common between him and another.

too great (偉大すぎる) [形] very great

be governed (支配される) [動] be ruled or controlled

divided (分断された) [形] separated into parts

no man (誰も) [名] no person

groom (花婿) [名] a man who is about to be married

common (共通の) [形] belonging to or shared by two or more parties

彼らは分断された王に支配されるには偉大すぎる人々だった。なぜなら、誰も自分と他人の間で共通の花婿を喜んで持とうとはしないからだ。

Upon which the good prince was forced to quit his new kingdom to one of his friends (who was not long after dethroned), and to be contented with his old one.

upon which (その結果) [接] as a result of which

force (余儀なくされる) [動] make someone do something against their will

quit (譲る) [動] leave a place

new (新しい) [形] recently created or having come into existence

dethrone (退位) [動] remove from a throne

その結果、善良な王子は新しい王国を友人の一人(退位後間もなく)に譲り、古い王国に満足することを余儀なくされた。

To this I would add that after all those warlike attempts, the vast confusions, and the consumption both of treasure and of people that must follow them, perhaps upon some misfortune they might be forced to throw up all at last;

those (それらの) [限] the ones mentioned

warlike (戦争のような) [形] involving fighting or violence

confusion (混乱) [名] lack of understanding; uncertainty

consumption (消費) [名] the using up of a resource

treasure (宝物) [名] a quantity of precious metals or gems

throw up (投げ捨てる) [動] vomit

これに加えて、これらすべての戦争の試み、大混乱、そして彼らに従わなければならない宝物と人々の消費の後、おそらくいくつかの不幸の上に、彼らはついにすべてを投げ捨てることを余儀なくされるかもしれない。

therefore it seemed much more eligible that the king should improve his ancient kingdom all he could, and make it flourish as much as possible;

much more (はるかに) [副] to a much greater extent

eligible (適格な) [形] having the right to do or obtain something

improve (改善する) [動] make or become better

all (できる限り) [副] as much as possible

flourish (繁栄する) [動] grow or develop in a healthy or vigorous way

したがって、王が古代王国をできる限り改善し、可能な限り繁栄させることがはるかに適格であるように思われた。

that he should love his people, and be beloved of them;

be beloved of (愛される) [動] be loved by

彼は自分の民を愛し、彼らに愛されるべきだ。

that he should live among them, govern them gently and let other kingdoms alone, since that which had fallen to his share was big enough, if not too big, for him:—pray, how do you think would such a speech as this be heard?”

live among (住む) [動] to have as one's home

fall to one's share (分け前になる) [動] to become one's portion or lot

big (大きい) [形] of great size or extent

pray (祈る) [動] to address God or a god with adoration, confession, supplication, or thanksgiving

how do you think (どのように思う) [動] to have an opinion about something

such a speech as this (このようなスピーチ) [名] a speech of this kind

be heard (聞こえる) [動] to be perceived by the ear

彼は彼らの間に住み、彼らを優しく統治し、他の王国を放っておくべきだ、なぜなら彼の分け前になったものは彼にとって大きすぎるわけではないにしても十分に大きかったからだ。祈れ、このようなスピーチがどのように聞こえると思うか?」

“I confess,” said I, “I think not very well.”

confess (白状する) [動] admit or state that one has committed a crime or done something wrong

well (よく) [副] in a good manner or way

「白状するが、あまりよくないと思う」と私は言った。

“But what,” said he, “if I should sort with another kind of ministers, whose chief contrivances and consultations were by what art the prince’s treasures might be increased?

sort with (組む) [動] to be in a group with

contrivance (工夫) [名] a device or an object that is cleverly and originally designed

consultation (協議) [名] the action or process of formally discussing something with someone

「しかし、もし私が別の種類の大臣と組んだらどうなるだろう、彼らの主な工夫や協議は、どのような芸術によって王子の宝を増やすことができるかということだった。

where one proposes raising the value of specie when the king’s debts are large, and lowering it when his revenues were to come in, that so he might both pay much with a little, and in a little receive a great deal.

raise (上げる) [動] increase the amount, value, or strength of

value (価値) [名] the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something

specie (金貨) [名] money in the form of coins

debt (借金) [名] something, typically money, that is owed or due

large (大きい) [形] of considerable or relatively great size, extent, or capacity

lower (下げる) [動] move or cause to move to a lower position

come in (入ってくる) [動] arrive or be received

receive (受け取る) [動] be given, presented with, or paid

a great deal (多く) [名] a large amount or extent

王の借金が大きいときには金貨の価値を上げ、収入が入ってくるときには金貨の価値を下げて、少しで多くを支払い、少しで多くを受け取ることができるようにすることを提案する。

Another proposes a pretence of a war, that money might be raised in order to carry it on, and that a peace be concluded as soon as that was done;

pretence (口実) [名] a false appearance or action intended to deceive

raise (調達する) [動] collect or cause to be collected

conclude (結ぶ) [動] bring to an end

別の人は戦争の口実を提案し、それを遂行するために資金を調達し、それが完了したらすぐに和平を結ぶことを提案する。

and this with such appearances of religion as might work on the people, and make them impute it to the piety of their prince, and to his tenderness for the lives of his subjects.

work on (働きかける) [動] try to persuade or influence

subject (臣下) [名] a person who owes allegiance to a monarch or other sovereign

そして、これは人々に働きかけ、彼らがそれを彼らの王子の信心深さと彼の臣下たちの命に対する優しさに帰するような宗教の外観を伴っている。

A third offers some old musty laws that have been antiquated by a long disuse (and which, as they had been forgotten by all the subjects, so they had also been broken by them), and proposes the levying the penalties of these laws, that, as it would bring in a vast treasure, so there might be a very good pretence for it, since it would look like the executing a law and the doing of justice.

third (三人目) [名] the ordinal number of three

offer (提示する) [動] present for consideration, discussion, or use

musty (カビの生えた) [形] having a stale or moldy smell

disuse (使われない) [名] the state of not being used

antiquated (時代遅れ) [形] too old to be useful or fashionable

levy (徴収する) [動] impose or collect (a tax, fee, or fine)

penalty (罰金) [名] a punishment imposed for breaking a law, rule, or contract

bring in (もたらす) [動] cause to come or be taken in

there might be (あるかもしれない) [動] be possible or likely

very good (非常に良い) [形] of a high standard; very satisfactory

三人目は、長い間使われずに時代遅れになった古いカビの生えた法律(すべての臣下によって忘れ去られていたため、彼らによって破られていた)を提示し、これらの法律の罰金を徴収することを提案する。それは莫大な宝をもたらすので、法律を執行し、正義を行うように見えるので、それには非常に良い口実があるかもしれない。

A fourth proposes the prohibiting of many things under severe penalties, especially such as were against the interest of the people, and then the dispensing with these prohibitions, upon great compositions, to those who might find their advantage in breaking them.

fourth (四人目) [名] the ordinal number of four

prohibit (禁止する) [動] formally or legally forbid

四人目は、厳しい罰則の下で多くのことを禁止すること、特に人々の利益に反することを禁止し、それからこれらの禁止を、それらを破ることで利益を得るかもしれない人々に、大作曲の上で免除することを提案する。

This would serve two ends, both of them acceptable to many;

serve (果たす) [動] to be used for a particular purpose

two (2つの) [形] being one more than one

end (目的) [名] the final part of something

both (どちらも) [形] the two people or things mentioned

これは2つの目的を果たすだろうが、どちらも多くの人に受け入れられる。

for as those whose avarice led them to transgress would be severely fined, so the selling licences dear would look as if a prince were tender of his people, and would not easily, or at low rates, dispense with anything that might be against the public good.

lead (駆る) [動] cause to go in a specified direction

transgress (違反する) [動] go beyond the limits of

severely (厳しく) [副] to a great degree

fine (罰する) [動] punish by a fine

selling licence (販売許可証) [名] a document that gives official permission to sell something

look as if (~のように見える) [動] appear to be

tender (優しく扱う) [動] treat with care

low rate (低料金) [名] a price that is below average

dispense with (免除する) [動] do without

public good (公共の利益) [名] something that benefits the public

貪欲に駆られて違反した者は厳しく罰せられるので、高額で販売許可証を販売することは、王子が国民を優しく扱っているように見え、公共の利益に反する可能性のあるものを簡単に、または低料金で免除することはできない。

Another proposes that the judges must be made sure, that they may declare always in favour of the prerogative;

judge (裁判官) [名] a public official who hears and decides cases in a court of law

make sure (確実にする) [動] ensure that something will happen or that something is done

declare (宣言する) [動] make a formal or explicit statement about something

favour (賛成する) [名] an act of kindness beyond what is usual or expected

prerogative (特権) [名] a right or privilege exclusive to one person or group

別の人は、裁判官は常に特権に賛成であると宣言できるように、裁判官を確実にしなければならないと提案する。

that they must be often sent for to court, that the king may hear them argue those points in which he is concerned;

be sent for (送られる) [動] be summoned

court (法廷) [名] a place where legal disputes are settled

argue (議論する) [動] exchange diverging or opposite views, typically in a heated or angry way

彼らはしばしば法廷に送られ、王は彼らが彼が関係しているそれらの点を議論するのを聞くことができる。

since, how unjust soever any of his pretensions may be, yet still some one or other of them, either out of contradiction to others, or the pride of singularity, or to make their court, would find out some pretence or other to give the king a fair colour to carry the point.

pretension (ふり) [名] a claim to something

contradiction (矛盾) [名] a statement or proposition that contradicts or denies another or itself and is logically incongruous

singularity (特異性) [名] the state or fact of being singular

find out (見つける) [動] discover or notice

彼のふりをするどんなことがどれほど不当であっても、それでも彼らの誰かが、他人と矛盾したり、特異性のプライドから、あるいは彼らの法廷を作るために、王にポイントを運ぶための公正な色を与えるために、何らかのふりを見つけるだろう。

For if the judges but differ in opinion, the clearest thing in the world is made by that means disputable, and truth being once brought in question, the king may then take advantage to expound the law for his own profit;

differ (異なる) [動] be unlike or dissimilar

clear (明確な) [形] easy to understand; intelligible

means (手段) [名] a method, style, or manner of doing something

disputable (議論の的) [形] open to question or debate

truth (真実) [名] the quality or state of being true

take advantage (機会を得る) [動] make good use of

expound (解説する) [動] explain or interpret in detail

profit (利益) [名] a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something

裁判官が意見を異にするならば、世界で最も明確なことはその手段によって議論の的となり、真実が一度問題にされると、王は自分の利益のために法律を解説する機会を得るかもしれない。

while the judges that stand out will be brought over, either through fear or modesty;

stand out (目立つ) [動] be noticeable or prominent

bring over (引き継ぐ) [動] persuade to change sides or positions

目立つ裁判官は恐怖や謙虚さによって引き継がれるだろう。

and they being thus gained, all of them may be sent to the Bench to give sentence boldly as the king would have it;

all of them (彼ら全員) [名] the whole group of people or things

be sent (送られる) [動] be taken or directed to a destination; be dispatched

Bench (裁判官席) [名] the seat occupied by a judge or judges in a court

give sentence (判決を下す) [動] pronounce a sentence on

boldly (大胆に) [副] in a confident and courageous manner

そして、彼らがこのように獲得されると、彼ら全員が王が望むように大胆に判決を下すために裁判官席に送られるかもしれない。

for fair pretences will never be wanting when sentence is to be given in the prince’s favour.

fair (公正な) [形] just or impartial

pretence (ふり) [名] an act of pretending

sentence (判決) [名] a decision of a court of law

give (下される) [動] cause to be received

王子の好意で判決が下されるとき、公正なふりをすることは決して望ましくないだろう。

It will either be said that equity lies of his side, or some words in the law will be found sounding that way, or some forced sense will be put on them;

equity (公平性) [名] the difference between the value of a property and the amount of any outstanding mortgages or other liens on the property

lie (ある) [動] be in a specified state or condition

side (側) [名] a position to the left or right of an object, place, or central point

sound (聞こえる) [動] be perceived or understood

forced (強制的な) [形] done or produced with effort or against one's will

sense (意味) [名] a meaning that is conveyed or intended

公平性が彼の側にあると言われるか、法律の中のいくつかの言葉がそのように聞こえるか、またはいくつかの強制的な意味がそれらに置かれるだろう。

and, when all other things fail, the king’s undoubted prerogative will be pretended, as that which is above all law, and to which a religious judge ought to have a special regard.

undoubted (疑いのない) [形] certain; not questioned

pretend (偽装する) [動] to give a false appearance of

above (超える) [前] at a higher level or position than

religious (宗教的な) [形] relating to or believing in a religion

have a regard (注意を払う) [動] to think carefully about something

そして、他のすべてのことが失敗したとき、王の疑いのない特権は、すべての法律を超えており、宗教的な裁判官が特別な注意を払うべきものとして偽装されるだろう。

Thus all consent to that maxim of Crassus, that a prince cannot have treasure enough, since he must maintain his armies out of it;

consent (同意する) [動] give permission for something to happen

こうして、王子は軍隊を維持しなければならないので、十分な宝を持つことはできないというクラッススの格言にすべてが同意する。

that a king, even though he would, can do nothing unjustly;

even though (たとえ) [接] despite the fact that

would (そうする) [助] be willing to

unjustly (不正に) [副] in an unfair or unjust way

王は、たとえそうしようとも、不正なことは何もできない。

that all property is in him, not excepting the very persons of his subjects;

property (財産) [名] a thing or things belonging to someone

in (彼のものである) [前] belonging to

not excepting (例外ではない) [動] not excluding

very (まさに) [副] in actual fact; really

person (人々) [名] a human being regarded as an individual

すべての財産は彼のものであり、臣下の人々も例外ではない。

and that no man has any other property but that which the king, out of his goodness, thinks fit to leave him.

goodness (善意) [名] the quality of being good

fit (適当) [形] of a suitable quality, standard, or type

そして、王が善意から彼に残すのに適当と考えるもの以外に、誰も他の財産を持っていない。

And they think it is the prince’s interest that there be as little of this left as may be, as if it were his advantage that his people should have neither riches nor liberty, since these things make them less easy and willing to submit to a cruel and unjust government.

riches (富) [名] a great deal of money or valuable possessions

willing (喜んで) [形] ready, eager, or prepared to do something

submit (服従する) [動] accept or yield to a superior force or to the authority or will of another person

そして、彼らは、国民が富も自由も持たないことが彼の利益であるかのように、これができるだけ残されないことが王子の利益であると考えており、これらのことが彼らを残酷で不当な政府に服従することをより困難にし、喜んで服従させないからである。

Whereas necessity and poverty blunts them, makes them patient, beats them down, and breaks that height of spirit that might otherwise dispose them to rebel.

poverty (貧困) [名] the state of being extremely poor

blunt (鈍らせる) [動] make or become less sharp

patient (忍耐強くさせる) [形] able to accept or tolerate delay, problems, or suffering without becoming annoyed or anxious

beat down (打ちのめす) [動] hit someone or something repeatedly and violently

break (打ち砕く) [動] separate into pieces as a result of impact or force

spirit (精神) [名] the nonphysical part of a person that is the seat of emotions and character; the soul

height (高さ) [名] the distance from the top to the bottom of something

dispose (反逆させようとする) [動] make someone likely to behave in a particular manner

rebel (反逆) [名] a person who rises in opposition or armed resistance against an established government or ruler

一方、必要性と貧困は彼らを鈍らせ、忍耐強くさせ、打ちのめし、さもなければ反逆させようとする精神の高さを打ち砕く。

Now what if, after all these propositions were made, I should rise up and assert that such counsels were both unbecoming a king and mischievous to him;

these (これらの) [限] the ones mentioned

proposition (提案) [名] a statement or assertion that something is true

be made (行われた) [動] be produced or created

rise up (立ち上がる) [動] get up from a sitting or lying position

assert (主張する) [動] state a fact or belief confidently and forcefully

unbecoming (ふさわしくない) [形] inappropriate or unsuitable

mischievous (有害) [形] causing or intending to cause harm or trouble

さて、これらの提案がすべて行われた後、私が立ち上がって、そのような助言は王にふさわしくなく、彼にとって有害であると主張したらどうなるだろうか。

and that not only his honour, but his safety, consisted more in his people’s wealth than in his own;

safety (安全) [名] the condition of being protected from or unlikely to cause danger, risk, or injury

consist (ある) [動] be composed or made up of

wealth (富) [名] a great quantity of money or valuable possessions

そして、彼の名誉だけでなく、彼の安全も、彼自身の富よりも彼の民の富にある。

if I should show that they choose a king for their own sake, and not for his;

sake (利益) [名] benefit or advantage

their own (自分たちの) [代] belonging to or connected with the people or things previously mentioned

もし私が、彼らが王のためにではなく、自分たちの利益のために王を選んだことを示したらどうなるだろうか。

that, by his care and endeavours, they may be both easy and safe;

endeavour (努力) [名] a serious attempt to achieve something

easy (安楽) [形] achieved without great effort; presenting few difficulties

彼の配慮と努力によって、彼らは安楽で安全である。

and that, therefore, a prince ought to take more care of his people’s happiness than of his own, as a shepherd is to take more care of his flock than of himself?

だから、羊飼いが自分よりも羊の群れの世話をするように、君主は自分の幸福よりも国民の幸福を大切にすべきだ。

It is also certain that they are much mistaken that think the poverty of a nation is a means of the public safety.

国民の貧困が公共の安全の手段であると考えるのは、大きな間違いであることも確かである。

Who quarrel more than beggars?

quarrel (喧嘩をする) [動] argue angrily

乞食よりも喧嘩をする人がいるだろうか。

who does more earnestly long for a change than he that is uneasy in his present circumstances?

earnestly (切望している) [副] in a serious manner

long for (望んでいる) [動] to wish for something

uneasy (不安を抱いている) [形] not feeling comfortable or relaxed

circumstance (状況) [名] a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action

現在の状況に不安を抱いている人よりも、変化を切望している人がいるだろうか。

and who run to create confusions with so desperate a boldness as those who, having nothing to lose, hope to gain by them?

run (走る) [動] move at a speed faster than a walk

create (起こす) [動] cause to come into being

desperate (必死の) [形] having lost all hope

boldness (勇気) [名] the quality of being courageous

have nothing to lose (失うものがない) [動] have no stake in something

失うものが何もなくて、混乱によって利益を得ようと望む人々ほど、必死の勇気で混乱を起こそうとする人がいるだろうか。

If a king should fall under such contempt or envy that he could not keep his subjects in their duty but by oppression and ill usage, and by rendering them poor and miserable, it were certainly better for him to quit his kingdom than to retain it by such methods as make him, while he keeps the name of authority, lose the majesty due to it.

fall under (陥る) [動] be classified or included in

envy (嫉妬) [名] a feeling of discontented or resentful longing aroused by someone else's possessions, qualities, or luck

oppression (圧制) [名] the exercise of authority or power in a burdensome, cruel, or unjust manner

ill usage (虐待) [名] cruel or violent treatment of a person or animal

miserable (惨めな) [形] wretchedly unhappy or uncomfortable

retain (維持する) [動] keep in one's possession or power

authority (権威) [名] the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience

majesty (威厳) [名] impressive stateliness, dignity, or beauty

もし王が、圧制と虐待によって、また臣民を貧しく惨めな状態にすることによってしか臣民を従わせることができないような軽蔑や嫉妬に陥ったならば、権威の名を保ちながらもそれに伴う威厳を失うような方法で王国を維持するよりも、王国を去った方が王にとって確かに良いことである。

Nor is it so becoming the dignity of a king to reign over beggars as over rich and happy subjects.

reign (支配する) [動] to rule as a monarch

dignity (威厳) [名] the state or quality of being worthy of honor or respect

乞食を支配することは、裕福で幸せな臣民を支配することほど王の威厳にふさわしくはない。

And therefore Fabricius, a man of a noble and exalted temper, said ‘he would rather govern rich men than be rich himself;

Fabricius (ファブリキウス) [名] a Roman general and statesman

noble (高貴な) [形] belonging to a hereditary class with high social or political status; aristocratic

exalted (高潔な) [形] of high moral or intellectual value

だから、高貴で高潔な気質の持ち主であるファブリキウスは、「自分自身が金持ちになるよりも、金持ちを治めたい」と言った。

since for one man to abound in wealth and pleasure when all about him are mourning and groaning, is to be a gaoler and not a king.’

abound (満ち溢れる) [動] be plentiful or extremely common

pleasure (快楽) [名] a feeling of satisfaction or enjoyment

mourning (嘆き悲しむ) [動] feel or show great sadness because of someone's death

groaning (嘆き悲しむ) [動] make a deep sound in your throat because you are in pain, angry, or unhappy

gaoler (看守) [名] a person in charge of a prison or of prisoners

周囲の人々が皆嘆き悲しんでいる時に、一人だけ富と快楽に満ち溢れているのは、王ではなく看守である。」

He is an unskilful physician that cannot cure one disease without casting his patient into another.

physician (医者) [名] a person qualified to practice medicine

cure (治す) [動] relieve of the symptoms of a disease or condition

disease (病気) [名] a disorder of structure or function in a human, animal, or plant, especially one that produces specific signs or symptoms or that affects a specific location and is not simply a direct result of physi...

患者を別の病気に陥らせずに一つの病気を治せない医者は未熟な医者である。

So he that can find no other way for correcting the errors of his people but by taking from them the conveniences of life, shows that he knows not what it is to govern a free nation.

error (過ち) [名] a mistake

だから、国民の過ちを正すために、彼らから生活の便宜を奪う以外に方法を見いだせない者は、自由な国民を統治することがどういうことかを知らないことを示している。

He himself ought rather to shake off his sloth, or to lay down his pride, for the contempt or hatred that his people have for him takes its rise from the vices in himself.

shake off (振り払う) [動] get rid of

sloth (怠惰) [名] laziness

lay down (捨てる) [動] put down

pride (プライド) [名] a feeling or deep pleasure or satisfaction derived from one's own achievements

hatred (憎しみ) [名] intense dislike

take its rise (生じる) [動] come into existence

彼自身はむしろ怠惰を振り払い、あるいはプライドを捨てるべきである。なぜなら、国民が彼に対して抱く軽蔑や憎しみは、彼自身の悪徳から生じているのだから。

Let him live upon what belongs to him without wronging others, and accommodate his expense to his revenue.

live upon (生活する) [動] to use something as a source of food or income

belong to (所有する) [動] to be owned by

wrong (迷惑をかける) [動] to do something that is unfair or harmful to someone

accommodate (見合う) [動] to provide with something needed or wanted

expense (支出) [名] a cost incurred in making or doing something

他人に迷惑をかけずに自分の所有物で生活し、収入に見合った支出をするようにさせよ。

Let him punish crimes, and, by his wise conduct, let him endeavour to prevent them, rather than be severe when he has suffered them to be too common.

conduct (行動) [名] the manner in which a person behaves

prevent (防ぐ) [動] keep or stop from happening or arising

common (ありふれた) [形] occurring, found, or done often; prevalent

彼は犯罪を罰し、賢明な行動によって、犯罪があまりにもありふれたものになったときに厳しくするのではなく、犯罪を防ぐように努力するべきである。

Let him not rashly revive laws that are abrogated by disuse, especially if they have been long forgotten and never wanted.

let (~させる) [動] allow or permit

rashly (軽率に) [副] without careful thought or planning

revive (復活させる) [動] bring back to life or consciousness

abrogate (廃止する) [動] repeal or do away with

never (決して~ない) [副] at no time in the past or future; on no occasion; not ever

特に長い間忘れ去られ、必要とされていなかった法律は、軽率に復活させてはならない。

And let him never take any penalty for the breach of them to which a judge would not give way in a private man, but would look on him as a crafty and unjust person for pretending to it.

breach (違反) [名] an act of breaking a law, agreement, or promise

give way (許す) [動] allow someone to do something

crafty (ずる賢い) [形] clever in a dishonest way

pretend (装う) [動] behave as if you have a particular quality or feeling that you do not really have

そして、裁判官が私人には許さず、それを装ったずる賢く不正な人物と見なすような違反に対しては、決して罰を与えてはならない。

To these things I would add that law among the Macarians—a people that live not far from Utopia—by which their king, on the day on which he began to reign, is tied by an oath, confirmed by solemn sacrifices, never to have at once above a thousand pounds of gold in his treasures, or so much silver as is equal to that in value.

Macarians (マカリア人) [名] a people that live not far from Utopia

not far from (そう遠くない) [副] a short distance from

reign (即位する) [動] rule as king or queen

day (日) [名] a period of time

oath (誓い) [名] a formal promise or statement of fact

tie (縛る) [動] fasten or secure with a cord, string, or other such means

confirm (確認する) [動] establish the truth or correctness of

solemn (厳粛な) [形] formal and dignified

sacrifice (犠牲) [名] an act of giving up something important for the sake of something else

thousand (千) [名] the number 1000

pound (ポンド) [名] a unit of weight equal to 16 ounces or 0.45359237 kilograms

gold (金) [名] a yellow precious metal

silver (銀) [名] a white precious metal

equal (等しい) [形] the same in quantity, size, value, or status

これらのことに、私はマカリア人(ユートピアからそう遠くないところに住む人々)の法律を付け加えたい。その法律では、王は即位した日に、厳粛な犠牲によって確認された誓いによって縛られ、一度に千ポンド以上の金やそれに相当する銀を宝物に持つことはできない。

This law, they tell us, was made by an excellent king who had more regard to the riches of his country than to his own wealth, and therefore provided against the heaping up of so much treasure as might impoverish the people.

provide (防ぐ) [動] take measures in preparation for something

impoverish (貧困に陥らせる) [動] make poor

この法律は、自分の富よりも国の富を重視した優れた王によって作られたものであり、国民を貧困に陥らせるほどの宝を蓄積することを防ぐものであったとされている。

He thought that moderate sum might be sufficient for any accident, if either the king had occasion for it against the rebels, or the kingdom against the invasion of an enemy;

moderate (適度な) [形] not extreme

sum (金額) [名] the total amount resulting from the addition of two or more numbers, amounts, or items

accident (事故) [名] an unfortunate event that happens unexpectedly and usually results in harm or damage

王が反逆者に対して、あるいは王国が敵の侵略に対して、その必要が生じた場合、その適度な金額で十分であると考えた。

but that it was not enough to encourage a prince to invade other men’s rights—a circumstance that was the chief cause of his making that law.

encourage (奨励する) [動] give support, courage, or hope to

invade (侵害する) [動] enter a country or area in a military operation

しかし、王子が他人の権利を侵害することを奨励するには十分ではなかった。それが彼がその法律を作った主な原因であった。

He also thought that it was a good provision for that free circulation of money so necessary for the course of commerce and exchange.

circulation (流通) [名] the movement of people or things around a place or system

course (過程) [名] the development of a situation or event over a period of time

exchange (交換) [名] an act of giving one thing and receiving another in return

彼はまた、それが商業と交換の過程に必要な貨幣の自由な流通のための良い準備であると考えた。

And when a king must distribute all those extraordinary accessions that increase treasure beyond the due pitch, it makes him less disposed to oppress his subjects.

extraordinary (特別な) [形] very unusual or remarkable

accession (収入) [名] the attainment of a position or office

due (適切な) [形] proper or appropriate

pitch (範囲) [名] the extent to which something is carried

そして、王が宝を適切な範囲を超えて増やすような特別な収入をすべて分配しなければならない場合、それは彼が臣民を抑圧する傾向を少なくする。

Such a king as this will be the terror of ill men, and will be beloved by all the good.

such a (このような) [限] of the type or kind described

terror (恐怖) [名] a state of intense fear

beloved (愛される) [形] dearly loved

このような王は悪人の恐怖となり、善人すべてに愛されるだろう。

“If, I say, I should talk of these or such-like things to men that had taken their bias another way, how deaf would they be to all I could say!”

take (歩む) [動] go along or follow

deaf (耳を貸さない) [形] unable to hear or not hearing well

「もし私が、別の道を歩んでいる人々にこれらのことやそのようなことを話したら、彼らは私の言うことにどれほど耳を貸さないだろうか!」

“No doubt, very deaf,” answered I;

no doubt (間違いなく) [副] certainly; without doubt

very (とても) [副] to a high degree; extremely

「間違いなく、とても耳を貸さないだろう」と私は答えた。

“and no wonder, for one is never to offer propositions or advice that we are certain will not be entertained.

offer (する) [動] present for acceptance or rejection

certain (確信している) [形] having or showing no doubt

be entertained (受け入れられる) [動] be amused or entertained

「そして、驚くことではない。なぜなら、受け入れられないと確信している提案やアドバイスを決してしてはならないからだ。

Discourses so much out of the road could not avail anything, nor have any effect on men whose minds were prepossessed with different sentiments.

out of the road (道から外れた) [形] not on the road

avail (役に立つ) [動] be of use or benefit

have an effect on (影響を及ぼす) [動] to cause a change in someone or something

prepossess (心を奪う) [動] to influence or affect strongly in advance

sentiment (感情) [名] a thought, opinion, or feeling

道から外れた議論は、何の役にも立たず、異なる感情に心を奪われている人々には何の影響も及ぼさない。

This philosophical way of speculation is not unpleasant among friends in a free conversation;

philosophical (哲学的) [形] of or relating to philosophy

speculation (思索) [名] the forming of a theory or conjecture without firm evidence

このような哲学的な思索は、友人同士の自由な会話の中では不快なものではない。

but there is no room for it in the courts of princes, where great affairs are carried on by authority.”

room (余地) [名] space that can be occupied

しかし、権力によって大事件が起こる王侯の宮廷では、そのような思索の余地はない。」

“That is what I was saying,” replied he, “that there is no room for philosophy in the courts of princes.”

that is what I was saying (それが私が言っていることだ) [句] that is what I was saying

replied (答えた) [動] say something in response

there is no room for (余地はない) [句] there is no room for

「それが私が言っていることだ」と彼は答えた。「王侯の宮廷には哲学の余地はない。」

“Yes, there is,” said I, “but not for this speculative philosophy, that makes everything to be alike fitting at all times;

speculative (思索的な) [形] involving or based on conjecture rather than knowledge

「いや、ある」と私は言った。「しかし、この思索的な哲学には余地がない。この哲学は、あらゆることをいつでも同じように適合させる。

but there is another philosophy that is more pliable, that knows its proper scene, accommodates itself to it, and teaches a man with propriety and decency to act that part which has fallen to his share.

that is (それは) [関] that

pliable (柔軟な) [形] easily bent or shaped

knows (知っている) [動] be aware of

its (その) [他] of or belonging to it

scene (場面) [名] the place where an event occurs

accommodates (順応する) [動] adjust to

teaches (教える) [動] impart knowledge to or instruct (someone) as to how to do something

with (をもって) [前] having

propriety (適切) [名] the state or quality of being proper

decency (品位) [名] the quality or state of being decent

to act (行動する) [動] do something

part (役割) [名] a piece of something

which (それ) [関] that

has fallen (落ちた) [動] move or come quickly from a higher to a lower level

share (分け前) [名] a part or portion of a whole

しかし、もっと柔軟で、適切な場面を知り、それに順応し、自分の役割を適切に、品位をもって行動することを教えてくれる哲学がある。

If when one of Plautus’ comedies is upon the stage, and a company of servants are acting their parts, you should come out in the garb of a philosopher, and repeat, out of Octavia, a discourse of Seneca’s to Nero, would it not be better for you to say nothing than by mixing things of such different natures to make an impertinent tragi-comedy?

Plautus (プラウトゥス) [名] a Roman playwright

comedy (喜劇) [名] a play, movie, etc. that is funny

stage (上演) [名] a platform on which plays, etc. are performed

part (役) [名] a character played by an actor

garb (衣装) [名] clothing

Octavia (オクタヴィア) [名] the sister of the Roman emperor Augustus

Nero (ネロ) [名] a Roman emperor

nature (性質) [名] the basic or inherent features, character, or qualities of something

mix (混ぜる) [動] combine or blend

impertinent (無礼な) [形] rude or disrespectful

tragi-comedy (悲喜劇) [名] a drama or a work of fiction in which both tragic and comic elements are combined

プラウトゥスの喜劇の一つが上演されていて、召使たちがそれぞれの役を演じている時に、あなたが哲学者の衣装を着て出てきて、オクタヴィアからセネカのネロへの講演を繰り返すとしたら、そのような異なる性質のものを混ぜて無礼な悲喜劇を作るよりも、何も言わない方が良いのではないだろうか?

for you spoil and corrupt the play that is in hand when you mix with it things of an opposite nature, even though they are much better.

spoil (台無しにする) [動] diminish the value or quality of

corrupt (堕落させる) [動] cause to act dishonestly

play (劇) [名] a theatrical performance

in hand (手元にある) [形] being dealt with or in progress

opposite (反対の) [形] being the other of a pair of things of a contrary nature or quality

なぜなら、たとえそれがはるかに優れたものであっても、反対の性質のものを混ぜると、手元にある劇を台無しにしてしまうからだ。

Therefore go through with the play that is acting the best you can, and do not confound it because another that is pleasanter comes into your thoughts.

go through with (やり遂げる) [動] to complete or finish something

do not confound (混同しない) [動] to mix up or confuse two or more things

come into one's thoughts (頭に浮かぶ) [動] to come to mind

だから、できるだけ上手に演じている劇を最後までやり遂げ、もっと楽しい劇が頭に浮かんできたからといって、それを混同しないようにしなさい。

It is even so in a commonwealth and in the councils of princes;

council (評議会) [名] an assembly of people who are elected to make laws and decisions for a country or area

共和国や君主の評議会でもそうである。

if ill opinions cannot be quite rooted out, and you cannot cure some received vice according to your wishes, you must not, therefore, abandon the commonwealth, for the same reasons as you should not forsake the ship in a storm because you cannot command the winds.

ill opinion (悪しき意見) [名] a negative opinion

wish (望み) [名] a desire or hope for something

abandon (捨てる) [動] to leave someone or something completely

forsake (捨てる) [動] to leave someone or something completely

storm (嵐) [名] a violent weather condition with high winds and usually rain, snow, or hail

wind (風) [名] a natural force that moves air

悪しき意見を根絶することができず、自分の望み通りに受け継いだ悪徳を治すことができないからといって、共和国を捨ててはならない。それは、嵐の中で風を操ることができないからといって、船を捨ててはならないのと同じ理由である。

You are not obliged to assault people with discourses that are out of their road, when you see that their received notions must prevent your making an impression upon them: you ought rather to cast about and to manage things with all the dexterity in your power, so that, if you are not able to make them go well, they may be as little ill as possible;

be obliged to (義務がある) [動] be required to do something

assault (攻撃する) [動] make a physical or verbal attack on

out of (外れた) [前] not in

road (道) [名] a way on land between two places that has been paved to allow travel by transport

prevent (妨げる) [動] keep from happening

make an impression (印象を与える) [動] affect someone or something in a particular way

cast about (処理する) [動] search for something

manage (処理する) [動] be in charge of

dexterity (器用さ) [名] skill in performing tasks, especially with the hands

go well (うまくいく) [動] proceed or fare well

as little as possible (できるだけ少なく) [副] to the smallest extent or degree possible

ill (悪くなる) [形] sick or unwell

人々が受け継いだ観念が、彼らに印象を与えるのを妨げているのを見たら、彼らの道から外れた言説で彼らを攻撃する義務はない。むしろ、自分の力の及ぶ限りの器用さで物事を処理し、うまくいかなくても、できるだけ悪くならないようにすべきである。

for, except all men were good, everything cannot be right, and that is a blessing that I do not at present hope to see.”

except (なければ) [接] if not

right (正しい) [形] correct or true

blessing (祝福) [名] something that brings happiness

なぜなら、すべての人が善良でなければ、すべてが正しくなることはできないし、それは私が現在見ることを望んでいない祝福である。」

“According to your argument,” answered he, “all that I could be able to do would be to preserve myself from being mad while I endeavoured to cure the madness of others;

argument (議論) [名] a statement or series of statements for or against something

all that (できること) [名] the only thing that

be able to do (できること) [動] have the ability, power, or skill to do something

myself (私自身) [代] I or me

being mad (狂わないように) [動] be angry or annoyed

madness (狂気) [名] the state of being mad; insanity

「あなたの議論によると、私ができることは、他人の狂気を治そうと努力している間に、自分自身が狂わないようにすることだけだ。

for, if I speak truth, I must repeat what I have said to you;

speak truth (真実を語る) [動] say what is true

must (しなければならない) [助] be obliged to; be compelled to

what (何) [代] that which; the thing that

have said (言った) [動] say something in the past

なぜなら、私が真実を語るなら、私はあなたに言ったことを繰り返さなければならないからだ。

and as for lying, whether a philosopher can do it or not I cannot tell: I am sure I cannot do it.

lie (嘘をつく) [動] make an untrue statement with deliberate intent to deceive; utter an untruth

tell (わかる) [動] be able to say or know with certainty

sure (確かだ) [形] having or showing no doubt or uncertainty; confident

嘘をつくのは、哲学者にできるかどうかはわからないが、私にはできないことは確かだ。

But though these discourses may be uneasy and ungrateful to them, I do not see why they should seem foolish or extravagant;

ungrateful (不愉快な) [形] not feeling or showing gratitude

foolish (愚かな) [形] lacking good sense or judgment

extravagant (突飛な) [形] spending a lot of money in a careless or wasteful way

しかし、これらの議論は彼らにとって不安で不愉快なものかもしれないが、なぜそれが愚かで突飛なものに見えるのか私にはわからない。

indeed, if I should either propose such things as Plato has contrived in his ‘Commonwealth,’ or as the Utopians practise in theirs, though they might seem better, as certainly they are, yet they are so different from our establishment, which is founded on property (there being no such thing among them), that I could not expect that it would have any effect on them.

practise (実践する) [動] carry out or perform

certainly (確かに) [副] without doubt; definitely

establishment (制度) [名] an organization or institution

effect (効果) [名] a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause

実際、私がプラトンが彼の「共和国」で考案したようなことや、ユートピア人が彼らの共和国で実践していることを提案したとしても、それらはより良いように見えるかもしれないが、確かにそうであるとしても、それらは私有財産に基づく私たちの制度とは非常に異なっているので(彼らの間にはそのようなものは存在しない)、それが彼らに何らかの効果をもたらすとは思えなかった。

But such discourses as mine, which only call past evils to mind and give warning of what may follow, leave nothing in them that is so absurd that they may not be used at any time, for they can only be unpleasant to those who are resolved to run headlong the contrary way;

call to mind (思い出させる) [動] cause to be remembered

give warning (警告する) [動] inform someone in advance of something

leave nothing (何も残さない) [動] not leave anything

at any time (いつでも) [副] on any occasion or at any time

run headlong (突き進む) [動] rush forward without thinking

the contrary way (反対の道) [名] the opposite way

しかし、私の話のような、過去の悪事を思い出させ、後に起こりうることについて警告するような話は、いつでも使えるように、それほど馬鹿げたことは何も残さない。なぜなら、それは反対の道を突き進む決意をした人にとってのみ不快なものだからだ。

and if we must let alone everything as absurd or extravagant—which, by reason of the wicked lives of many, may seem uncouth—we must, even among Christians, give over pressing the greatest part of those things that Christ hath taught us, though He has commanded us not to conceal them, but to proclaim on the housetops that which He taught in secret.

absurd (馬鹿げた) [形] extremely unreasonable, illogical, or inappropriate

wicked (邪悪な) [形] morally bad or wrong

uncouth (無作法な) [形] lacking good manners or refinement

Christian (キリスト教徒) [名] a person who adheres to Christianity

Christ (キリスト) [名] the central figure of Christianity

conceal (隠す) [動] not allow to be seen; hide

proclaim (宣言する) [動] announce officially or publicly

そして、もし私たちが馬鹿げたことや突飛なことはすべて放っておくべきだとしたら、それは多くの人の邪悪な生活のために、無作法に見えるかもしれないが、私たちはキリスト教徒の間でも、キリストが私たちに教えてくれたことの大部分を押し付けるのをやめなければならない。

The greatest parts of His precepts are more opposite to the lives of the men of this age than any part of my discourse has been, but the preachers seem to have learned that craft to which you advise me:

the greatest part of (大部分) [名] the majority of

precept (戒め) [名] a general rule intended to regulate behavior or thought

this age (この時代) [名] the present time

preacher (説教者) [名] a person who delivers sermons

advise (勧める) [動] recommend as a course of action

craft (技術) [名] an activity involving skill in making things by hand

彼の戒めの大部分は、私の話のどの部分よりも、この時代の人々の生活とは正反対だが、説教者たちはあなたが私に勧めてくれた技術を学んだようだ。

for they, observing that the world would not willingly suit their lives to the rules that Christ has given, have fitted His doctrine, as if it had been a leaden rule, to their lives, that so, some way or other, they might agree with one another.

world (世間) [名] the earth and all the people living on it

suit (合わせる) [動] be appropriate or acceptable to

doctrine (教え) [名] a belief or set of beliefs held and taught by a church, political party, or other group

fit (合わせる) [動] be of the right shape and size to go in or on something

leaden (鉛の) [形] made of lead

agree (一致する) [動] have the same opinion about something

彼らは、世間がキリストが与えた規則に自分たちの生活を喜んで合わせようとしないことを観察し、キリストの教えを、まるでそれが鉛の規則であるかのように、自分たちの生活に合わせ、そうすることで、何らかの形で、互いに一致することができるようにしたのである。

But I see no other effect of this compliance except it be that men become more secure in their wickedness by it;

compliance (従順さ) [名] the action or fact of complying with a wish or command

wickedness (邪悪さ) [名] the quality of being wicked; sinfulness

しかし、私はこの従順さによって、人々が自分の邪悪さにもっと安心するようになる以外に、何の効果も見ていない。

and this is all the success that I can have in a court, for I must always differ from the rest, and then I shall signify nothing;

this (これが) [代] the person or thing that is close to you or that you are talking about

have (得られる) [動] possess, own, or hold

then (そうしなければ) [副] at that time; at the time in question

shall (私は) [助] expressing a strong intention or determination

signify (意味も持たない) [動] be a sign of; indicate

これが私が宮廷で得られるすべての成功である。なぜなら、私は常に他の者と異なっていなければならないからだ。そうしなければ、私は何の意味も持たない。

or, if I agree with them, I shall then only help forward their madness.

forward (助長する) [動] help to make progress

あるいは、私が彼らに同意すれば、私は彼らの狂気を助長するだけだ。

I do not comprehend what you mean by your ‘casting about,’ or by ‘the bending and handling things so dexterously that, if they go not well, they may go as little ill as may be;’

comprehend (理解する) [動] understand something

mean (意味する) [動] intend to convey, indicate, or refer to (something)

casting (見回す) [動] look around

bending (曲げる) [動] cause (something) to change from a straight or flat form into a curved or angular one

handling (扱う) [動] deal with or manage (something)

dexterously (巧みに) [副] in a skillful or adroit manner

little (少し) [形] small in size, amount, or degree

ill (悪く) [形] not in good health; sick

私は、あなたが「見回す」とか、「物事を巧みに曲げたり扱ったりして、うまくいかなくても、できるだけ悪くならないようにする」と言う意味がわからない。

for in courts they will not bear with a man’s holding his peace or conniving at what others do:

bear with (許す) [動] tolerate

connive at (黙認する) [動] secretly allow or encourage something illegal or immoral

宮廷では、人が平和を保ったり、他人のすることに黙認したりすることを許さないからだ。

a man must barefacedly approve of the worst counsels and consent to the blackest designs:

barefacedly (恥ずかしげもなく) [副] without shame or embarrassment

人は最悪の助言を恥ずかしげもなく承認し、最も黒い計画に同意しなければならない。

so that he would pass for a spy, or, possibly, for a traitor, that did but coldly approve of such wicked practices;

pass for (通る) [動] be accepted as

spy (スパイ) [名] a person who secretly collects and reports information on the activities, movements, and plans of an enemy or competitor

traitor (裏切り者) [名] a person who betrays a friend, country, principle, etc.

そのため、彼はスパイ、あるいは裏切り者として通っていたが、そのような邪悪な行為を冷静に認めていた。

and therefore when a man is engaged in such a society, he will be so far from being able to mend matters by his ‘casting about,’ as you call it, that he will find no occasions of doing any good—the ill company will sooner corrupt him than be the better for him;

be far from (程遠い) [動] be not at all

mend (解決する) [動] repair or improve

casting about (見回す) [動] look around

do good (善いことを) [動] perform a good deed

company (仲間) [名] a person or group of people with whom one spends time or associates

sooner (早く) [副] earlier or more quickly

be better for (より良いものになる) [動] be more beneficial to

だから、人がそのような社会に従事しているとき、彼はあなたが言うように「見回す」ことによって問題を解決することができるどころか、善いことをするための機会を見つけることができないだろう。悪い仲間は彼にとってより良いものになるよりも早く彼を堕落させるだろう。

or if, notwithstanding all their ill company, he still remains steady and innocent, yet their follies and knavery will be imputed to him;

notwithstanding (にもかかわらず) [前] without being influenced by; despite

remain (残る) [動] be left after others have gone

steady (落ち着いた) [形] not shaking or moving

innocent (無実) [形] not guilty of a crime or offense

folly (愚行) [名] a foolish act

knavery (悪党ぶり) [名] the behavior of a dishonest person

impute (転嫁する) [動] to represent as being done or possessed by another

あるいは、彼らの悪い仲間にもかかわらず、彼がまだ落ち着いていて無実のままであれば、彼らの愚行や悪党ぶりは彼に転嫁されるだろう。

and, by mixing counsels with them, he must bear his share of all the blame that belongs wholly to others.

counsel (相談) [名] advice given to someone

bear (負う) [動] carry or support

blame (責任) [名] responsibility for a fault or wrong

belong (属する) [動] be a member of or part of

そして、彼らと相談を交わすことで、彼は他人に属するすべての責任の一部を負わなければならない。

“It was no ill simile by which Plato set forth the unreasonableness of a philosopher’s meddling with government.

set forth (述べる) [動] to state or explain

unreasonableness (不合理性) [名] the quality or state of being unreasonable

「プラトンが哲学者が政府に干渉することの不合理性を述べたのは、悪い例えではなかった。

‘If a man,’ says he, ‘were to see a great company run out every day into the rain and take delight in being wet—if he knew that it would be to no purpose for him to go and persuade them to return to their houses in order to avoid the storm, and that all that could be expected by his going to speak to them would be that he himself should be as wet as they, it would be best for him to keep within doors, and, since he had not influence enough to correct other people’s folly, to take care to preserve himself.’

company (大勢) [名] a group of people

run out (走り回る) [動] run outside

rain (雨) [名] water falling from the sky

take delight in (楽しむ) [動] be pleased or glad about

wet (濡れる) [動] become covered or saturated with water or another liquid

persuade (説得する) [動] cause (someone) to do something through reasoning or argument

avoid (避ける) [動] prevent the occurrence of; prevent from happening

speak to (話しかける) [動] talk to

keep within (閉じこもる) [動] stay inside

influence (影響力) [名] the capacity to have an effect on the character, development, or behavior of someone or something, or the effect itself

「もし人が、毎日大勢の人が雨の中を走り回り、濡れることを楽しんでいるのを見たら、嵐を避けるために家に戻るように説得しても無駄だということを知っていたら、彼らに話しかけることで期待できるのは、自分も彼らと同じように濡れてしまうことだけだということを知っていたら、家の中に閉じこもっている方がいいだろうし、他人の愚行を正すほどの影響力はないので、自分を守ることに気を配った方がいいだろう」と彼は言う。

“Though, to speak plainly my real sentiments, I must freely own that as long as there is any property, and while money is the standard of all other things, I cannot think that a nation can be governed either justly or happily: not justly, because the best things will fall to the share of the worst men;

real (本当の) [形] not imaginary; having objective existence

own (認める) [動] to admit to or acknowledge

standard (基準) [名] something used as a measure, norm, or model in comparative evaluations

justly (公正に) [副] in a just manner; fairly

not justly (公正ではない) [副] in an unjust manner; unfairly

fall to (なる) [動] to be given to

「しかし、私の本当の気持ちを率直に言えば、私有財産がある限り、そしてお金が他のすべてのものの基準である限り、国が公正に、あるいは幸福に統治されるとは思えないことを率直に認めなければならない。公正ではないのは、最良のものが最悪の人の分け前になるからである。

nor happily, because all things will be divided among a few (and even these are not in all respects happy), the rest being left to be absolutely miserable.

be divided (分割される) [動] be separated into parts

even (でさえ) [副] to an extreme degree

the rest (残りの) [名] the remaining part

being left (ままにされる) [動] be allowed to remain

absolutely (絶対的に) [副] completely; totally

幸福でもないのは、すべてのものが少数の人々の間で分割され(そして、これらの人々でさえすべての点で幸福ではない)、残りの人々は絶対的に惨めなままにされるからである。

Therefore, when I reflect on the wise and good constitution of the Utopians, among whom all things are so well governed and with so few laws, where virtue hath its due reward, and yet there is such an equality that every man lives in plenty—when I compare with them so many other nations that are still making new laws, and yet can never bring their constitution to a right regulation;

reflect (振り返る) [動] to think carefully about something

constitution (体質) [名] the way in which someone or something is composed

reward (報酬) [名] a thing given in recognition of one's service, effort, or achievement

yet (しかも) [接] and at the same time; but

equality (平等) [名] the state of being equal

plenty (豊かに) [名] a state or condition of abundance

compare (比較する) [動] to find the difference between two or more things

make (制定する) [動] to create or produce

bring (することはできない) [動] to cause to come or go to a place

constitution (憲法) [名] a body of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or other organization is acknowledged to be governed

だから、私はユートピア人の賢明で善良な体質を振り返ると、彼らの間ではすべてのことが非常によく統治され、法律も少なく、美徳には正当な報酬があり、しかも誰もが豊かに暮らせるような平等がある。彼らと比較すると、他の多くの国々は、いまだに新しい法律を制定しているにもかかわらず、憲法を正しい規制にすることはできない。

where, notwithstanding every one has his property, yet all the laws that they can invent have not the power either to obtain or preserve it, or even to enable men certainly to distinguish what is their own from what is another’s, of which the many lawsuits that every day break out, and are eternally depending, give too plain a demonstration—when, I say, I balance all these things in my thoughts, I grow more favourable to Plato, and do not wonder that he resolved not to make any laws for such as would not submit to a community of all things;

every one (誰もが) [代] each person

enable (できるようにする) [動] make possible

lawsuit (訴訟) [名] a legal action started by a plaintiff against a defendant in a court of law

break out (起こる) [動] start suddenly

eternally (永遠に) [副] forever

demonstration (証拠) [名] a public display of the capabilities of a product or service

balance (バランスをとる) [動] keep or put (something) in a state of equilibrium

favourable (好意的) [形] expressing approval or support

community (共同体) [名] a group of people living in the same place or having a particular characteristic in common

誰もが自分の財産を持っているにもかかわらず、彼らが発明できるすべての法律は、それを取得したり保存したりする力を持たず、また、人々が自分のものと他人のものを区別できるようにすることもできない。その証拠に、毎日のように多くの訴訟が起こり、永遠に依存している。私が言うには、私はこれらのすべてのことを私の考えの中でバランスをとるとき、私はプラトンにもっと好意的になり、彼がすべてのものの共同体に服従しないような人々のために法律を作らないことを決意したことに驚かない。

for so wise a man could not but foresee that the setting all upon a level was the only way to make a nation happy;

foresee (予見する) [動] be aware of beforehand

setting (設定) [名] the place or type of surroundings where something is positioned or where an event takes place

level (平等) [名] a position on a scale of amount, quantity, extent, or quality

only (唯一) [形] single or solitary in number or kind

なぜなら、賢い人は、すべてを平等にすることが国を幸せにする唯一の方法であることを予見せざるを得なかったからである。

which cannot be obtained so long as there is property, for when every man draws to himself all that he can compass, by one title or another, it must needs follow that, how plentiful soever a nation may be, yet a few dividing the wealth of it among themselves, the rest must fall into indigence.

long (限り) [名] a period of time

every man (誰もが) [名] each person

draw (自分のものにしようとする) [動] move or cause to move toward or into a place

compass (手に入れられる) [名] an instrument for determining directions

title (権利) [名] a name that describes someone's position or job

plentiful (豊か) [形] existing or available in large quantities; abundant

divide (分け合う) [動] separate into parts

indigence (貧困) [名] the state of being extremely poor

私有財産がある限り、それは得られない。なぜなら、誰もが何らかの権利によって自分の手に入れられるものをすべて自分のものにしようとすると、国がどれほど豊かであっても、その富を少数の人々が自分たちの間で分け合うことになり、残りの人々は貧困に陥ってしまうからである。

So that there will be two sorts of people among them, who deserve that their fortunes should be interchanged—the former useless, but wicked and ravenous;

there will be (存在することになる) [動] will exist

two sorts of (2種類の) [名] two kinds of

among them (彼らの間に) [前] in the middle of them

should be (であるべき) [助] ought to be

interchanged (入れ替わる) [動] change places with each other

そのため、彼らの間には2種類の人々が存在することになる。前者は役に立たず、邪悪で貪欲である。

and the latter, who by their constant industry serve the public more than themselves, sincere and modest men—from whence I am persuaded that till property is taken away, there can be no equitable or just distribution of things, nor can the world be happily governed;

latter (後者) [名] the second of two things mentioned

industry (勤勉さ) [名] the quality of being hard-working

more than (よりも) [前] to a greater extent than

sincere (誠実な) [形] free from pretense or deceit

modest (謙虚な) [形] unassuming in the estimation of one's abilities or accomplishments

whence (このことから) [副] from what place or source

persuade (確信する) [動] cause to believe

take away (取り上げる) [動] remove or carry away

equitable (公平な) [形] just or fair

distribution (分配) [名] the action of sharing something out among a number of recipients

後者は、絶え間ない勤勉さによって自分よりも公衆に奉仕する誠実で謙虚な人々である。このことから、私は私有財産が取り上げられるまでは、公平で正当な分配はあり得ないし、世界が幸福に統治されることもないと確信している。

for as long as that is maintained, the greatest and the far best part of mankind, will be still oppressed with a load of cares and anxieties.

load (重荷) [名] a weight or mass of something that is carried

care (心配) [名] worry, anxiety, or concern

anxiety (不安) [名] a feeling of worry, nervousness, or unease, typically about an imminent event or something with an uncertain outcome

なぜなら、それが維持される限り、人類の最も偉大で最も優れた部分は、依然として心配や不安の重荷に押しつぶされるからである。

I confess, without taking it quite away, those pressures that lie on a great part of mankind may be made lighter, but they can never be quite removed;

pressure (重圧) [名] the force exerted on a surface by an object

lighter (軽減される) [形] of less weight

remove (取り除く) [動] take away or eliminate something

確かに、それを完全に取り除かなくても、人類の大部分にかかる重圧は軽減されるかもしれないが、決して完全に取り除くことはできない。

for if laws were made to determine at how great an extent in soil, and at how much money, every man must stop—to limit the prince, that he might not grow too great;

determine (決定する) [動] cause to occur in a particular manner; settle or decide

stop (立ち止まる) [動] cease moving

limit (制限する) [動] set or serve as a boundary to

なぜなら、もし法律が、土地の広さや金額を決定するために作られたとしたら、誰もが王を制限するために立ち止まらなければならないからだ。

and to restrain the people, that they might not become too insolent—and that none might factiously aspire to public employments, which ought neither to be sold nor made burdensome by a great expense, since otherwise those that serve in them would be tempted to reimburse themselves by cheats and violence, and it would become necessary to find out rich men for undergoing those employments, which ought rather to be trusted to the wise.

insolent (横柄な) [形] boldly disrespectful

aspire (就こうとする) [動] direct one's hopes or ambitions toward achieving something

public employment (公職) [名] a job in the government

sell (売却される) [動] give or hand over in exchange for money

burdensome (負担になる) [形] involving a great deal of effort

cheat (詐欺) [名] a person who swindles you by means of deception or fraud

violence (暴力) [名] behavior involving physical force intended to hurt or kill someone

undergo (就く) [動] experience

wise (賢者) [名] a person who has knowledge and good judgment

人々を抑制し、彼らがあまりにも横柄にならないようにするため、また、誰も公職に就こうとしないために、公職は売却されたり、多額の費用で負担になったりしてはならない。そうでなければ、公職に就く者は、詐欺や暴力によって自分たちの費用を補填しようとする誘惑に駆られるだろうし、賢者に任せるべき公職に就くために金持ちを見つける必要が出てくるだろう。

These laws, I say, might have such effect as good diet and care might have on a sick man whose recovery is desperate;

these laws (これらの法律) [名] the laws mentioned before

have such effect (効果がある) [動] have a certain effect

good diet (良い食事) [名] a diet that is healthy

sick man (病人) [名] a man who is sick

recovery (回復) [名] the return to health after being sick

これらの法律は、回復の見込みのない病人に対する良い食事とケアのような効果があるかもしれない。

they might allay and mitigate the disease, but it could never be quite healed, nor the body politic be brought again to a good habit as long as property remains;

allay (和らげる) [動] make or become less intense or severe

mitigate (軽減する) [動] make or become less severe, serious, or painful

heal (治癒する) [動] make or become sound or healthy again

body politic (政治体制) [名] a state or nation considered as a political entity

病気を和らげたり軽減したりすることはできるかもしれないが、完全に治癒することはできないし、財産が残っている限り、政治体制を再び良い習慣に戻すこともできない。

and it will fall out, as in a complication of diseases, that by applying a remedy to one sore you will provoke another, and that which removes the one ill symptom produces others, while the strengthening one part of the body weakens the rest.”

complication (合併症) [名] a secondary disease or condition aggravating a primary one

sore (傷) [名] a place on the body where the skin or flesh is damaged

provoke (誘発する) [動] cause or bring about

symptom (症状) [名] a physical or mental feature that is regarded as indicating a condition of disease, particularly such a feature that is apparent to the patient

strengthen (強化する) [動] make or become stronger

weaken (弱める) [動] make or become weaker

病気の合併症のように、一つの傷に治療を施すことで別の傷を誘発し、一つの症状を取り除くことで別の症状を引き起こし、体の一部を強化することで残りの部分を弱めてしまうことになる。」

“On the contrary,” answered I, “it seems to me that men cannot live conveniently where all things are common.

「それどころか」と私は答えた。「私には、すべてが共通であるところでは、人は便利に暮らせないように思える。

How can there be any plenty where every man will excuse himself from labour?

how (どうして) [副] in what way or manner

there be (生まれる) [動] come into existence

where (ところで) [副] in the place that

will (逃れる) [助] expressing a strong intention or determination

excuse (逃れる) [動] try to lessen the blame attaching to (a fault or offence); seek to defend or justify

himself (自分) [代] the male person or animal previously mentioned

誰もが労働から逃れるところで、どうして豊かさが生まれるのか?

for as the hope of gain doth not excite him, so the confidence that he has in other men’s industry may make him slothful.

gain (利益) [名] an increase in wealth or resources

doth (する) [動] does

excite (刺激する) [動] cause strong feelings in

confidence (信頼) [名] a feeling or belief that you can do something well or succeed at something

slothful (怠惰にする) [形] lazy

利益への期待が彼を刺激しないように、他人の勤勉さへの信頼が彼を怠惰にするかもしれない。

If people come to be pinched with want, and yet cannot dispose of anything as their own, what can follow upon this but perpetual sedition and bloodshed, especially when the reverence and authority due to magistrates falls to the ground?

come to be (~になる) [動] become

pinch (困窮する) [動] be in a difficult situation

follow (起こりうる) [動] come after something in time; come next

sedition (反乱) [名] conduct or speech inciting people to rebel against the authority of a state or monarch

bloodshed (流血) [名] the killing or wounding of people

magistrate (行政官) [名] a civil officer or lay judge who administers the law

reverence (尊敬) [名] deep respect for someone or something

fall to the ground (地に落ちる) [動] fail completely

人々が困窮し、しかも自分のものとして何も処分できないようになったら、特に行政官に対する尊敬と権威が地に落ちたとき、永続的な反乱と流血以外に何が起こりうるだろうか?

for I cannot imagine how that can be kept up among those that are in all things equal to one another.”

cannot imagine (想像できない) [動] be unable to form a mental image of something

be kept up (維持できる) [動] be maintained at a certain level

those (人々) [名] people

are (である) [動] be

things (点) [名] an object that one can see or touch but that is not alive and does not grow

なぜなら、あらゆる点で互いに平等な人々の間で、それがどのように維持できるか想像できないからだ。」

“I do not wonder,” said he, “that it appears so to you, since you have no notion, or at least no right one, of such a constitution;

appear (見える) [動] be or become visible

constitution (体制) [名] the system of fundamental principles according to which a state or other organization is governed

「あなたにはそう見えるのも不思議ではない」と彼は言った、「あなたはそのような体制について全く知らない、少なくとも正しく知らないのだから。

but if you had been in Utopia with me, and had seen their laws and rules, as I did, for the space of five years, in which I lived among them, and during which time I was so delighted with them that indeed I should never have left them if it had not been to make the discovery of that new world to the Europeans, you would then confess that you had never seen a people so well constituted as they.”

five years (五年間) [名] a period of five years

during which time (その間に) [名] in or during the time that

delighted (とても満足していた) [形] very pleased

European (ヨーロッパ人) [名] a native or inhabitant of Europe

well (立派な) [副] in a good or satisfactory manner

constitute (国民) [動] be a part of or form

しかし、もしあなたが私と一緒にユートピアに行って、私が彼らと共に暮らした五年間に彼らの法律や規則を見ていたら、その間に私は彼らにとても満足していたので、ヨーロッパ人にその新世界を発見させるためでなければ、私は決して彼らのもとを離れることはなかっただろうし、あなたは彼らほど立派な国民を見たことがないと白状するだろう。」

“You will not easily persuade me,” said Peter, “that any nation in that new world is better governed than those among us;

「あなたは私を簡単には説得できないだろう」とピーターは言った、「あの新世界のどの国も私たちの国よりもよく統治されているとは。

for as our understandings are not worse than theirs, so our government (if I mistake not) being more ancient, a long practice has helped us to find out many conveniences of life, and some happy chances have discovered other things to us which no man’s understanding could ever have invented.”

understanding (理解力) [名] the ability to understand something

theirs (彼らの) [代] belonging to or connected with the people or things previously mentioned

mistake (間違える) [動] be wrong about

なぜなら、私たちの理解力は彼らの理解力よりも劣っていないし、私たちの政府は(私が間違っていなければ)より古く、長い実践によって私たちは生活の多くの便利さを見つけ出すことができ、いくつかの幸運な機会によって人間の理解力では決して発明できなかった他のものを発見することができたからだ。」

“As for the antiquity either of their government or of ours,” said he, “you cannot pass a true judgment of it unless you had read their histories;

antiquity (古さ) [名] the ancient past

「彼らの政府と私たちの政府のどちらが古いかについては」と彼は言った、「彼らの歴史を読まなければ、正しい判断を下すことはできない。

for, if they are to be believed, they had towns among them before these parts were so much as inhabited;

are to be believed (信じられる) [動] be worthy of belief

had (持っていた) [動] possess, own, or hold

them (それら) [代] the people or things previously mentioned or easily identified

before (前に) [前] earlier than; prior to

parts (地域) [名] a piece or segment of something such as an object, area, or period of time

were (だった) [動] be

so much as (とても) [副] to a great extent; very much

inhabited (住む) [動] live in or occupy

なぜなら、彼らが信じているように、彼らはこれらの地域に人が住むようになる前から町を持っていた。

and as for those discoveries that have been either hit on by chance or made by ingenious men, these might have happened there as well as here.

hit on (ヒットする) [動] find or discover by chance

ingenious (独創的な) [形] having or showing an unusual aptitude for discovering, inventing, or contriving

happen (起こる) [動] take place; occur

here (ここ) [副] in this place

そして、偶然にヒットしたり、独創的な人によってなされた発見については、これらはここだけでなく、そこでも起こったかもしれない。

I do not deny but we are more ingenious than they are, but they exceed us much in industry and application.

exceed (上回る) [動] be greater or better than

application (応用) [名] the act of putting something into operation

私たちが彼らよりも独創的であることは否定しないが、彼らは勤勉さと応用において私たちをはるかに上回っている。

They knew little concerning us before our arrival among them.

arrival (到着) [名] the act of arriving

私たちが彼らのところに到着するまで、彼らは私たちのことをほとんど知らなかった。

They call us all by a general name of ‘The nations that lie beyond the equinoctial line;’

call (呼ぶ) [動] give a name to

general name (総称) [名] a name that refers to a group of things

beyond (越えて) [前] on the other side of

equinoctial line (赤道) [名] the imaginary line around the earth that is equidistant from the North Pole and the South Pole

彼らは私たちを皆「赤道を越えた国々」という総称で呼んでいる。

for their chronicle mentions a shipwreck that was made on their coast twelve hundred years ago, and that some Romans and Egyptians that were in the ship, getting safe ashore, spent the rest of their days amongst them;

chronicle (年代記) [名] a record of events in chronological order

mention (言及する) [動] refer to briefly

shipwreck (難破船) [名] the remains of a ship that has been wrecked

coast (海岸) [名] the land next to the sea

twelve hundred years ago (1200年前) [名] 1200 years before the present time

Egyptian (エジプト人) [名] a citizen of Egypt

ashore (上陸する) [副] on or to the shore

amongst (間で) [前] in the middle of

彼らの年代記には、1200年前に彼らの海岸で起こった難破船について言及されており、船に乗っていたローマ人とエジプト人の一部が安全に上陸し、残りの日々を彼らの間で過ごした。

and such was their ingenuity that from this single opportunity they drew the advantage of learning from those unlooked-for guests, and acquired all the useful arts that were then among the Romans, and which were known to these shipwrecked men;

ingenuity (独創性) [名] the quality of being clever, original, and inventive

single (たった一度の) [形] only one

opportunity (機会) [名] a time or set of circumstances that makes it possible to do something

learning (学ぶ) [名] the acquisition of knowledge or skills through study, experience, or being taught

guest (客) [名] a person who is invited to visit someone's home or take part in a social event

acquire (習得する) [動] gain or come to have

shipwreck (難破) [名] the destruction of a ship at sea

そして彼らの独創性は、このたった一度の機会から、彼らが予期せぬ客から学ぶという利点を引き出し、当時ローマ人の間にあり、これらの難破した人々に知られていたすべての有用な技術を習得した。

and by the hints that they gave them they themselves found out even some of those arts which they could not fully explain, so happily did they improve that accident of having some of our people cast upon their shore.

by the hint (ヒントによって) [名] a small piece of information that helps you to find out or guess something

find out (発見する) [動] discover or notice something

some of (いくつかの) [限] an unspecified number or amount of

fully (十分に) [副] completely or entirely

explain (説明する) [動] make (something) clear or easy to understand

so (とても) [副] to a great extent

cast (投げ込まれる) [動] throw forcefully

shore (岸) [名] the land along the edge of a large area of water

そして彼らが与えたヒントによって、彼ら自身が十分に説明できない芸術のいくつかさえも発見したので、彼らは私たちの何人かが彼らの岸に投げ込まれるという事故をとても幸せに改善した。

But if such an accident has at any time brought any from thence into Europe, we have been so far from improving it that we do not so much as remember it, as, in aftertimes perhaps, it will be forgot by our people that I was ever there;

bring (もたらす) [動] cause to come or happen

Europe (ヨーロッパ) [名] a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere

remember (覚えている) [動] have in or be able to bring to one's mind an awareness of

aftertime (後世) [名] a later time

しかし、そのような事故がいつでもそこからヨーロッパに何かをもたらした場合、私たちはそれを改善することから遠く離れていたので、それを覚えているほどではなく、おそらく後世に、私がそこにいたことは私たちの人々によって忘れられるだろう。

for though they, from one such accident, made themselves masters of all the good inventions that were among us, yet I believe it would be long before we should learn or put in practice any of the good institutions that are among them.

for though (なぜなら) [接] because

make oneself master (達人になる) [動] become an expert in something

invention (発明) [名] a new or improved product or process that has been invented by someone

put in practice (実践する) [動] apply (something) in a practical manner

彼らは、そのような事故から、私たちの間にあったすべての良い発明の達人になったが、私たちが彼らの間にある良い制度を学んだり、実践したりするまでには長い時間がかかるだろうと思う。

And this is the true cause of their being better governed and living happier than we, though we come not short of them in point of understanding or outward advantages.”

true (真の) [形] being in accordance with fact or reality

come short of (劣る) [動] fail to reach or attain a certain standard or level

understanding (理解) [名] a mental process of comprehension

outward (外見上の) [形] of or relating to the external form or structure of something

そして、これが彼らが私たちよりもよく統治され、幸せに暮らしている真の原因であるが、私たちは理解や外見上の利点という点で彼らに劣るわけではない。」

Upon this I said to him, “I earnestly beg you would describe that island very particularly to us;

say to (言う) [動] to express (something) in words

earnestly beg (切に願う) [動] to ask for something in a serious and sincere way

describe (説明する) [動] to give an account of something

very particularly (非常に詳細に) [副] in a very detailed way

island (島) [名] a piece of land surrounded by water

これを聞いて私は彼に言った、「私はあなたにその島を私たちに非常に詳細に説明してくれるよう切に願う。

be not too short, but set out in order all things relating to their soil, their rivers, their towns, their people, their manners, constitution, laws, and, in a word, all that you imagine we desire to know;

be not too short (あまり短くせず) [動] be not too brief

set out (説明する) [動] to explain something in detail

river (川) [名] a large natural stream of water

あまり短くせず、彼らの土壌、川、町、人々、マナー、憲法、法律、そして一言で言えば、私たちが知りたいと思うすべてのことに関連するすべてのことを順番に説明してください。

and you may well imagine that we desire to know everything concerning them of which we are hitherto ignorant.”

hitherto (これまで) [副] until now; up until the present

そして、あなたは私たちがこれまで知らなかった彼らに関するすべてを知りたいと思っていることを想像できるだろう。」

“I will do it very willingly,” said he, “for I have digested the whole matter carefully, but it will take up some time.”

digest (消化する) [動] convert food into a form that can be absorbed by the body

carefully (注意深く) [副] taking care to avoid damage or risk

「喜んでそうする」と彼は言った、「私はすべての事柄を注意深く消化したが、それには少し時間がかかる。」

“Let us go, then,” said I, “first and dine, and then we shall have leisure enough.”

let us go (行こう) [動] go

first (まず) [副] before anything else

then (そうすれば) [副] after that; afterwards

have leisure (余裕ができる) [動] have free time

「それなら、まず食事をしよう、そうすれば十分な余裕ができる」と私は言った。

He consented; we went in and dined, and after dinner came back and sat down in the same place.

go in (中に入る) [動] enter a place

come back (戻る) [動] return to a place

sit down (座る) [動] take a seat

彼は同意した。私たちは中に入って食事をし、食事の後に戻って同じ場所に座った。

I ordered my servants to take care that none might come and interrupt us, and both Peter and I desired Raphael to be as good as his word.

order (命じる) [動] give an authoritative command or instruction to

take care (気を付ける) [動] be careful or cautious

interrupt (邪魔する) [動] stop the continuous progress of

as good as one's word (言葉通り) [形] reliable; trustworthy

私は召使に誰も来ないように気を付けるように命じ、ピーターと私はラファエルに彼の言葉通りにしてくれるように頼んだ。

When he saw that we were very intent upon it he paused a little to recollect himself, and began in this manner:—

intent (熱心な) [形] having a strong feeling or purpose

pause (間を置く) [動] stop or hesitate briefly

recollect (思い出す) [動] recall to the mind

彼は私たちがそれに熱心なのを見て、少し間を置いて思い出し、次のように始めた。

“The island of Utopia is in the middle two hundred miles broad, and holds almost at the same breadth over a great part of it, but it grows narrower towards both ends.

middle (真ん中) [名] the point or part that is equally distant from the sides, ends, or extremes of something

two hundred miles (200マイル) [名] a unit of length equal to 1,760 yards

broad (幅) [形] having a large distance from one side to the other

hold (幅) [動] keep or maintain in a specified state, position, or course

breadth (幅) [名] the distance or measurement from one side to the other of something

narrow (狭い) [形] having a small distance from one side to the other

「ユートピア島は真ん中が200マイル幅で、その大部分がほぼ同じ幅だが、両端に向かって狭くなっている。

Its figure is not unlike a crescent.

figure (形) [名] the shape of something

unlike (似ていない) [形] not similar to; different from

crescent (三日月) [名] the shape of the moon when it is less than half full

その形は三日月と似ていないわけではない。

Between its horns the sea comes in eleven miles broad, and spreads itself into a great bay, which is environed with land to the compass of about five hundred miles, and is well secured from winds.

horn (角) [名] a hard pointed projection on the head of an animal

come in (入る) [動] move or travel inward

eleven miles (11マイル) [名] a unit of length equal to 1,760 yards

spread (広がる) [動] stretch out over a wide area

bay (湾) [名] a body of water that is connected to a larger body of water and almost surrounded by land

land (陸地) [名] the solid, dry surface of the earth

compass (範囲) [名] an area or range

about (約) [前] used to indicate an approximate figure

five hundred miles (500マイル) [名] a unit of length equal to 1,760 yards

その角の間に海が11マイル幅で入り、約500マイルの範囲で陸地に囲まれ、風から十分に守られている大きな湾に広がっている。

In this bay there is no great current;

current (流れ) [名] a body of water moving in a definite direction

この湾には大きな流れはない。

the whole coast is, as it were, one continued harbour, which gives all that live in the island great convenience for mutual commerce.

harbour (港) [名] a sheltered place on the coast where ships can dock

海岸全体が、いわば一つの連続した港であり、島に住むすべての人々に相互の商業に大きな利便性を与えている。

But the entry into the bay, occasioned by rocks on the one hand and shallows on the other, is very dangerous.

entry (進入) [名] the action of going or coming in

occasion (ある) [動] be the cause of

rock (岩) [名] a large mass of stone, especially one projecting out of the ground or water

shallow (浅瀬) [名] a shallow area of water

しかし、一方では岩、他方では浅瀬があるため、湾への進入は非常に危険である。

In the middle of it there is one single rock which appears above water, and may, therefore, easily be avoided;

appear (現れる) [動] come into sight; become visible

above (上) [前] at a higher level than

その真ん中には水面から突き出た岩が一つだけあり、簡単に避けることができる。

and on the top of it there is a tower, in which a garrison is kept;

on the top of (頂上に) [前] on the highest part of

tower (塔) [名] a tall narrow building, either freestanding or forming part of a building such as a church or castle

garrison (守備隊) [名] a military force stationed in a fortress or town to defend it

その頂上には塔があり、そこに守備隊が置かれている。

the other rocks lie under water, and are very dangerous.

under (下に) [前] below or beneath

他の岩は水面下にあり、非常に危険である。

The channel is known only to the natives;

channel (水路) [名] a navigable route through a body of water

native (原住民) [名] a person born in a particular place

水路は原住民しか知らない。

so that if any stranger should enter into the bay without one of their pilots he would run great danger of shipwreck.

enter (入る) [動] go or come in

pilot (水先案内人) [名] a person who flies an aircraft

そのため、もし見知らぬ人が水先案内人なしに湾に入ると、難破の危険が大きい。

For even they themselves could not pass it safe if some marks that are on the coast did not direct their way;

themselves (彼ら自身) [代] the people or things previously mentioned or easily identified

could not (できない) [助] be unable to

pass (通過する) [動] move or cause to move in a specified direction

it (それを) [代] the thing previously mentioned or easily identified

are (ある) [動] be present or available

on (に) [前] in contact with and supported by (a surface)

the (その) [限] the particular one or ones previously mentioned or easily identified

did not (ない) [助] be not

direct (教える) [動] control the operations of; manage or govern

their (彼らの) [限] belonging to or connected with the people or things previously mentioned or easily identified

彼ら自身でさえ、海岸にある目印が道を教えてくれなければ、安全に通過することはできない。

and if these should be but a little shifted, any fleet that might come against them, how great soever it were, would be certainly lost.

a little (少し) [副] to a small extent

shift (ずらす) [動] move or cause to move from one place to another

fleet (艦隊) [名] a large group of ships

come against (立ち向かう) [動] to move toward someone or something in a threatening way

そして、もしこれらが少しでもずらされたら、どんなに大きな艦隊でも、彼らに立ち向かおうとする艦隊は確実に失われるだろう。

On the other side of the island there are likewise many harbours;

on the other side (反対側に) [副] on the opposite side

島の反対側にも同様に多くの港がある。

and the coast is so fortified, both by nature and art, that a small number of men can hinder the descent of a great army.

fortify (要塞化する) [動] strengthen or reinforce

small number (少数) [名] a small quantity or amount

hinder (阻止する) [動] make it difficult for someone to do something

descent (侵攻) [名] an act of moving downward

そして海岸は自然と人工の両方で非常に要塞化されているので、少数の人間でも大軍の侵攻を阻止することができる。

But they report (and there remains good marks of it to make it credible) that this was no island at first, but a part of the continent.

report (報告する) [動] give a spoken or written account of something that one has observed, heard, done, or investigated

at first (最初は) [副] in the beginning; initially

continent (大陸) [名] a large landmass on Earth

しかし彼らは、ここは最初は島ではなく大陸の一部だったと報告している(そしてそれを信じさせるに足る良い印が残っている)。

Utopus, that conquered it (whose name it still carries, for Abraxa was its first name), brought the rude and uncivilised inhabitants into such a good government, and to that measure of politeness, that they now far excel all the rest of mankind.

Utopus (ユートパス) [名] the founder of Utopia

rude (無礼な) [形] lacking good manners or respect for others

uncivilised (未開な) [形] not having a high level of culture and civilisation

inhabitant (住民) [名] a person who lives in a particular place

politeness (礼儀正しさ) [名] the quality of being polite

excel (凌駕する) [動] be better than

それを征服したユートパス(アブラクサが最初の名前だったので、その名は今も残っている)は、無礼で未開な住民を非常に良い政府と礼儀正しさに導き、彼らは今や他のすべての人類をはるかに凌駕している。

Having soon subdued them, he designed to separate them from the continent, and to bring the sea quite round them.

separate (切り離す) [動] make or keep apart

bring (回す) [動] cause to come or go to a place

すぐに彼らを征服した彼は、彼らを大陸から切り離し、海を彼らの周りに完全に回そうと計画した。

To accomplish this he ordered a deep channel to be dug, fifteen miles long;

accomplish (達成する) [動] to succeed in doing or completing something

deep (深い) [形] having a large distance from the top to the bottom

fifteen miles (15マイル) [名] a unit of length equal to 5280 feet

これを達成するために、彼は長さ15マイルの深い水路を掘るように命じた。

and that the natives might not think he treated them like slaves, he not only forced the inhabitants, but also his own soldiers, to labour in carrying it on.

そして、原住民が彼が彼らを奴隷のように扱っていると思わないように、彼は住民だけでなく、彼自身の兵士にもそれを続けるために労働を強いた。

As he set a vast number of men to work, he, beyond all men’s expectations, brought it to a speedy conclusion.

set to work (働かせる) [動] make someone work

bring to a conclusion (完了させる) [動] finish or complete something

彼は膨大な数の人間を働かせたので、誰もが予想していなかったほど迅速に完了させた。

And his neighbours, who at first laughed at the folly of the undertaking, no sooner saw it brought to perfection than they were struck with admiration and terror.

laugh at (笑う) [動] find something funny

undertaking (事業) [名] a task or project that is attempted or carried out

no sooner (見るやいなや) [副] immediately after

bring to perfection (完成する) [動] make perfect

そして、最初はその事業の愚かさを笑っていた彼の隣人たちは、それが完成するのを見るやいなや、賞賛と恐怖に襲われた。

“There are fifty-four cities in the island, all large and well built, the manners, customs, and laws of which are the same, and they are all contrived as near in the same manner as the ground on which they stand will allow.

fifty-four (54) [数] the number 54

build (造る) [動] construct or erect

stand (立つ) [動] be in or assume an upright position

「島には54の都市があり、どれも大きくてよく造られており、風習、習慣、法律は同じで、どれも立っている地面が許す限り同じ方法で造られている。

The nearest lie at least twenty-four miles’ distance from one another, and the most remote are not so far distant but that a man can go on foot in one day from it to that which lies next it.

lie (離れている) [動] be situated

twenty-four miles (24マイル) [名] a unit of length equal to 1,760 yards

distance (距離) [名] the space between two points

one another (互いに) [代] each other

most remote (最も遠い) [形] farthest away

not so far (それほど遠くない) [副] not very far

distant (遠い) [形] far away

go on foot (歩いて行く) [動] walk

one day (1日) [名] a period of 24 hours

最も近い都市同士でも少なくとも24マイル離れており、最も遠い都市同士でも、1日で歩いて隣の都市まで行けるほど離れていない。

Every city sends three of their wisest senators once a year to Amaurot, to consult about their common concerns;

every city (どの都市も) [名] each city

three (3人) [名] the number 3

senator (上院議員) [名] a member of a senate

once a year (年に一度) [副] annually

Amaurot (アマウロット) [名] the capital city of Utopia

consult (協議する) [動] seek information or advice from

common concern (共通の関心事) [名] something that is of interest or importance to all members of a group

どの都市も年に一度、最も賢い上院議員3人をアマウロットに派遣し、共通の関心事について協議する。

for that is the chief town of the island, being situated near the centre of it, so that it is the most convenient place for their assemblies.

town (都市) [名] a large human settlement

centre (中心部) [名] the middle point of something

そこは島の中心部に位置する島の主要都市であり、彼らの集会には最も便利な場所である。

The jurisdiction of every city extends at least twenty miles, and, where the towns lie wider, they have much more ground.

extend (及ぶ) [動] stretch out so as to reach farther

twenty miles (20マイル) [名] a unit of length equal to 1.609344 kilometers

どの都市の管轄区域も少なくとも20マイルあり、町が広く分布しているところでは、もっと広い土地がある。

No town desires to enlarge its bounds, for the people consider themselves rather as tenants than landlords.

landlord (地主) [名] a person who owns land or property and rents it out to others

どの町も境界を広げようとはしない。人々は自分たちのことを地主というよりは借家人だと思っているからだ。

They have built, over all the country, farmhouses for husbandmen, which are well contrived, and furnished with all things necessary for country labour.

build (建てる) [動] construct

all over (国中に) [副] throughout

farmhouse (農家) [名] a house on a farm

husbandman (農夫) [名] a farmer

contrive (工夫する) [動] plan or devise

furnish (備える) [動] supply with furniture

彼らは国中に農夫のための農家を建て、それはよく工夫され、農作業に必要なすべてのものが備えられている。

Inhabitants are sent, by turns, from the cities to dwell in them;

住民は都市から交代で農家に住むために送られる。

no country family has fewer than forty men and women in it, besides two slaves.

fewer than (未満) [限] a smaller number than

forty (40) [数] the cardinal number that is the product of four and ten

women (女) [名] an adult female human being

two (2) [数] the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one

田舎の家族は、2人の奴隷を除いて、40人以上の男女で構成されている。

There is a master and a mistress set over every family, and over thirty families there is a magistrate.

set over (いる) [動] be in charge of

thirty (30) [名] the cardinal number that is the product of ten and three

magistrate (治安判事) [名] a civil officer with power to administer and enforce law

どの家族にも主人と女主人がいて、30家族以上には治安判事がいる。

Every year twenty of this family come back to the town after they have stayed two years in the country, and in their room there are other twenty sent from the town, that they may learn country work from those that have been already one year in the country, as they must teach those that come to them the next from the town.

stay (滞在する) [動] remain in a place

two years (2年間) [名] a period of time equal to 24 months

room (部屋) [名] an enclosed space within a building

country work (田舎の仕事) [名] work that is done in the country

one year (1年間) [名] a period of time equal to 12 months

毎年、この家族の20人が田舎に2年間滞在した後、町に戻り、その部屋には町から送られた別の20人がいて、すでに田舎に1年間滞在している人から田舎の仕事を学ぶことができる。彼らは町から次に来る人に教えなければならないからだ。

By this means such as dwell in those country farms are never ignorant of agriculture, and so commit no errors which might otherwise be fatal and bring them under a scarcity of corn.

dwell (住む) [動] live in a place

country farm (田舎の農場) [名] a farm in the country

commit (犯す) [動] do or perform

bring (陥れる) [動] cause to be in a specified state

この方法によって、田舎の農場に住む人々は農業に無知になることはなく、致命的となり、穀物不足に陥るような過ちを犯さない。

But though there is every year such a shifting of the husbandmen to prevent any man being forced against his will to follow that hard course of life too long, yet many among them take such pleasure in it that they desire leave to continue in it many years.

shifting (交代) [名] a change from one thing to another

being forced (強いられる) [動] be compelled to do something

against one's will (自分の意志に反して) [副] unwillingly

hard (過酷な) [形] requiring a great deal of effort

take pleasure in (楽しむ) [動] enjoy

leave (続ける) [動] go away from a place

continue (続ける) [動] keep doing something

しかし、毎年農民の交代があり、誰もが自分の意志に反してその過酷な人生を長く続けることを強いられないようにしているが、その中にはそれをとても楽しんでいて、何年も続けたいと望む人も多い。

These husbandmen till the ground, breed cattle, hew wood, and convey it to the towns either by land or water, as is most convenient.

till (耕す) [動] prepare and use land for growing crops

hew (切る) [動] cut with an axe

wood (木) [名] the hard fibrous substance that forms the main part of the trunk or branches of a tree

convey (運ぶ) [動] take or carry people or goods from one place to another by means of a vehicle, aircraft, or ship

これらの農民は、地面を耕し、牛を飼育し、木を切り、陸路または水路で町に運ぶ。

They breed an infinite multitude of chickens in a very curious manner;

infinite (無数の) [形] very great in number or extent

multitude (多数) [名] a large number of people or things

chicken (鶏) [名] a domestic fowl kept for its eggs or meat

curious (奇妙な) [形] strange or unusual

彼らは非常に奇妙な方法で無数の鶏を飼育している。

for the hens do not sit and hatch them, but a vast number of eggs are laid in a gentle and equal heat in order to be hatched, and they are no sooner out of the shell, and able to stir about, but they seem to consider those that feed them as their mothers, and follow them as other chickens do the hen that hatched them.

hen (雌鶏) [名] a female chicken

sit (抱く) [動] be in or assume a position in which one's weight is supported by one's buttocks rather than one's feet and one's upper body is more or less upright

hatch (孵化させる) [動] cause to emerge from an egg

egg (卵) [名] an oval or round object laid by a female bird, reptile, fish, or invertebrate, especially one containing a developing embryo

lay (産む) [動] produce an egg

shell (殻) [名] the hard protective outer covering of an animal or plant

stir (動き回る) [動] move or cause to move slightly

mother (母親) [名] a woman in relation to a child or children to whom she has given birth

雌鶏は卵を抱いて孵化させるのではなく、孵化させるために穏やかで均一な熱の中に大量の卵を産み、殻から出てすぐに動き回れるようになるが、彼らは餌を与えてくれる人を母親だと思っているようで、他の鶏が孵化させた雌鶏に従うように、彼らに従う。

They breed very few horses, but those they have are full of mettle, and are kept only for exercising their youth in the art of sitting and riding them;

horse (馬) [名] a large, four-legged mammal that has been domesticated by humans since prehistoric times

full of (いっぱいの) [形] having a lot of something

mettle (気性) [名] a person's ability to cope well with difficulties or to face a danger, etc., in a determined and courageous way

keep (飼う) [動] have and maintain something

exercise (練習する) [動] do physical activity to stay healthy or become stronger

彼らは馬をほとんど飼育していないが、飼育している馬は気性が荒く、若者が馬に乗る練習をするためだけに飼われている。

for they do not put them to any work, either of ploughing or carriage, in which they employ oxen.

put (使う) [動] use

work (仕事) [名] an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result

ploughing (耕作) [名] the activity of preparing soil for growing crops

carriage (運搬) [名] the action of transporting something

employ (使う) [動] use

彼らは馬を耕作や運搬には使わず、牛を使っている。

For though their horses are stronger, yet they find oxen can hold out longer;

strong (強い) [形] having the power to perform well or to withstand

ox (牛) [名] a large domesticated mammal that is often used for pulling heavy loads

hold out (長持ちする) [動] to continue to exist or to continue to do something

彼らの馬は牛よりも強いが、牛の方が長持ちする。

and as they are not subject to so many diseases, so they are kept upon a less charge and with less trouble.

subject to (かかりやすい) [形] likely to be affected by

charge (費用) [名] the price asked for something

牛は病気にかかりにくいので、飼育にかかる費用や手間が少ない。

And even when they are so worn out that they are no more fit for labour, they are good meat at last.

worn out (疲れ果てる) [動] exhausted

fit for (適する) [形] suitable for

牛は、労働に適さないほど疲れ果てても、最後には良い肉になる。

They sow no corn but that which is to be their bread;

sow (播く) [動] plant (seed) by scattering it on or in the earth

bread (パン) [名] a food made of flour or meal that is mixed with a liquid, usually water, and kneaded, shaped, and baked

彼らはパンになる穀物以外は播かない。

for they drink either wine, cider or perry, and often water, sometimes boiled with honey or liquorice, with which they abound;

wine (ワイン) [名] an alcoholic drink typically made from fermented grape juice

cider (リンゴ酒) [名] an alcoholic drink made from fermented apple juice

perry (梨酒) [名] an alcoholic drink made from fermented pear juice

honey (蜂蜜) [名] a sweet, sticky yellowish-brown fluid made by bees and other insects from the nectar collected from flowers

liquorice (甘草) [名] a black substance with a sweet taste that is obtained from the root of a plant and used in medicine and in making sweets

彼らはワイン、リンゴ酒、梨酒、そしてしばしば水を飲むが、時には蜂蜜や甘草を煮詰めたものを飲む。

and though they know exactly how much corn will serve every town and all that tract of country which belongs to it, yet they sow much more and breed more cattle than are necessary for their consumption, and they give that overplus of which they make no use to their neighbours.

serve (必要である) [動] be of use to

overplus (余分) [名] an excess

neighbour (隣人) [名] a person living near or next to the speaker or person referred to

彼らは、どの町にも、その町に属するすべての地域にも、どれだけの穀物が必要かを正確に知っているが、彼らは消費に必要な量よりもはるかに多くの穀物を播き、より多くの牛を飼育し、余った分は隣人に与える。

When they want anything in the country which it does not produce, they fetch that from the town, without carrying anything in exchange for it.

produce (生産する) [動] make or manufacture from components or raw materials

fetch (取ってくる) [動] go for and then bring back

彼らが田舎で生産していない何かを欲しがるとき、彼らはそれを交換するために何も運ばずに町からそれを取ってくる。

And the magistrates of the town take care to see it given them;

そして、町の行政官は彼らにそれが与えられるように気を配る。

for they meet generally in the town once a month, upon a festival day.

month (月) [名] one of the twelve divisions of a year

festival (祭り) [名] an organized series of events, typically staged over several days and nights, in which several performances of plays, concerts, and other entertainments are given in a particular place

彼らは通常、月に一度、祭りの日に町で会う。

When the time of harvest comes, the magistrates in the country send to those in the towns and let them know how many hands they will need for reaping the harvest;

time (時期) [名] a point of time as measured in hours and minutes

harvest (収穫) [名] the gathering of ripe crops

let know (知らせる) [動] inform

hand (人数) [名] a person who does a particular kind of work

収穫の時期になると、田舎の行政官は町の行政官に連絡を取り、収穫に必要な人数を知らせる。

and the number they call for being sent to them, they commonly despatch it all in one day.

call for (呼び寄せる) [動] to demand or request

number (人数) [名] a quantity of persons or things

commonly (通常) [副] usually; ordinarily

despatch (片付ける) [動] to send off or away quickly

そして、彼らが呼び寄せた人数が彼らに送られると、彼らは通常、一日ですべてを片付ける。

OF THEIR TOWNS, PARTICULARLY OF AMAUROT

彼らの町、特にアマウロットについて

“He that knows one of their towns knows them all—they are so like one another, except where the situation makes some difference.

situation (状況) [名] the combination of circumstances at a particular time and place

difference (違い) [名] the state or fact of being unlike or dissimilar

「彼らの町の1つを知っている人は、すべてを知っている。状況によって多少の違いがある場合を除いて、彼らは互いにとても似ている。

I shall therefore describe one of them, and none is so proper as Amaurot;

だから私はそのうちの1つを説明するが、アマウロットほど適当なものはない。

for as none is more eminent (all the rest yielding in precedence to this, because it is the seat of their supreme council), so there was none of them better known to me, I having lived five years all together in it.

eminent (優れた) [形] standing out so as to be readily seen or noticed

all the rest (残りはすべて) [名] the remaining part of something

yield (譲る) [動] give up or surrender

precedence (優先順位) [名] the right to be first

supreme (最高) [形] highest in rank or authority

seat (議席) [名] a place where someone sits

none of them (どれも) [代] not one; not any

better (よりよく) [副] to a greater degree

known (知られた) [動] be aware of

all together (ずっと) [副] all at the same time

なぜなら、これより優れたものはなく(残りはすべて、これが最高評議会の議席であるため、これに優先順位を譲っている)、私にとってこれよりよく知られたものはないし、私はそこで5年間ずっと住んでいたからだ。

“It lies upon the side of a hill, or, rather, a rising ground.

rather (というよりは) [副] more accurately or precisely

rising ground (高台) [名] an area of land that is higher than the surrounding area

「それは丘の側、というよりは、高台にある。

Its figure is almost square, for from the one side of it, which shoots up almost to the top of the hill, it runs down, in a descent for two miles, to the river Anider; but it is a little broader the other way that runs along by the bank of that river.

square (正方形) [名] a plane figure with four equal straight sides and four right angles

one side (一方の側) [名] one of the two parts of something that are on opposite sides of a dividing line

shoot up (突き出る) [動] to rise or grow quickly

top (頂上) [名] the highest point of something

run down (下る) [動] to go down

two miles (2マイル) [名] a unit of length equal to 1.609344 kilometers

descent (下り坂) [名] a downward slope

broader (広い) [形] having a large distance from one side to the other

other way (もう一方の道) [名] an alternative method or course of action

run along (沿って走る) [動] to move quickly in a specified direction

bank (土手) [名] the land alongside or sloping down to a river or lake

その形はほぼ正方形で、丘の頂上までほぼ突き出た一方の側から、2マイル下ってアニダー川まで下っているが、その川の土手沿いに走るもう一方の道は少し広い。

The Anider rises about eighty miles above Amaurot, in a small spring at first.

Anider (アニダー川) [名] a river in Utopia

rise (湧き出る) [動] move from a lower to a higher position

eighty miles (80マイル) [名] a unit of length equal to 1.609 kilometers

above (上流) [副] in a higher position

アニダー川はアマウロットの約80マイル上流に、最初は小さな泉として湧き出ている。

But other brooks falling into it, of which two are more considerable than the rest, as it runs by Amaurot it is grown half a mile broad;

brook (小川) [名] a small stream of water

fall into (流れ込む) [動] flow into

two (2つ) [名] the number 2

more considerable (より大きい) [形] more important or significant

run (流れる) [動] flow

half a mile (半マイル) [名] a unit of length equal to 0.5 miles

しかし、他の小川が流れ込み、そのうちの2つは他のものよりも大きく、アマウロットのそばを流れる時には幅が半マイルにもなる。

but, it still grows larger and larger, till, after sixty miles’ course below it, it is lost in the ocean.

grow larger (大きくなる) [動] become bigger

sixty miles (60マイル) [名] a unit of length equal to 5,280 feet

below (下流) [副] in a lower place

ocean (海) [名] a large body of salt water covering most of the earth's surface and surrounding its land masses

しかし、それはさらに大きくなり、その下流60マイルを流れた後、海に注ぐ。

Between the town and the sea, and for some miles above the town, it ebbs and flows every six hours with a strong current.

between (間) [前] in the space or interval that separates two places, people, or objects

some miles (数マイル) [名] a unit of distance equal to 1.609344 kilometers

six hours (6時間) [名] a unit of time equal to 3600 seconds

ebb (干潮) [名] the movement of the tide out to sea

flow (満潮) [名] the movement of the tide toward the shore

strong current (強い流れ) [名] a current of water that is moving with a lot of force

町と海の間、そして町から数マイル上流では、6時間ごとに強い流れで干満が起こる。

The tide comes up about thirty miles so full that there is nothing but salt water in the river, the fresh water being driven back with its force;

tide (潮) [名] the alternate rising and falling of the sea

come up (満ちる) [動] to move from a lower to a higher position

mile (マイル) [名] a unit of length equal to 1.609 kilometers

but (が) [接] except; other than

salt water (塩水) [名] water that contains a high concentration of salt

fresh water (真水) [名] water that does not contain salt

being driven back (押し戻される) [動] to be forced to move backwards

with (で) [前] using or by means of

潮は約30マイルも上流まで満ちてきて、川には塩水しかなく、真水はその力で押し戻される。

and above that, for some miles, the water is brackish;

そしてその上流数マイルでは、水は汽水である。

but a little higher, as it runs by the town, it is quite fresh;

a little higher (もう少し上流) [副] a small amount more

run by (そば) [動] be located near

quite fresh (全く新鮮) [形] very fresh

しかし、もう少し上流の町のそばでは、水は全く新鮮である。

and when the tide ebbs, it continues fresh all along to the sea.

ebb (引く) [動] recede or decline

fresh (新鮮な) [形] recently produced or harvested

そして潮が引くと、海までずっと新鮮なままである。

There is a bridge cast over the river, not of timber, but of fair stone, consisting of many stately arches;

bridge (橋) [名] a structure making it possible to cross a river, road, or railway

cast (架かる) [動] throw or fling something with force

timber (木材) [名] wood prepared for use in building and construction

fair (美しい) [形] pleasing to the eye or the ear

stone (石) [名] a hard solid nonmetallic mineral matter of which rock is made, especially as a building material

stately (堂々とした) [形] dignified and impressive in appearance or manner

arch (アーチ) [名] a curved structure with a flat upper surface, typically spanning an opening and supported from each side

川に架かる橋があり、木材ではなく、美しい石でできており、多くの堂々としたアーチで構成されている。

it lies at that part of the town which is farthest from the sea, so that the ships, without any hindrance, lie all along the side of the town.

lie (横たわる) [動] be in or assume a horizontal or resting position

hindrance (妨害) [名] something that delays or stops action

それは町の海から最も遠い部分にあるので、船は妨害されることなく町の側に沿って横たわっている。

There is, likewise, another river that runs by it, which, though it is not great, yet it runs pleasantly, for it rises out of the same hill on which the town stands, and so runs down through it and falls into the Anider.

great (大きくはない) [形] of an extent, amount, or intensity considerably above average

stand (立っている) [動] be in or assume a position in which you put your weight on your feet but not on your knees

run down (流れる) [動] move or cause to move quickly and easily

同様に、そのそばを流れる別の川があり、それは大きくはないが、町が立っている同じ丘から湧き出て、そこを流れてアニダーに流れ込むので、気持ちよく流れている。

The inhabitants have fortified the fountain-head of this river, which springs a little without the towns;

fountain-head (源流) [名] the source of a river

spring (湧く) [動] flow or issue forth

住民たちは、町から少し離れたところにあるこの川の源流を要塞化した。

that so, if they should happen to be besieged, the enemy might not be able to stop or divert the course of the water, nor poison it;

happen to (たまたま) [動] occur by chance

besiege (包囲する) [動] surround with armed forces

divert (そらす) [動] cause to change direction

poison (毒) [名] a substance that is harmful or fatal if ingested or absorbed

そのため、もし彼らが包囲されたとしても、敵は水の流れを止めたり、そらしたり、毒を盛ったりすることができないようにした。

from thence it is carried, in earthen pipes, to the lower streets.

from thence (そこから) [副] from that place

earthen (土製の) [形] made of earth or clay

pipe (管) [名] a tube of metal, plastic, or other material used to convey liquids, gases, or other substances

lower (下の) [形] situated below another thing

そこから水は土管で下の道に運ばれる。

And for those places of the town to which the water of that small river cannot be conveyed, they have great cisterns for receiving the rain-water, which supplies the want of the other.

small river (小さな川) [名] a river that is not very big

be conveyed (運ぶ) [動] to take or carry from one place to another

rain-water (雨水) [名] water that falls from the sky as rain

supply (補う) [動] to provide or furnish something that is needed or wanted

そして、その小さな川の水を運ぶことができない町の場所のために、彼らは雨水を受けるための大きな貯水槽を持っており、それは他のものの不足を補っている。

The town is compassed with a high and thick wall, in which there are many towers and forts;

compass (囲む) [動] form a circle around

high (高い) [形] of great vertical extent

thick (厚い) [形] having a large distance between opposite sides

wall (城壁) [名] a continuous vertical brick or stone structure that encloses or divides an area of land

fort (砦) [名] a military building designed to be defended

町は高く厚い城壁に囲まれており、そこには多くの塔や砦がある。

there is also a broad and deep dry ditch, set thick with thorns, cast round three sides of the town, and the river is instead of a ditch on the fourth side.

there is also (また) [副] in addition; too; as well

dry (空の) [形] free from moisture or liquid

set (密集している) [動] put or place in a certain position

thorn (茨) [名] a sharp, pointed woody projection on a plant

cast (囲む) [動] throw or fling with force

round (囲む) [前] on or to all sides of

instead of (代わりになっている) [前] in place of; rather than

fourth (四方目) [名] the number 4

また、町の三方を囲むように広く深い空堀があり、そこには茨が密集しており、四方目は川が堀の代わりになっている。

The streets are very convenient for all carriage, and are well sheltered from the winds.

street (道) [名] a road in a city, town, or village, typically with houses and buildings on one or both sides

carriage (馬車) [名] a wheeled vehicle pulled by a horse

shelter (守る) [動] provide protection for

道はあらゆる馬車に非常に便利で、風からよく守られている。

Their buildings are good, and are so uniform that a whole side of a street looks like one house.

building (建物) [名] a structure with a roof and walls, such as a house or factory

uniform (均一な) [形] not varying; the same throughout

彼らの建物は立派で、とても均一なので、通りの片側全体が一軒の家のように見える。

The streets are twenty feet broad;

twenty feet (20フィート) [名] a unit of length equal to 12 inches or 0.3048 meter

道幅は20フィートである。

there lie gardens behind all their houses.

すべての家の裏には庭がある。

These are large, but enclosed with buildings, that on all hands face the streets, so that every house has both a door to the street and a back door to the garden.

large (広い) [形] of great size or extent

enclose (囲む) [動] surround on all sides

face (面する) [動] be opposite to or looking towards

庭は広いが、建物に囲まれていて、どの家も通りに面しているので、どの家にも通りに面した玄関と庭に面した裏口がある。

Their doors have all two leaves, which, as they are easily opened, so they shut of their own accord;

leave (扉) [名] a hinged barrier used to close an entrance to a room or building

shut (閉まる) [動] move a door or window so as to block an entrance or exit

彼らの玄関はすべて二枚扉で、簡単に開くことができ、また勝手に閉まる。

and, there being no property among them, every man may freely enter into any house whatsoever.

彼らの間には私有財産がないので、誰でも自由にどの家にも入ることができる。

At every ten years’ end they shift their houses by lots.

at every ten years' end (10年ごとに) [副] once every ten years

shift (移る) [動] move from one place to another

by lot (くじ引きで) [副] by drawing lots

彼らは10年ごとにくじ引きで家を移る。

They cultivate their gardens with great care, so that they have both vines, fruits, herbs, and flowers in them;

cultivate (耕す) [動] prepare and use land for crops or gardening

great care (丹念に) [名] with a lot of effort or attention

vine (ブドウ) [名] a climbing plant with woody stems that produces grapes

fruit (果物) [名] the sweet and fleshy product of a tree or other plant that contains seed and can be eaten as food

herb (ハーブ) [名] a plant with savory or aromatic properties that is used for flavoring and garnishing food, medicinal purposes, or for fragrances; an herb plant

彼らは庭を丹念に耕し、ブドウ、果物、ハーブ、花を育てている。

and all is so well ordered and so finely kept that I never saw gardens anywhere that were both so fruitful and so beautiful as theirs.

so well (とても) [副] to a very great extent

ordered (整然としている) [形] arranged in a systematic way

finely (きれいに) [副] in a delicate or exquisite way

kept (保たれている) [動] cause to remain in a specified state

beautiful (美しい) [形] pleasing to the senses or the mind

すべてがとても整然としていて、とてもきれいに保たれているので、私は彼らの庭ほど実り豊かで美しい庭を見たことはない。

And this humour of ordering their gardens so well is not only kept up by the pleasure they find in it, but also by an emulation between the inhabitants of the several streets, who vie with each other.

order (整然と保つ) [動] to put things in a neat, tidy, or organized way

humour (気質) [名] a state of mind

pleasure (楽しみ) [名] a feeling of happy satisfaction

find (見出す) [動] to discover or notice something

emulation (競争) [名] the act of trying to be as good as or better than someone else

vie (競い合う) [動] to compete with someone for something

そして、庭を整然と保つこの気質は、彼らが庭に見出す楽しみによって保たれているだけでなく、互いに競い合ういくつかの通りの住民間の競争によっても保たれている。

And there is, indeed, nothing belonging to the whole town that is both more useful and more pleasant.

そして、実際、町全体に属するもので、これほど有用で楽しいものはない。

So that he who founded the town seems to have taken care of nothing more than of their gardens;

found (創設する) [動] establish or originate

take care of (気にかける) [動] be concerned about

そのため、町を創設した人は、庭園以外には何も気にかけていなかったように思われる。

for they say the whole scheme of the town was designed at first by Utopus, but he left all that belonged to the ornament and improvement of it to be added by those that should come after him, that being too much for one man to bring to perfection.

scheme (計画) [名] a systematic plan of future action

design (設計する) [動] to plan and make decisions about the look and function of (something)

first (最初に) [副] before any other person or thing

ornament (装飾) [名] an object or quality that makes something more attractive

improvement (改良) [名] the action of improving something

add (追加する) [動] join (something) to something else so as to increase the size, amount, or degree

perfection (完成) [名] the condition, state, or quality of being free or as free as possible from all flaws or defects

彼らは、町の全体計画は最初にユートパスによって設計されたが、彼は装飾や改良に属するすべてを、彼の後に来る者によって追加されるように残したと言う。それは一人の人間が完成させるには多すぎることだ。

Their records, that contain the history of their town and State, are preserved with an exact care, and run backwards seventeen hundred and sixty years.

record (記録) [名] a permanent account of something

contain (含む) [動] have or hold within

state (国家) [名] a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory

exact (正確な) [形] not deviating from truth or fact

run backwards (遡る) [動] go back in time

seventeen hundred and sixty years (千七百六十年) [名] a period of time

彼らの町と国家の歴史を含む彼らの記録は、正確に保存されており、千七百六十年前に遡る。

From these it appears that their houses were at first low and mean, like cottages, made of any sort of timber, and were built with mud walls and thatched with straw.

from these (これらの記録から) [名] from these records

appear (わかる) [動] be clear or obvious

low (低い) [形] having a small distance from top to bottom

mean (粗末な) [形] of low standard or quality

cottage (小屋) [名] a small house, especially in the country

mud (泥) [名] wet, soft earth

thatch (葺く) [動] cover with straw, reeds, or similar material

これらの記録から、彼らの家は最初は低く粗末で、どんな木材でも作られた小屋のようで、泥壁で建てられ、わらで葺かれていたことがわかる。

But now their houses are three storeys high, the fronts of them are faced either with stone, plastering, or brick, and between the facings of their walls they throw in their rubbish.

three storeys high (三階建て) [形] having three floors

front (正面) [名] the side or part of something that faces forward or toward the viewer

plastering (しっくい) [名] a mixture of lime, sand, and water used to cover walls and ceilings

brick (レンガ) [名] a small rectangular block of fired or sun-dried clay, used in building

rubbish (ゴミ) [名] waste material; refuse

しかし、現在では彼らの家は三階建てで、正面は石、しっくい、レンガのいずれかで覆われており、壁の表面の間にはゴミが捨てられている。

Their roofs are flat, and on them they lay a sort of plaster, which costs very little, and yet is so tempered that it is not apt to take fire, and yet resists the weather more than lead.

roof (屋根) [名] the structure forming the upper covering of a building or vehicle

flat (平ら) [形] having a level or even surface without raised areas or indentations

lay (塗る) [動] put or spread on a surface

plaster (しっくい) [名] a soft mixture of lime, sand, and water that is spread on walls and ceilings to form a smooth hard surface when it dries

fire (火) [名] the state or fact of burning

weather (天候) [名] the state of the atmosphere at a particular time and place, with regard to variables such as temperature, moisture, wind speed, cloud cover, and precipitation

lead (鉛) [名] a soft, malleable, toxic, bluish-white, metallic element, atomic number 82, that is a poor conductor of electricity and is used in alloys, accumulators, bullets, and radiation shielding

彼らの屋根は平らで、その上に一種のしっくいを塗っているが、これは非常に安価でありながら、火がつきにくく、鉛よりも天候に強い。

They have great quantities of glass among them, with which they glaze their windows;

quantity (量) [名] a particular amount

glass (ガラス) [名] a hard and brittle substance

with (それで) [前] using

glaze (覆う) [動] cover with a shiny surface

彼らは大量のガラスを持ち、それで窓を覆っている。

they use also in their windows a thin linen cloth, that is so oiled or gummed that it both keeps out the wind and gives free admission to the light.

use (張る) [動] put into service or operation

window (窓) [名] an opening in a wall or roof that allows light and air to come in

thin (薄い) [形] having little substance or quality

linen (麻布) [名] a cloth made from the fibers of the flax plant

oil (油を塗る) [動] cover or treat with oil

gum (糊を塗る) [動] cover or treat with gum

keep out (防ぐ) [動] prevent from entering

give (取り込める) [動] cause to have or receive

admission (取り込み) [名] the action or process of allowing someone or something to enter

彼らはまた、窓に薄い麻布を張り、油を塗ったり糊を塗ったりして、風を防ぎながら光を自由に取り込めるようにしている。

OF THEIR MAGISTRATES

彼らの行政官について

“Thirty families choose every year a magistrate, who was anciently called the Syphogrant, but is now called the Philarch; and over every ten Syphogrants, with the families subject to them, there is another magistrate, who was anciently called the Tranibore, but of late the Archphilarch.

thirty (三十) [形] three times ten

choose (選出する) [動] pick or select from a number of alternatives

anciently (古くは) [副] in ancient times

ten (十) [形] one more than nine

subject (従う) [動] cause to experience or undergo

late (最近) [副] after the usual or expected time

「三十家族が毎年行政官を選出する。その行政官は、古くはシフォグラントと呼ばれていたが、現在はフィラークと呼ばれている。そして、十人のシフォグラントとその家族を統括する別の行政官がおり、古くはトラニボアと呼ばれていたが、最近ではアーチフィラークと呼ばれている。

All the Syphogrants, who are in number two hundred, choose the Prince out of a list of four who are named by the people of the four divisions of the city;

Syphogrant (シフォグラント) [名] a magistrate in Utopia

number (数) [名] a quantity or amount

二百人のシフォグラント全員が、市の四つの地区の人々によって指名された四人の候補者から君主を選出する。

but they take an oath, before they proceed to an election, that they will choose him whom they think most fit for the office: they give him their voices secretly, so that it is not known for whom every one gives his suffrage.

take an oath (誓う) [動] make a solemn promise

proceed (進む) [動] follow a certain course

election (選挙) [名] the process of choosing a person or group of people for a position, especially a political position, by voting

fit (適している) [形] suitable or appropriate

office (職) [名] a position of authority or responsibility

give (投票する) [動] transfer the possession of something to someone

secretly (密かに) [副] in a way that is not known or seen by others

suffrage (投票) [名] the right to vote in political elections

しかし、選挙に先立って、彼らはその職に最も適していると思う人物を選ぶことを誓う。彼らは密かに投票するので、誰が誰に投票したのかはわからない。

The Prince is for life, unless he is removed upon suspicion of some design to enslave the people.

for life (終身制) [形] lasting for the duration of a person's life

remove (解任する) [動] take away or off

suspicion (疑い) [名] a feeling or thought that something is possible, likely, or true

君主は、国民を奴隷にしようとしているという疑いをかけられて解任されない限り、終身制である。

The Tranibors are new chosen every year, but yet they are, for the most part, continued;

Tranibors (トラニボア) [名] the ruling council of Utopia

most part (ほとんどの場合) [名] the majority of something

トラニボアは毎年新しく選ばれるが、それでもほとんどの場合、継続される。

all their other magistrates are only annual.

annual (一年) [形] happening or done once a year

他のすべての行政官は任期一年である。

The Tranibors meet every third day, and oftener if necessary, and consult with the Prince either concerning the affairs of the State in general, or such private differences as may arise sometimes among the people, though that falls out but seldom.

every third day (三日に一度) [名] once every three days

oftener (もっと頻繁に) [副] more often

necessary (必要ならば) [形] being essential, indispensable, or requisite

consult with (協議する) [動] talk over with another or others

difference (争い) [名] a disagreement or argument

seldom (めったに起こらない) [副] not often; rarely

トラニボアは三日に一度、必要ならばもっと頻繁に会合を開き、国家の一般的な事柄や、国民の間に時折生じる私的な争いについて君主と協議するが、そのようなことはめったに起こらない。

There are always two Syphogrants called into the council chamber, and these are changed every day.

council chamber (議事堂) [名] a room in which a council meets

change (交代する) [動] take or use another instead of

議事堂には常に二人のシフォグラントが呼ばれ、毎日交代する。

It is a fundamental rule of their government, that no conclusion can be made in anything that relates to the public till it has been first debated three several days in their council.

fundamental rule (基本的なルール) [名] a rule that is essential to the operation of something

conclusion (結論) [名] the final decision or result of a discussion or meeting

relate to (関係する) [動] be connected with

debate (議論する) [動] discuss or argue about (a subject)

council (議会) [名] a group of people who are responsible for controlling and organizing a particular activity

彼らの政府の基本的なルールは、公衆に関係する事柄については、まず議会で三日間議論されるまでは結論を出せないということである。

It is death for any to meet and consult concerning the State, unless it be either in their ordinary council, or in the assembly of the whole body of the people.

ordinary (通常の) [形] of the usual or common type or standard

assembly (集会) [名] a group of people gathered together in one place for a particular purpose

通常の議会や国民全体の集会以外で、国家について会合を開いて協議することは死刑である。

“These things have been so provided among them that the Prince and the Tranibors may not conspire together to change the government and enslave the people;

provide (用意する) [動] make available for use; supply

conspire (共謀する) [動] make secret plans jointly to commit a harmful act

「これらのことは、君主とトラニボアが共謀して政府を転覆させ、国民を奴隷にすることがないように、彼らの間で用意されている。

and therefore when anything of great importance is set on foot, it is sent to the Syphogrants, who, after they have communicated it to the families that belong to their divisions, and have considered it among themselves, make report to the senate;

great importance (重要な) [形] of major significance or importance

set on foot (起こる) [動] to start or begin

Syphogrants (シフォグラント) [名] a magistrate in Utopia

division (管轄) [名] an administrative unit

senate (元老院) [名] the upper house of the legislature in the U.S.

そのため、何か重要なことが起こると、それはシフォグラントたちに送られ、彼らはそれを自分たちの管轄する家族に伝え、自分たちの中で検討した後、元老院に報告する。

and, upon great occasions, the matter is referred to the council of the whole island.

refer (回される) [動] direct or send someone or something to a particular destination or for a particular purpose

そして、重要な場合には、その問題は島全体の評議会に回される。

One rule observed in their council is, never to debate a thing on the same day in which it is first proposed;

one rule (1つのルール) [名] a regulation or principle governing conduct or procedure within a particular area of activity

observe (守る) [動] to notice or perceive

same day (同じ日) [名] the day that is currently happening

彼らの評議会で守られているルールの1つは、最初に提案された日に議論をしないということである。

for that is always referred to the next meeting, that so men may not rashly and in the heat of discourse engage themselves too soon, which might bias them so much that, instead of consulting the good of the public, they might rather study to support their first opinions, and by a perverse and preposterous sort of shame hazard their country rather than endanger their own reputation, or venture the being suspected to have wanted foresight in the expedients that they at first proposed;

for that is always referred to the next meeting (なぜなら、それは常に次回の会議に回されるからで) [句] for that reason, it is always referred to the next meeting

so men may not rashly and in the heat of discourse engage themselves too soon (そうすることで、人々が軽率に、また議論の熱気の中であまりにも早く議論に加わることがないようにするためである) [句] so that people may not engage in discussion too soon, rashly and in the heat of discourse

which might bias them so much that (そうすることで、人々は偏見を持ち) [句] which might bias them so much

instead of consulting the good of the public (公益を図るのではなく) [句] instead of consulting the good of the public

they might rather study to support their first opinions (むしろ自分の最初の意見を支持しようとしたり) [句] they might rather study to support their first opinions

and by a perverse and preposterous sort of shame hazard their country rather than endanger their own reputation (自分の評判を危険にさらしたり、最初に提案した方策に先見の明がなかったのではないかと疑われることを恐れて、ひねくれた、ばかげた恥ずかしさで国を危険にさらしたりするかもしれないからである) [句] and by a perverse and preposterous sort of shame hazard their country rather than endanger their own reputation or venture the being suspected to have wanted foresight in the expedients that they at f...

なぜなら、それは常に次回の会議に回されるからで、そうすることで、人々が軽率に、また議論の熱気の中であまりにも早く議論に加わることがないようにするためである。そうすることで、人々は偏見を持ち、公益を図るのではなく、むしろ自分の最初の意見を支持しようとしたり、自分の評判を危険にさらしたり、最初に提案した方策に先見の明がなかったのではないかと疑われることを恐れて、ひねくれた、ばかげた恥ずかしさで国を危険にさらしたりするかもしれないからである。

and therefore, to prevent this, they take care that they may rather be deliberate than sudden in their motions.

deliberate (慎重に審議する) [動] think carefully about something before deciding what to do

sudden (急いで) [形] happening or done quickly and without warning

motion (議案) [名] a proposal that is formally presented and discussed at a meeting

そのため、これを防ぐために、彼らは議案を急いで通すのではなく、慎重に審議するように注意を払っている。

OF THEIR TRADES, AND MANNER OF LIFE

彼らの職業と生活様式について

“Agriculture is that which is so universally understood among them that no person, either man or woman, is ignorant of it;

universally (普遍的に) [副] in a way that relates to or affects all or the whole

「農業は、彼らの間で普遍的に理解されているものであり、男性も女性も誰もそれを知らない人はいない。

they are instructed in it from their childhood, partly by what they learn at school, and partly by practice, they being led out often into the fields about the town, where they not only see others at work but are likewise exercised in it themselves.

school (学校) [名] an institution for educating children

exercise (行う) [動] perform (an activity) or cause (something) to function

彼らは子供の頃から、学校で学んだことや、町の周りの畑に連れて行かれ、そこで他人が働いているのを見るだけでなく、自分たちも農作業をすることで、農業について学んでいる。

Besides agriculture, which is so common to them all, every man has some peculiar trade to which he applies himself;

common (共通する) [形] shared by or affecting the whole of a community

peculiar (特別な) [形] strange or odd; unusual

彼ら全員に共通する農業以外にも、誰もが自分なりの特別な職業を持っている。

such as the manufacture of wool or flax, masonry, smith’s work, or carpenter’s work;

such as (など) [副] for example

flax (亜麻) [名] a plant with blue flowers and seeds that are used to make linseed oil and linen

masonry (石工) [名] the art or trade of a mason

smith (鍛冶屋) [名] a person who works in metal

carpenter (大工) [名] a person who makes and repairs wooden structures

羊毛や亜麻の製造、石工、鍛冶屋、大工などである。

for there is no sort of trade that is in great esteem among them.

no sort of (特にない) [名] not any kind of

that is (である) [動] that is

in great esteem (尊敬されている) [名] in high regard

彼らの間で尊敬されている職業は特にない。

Throughout the island they wear the same sort of clothes, without any other distinction except what is necessary to distinguish the two sexes and the married and unmarried.

throughout (全体で) [前] in every part of

distinction (区別) [名] the quality or state of being distinguishable

sex (性) [名] either of the two main categories (male and female) into which humans and most other living things are divided on the basis of their reproductive functions

married (既婚) [形] being in a state of marriage

unmarried (未婚) [形] not married

島全体で同じ種類の服を着ており、男女や既婚者と未婚者を区別するために必要なもの以外に区別はない。

The fashion never alters, and as it is neither disagreeable nor uneasy, so it is suited to the climate, and calculated both for their summers and winters.

fashion (ファッション) [名] a popular trend, especially in styles of dress and ornament or manners of behavior

alter (変わる) [動] become different in some particular way, without becoming a different thing altogether

disagreeable (不快な) [形] unpleasant

climate (気候) [名] the weather averaged over a period of time

winter (冬) [名] the season of the year between autumn and spring

ファッションは決して変わらず、不快でも不安でもなく、気候に適しており、夏と冬の両方に対応している。

Every family makes their own clothes;

どの家族も自分の服を作る。

but all among them, women as well as men, learn one or other of the trades formerly mentioned.

しかし、彼らの間で、男性も女性も、以前に述べた職業のいずれかを学ぶ。

Women, for the most part, deal in wool and flax, which suit best with their weakness, leaving the ruder trades to the men.

for the most part (ほとんどの場合) [副] usually; in most cases

deal in (扱う) [動] trade in

suit (適している) [動] be appropriate or proper for

weakness (弱さ) [名] the quality or state of being weak

trade (取引) [名] the action of buying and selling goods and services

女性は、ほとんどの場合、羊毛や亜麻を扱っており、それは彼女たちの弱さに最も適しており、より粗い取引は男性に任せている。

The same trade generally passes down from father to son, inclinations often following descent: but if any man’s genius lies another way he is, by adoption, translated into a family that deals in the trade to which he is inclined;

pass down (受け継ぐ) [動] be handed down from one generation to the next

descent (血統) [名] the origin or background of a person in terms of their family or tribe

another way (別の道) [名] a different method or approach

adoption (養子縁組) [名] the action of legally taking another's child and bringing it up as one's own

translate (移す) [動] move something from one place to another

同じ職業は一般的に父から息子へと受け継がれ、傾向はしばしば血統に従うが、もし誰かの才能が別の道にあるなら、彼は養子縁組によって、彼が傾倒している職業を扱う家族に移される。

and when that is to be done, care is taken, not only by his father, but by the magistrate, that he may be put to a discreet and good man: and if, after a person has learned one trade, he desires to acquire another, that is also allowed, and is managed in the same manner as the former.

be to be done (なされる) [動] to be done

take (払われる) [動] to get into one's possession, power, or control

discreet (思慮深い) [形] careful about what one says or does

manage (管理する) [動] to be in charge of or responsible for

そして、それがなされる時、彼の父親だけでなく、治安判事によっても、彼が思慮深く善良な人に預けられるように注意が払われる。そして、もし人が一つの職業を学んだ後、別の職業を身につけたいと思ったら、それも許され、前者と同様に管理される。

When he has learned both, he follows that which he likes best, unless the public has more occasion for the other.

like (好き) [動] find agreeable, enjoyable, or satisfactory

両方を学んだら、公衆が他のものを求める機会がない限り、彼は一番好きなものを選ぶ。

The chief, and almost the only, business of the Syphogrants is to take care that no man may live idle, but that every one may follow his trade diligently;

シフォグラントの主な、そしてほとんど唯一の仕事は、誰も怠惰に生きることのないように、誰もが自分の職業を熱心に従事するように注意を払うことである。

yet they do not wear themselves out with perpetual toil from morning to night, as if they were beasts of burden, which as it is indeed a heavy slavery, so it is everywhere the common course of life amongst all mechanics except the Utopians:

wear out (疲れ果てる) [動] become exhausted

toil (労働) [名] hard work

morning (朝) [名] the period of a day from sunrise to noon

burden (重荷) [名] a heavy load

slavery (奴隷) [名] the state of being a slave

course (道) [名] a way of doing or proceeding

それでも彼らは、まるで重荷を負った獣であるかのように、朝から晩まで絶え間ない労働で疲れ果てることはなく、それは確かに重い奴隷であり、ユートピア人以外のすべての機械工の間でどこでも共通の生活の道である。

but they, dividing the day and night into twenty-four hours, appoint six of these for work, three of which are before dinner and three after;

day (昼) [名] the period of light between sunrise and sunset

twenty-four hours (24時間) [名] the period of time corresponding to the rotation of the earth on its axis

appoint (充てる) [動] assign to a particular task or purpose

six (6) [名] the cardinal number that is the sum of five and one

three (3) [名] the cardinal number that is the sum of two and one

before (前) [前] earlier than; in front of

しかし、彼らは昼と夜を24時間に分け、そのうち6時間を仕事に充て、そのうち3時間は夕食前、3時間は夕食後である。

they then sup, and at eight o’clock, counting from noon, go to bed and sleep eight hours:

sup (夕食をとる) [動] eat the evening meal

eight o'clock (8時) [名] eight hours after noon

go to bed (就寝する) [動] go to sleep

eight hours (8時間) [名] a period of time equal to eight hours

それから夕食をとり、正午から数えて8時に就寝し、8時間眠る。

the rest of their time, besides that taken up in work, eating, and sleeping, is left to every man’s discretion;

besides (以外) [前] in addition to; other than

eating (食事) [名] the action of eating

sleeping (睡眠) [名] the natural state of rest in which consciousness practically suspended

discretion (裁量) [名] the quality of being discreet; prudence; circumspection

仕事、食事、睡眠に費やす時間以外は、各自の裁量に任されている。

yet they are not to abuse that interval to luxury and idleness, but must employ it in some proper exercise, according to their various inclinations, which is, for the most part, reading.

abuse (悪用する) [動] use something in a wrong or harmful way

interval (時間) [名] a period of time between two events

idleness (怠惰) [名] the state of being idle

employ (費やす) [動] use something for a particular purpose

exercise (運動) [名] physical activity that is done in order to become or stay fit and healthy

reading (読書) [名] the activity of reading

しかし、彼らはその時間を贅沢や怠惰に悪用してはならず、ほとんどの場合、読書である彼らの様々な傾向に従って、適切な運動に費やさなければならない。

It is ordinary to have public lectures every morning before daybreak, at which none are obliged to appear but those who are marked out for literature;

have public lectures (公開講座を開く) [動] to give a lecture that is open to the public

every morning (毎朝) [副] each morning

before daybreak (夜明け前) [副] before the sun rises

at which (そこには) [副] in or at a place that

are obliged to (義務がある) [動] be required to do something

appear (出席する) [動] to come into sight

but (以外は) [接] except

those who are marked out for (秀でた) [動] to be distinguished by a particular quality

literature (文学) [名] written works, especially those considered of superior or lasting artistic merit

毎朝夜明け前に公開講座を開くのが普通だが、そこには文学に秀でた人以外は出席する義務はない。

yet a great many, both men and women, of all ranks, go to hear lectures of one sort or other, according to their inclinations: but if others that are not made for contemplation, choose rather to employ themselves at that time in their trades, as many of them do, they are not hindered, but are rather commended, as men that take care to serve their country.

yet (それでも) [副] nevertheless; even so; still

a great many (非常に多くの) [名] a large number

both men and women (男女を問わず) [名] people of both sexes

of all ranks (あらゆる階級の) [名] of all social classes

go to hear (聞きに行く) [動] go to a place to listen to something

lecture (講義) [名] a talk or speech given to an audience

of one sort or other (何らかの) [名] of one kind or another

according to (応じて) [前] in accordance with

inclination (好み) [名] a tendency or preference

but if (しかし) [接] on the contrary; instead

others (人々) [名] other people

that are not made for (向いていない) [動] not be suitable for

contemplation (思索) [名] the action of thinking about something deeply

choose rather to (むしろ選ぶ) [動] prefer to

employ (従事する) [動] use or engage

at that time (その時間帯に) [名] at that point in time

in their trades (自分の仕事に) [名] in their occupations

as many of them do (彼らの多くがそうしているように) [動] as many of them do

they are not hindered (彼らは妨げられるどころか) [動] they are not prevented from doing something

but are rather commended (むしろ賞賛される) [動] but are rather praised

as men that take care to serve their country (国に奉仕しようとする人間として) [名] as people who try to serve their country

それでも、あらゆる階級の男女を問わず、非常に多くの人々が、自分の好みに応じて、何らかの講義を聞きに行く。しかし、思索に向いていない人々が、その時間帯に自分の仕事に従事することを選んだとしても、彼らの多くがそうしているように、彼らは妨げられるどころか、国に奉仕しようとする人間としてむしろ賞賛される。

After supper they spend an hour in some diversion, in summer in their gardens, and in winter in the halls where they eat, where they entertain each other either with music or discourse.

after supper (夕食後) [名] the time after supper

spend (過ごす) [動] pass or occupy (time) in a specified way

hour (1時間) [名] a period of time equal to 60 minutes

diversion (気晴らし) [名] an activity that diverts the mind from tedious or serious concerns

hall (ホール) [名] a large room in a public building

entertain (楽しむ) [動] provide (someone) with amusement or enjoyment

夕食後、彼らは夏には庭で、冬には食事をするホールで、音楽や談話で互いに楽しむ。

They do not so much as know dice, or any such foolish and mischievous games.

mischievous (いたずらな) [形] causing trouble in a playful way

彼らはサイコロやそのような愚かでいたずらなゲームを知っているわけではない。

They have, however, two sorts of games not unlike our chess;

however (しかし) [副] nevertheless; on the other hand

game (ゲーム) [名] a form of play or sport, especially a competitive one played according to rules and decided by skill, strength, or luck

chess (チェス) [名] a board game for two players, each with 16 pieces moving on a checkered board

しかし、彼らにはチェスに似た2種類のゲームがある。

the one is between several numbers, in which one number, as it were, consumes another;

1つはいくつかの数の間にあり、1つの数が別の数を消費する。

the other resembles a battle between the virtues and the vices, in which the enmity in the vices among themselves, and their agreement against virtue, is not unpleasantly represented;

resemble (似ている) [動] be like or similar to

battle (戦い) [名] a fight between two or more people or groups

enmity (敵意) [名] a feeling of hostility or ill will

unpleasantly (不快に) [副] in a way that is not pleasant

represent (表現する) [動] show or express by a symbol, formula, etc.

もう1つは美徳と悪徳の間の戦いに似ており、悪徳同士の敵意と美徳に対する合意が不快に表現されていない。

together with the special opposition between the particular virtues and vices;

together with (共に) [副] in addition to; as well as

opposition (対立) [名] the action of opposing something or someone

特定の美徳と悪徳の間の特別な対立と共に。

as also the methods by which vice either openly assaults or secretly undermines virtue;

openly (公然と) [副] in a frank and honest manner

undermine (損なう) [動] weaken or damage something

悪徳が公然と美徳を攻撃したり、密かに美徳を損なわせたりする方法も同様である。

and virtue, on the other hand, resists it.

on the other hand (一方) [副] from another point of view

一方、美徳はそれに抵抗する。

But the time appointed for labour is to be narrowly examined, otherwise you may imagine that since there are only six hours appointed for work, they may fall under a scarcity of necessary provisions: but it is so far from being true that this time is not sufficient for supplying them with plenty of all things, either necessary or convenient, that it is rather too much;

be appointed (割り当てられる) [動] be given a job or position

narrowly (厳密に) [副] in a way that is limited or restricted

fall under (該当する) [動] be included in a particular category

sufficient (十分である) [形] enough for the purpose

far from (程遠い) [副] not at all

too much (多すぎる) [形] more than is usual or desirable

しかし、労働に割り当てられた時間は厳密に調べられるべきである。さもなければ、仕事に割り当てられた時間が6時間しかないので、必要な食料が不足するかもしれないと想像するかもしれない。しかし、この時間が彼らに必要であるか便利であるかを問わず、すべてのものを十分に供給するのに十分ではないということは真実とは程遠く、むしろ多すぎる。

and this you will easily apprehend if you consider how great a part of all other nations is quite idle.

easily (容易に) [副] without difficulty or effort

apprehend (理解する) [動] perceive or understand something

how great (どれだけ多くの) [形] of a high standard; of high quality

quite (全く) [副] completely; totally

そして、他のすべての国のどれだけ多くの部分が全く怠惰であるかを考えれば、これを容易に理解できるだろう。

First, women generally do little, who are the half of mankind;

woman (女性) [名] an adult human female

half (半分) [名] one of two equal parts into which something is or can be divided

第一に、女性は一般的にほとんど何もしないが、女性は人類の半分である。

and if some few women are diligent, their husbands are idle: then consider the great company of idle priests, and of those that are called religious men;

women (女性) [名] an adult human female

diligent (勤勉な) [形] showing care and effort in your work or duties

husband (夫) [名] a married man

priest (僧侶) [名] a person who has been ordained for religious duties

religious (宗教家) [名] a person who is devoted to religion

そして、少数の女性が勤勉であっても、夫は怠惰である。次に、怠惰な僧侶や宗教家と呼ばれる人々の大集団について考えてみよう。

add to these all rich men, chiefly those that have estates in land, who are called noblemen and gentlemen, together with their families, made up of idle persons, that are kept more for show than use;

chiefly (主に) [副] most importantly

make up (構成する) [動] form or constitute

show (見せかけ) [名] an act of displaying something

これらに加えて、すべての金持ち、主に土地に財産を持ち、貴族や紳士と呼ばれる人々は、使用よりも見せかけのために飼われている怠惰な人々で構成された家族と一緒にいる。

add to these all those strong and lusty beggars that go about pretending some disease in excuse for their begging;

add to (加わる) [動] to be an addition to

lusty (元気な) [形] full of energy and life

これらに加えて、物乞いの言い訳に何かの病気を装って歩き回る、強くて元気な物乞いたちも加わる。

and upon the whole account you will find that the number of those by whose labours mankind is supplied is much less than you perhaps imagined: then consider how few of those that work are employed in labours that are of real service, for we, who measure all things by money, give rise to many trades that are both vain and superfluous, and serve only to support riot and luxury: for if those who work were employed only in such things as the conveniences of life require, there would be such an abundance of them that the prices of them would so sink that tradesmen could not be maintained by their gains;

upon the whole (全体的に見て) [副] considering everything

less (少ない) [形] not as much

real (実際の) [形] not imagined or supposed

measure (測る) [動] find the size, amount, or degree of

give rise to (生み出す) [動] cause to happen or exist

vain (無駄な) [形] having no real value or importance

superfluous (余計な) [形] more than is needed or wanted

serve (役立つ) [動] perform a service or function

riot (暴動) [名] a violent disturbance of the peace by a crowd

there would be (存在するだろう) [動] exist

abundance (豊富) [名] a very large quantity of something

そして、全体的に見て、人類に労働を供給している人の数は、おそらくあなたが想像していたよりもはるかに少ないことがわかるだろう。そして、働いている人のうち、実際に役立つ労働に従事している人がどれほど少ないか考えてみよう。なぜなら、私たちはすべてのものをお金で測るので、無駄で余計な商売をたくさん生み出し、暴動や贅沢を支えるだけに役立つからだ。もし働く人が生活の便宜上必要なものだけに使われたとしたら、それらは非常に豊富になり、その価格は下落し、商人は利益で維持することができなくなるだろう。

if all those who labour about useless things were set to more profitable employments, and if all they that languish out their lives in sloth and idleness (every one of whom consumes as much as any two of the men that are at work) were forced to labour, you may easily imagine that a small proportion of time would serve for doing all that is either necessary, profitable, or pleasant to mankind, especially while pleasure is kept within its due bounds: this appears very plainly in Utopia; for there, in a great city, and in all the territory that lies round it, you can scarce find five hundred, either men or women, by their age and strength capable of labour, that are not engaged in it.

labour (労力を費やす) [動] work hard

employment (仕事) [名] the condition of having paid work

languish (過ごす) [動] be or remain in an unpromising or unsatisfactory state

pleasant (快適) [形] giving a sense of happy satisfaction or enjoyment

bound (範囲) [名] a limit

there (そこで) [副] in, at, or to that place or position

round (周辺) [形] having a circular or approximately circular shape

territory (地域) [名] an area of land under the jurisdiction of a ruler or state

scarce (ほとんどない) [形] insufficient for the demand

five hundred (500) [名] the number 500

either (どちらも) [接] used to link alternatives

strength (体力) [名] the quality or state of being physically strong

capable (従事できる) [形] having the ability to do something

もし無駄なことに労力を費やしている人がもっと有益な仕事に就き、怠惰と怠惰の中で人生を過ごしている人(一人一人が働いている人の2人分も消費している)が強制的に働かされたとしたら、特に快楽が適切な範囲内に保たれている間は、人類にとって必要、有益、または快適なことすべてを行うのに、わずかな時間で済むだろうということは容易に想像できるだろう。これはユートピアでは非常に明白に現れている。なぜなら、大都市やその周辺のすべての地域では、年齢や体力から労働に従事できる男女を合わせても、500人を見つけることはほとんどできないからだ。

Even the Syphogrants, though excused by the law, yet do not excuse themselves, but work, that by their examples they may excite the industry of the rest of the people;

excuse (許す) [動] to forgive or overlook

example (手本) [名] a person or thing regarded as a perfect specimen of something

シフォグラントたちでさえ、法律で許されているにもかかわらず、自分たちの言い訳をせずに働き、その手本によって残りの人々の勤勉さを刺激している。

the like exemption is allowed to those who, being recommended to the people by the priests, are, by the secret suffrages of the Syphogrants, privileged from labour, that they may apply themselves wholly to study;

exemption (免除) [名] the action of freeing or being freed from an obligation or liability imposed on others

allow (認める) [動] to give permission to do something

secret (秘密の) [形] not known or seen or not meant to be known or seen by others

apply (専念する) [動] to devote oneself to a particular activity

同様の免除は、司祭によって人々に推薦され、シフォグラントの秘密選挙によって労働から免除され、完全に勉強に専念できる人にも認められている。

and if any of these fall short of those hopes that they seemed at first to give, they are obliged to return to work;

fall short of (満たない) [動] fail to reach or achieve

at first (最初に) [副] in the beginning

そして、これらのうちのどれかが、最初に与えたように思われた希望に満たない場合、彼らは仕事に戻ることを義務付けられる。

and sometimes a mechanic that so employs his leisure hours as to make a considerable advancement in learning is eased from being a tradesman and ranked among their learned men.

mechanic (職人) [名] a skilled worker who repairs and maintains machines

leisure hour (余暇) [名] time free from the demands of work or duty

advancement (進歩) [名] the process of improving or developing

そして、時折、余暇を学問に費やしてかなりの進歩を遂げた職人は、商人であることから解放され、彼らの学識ある人々の仲間入りを果たす。

Out of these they choose their ambassadors, their priests, their Tranibors, and the Prince himself, anciently called their Barzenes, but is called of late their Ademus.

out of (中から) [前] from within

Tranibors (トラニボル) [名] a member of the governing body of Utopia

himself (自身) [代] used to emphasize that a man does something himself

Barzenes (バルゼネス) [名] the ancient name for the ruler of Utopia

late (最近では) [副] recently

Ademus (アデムス) [名] the modern name for the ruler of Utopia

これらの中から、彼らは大使、司祭、トラニボル、そして王子自身を選び、古代にはバルゼネスと呼ばれていたが、最近ではアデムスと呼ばれている。

“And thus from the great numbers among them that are neither suffered to be idle nor to be employed in any fruitless labour, you may easily make the estimate how much may be done in those few hours in which they are obliged to labour.

fruitless (無益な) [形] not producing any good result

obliged (義務付ける) [形] required to do something

make the estimate (見積もる) [動] calculate approximately the amount, cost, or value of

「そして、彼らの中の怠惰であることも無益な労働に従事することも許されない多くの人々から、彼らが労働を義務付けられている数時間でどれだけのことができるかを簡単に見積もることができる。

But, besides all that has been already said, it is to be considered that the needful arts among them are managed with less labour than anywhere else.

needful (必要な) [形] required or necessary

しかし、すでに述べたすべてのこと以外にも、彼らの間で必要な技術は他のどこよりも少ない労働で管理されていると考えられる。

The building or the repairing of houses among us employ many hands, because often a thriftless heir suffers a house that his father built to fall into decay, so that his successor must, at a great cost, repair that which he might have kept up with a small charge;

repairing (修理) [名] the action of restoring something damaged, faulty, or worn to a good condition

employ (必要とする) [動] use or engage the services of

thriftless (無駄遣いをする) [形] not spending money carefully

fall into decay (荒廃する) [動] deteriorate or decline

successor (後継者) [名] a person who takes over a position or role from someone else

great cost (大金) [名] a large amount of money

repair (修理する) [動] restore something damaged, faulty, or worn to a good condition

might (できたはずだ) [助] be likely or probable

keep up with (維持する) [動] maintain or continue at a certain rate or level

small charge (少額の費用) [名] a small amount of money

私たちの間で家を建てたり修理したりするには多くの人手を必要とするが、それはしばしば無駄遣いをする相続人が父親が建てた家を荒廃させ、後継者が少額の費用で維持できたはずの家を大金をかけて修理しなければならないからである。

it frequently happens that the same house which one person built at a vast expense is neglected by another, who thinks he has a more delicate sense of the beauties of architecture, and he, suffering it to fall to ruin, builds another at no less charge.

frequently (よく) [副] often; many times

one (ある) [形] a single person or thing

neglect (無視する) [動] fail to care for properly

delicate (繊細な) [形] very fine in texture or structure; fragile

beauty (美しさ) [名] a combination of qualities, such as shape, color, or form, that pleases the aesthetic senses, especially the sight

architecture (建築) [名] the art or practice of designing and constructing buildings

ruin (荒廃) [名] the state of decay, collapse, or destruction

ある人が莫大な費用をかけて建てた家が、建築の美しさについてもっと繊細な感覚を持っていると思っている別の人に無視され、その家が荒廃するのを許して、同じくらいの費用をかけて別の家を建てるということはよくあることだ。

But among the Utopians all things are so regulated that men very seldom build upon a new piece of ground, and are not only very quick in repairing their houses, but show their foresight in preventing their decay, so that their buildings are preserved very long with but very little labour, and thus the builders, to whom that care belongs, are often without employment, except the hewing of timber and the squaring of stones, that the materials may be in readiness for raising a building very suddenly when there is any occasion for it.

decay (老朽化する) [動] rot or decompose

builder (建設業者) [名] a person who constructs buildings

しかし、ユートピアではすべてのことが規制されているので、人々が新しい土地に建物を建てることはめったになく、家を修理するのが非常に早いだけでなく、建物の老朽化を防ぐための先見性を示し、建物は非常に少ない労働で非常に長く保存されるため、その世話をする建設業者は、木材の伐採や石の四角形を除いて、しばしば仕事がなく、何かの機会があれば、材料を非常に迅速に建てられるように準備が整っている。

As to their clothes, observe how little work is spent in them;

as to (については) [前] with regard to; concerning

how little (どれほど) [副] to what extent or degree

work (手間) [名] effort exerted to do or accomplish something

spend (かかる) [動] pay out or disburse

彼らの服については、どれほど手間がかかっていないか注目してほしい。

while they are at labour they are clothed with leather and skins, cut carelessly about them, which will last seven years, and when they appear in public they put on an upper garment which hides the other;

clothe (着る) [動] put clothes on

skin (皮) [名] the natural outer covering of the body of a person or animal

cut (切る) [動] make an opening, incision, or wound in

last (持つ) [動] continue or be able to continue for a specified period of time

seven years (7年間) [名] a period of seven years

put on (着る) [動] dress oneself in

upper garment (上着) [名] a garment worn on the upper part of the body

hide (隠す) [動] put or keep out of sight; conceal

彼らは労働中は革や皮を身に着け、それらを無造作に切り取ったものを着ているが、それは7年間持ち、人前に出る時にはそれを隠す上着を着る。

and these are all of one colour, and that is the natural colour of the wool.

そして、これらはすべて一色で、それは羊毛の自然な色である。

As they need less woollen cloth than is used anywhere else, so that which they make use of is much less costly;

woollen cloth (羊毛布) [名] a fabric made from wool

use (使用する) [動] convert to one's own purposes

costly (高価な) [形] of high price or value

彼らは他のどこよりも羊毛布を必要としないので、彼らが使用するものはそれほど高価ではない。

they use linen cloth more, but that is prepared with less labour, and they value cloth only by the whiteness of the linen or the cleanness of the wool, without much regard to the fineness of the thread.

linen cloth (麻布) [名] a cloth made from the fibers of the flax plant

less (より少ない) [副] to a smaller extent

whiteness (白さ) [名] the quality or state of being white

cleanness (清潔さ) [名] the quality or state of being clean

thread (糸) [名] a long thin piece of cotton, nylon, or other fibers used in sewing or weaving

彼らは麻布をより多く使うが、それはより少ない労働で準備され、彼らは布を麻の白さや羊毛の清潔さだけで評価し、糸の細さはあまり考慮しない。

While in other places four or five upper garments of woollen cloth of different colours, and as many vests of silk, will scarce serve one man, and while those that are nicer think ten too few, every man there is content with one, which very often serves him two years;

four or five (4つか5つ) [名] a number between four and five

different colour (異なる色) [名] a colour that is not the same as another

silk (絹) [名] a fine, strong, soft, lustrous fiber produced by silkworms and used to make cloth

vest (ベスト) [名] a sleeveless garment worn on the upper part of the body

scarce (十分に) [副] not enough

one man (1人の男性) [名] a male person

nicer (より素敵な) [形] more pleasant or attractive

ten (10) [名] the number 10

too few (少なすぎる) [形] not enough

content (満足している) [形] happy with

very often (非常に頻繁に) [副] very frequently

他の場所では、異なる色の羊毛布の4つか5つの上着と、同じ数の絹のベストが1人の男性に十分に役立たず、より素敵な人は10個では少なすぎると考えるが、そこでは誰もが1つで満足しており、それは非常に頻繁に2年間役立つ。

nor is there anything that can tempt a man to desire more, for if he had them he would neither be the, warmer nor would he make one jot the better appearance for it.

tempt (誘惑する) [動] attract or try to attract someone to do or have something

warmer (暖かく) [形] having or giving out heat

人がもっと欲しがるように誘惑できるものもない、なぜなら、もし彼がそれらを持っていたとしても、彼は暖かくもならないし、それによって少しも見かけが良くなることもないからだ。

And thus, since they are all employed in some useful labour, and since they content themselves with fewer things, it falls out that there is a great abundance of all things among them;

employed (従事している) [動] have a job

fewer (より少ない) [形] a smaller number of

こうして、彼らは皆、何か有用な労働に従事しており、より少ないもので満足しているので、彼らの間にはあらゆるものが豊富にあるということになる。

so that it frequently happens that, for want of other work, vast numbers are sent out to mend the highways;

send out (駆り出す) [動] cause to go or be taken to a destination

mend (修理する) [動] repair

highway (道路) [名] a main road, especially one connecting major towns or cities

そのため、他の仕事をしたいという理由で、多くの人が道路の修理に駆り出されるというケースが頻繁に発生する。

but when no public undertaking is to be performed, the hours of working are lessened.

public undertaking (公的な事業) [名] a business or company owned by the government

be performed (行われる) [動] be done or carried out

hours of working (労働時間) [名] the time that a person spends working

lessened (短縮される) [動] be made or become smaller or shorter

しかし、公的な事業が行われない場合は、労働時間が短縮される。

The magistrates never engage the people in unnecessary labour, since the chief end of the constitution is to regulate labour by the necessities of the public, and to allow the people as much time as is necessary for the improvement of their minds, in which they think the happiness of life consists.

engage (従事させる) [動] occupy or attract

unnecessary (不必要な) [形] not needed

chief end (主な目的) [名] the most important goal or purpose

allow (与える) [動] permit to have or do something

improvement (向上) [名] an increase in the quality or value of something

憲法の主な目的は、労働を国民の必要に応じて規制し、国民が人生の幸福は精神の向上にあると考えているので、精神の向上に必要な時間を国民に与えることであるため、行政官は国民を不必要な労働に従事させることは決してない。

OF THEIR TRAFFIC

of (について) [前] on the subject of

traffic (貿易) [名] the commercial exchange of goods and services

彼らの貿易について

“But it is now time to explain to you the mutual intercourse of this people, their commerce, and the rules by which all things are distributed among them.

intercourse (交流) [名] communication or dealings between people or groups

「しかし、今こそこの人々の相互交流、彼らの商業、そしてすべてのものが彼らの間で分配されるルールについて説明する時が来た。

“As their cities are composed of families, so their families are made up of those that are nearly related to one another.

be composed of (で構成されている) [動] be made up of

be made up of (で構成されている) [動] be composed of

「彼らの都市は家族で構成されているように、彼らの家族は互いに密接に関係している人々で構成されている。

Their women, when they grow up, are married out, but all the males, both children and grand-children, live still in the same house, in great obedience to their common parent, unless age has weakened his understanding, and in that case he that is next to him in age comes in his room;

marry (嫁ぐ) [動] take as one's wife

male (男性) [名] a person of the sex that produces small, typically motile gametes, especially spermatozoa, with which a female may be fertilized or inseminated to produce offspring

child (子供) [名] a young human being below the age of puberty or below the legal age of majority

grand-child (孫) [名] the child of one's son or daughter

parent (親) [名] a father or mother

女性は成長すると嫁ぐが、男性は子供も孫も皆、年齢によって理解力が衰えない限り、同じ家に住み、共通の親に従順に従い、その場合は年齢的に次の人がその部屋に入る。

but lest any city should become either too great, or by any accident be dispeopled, provision is made that none of their cities may contain above six thousand families, besides those of the country around it.

dispeople (過疎化する) [動] depopulate

provision (規定) [名] a clause that provides for a particular matter

country (地域) [名] a political state or nation or its territory

しかし、どの都市も大きくなりすぎたり、事故で過疎化したりしないように、どの都市も周辺地域の家族を除いて6000家族以上を収容できないように規定されている。

No family may have less than ten and more than sixteen persons in it, but there can be no determined number for the children under age;

less than (未満) [形] not as much as

more than (以上) [形] not less than

sixteen (16) [名] the cardinal number that is the sum of fifteen and one

under age (未成年) [形] not old enough to have reached the age of majority

家族は10人以上16人以下でなければならないが、未成年の子供の数は決まっていない。

this rule is easily observed by removing some of the children of a more fruitful couple to any other family that does not abound so much in them.

remove (移す) [動] to move something from one place to another

couple (夫婦) [名] two people who are married, engaged, or otherwise closely associated romantically or sexually

abound (多い) [動] to be plentiful or in great quantity

この規則は、より多くの子供を産む夫婦の子供を、それほど多くはない他の家族に移すことで簡単に守られる。

By the same rule they supply cities that do not increase so fast from others that breed faster;

by the same rule (同じ規則で) [副] in the same way

同じ規則で、彼らはより速く繁殖する他の都市からそれほど速く増加しない都市に供給する。

and if there is any increase over the whole island, then they draw out a number of their citizens out of the several towns and send them over to the neighbouring continent, where, if they find that the inhabitants have more soil than they can well cultivate, they fix a colony, taking the inhabitants into their society if they are willing to live with them;

draw out (引き抜く) [動] to pull or take out

citizen (市民) [名] a person who lives in a particular town or city

cultivate (耕作する) [動] to prepare and use land for growing crops

colony (植民地) [名] a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country

そして、島全体で増加があった場合、彼らはいくつかの町から多くの市民を引き抜き、近隣の大陸に送り、そこで住民が耕作できる以上の土壌を持っていることを発見した場合、彼らは植民地を定め、住民が彼らと一緒に住むことを望むならば、彼らを社会に受け入れる。

and where they do that of their own accord, they quickly enter into their method of life and conform to their rules, and this proves a happiness to both nations;

of their own accord (自らの意志で) [副] without being asked or forced

enter into (入る) [動] to begin to be involved in

conform to (従う) [動] to be similar or identical to

そして、彼らが自らの意志でそうするところでは、彼らはすぐに彼らの生活方法に入り、彼らの規則に従う。そして、これは両国にとって幸福を証明する。

for, according to their constitution, such care is taken of the soil that it becomes fruitful enough for both, though it might be otherwise too narrow and barren for any one of them.

barren (不毛) [形] too poor to produce much or any vegetation

なぜなら、彼らの憲法によれば、土壌は両者にとって十分に実り豊かになるように注意が払われているが、そうでなければどちらか一方にとって狭すぎたり不毛だったりするかもしれないからである。

But if the natives refuse to conform themselves to their laws they drive them out of those bounds which they mark out for themselves, and use force if they resist, for they account it a very just cause of war for a nation to hinder others from possessing a part of that soil of which they make no use, but which is suffered to lie idle and uncultivated, since every man has, by the law of nature, a right to such a waste portion of the earth as is necessary for his subsistence.

refuse (拒否する) [動] indicate unwillingness to accept

drive (追い出す) [動] cause to move or be moved by force

mark (定める) [動] indicate or show

resist (抵抗する) [動] oppose or fight against

account (考える) [動] consider or regard

make use of (使う) [動] use or employ for a particular purpose

lie idle (遊ばせる) [動] be unused or inactive

uncultivated (未開拓の) [形] not used for growing crops

law of nature (自然の法則) [名] a law or custom that is held to be derived from nature and binding upon human society

waste (無駄な) [形] producing no useful result

portion (部分) [名] a part of a whole

earth (地球) [名] the planet on which we live

subsistence (生存) [名] the state or fact of existing or living

しかし、原住民が彼らの法律に従うことを拒否した場合、彼らは彼ら自身のために定めた境界から彼らを追い出し、抵抗すれば武力行使する。なぜなら、彼らは、国民が自分たちが使わない土壌の一部を他国が所有するのを妨害することは、戦争の正当な原因であると考えているからである。なぜなら、自然の法則により、すべての人は、生存に必要な地球の無駄な部分に対する権利を持っているからである。

If an accident has so lessened the number of the inhabitants of any of their towns that it cannot be made up from the other towns of the island without diminishing them too much (which is said to have fallen out but twice since they were first a people, when great numbers were carried off by the plague), the loss is then supplied by recalling as many as are wanted from their colonies, for they will abandon these rather than suffer the towns in the island to sink too low.

abandon (放棄する) [動] give up completely

事故によって町の住民の数が減り、島の他の町から補充することができないほど減ってしまった場合(彼らが最初に人類になって以来、疫病によって多くの人が運び去られたときに2回しか起こらなかったと言われている)、その損失は植民地から必要な数だけ呼び戻すことで補われる。なぜなら、彼らは島の町があまりにも低く沈むのを許すよりも、植民地を放棄するからである。

“But to return to their manner of living in society: the oldest man of every family, as has been already said, is its governor;

living (生活) [名] the condition of being alive

oldest (最年長の) [形] having lived for a long time

governor (支配者) [名] a person who governs a state or country

「しかし、社会での彼らの生活様式に戻ると、すでに述べたように、各家族の最年長の男性がその支配者である。

wives serve their husbands, and children their parents, and always the younger serves the elder.

younger (年少者) [名] a person who is younger than another

elder (年長者) [名] a person who is older than another

妻は夫に仕え、子供は親に仕え、常に年少者が年長者に仕える。

Every city is divided into four equal parts, and in the middle of each there is a market-place.

どの都市も4等分されており、それぞれの真ん中に市場がある。

What is brought thither, and manufactured by the several families, is carried from thence to houses appointed for that purpose, in which all things of a sort are laid by themselves;

bring (運ぶ) [動] take or carry someone or something to a place

thither (そこ) [副] to that place

manufacture (製造する) [動] make (something) on a large scale using machinery

lay (置く) [動] put something down gently or carefully

そこに運ばれ、各家庭で製造されたものは、そこからその目的のために指定された家に運ばれ、そこではあらゆる種類のものが自分たちで置かれる。

and thither every father goes, and takes whatsoever he or his family stand in need of, without either paying for it or leaving anything in exchange.

whatsoever (必要なもの) [代] anything or everything that

stand in need of (必要としている) [動] require or need

pay for (お金を払う) [動] give money in exchange for

そして、そこへすべての父親が行き、彼や彼の家族が必要としているものを、お金を払ったり、何かと交換したりせずに受け取る。

There is no reason for giving a denial to any person, since there is such plenty of everything among them;

give a denial (拒否する) [動] refuse to accept

彼らの間にはあらゆるものが豊富にあるので、誰かを拒否する理由はない。

and there is no danger of a man’s asking for more than he needs;

there is no danger of (危険はない) [名] there is no risk of

ask for (要求する) [動] request something

he needs (彼が必要とする) [動] he wants or requires

そして、人が必要以上に要求する危険はない。

they have no inducements to do this, since they are sure they shall always be supplied: it is the fear of want that makes any of the whole race of animals either greedy or ravenous;

have no inducement (動機がない) [動] have no reason to do something

be sure (確信している) [動] be certain about something

shall (だろう) [助] will

be supplied (供給される) [動] be provided with something

it is (原因は) [動] the reason is

makes (する) [動] cause to be or become

whole (全) [形] complete; entire

race (種族) [名] a group of people who share similar and distinctive physical characteristics, such as skin color, hair texture, and facial features

animal (動物) [名] a living organism of the kingdom Animalia

either (いずれも) [接] used to indicate a choice between two or more options

greedy (貪欲) [形] having or showing an intense and selfish desire for something, especially wealth or power

彼らにはそうする動機がない、なぜなら彼らは常に供給されるだろうと確信しているからだ。動物の全種族を貪欲にしたり、貪欲にしたりする原因は、欠乏への恐怖である。

but, besides fear, there is in man a pride that makes him fancy it a particular glory to excel others in pomp and excess;

fancy (思い込む) [動] to like or be fond of

excel (勝る) [動] be greater or better than

pomp (華麗さ) [名] a show of splendor or magnificence

excess (過剰さ) [名] the state or an instance of going beyond what is usual, normal, or proper

しかし、恐怖のほかに、人間には、華麗さや過剰さで他人に勝ることが特別な栄光であると思い込ませるプライドがある。

but by the laws of the Utopians, there is no room for this.

しかし、ユートピア人の法律では、これには余地がない。

Near these markets there are others for all sorts of provisions, where there are not only herbs, fruits, and bread, but also fish, fowl, and cattle.

near (近くに) [前] close to; not far from

market (市場) [名] a place where goods and services are bought and sold

fish (魚) [名] a cold-blooded vertebrate animal that lives in water and has gills, fins, and a streamlined body

fowl (家禽) [名] a bird that is kept for its eggs or meat

cattle (牛肉) [名] cows, bulls, or oxen considered as a group

これらの市場の近くには、あらゆる種類の食料品市場があり、野菜、果物、パンだけでなく、魚、家禽、牛肉も売られている。

There are also, without their towns, places appointed near some running water for killing their beasts and for washing away their filth, which is done by their slaves;

without (外) [前] not in or within

near (近く) [前] at or within a short distance of

running water (流水) [名] water that is flowing

beast (家畜) [名] an animal

filth (汚物) [名] disgusting dirt or refuse

wash away (洗い流す) [動] remove by washing

町の外にも、流水の近くに、家畜を殺したり、汚物を洗い流したりするための場所が指定されており、奴隷がその作業を行っている。

for they suffer none of their citizens to kill their cattle, because they think that pity and good-nature, which are among the best of those affections that are born with us, are much impaired by the butchering of animals;

pity (哀れみ) [名] a feeling of sympathy and sorrow for someone else's misfortune

good-nature (善良な性質) [名] a kind and friendly disposition

butcher (屠殺する) [動] kill or slaughter

彼らは、市民の誰もが家畜を殺すことを許さない。なぜなら、彼らは、私たちが生まれながらに持っている愛情の中で最も優れたものの1つである哀れみと善良な性質が、動物を屠殺することによって大きく損なわれると考えているからである。

nor do they suffer anything that is foul or unclean to be brought within their towns, lest the air should be infected by ill-smells, which might prejudice their health.

foul (汚れた) [形] offensive to the senses

unclean (不潔な) [形] not clean

be brought (持ち込む) [動] take or carry something to a place

be infected (感染する) [動] affect or contaminate with a disease or harmful substance

ill-smell (悪臭) [名] a bad smell

prejudice (害する) [動] cause harm to

また、彼らは、空気が悪臭に感染して健康を害する恐れがあるので、汚れたものや不潔なものを町の中に持ち込むことを許さない。

In every street there are great halls, that lie at an equal distance from each other, distinguished by particular names.

equal distance (等間隔) [名] the same distance

particular name (固有の名前) [名] a name that is unique to a particular person, place, or thing

どの通りにも、互いに等間隔に並んだ大ホールがあり、それぞれに固有の名前が付けられている。

The Syphogrants dwell in those that are set over thirty families, fifteen lying on one side of it, and as many on the other.

set over (住む) [動] live in a place

fifteen (15) [数] five plus ten

one (1) [数] the first and lowest cardinal number

other (反対側) [形] the remaining one of two or more things

シフォグラントは、30家族以上が住むホールに住んでおり、15家族がホールの片側に、同じく15家族が反対側に住んでいる。

In these halls they all meet and have their repasts;

meet (集まる) [動] come together

have (する) [動] perform or carry out

repast (食事) [名] a meal

彼らは皆、これらのホールで集まって食事をする。

the stewards of every one of them come to the market-place at an appointed hour, and according to the number of those that belong to the hall they carry home provisions.

steward (管理人) [名] a person who manages another's property or financial affairs

every one (各ホール) [名] each person or thing

appointed hour (決められた時間) [名] a time that has been agreed upon

各ホールの管理人は、決められた時間に市場に行き、ホールに属する人の数に応じて食料を持ち帰る。

But they take more care of their sick than of any others;

take care of (気を配る) [動] to be responsible for someone or something

sick (病人) [名] a person who is ill or unwell

しかし、彼らは病人には他の誰よりも気を配る。

these are lodged and provided for in public hospitals.

lodge (収容する) [動] to provide with temporary accommodation

provide for (世話する) [動] to take care of

public hospital (公立病院) [名] a hospital that is owned and funded by the government

病人は公立病院に収容され、世話される。

They have belonging to every town four hospitals, that are built without their walls, and are so large that they may pass for little towns;

belong to (属する) [動] be a member of

every town (各都市) [名] each city

hospital (病院) [名] an institution providing medical and surgical treatment

pass for (見間違える) [動] be accepted as being something that one is not

彼らは各都市に4つの病院を持ち、それらは城壁の外に建てられ、小さな町と見間違えるほど大きい。

by this means, if they had ever such a number of sick persons, they could lodge them conveniently, and at such a distance that such of them as are sick of infectious diseases may be kept so far from the rest that there can be no danger of contagion.

ever (かつて) [副] at any time in the past or future; on any occasion; at all

such a number of (そのような数の) [限] a large number of

sick person (病人) [名] a person who is ill or unwell

conveniently (都合よく) [副] in a way that is easy or convenient

at such a distance (そのような距離に) [副] so far away

as (なので) [接] used to introduce a clause that indicates a reason or cause

such of them as (そのような) [限] the one or ones of a group that

are sick of (病気である) [動] be affected by a disease

infectious disease (感染症) [名] a disease that is easily transmitted by being in the vicinity of an infected person

so far (遠く) [副] to a great extent; very much

from the rest (他の) [限] the remaining part of something

that (ので) [接] used to introduce a clause that indicates a reason or cause

there can be (ない) [動] be possible

no danger (危険) [名] the possibility of suffering harm or injury

この方法で、もし彼らがそのような数の病人を持ったとしても、彼らは病人を都合よく収容することができ、感染症の病人は他の病人から遠ざけておくことができるので、感染の危険はない。

The hospitals are furnished and stored with all things that are convenient for the ease and recovery of the sick;

store (蓄える) [動] keep or lay up in a store or repository

病院は病人の安楽と回復に便利なあらゆるものを備え、蓄えている。

and those that are put in them are looked after with such tender and watchful care, and are so constantly attended by their skilful physicians, that as none is sent to them against their will, so there is scarce one in a whole town that, if he should fall ill, would not choose rather to go thither than lie sick at home.

tender (優しい) [形] expressing gentleness or warmth

watchful (注意深い) [形] taking care to notice or observe

constantly (常に) [副] continuously over a period of time; always

attend (付き添う) [動] go regularly to an institution for education

skilful (熟練した) [形] having or showing knowledge and skill and experience

will (意志) [名] the faculty by which a person decides on and initiates action

fall ill (病気になる) [動] become sick

lie sick (寝ている) [動] be ill in bed

at home (家で) [副] in one's own house

そして、そこに収容された人々は、とても優しく注意深く世話をされ、熟練した医師が常に付き添っているので、誰も自分の意志に反して病院に送られることはないが、町全体で、もし病気になったとしても、家で寝ているよりも病院に行くことを選ばない人はほとんどいない。

“After the steward of the hospitals has taken for the sick whatsoever the physician prescribes, then the best things that are left in the market are distributed equally among the halls in proportion to their numbers;

prescribe (処方する) [動] recommend the use of

thing (品物) [名] an object that one can touch or hold

「病院の管理人が医師の処方箋に従って病人のために薬を受け取った後、市場に残っている最良の品物は、その数に応じて各ホールに均等に分配される。

only, in the first place, they serve the Prince, the Chief Priest, the Tranibors, the Ambassadors, and strangers, if there are any, which, indeed, falls out but seldom, and for whom there are houses, well furnished, particularly appointed for their reception when they come among them.

Chief Priest (祭司長) [名] the head of a group of priests

if there are any (もしあれば) [条] in the event that something happens

indeed (実際には) [副] in fact; really

for whom (のために) [前] for the benefit of

well furnished (家具が整う) [形] having a lot of furniture

appointed (任命される) [動] officially choose someone for a job or position

ただ、最初に、彼らは王子、祭司長、トラニボル、大使、そしてもしあれば見知らぬ人に仕えるが、実際にはめったに起こらないことで、彼らのために家があり、家具が整い、彼らが来たときに彼らを迎えるために特別に任命されている。

At the hours of dinner and supper the whole Syphogranty being called together by sound of trumpet, they meet and eat together, except only such as are in the hospitals or lie sick at home.

dinner (昼食) [名] the main meal of the day, typically eaten in the evening

supper (夕食) [名] a light evening meal

Syphogranty (シフォグランティ) [名] a group of 30 families

be called together (集められる) [動] be gathered together

sound (音) [名] a mechanical wave of compression and rarefaction, by which sound is transmitted in an elastic medium such as air

trumpet (トランペット) [名] a brass musical instrument with a flared bell and a bright, penetrating tone

eat (食べる) [動] take into the body by the mouth

sick (病気) [形] affected by or suffering from an illness

昼食と夕食の時間には、トランペットの音でシフォグランティ全体が集められ、病院にいる人や自宅で病気で寝ている人を除いて、みんなで集まって食事をする。

Yet, after the halls are served, no man is hindered to carry provisions home from the market-place, for they know that none does that but for some good reason;

serve (出される) [動] provide a service or services to

しかし、ホールに食事が出されても、市場から食料を家に持ち帰ることを妨げる者はいない。なぜなら、彼らは誰もが正当な理由があってそうしていることを知っているからである。

for though any that will may eat at home, yet none does it willingly, since it is both ridiculous and foolish for any to give themselves the trouble to make ready an ill dinner at home when there is a much more plentiful one made ready for him so near hand.

ill (粗末な) [形] of poor quality

なぜなら、家で食事をしたい人は誰でもそうできるが、誰も喜んでそうする人はいない。なぜなら、家で粗末な食事を用意するのは、すぐ近くにもっと豊富な食事が用意されているのに、わざわざ手間をかけるのはばかげたことであり、愚かなことでもあるからだ。

All the uneasy and sordid services about these halls are performed by their slaves;

これらのホールでのすべての不快で下品なサービスは、彼らの奴隷によって行われる。

but the dressing and cooking their meat, and the ordering their tables, belong only to the women, all those of every family taking it by turns.

dressing (下ごしらえ) [名] the process of preparing food for cooking or eating

cooking (調理) [名] the process of preparing food by heating it

ordering (準備) [名] the action of making or getting something ready for use or consumption

all (全て) [限] the whole quantity or extent of

take (行う) [動] carry out; perform

turn (交代) [名] a change of direction, position, or course

しかし、肉の下ごしらえや調理、食卓の準備は女性だけの仕事で、各家庭の女性全員が交代で行う。

They sit at three or more tables, according to their number;

sit (座る) [動] be in a position in which your weight is supported by your buttocks rather than your feet and your upper body is more or less upright

more (以上) [形] greater in amount or degree

彼らは人数に応じて3つ以上のテーブルに座る。

the men sit towards the wall, and the women sit on the other side, that if any of them should be taken suddenly ill, which is no uncommon case amongst women with child, she may, without disturbing the rest, rise and go to the nurses’ room (who are there with the sucking children), where there is always clean water at hand and cradles, in which they may lay the young children if there is occasion for it, and a fire, that they may shift and dress them before it.

sit towards (に向かって座る) [動] sit in the direction of

other side (反対側) [名] the side that is not this side

should be taken (かかる) [動] become affected with

suddenly (急に) [副] quickly and without warning

ill (具合が悪い) [形] sick; unwell

uncommon (珍しくない) [形] not common; unusual

without disturbing (邪魔することなく) [副] without causing disruption or annoyance

nurse (乳母) [名] a person who cares for the sick or infirm

sucking (乳児) [形] of or relating to a baby or young child

clean (清潔な) [形] free from dirt, marks, or stains

cradle (ゆりかご) [名] a small bed for a baby, usually on rockers

lay (寝かせる) [動] put or set down in a flat position

shift (着替え) [名] a change of clothing

dress (着替えさせる) [動] put clothes on

男性は壁に向かって座り、女性は反対側に座る。妊娠中の女性には珍しくないことだが、もし誰かが急に具合が悪くなったら、他の人を邪魔することなく、立ち上がって乳母の部屋に行くことができる。そこにはいつも清潔な水とゆりかごがあり、必要に応じて幼い子供を寝かせることができ、火の前で着替えをさせることができる。

Every child is nursed by its own mother if death or sickness does not intervene;

nurse (育てる) [動] feed a baby at the breast

intervene (なければ) [動] come between so as to prevent or alter a result or course of events

死や病気がなければ、すべての子供は自分の母親に育てられる。

and in that case the Syphogrants’ wives find out a nurse quickly, which is no hard matter, for any one that can do it offers herself cheerfully;

in that case (その場合) [副] if that happens

quickly (すぐに) [副] at a fast speed

matter (こと) [名] a situation or event

cheerfully (喜んで) [副] in a cheerful manner

その場合、シフォグラントの妻たちはすぐに乳母を見つけるが、それは難しいことではなく、できる人は誰でも喜んで申し出る。

for as they are much inclined to that piece of mercy, so the child whom they nurse considers the nurse as its mother.

inclined (傾向がある) [形] likely to do or be something

consider (見なす) [動] think of as being; regard as

彼らは慈悲深い傾向があるので、育てられた子供は乳母を母親と見なす。

All the children under five years old sit among the nurses;

under (以下) [前] less than

five years old (5歳) [名] the age of five

5歳以下の子供はすべて乳母の間に座る。

the rest of the younger sort of both sexes, till they are fit for marriage, either serve those that sit at table, or, if they are not strong enough for that, stand by them in great silence and eat what is given them;

younger (若い) [形] having lived or existed for a relatively short time

both sexes (男女) [名] male and female

fit (適する) [形] in good health

marriage (結婚) [名] the legally or formally recognized union of two people as partners in a personal relationship

silence (沈黙) [名] the complete absence of sound

結婚に適するまでは、男女を問わず、残りの若い世代は、食卓に着く人々に仕えるか、あるいは、それに十分な力がなければ、黙って彼らのそばに立ち、与えられたものを食べる。

nor have they any other formality of dining.

dining (食事) [名] the act of eating a meal

食事に関する他の形式はない。

In the middle of the first table, which stands across the upper end of the hall, sit the Syphogrant and his wife, for that is the chief and most conspicuous place;

in the middle of (真ん中に) [前] in the center of

stand (横切る) [動] be in a position in which you put your weight on your feet but not on your knees

that (そこが) [代] the place that is being referred to

conspicuous (目立つ) [形] standing out so as to be clearly visible

ホールの上端を横切る最初のテーブルの真ん中に、シフォグラントとその妻が座る。そこが最も目立つ主な場所である。

next to him sit two of the most ancient, for there go always four to a mess.

next to (隣に) [前] immediately following

most ancient (最年長) [形] having lived or existed for a long time

four (4人) [名] the cardinal number that is the sum of three and one

mess (食事) [名] a place where people eat, especially in the armed forces

彼の隣には最年長の2人が座る。食事にはいつも4人が参加するからだ。

If there is a temple within the Syphogranty, the Priest and his wife sit with the Syphogrant above all the rest;

temple (寺院) [名] a building used for the worship of a god or gods, especially in the Buddhist and Hindu religions, and in ancient Greek and Roman times

シフォグラント内に寺院がある場合、司祭とその妻はシフォグラントと共に他の人々より上座に座る。

next them there is a mixture of old and young, who are so placed that as the young are set near others, so they are mixed with the more ancient;

next (隣) [形] immediately following in time, order, or place

mixture (混ざり合い) [名] a combination of two or more things

place (配置) [動] put in a particular position

young (若者) [名] a person who is young

other (他の人) [名] a person or thing that is different or distinct from the one or ones already mentioned or implied

mix (混ざり合う) [動] combine or be combined together

彼らの隣には老若男女が混ざり合い、若者が他の人の近くに座るように配置されているので、彼らはより年長者と混ざり合っている。

which, they say, was appointed on this account: that the gravity of the old people, and the reverence that is due to them, might restrain the younger from all indecent words and gestures.

account (理由) [名] a statement of the reasons for or causes of an event or action

gravity (威厳) [名] the quality of being serious or solemn

indecent (わいせつな) [形] not decent; improper

gesture (身振り) [名] a movement of part of the body, especially a hand or the head, to express an idea or meaning

彼らは、この理由で任命されたと言う。年配者の威厳と彼らに対する敬意が、若者をあらゆるわいせつな言葉や身振りから遠ざけるためである。

Dishes are not served up to the whole table at first, but the best are first set before the old, whose seats are distinguished from the young, and, after them, all the rest are served alike.

dish (料理) [名] a kind of food

serve up (出す) [動] to present or provide

old (老人) [名] a person who is no longer young

料理は最初にテーブル全体に出されるわけではなく、席が若者とは区別されている老人の前にまず一番良いものが出され、その後、残りのすべてが同じように提供される。

The old men distribute to the younger any curious meats that happen to be set before them, if there is not such an abundance of them that the whole company may be served alike.

old man (老人) [名] a man who is old

distribute (配る) [動] give something to a number of people

set before (置かれる) [動] be put in front of

there is not (ない) [動] not exist

such an abundance of (それほど豊富に) [名] a very large quantity of

老人たちは、もし全員に同じように提供できるほど豊富になければ、彼らの前に置かれた珍しい肉を若者に配る。

“Thus old men are honoured with a particular respect, yet all the rest fare as well as they.

be honoured with (敬意を払われる) [動] be given special respect

particular (特別な) [形] of or relating to a single person, thing, or group

respect (敬意) [名] a feeling of deep admiration for someone or something elicited by their abilities, qualities or achievements

fare (食事をする) [動] eat food

「このように老人たちは特別な敬意を払われているが、他の人々も彼らと同じように食事をしている。

Both dinner and supper are begun with some lecture of morality that is read to them;

begin (始まる) [動] start to happen or exist

morality (道徳) [名] principles concerning the distinction between right and wrong or good and bad behavior

昼食と夕食はどちらも、彼らに読まれる道徳の講義から始まる。

but it is so short that it is not tedious nor uneasy to them to hear it.

short (短い) [形] having little length

しかし、それはとても短いので、彼らにとって退屈でも不安でもない。

From hence the old men take occasion to entertain those about them with some useful and pleasant enlargements;

take occasion (機会に) [動] use an opportunity

enlargement (話) [名] the act of making or becoming larger

老人たちは、この機会に周りの人々を楽しませるために、有益で楽しい話をする。

but they do not engross the whole discourse so to themselves during their meals that the younger may not put in for a share;

engross (独占する) [動] occupy the whole of

meal (食事) [名] an occasion when food is eaten

put in for (参加する) [動] apply for

しかし、食事中に彼らがすべての話題を独占して、若者が参加できないということはない。

on the contrary, they engage them to talk, that so they may, in that free way of conversation, find out the force of every one’s spirit and observe his temper.

force (強さ) [名] strength or power

それどころか、彼らは若者たちに話すように仕向け、そうすることで、自由な会話の中で、一人一人の精神の強さを見つけ、その人の気質を観察することができる。

They despatch their dinners quickly, but sit long at supper, because they go to work after the one, and are to sleep after the other, during which they think the stomach carries on the concoction more vigorously.

sleep (寝る) [動] rest with the eyes closed and the mind and body inactive

stomach (胃) [名] the organ in the body that receives food from the esophagus and begins digestion

concoction (消化) [名] the preparation of a dish or a drink by combining various ingredients

vigorously (活発に) [副] with great force or energy

彼らは昼食は手早く済ませるが、夕食は長時間座って食べる。なぜなら、昼食の後は仕事に行き、夕食の後は寝るからで、その間に胃がより活発に消化を進めると考えられている。

They never sup without music, and there is always fruit served up after meat;

music (音楽) [名] the art or science of combining vocal or instrumental sounds (or both) to produce beauty of form, harmony, and expression of emotion

彼らは音楽なしで夕食をとることはなく、肉の後に果物が出される。

while they are at table some burn perfumes and sprinkle about fragrant ointments and sweet waters—in short, they want nothing that may cheer up their spirits;

at table (食事中) [名] the time when a meal is eaten

perfume (香) [名] a liquid with a pleasant smell

sprinkle (振りかける) [動] scatter in small drops or particles

fragrant (香りのよい) [形] having a pleasant smell

ointment (香油) [名] a smooth oily substance that is rubbed on the skin

sweet (甘い) [形] having a pleasant taste

cheer up (高揚させる) [動] make someone feel happier

食事中は香を焚き、香油や甘い水を振りかけるなど、とにかく気分を高揚させるものには事欠かない。

they give themselves a large allowance that way, and indulge themselves in all such pleasures as are attended with no inconvenience.

allowance (手当) [名] a sum of money paid regularly to a person, usually to a child or young person, for their living expenses

indulge (耽溺する) [動] allow oneself to enjoy the pleasure of

彼らはそのように自分たちに多額の手当を与え、不都合を伴わないあらゆる快楽に耽溺する。

Thus do those that are in the towns live together;

このように、町に住む人々は共に暮らしている。

but in the country, where they live at a great distance, every one eats at home, and no family wants any necessary sort of provision, for it is from them that provisions are sent unto those that live in the towns.

great distance (遠く) [名] a long way

しかし、彼らが遠く離れて住んでいる田舎では、誰もが家で食事をし、どの家族も必要な食料を欲しがらない。なぜなら、彼らから町に住む人々に食料が送られるからである。

OF THE TRAVELLING OF THE UTOPIANS

ユートピア人の旅行について

If any man has a mind to visit his friends that live in some other town, or desires to travel and see the rest of the country, he obtains leave very easily from the Syphogrant and Tranibors, when there is no particular occasion for him at home.

travel (旅行する) [動] go from one place to another

誰かが他の町に住んでいる友人を訪ねたいと思ったり、旅行して国の残りの部分を見たいと思ったら、家で特別な用事がない限り、シフォグラントとトラニボルから簡単に許可を得ることができる。

Such as travel carry with them a passport from the Prince, which both certifies the licence that is granted for travelling, and limits the time of their return.

carry (携帯する) [動] take or bring with oneself

passport (パスポート) [名] an official document issued by a government, certifying the holder's identity and citizenship and entitling them to travel under its protection to and from foreign countries

licence (許可証) [名] a permit from an authority to own or use something, do a particular thing, or carry on a trade

return (帰国) [名] the action of going back to a place

旅行する人は、旅行許可証と帰国期限を証明する君主からのパスポートを携帯する。

They are furnished with a waggon and a slave, who drives the oxen and looks after them;

waggon (荷車) [名] a horse-drawn vehicle

drive (運転する) [動] operate and control the course of a vehicle, such as a car or train

彼らは荷車と、牛を運転して世話をする奴隷を備えている。

but, unless there are women in the company, the waggon is sent back at the end of the journey as a needless encumbrance.

send back (返却する) [動] return something to the place it came from

needless (不要な) [形] not needed or wanted

encumbrance (荷物) [名] a burden or impediment

しかし、女性が同伴していない限り、荷車は不要な荷物として旅の終わりに返却される。

While they are on the road they carry no provisions with them, yet they want for nothing, but are everywhere treated as if they were at home.

on the road (道中) [副] traveling

彼らは道中、食料を携帯していないが、何も欲しがらず、どこでも自宅にいるかのように扱われる。

If they stay in any place longer than a night, every one follows his proper occupation, and is very well used by those of his own trade;

occupation (職業) [名] a person's regular paid work

very well (とてもよく) [副] to a high degree; extremely

彼らが一晩以上どこかに滞在する場合、誰もが自分の職業に従事し、自分の職業の人々からとてもよく扱われる。

but if any man goes out of the city to which he belongs without leave, and is found rambling without a passport, he is severely treated, he is punished as a fugitive, and sent home disgracefully;

belong (所属する) [動] be a member of

without leave (無断で) [副] without permission

rambling (歩き回る) [動] walk or move about aimlessly

fugitive (逃亡者) [名] a person who has escaped from a place or is in hiding

disgracefully (不名誉に) [副] in a way that brings shame or disgrace

しかし、誰かが所属する都市を無断で出て、パスポートなしで歩き回っているのが発見された場合、彼は厳しく扱われ、逃亡者として罰せられ、不名誉に家へ送られる。

and, if he falls again into the like fault, is condemned to slavery.

fall into (犯す) [動] make or commit

fault (過ち) [名] an error of judgment

そして、彼が再び同じような過ちを犯した場合、奴隷制に処せられる。

If any man has a mind to travel only over the precinct of his own city, he may freely do it, with his father’s permission and his wife’s consent;

mind (気持ち) [名] one's intention; what one intends to do

precinct (境内) [名] a district of a city

permission (許可) [名] the action of officially allowing someone to do, use, or have something

consent (同意) [名] permission for something to happen or agreement to do something

誰かが自分の都市の境内だけを旅行したいと思ったら、父親の許可と妻の同意を得て自由に旅行できる。

but when he comes into any of the country houses, if he expects to be entertained by them, he must labour with them and conform to their rules;

come into (来る) [動] move or travel toward or into a place thought of as near or familiar to the speaker

country house (田舎の家) [名] a large house in the country

be entertained (歓待される) [動] be treated as a guest

しかし、彼が田舎の家に来たとき、彼らに歓待されることを期待するなら、彼は彼らと共に働き、彼らの規則に従わなければならない。

and if he does this, he may freely go over the whole precinct, being then as useful to the city to which he belongs as if he were still within it.

go over (行き来する) [動] go from one place to another

then (そのとき) [副] at that time

そして、彼がそうすれば、彼は自由に境内全体を行き来することができ、そのとき彼は、まるでまだその都市の中にいるかのように、彼が属する都市に役立つ。

Thus you see that there are no idle persons among them, nor pretences of excusing any from labour.

このように、彼らの中に怠惰な人はいないし、労働から逃れる口実もないことがわかる。

There are no taverns, no ale-houses, nor stews among them, nor any other occasions of corrupting each other, of getting into corners, or forming themselves into parties;

ale-house (ビール酒場) [名] a place where beer is sold and drunk

stew (売春宿) [名] a brothel

corner (隅) [名] the point or area where two or more sides or edges meet

form (形成する) [動] bring into existence

party (党派) [名] a political organization that seeks to influence government policy, typically by nominating their own candidates and trying to seat them in political office

彼らの間には居酒屋もビール酒場も売春宿もないし、互いに堕落させたり、隅に追い込んだり、党派を形成したりする機会もない。

all men live in full view, so that all are obliged both to perform their ordinary task and to employ themselves well in their spare hours;

all men (すべての人) [名] all people

full view (衆目のもと) [名] the state of being seen by many people

perform (こなす) [動] carry out

ordinary (日常の) [形] normal or usual

spare (余暇) [形] free or unoccupied

すべての人は衆目のもとに生きているので、すべての人は日常の仕事をこなし、余暇には自分を有効に活用する義務がある。

and it is certain that a people thus ordered must live in great abundance of all things, and these being equally distributed among them, no man can want or be obliged to beg.

order (秩序づける) [動] to give an order to

live (生活する) [動] to be alive

equally (平等に) [副] in a way that is fair and just

no one (誰も) [代] not a single person

be obliged to (強いられる) [動] to be forced to do something

そして、このように秩序づけられた人々は、あらゆるものが豊富にある中で生活し、それらが彼らの間で平等に分配されているので、誰も物乞いをしたり、物乞いを強いられたりすることはできない。

“In their great council at Amaurot, to which there are three sent from every town once a year, they examine what towns abound in provisions and what are under any scarcity, that so the one may be furnished from the other;

great council (大評議会) [名] the legislative body of Utopia

abound (豊富である) [動] be plentiful

furnish (供給する) [動] supply with something

「アマウロットでの彼らの大評議会では、年に一度、すべての町から3人が派遣され、どの町に食料が豊富で、どの町が不足しているかを調べ、不足している町に豊富な町から食料を供給できるようにしている。

and this is done freely, without any sort of exchange;

そして、これは何の交換もなく自由に行われる。

for, according to their plenty or scarcity, they supply or are supplied from one another, so that indeed the whole island is, as it were, one family.

as it were (まるで) [副] in a way; so to speak

豊富な町と不足している町は、互いに供給し合ったり、供給されたりするので、島全体がまるで一つの家族のようだ。

When they have thus taken care of their whole country, and laid up stores for two years (which they do to prevent the ill consequences of an unfavourable season), they order an exportation of the overplus, both of corn, honey, wool, flax, wood, wax, tallow, leather, and cattle, which they send out, commonly in great quantities, to other nations.

lay up (積み上げる) [動] to store or save something for future use

store (蓄え) [名] a supply of something that is kept for future use

ill consequence (悪影響) [名] a harmful or undesirable outcome

unfavourable season (不利な季節) [名] a time of year that is not good for something

exportation (輸出) [名] the action of sending goods or services to another country for sale

overplus (余剰分) [名] an amount that is more than what is needed

wood (木材) [名] the hard material that forms the main part of a tree

wax (蝋) [名] a soft solid substance that melts easily and is used to make candles, polish, etc.

tallow (獣脂) [名] a hard white or yellow fat obtained from animals and used to make candles, soap, etc.

send out (送り出す) [動] to cause to go or be taken to a destination

great quantity (大量) [名] a large amount

other nation (他の国) [名] a country that is not one's own

このように国全体の面倒を見て、2年間の蓄えを積み上げたら(これは不利な季節の悪影響を防ぐためである)、余剰分の輸出を命じ、トウモロコシ、蜂蜜、羊毛、亜麻、木材、蝋、獣脂、皮革、牛などを、通常は大量に他の国に送り出す。

They order a seventh part of all these goods to be freely given to the poor of the countries to which they send them, and sell the rest at moderate rates;

seventh (7分の1) [名] one of seven equal parts

freely (無償で) [副] without cost or payment

moderate (適正な) [形] average in amount, intensity, quality, or degree

rate (価格) [名] a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure

彼らは、これらの品物の7分の1を、送り先の国の貧しい人々に無償で提供し、残りは適正な価格で販売するよう命じている。

and by this exchange they not only bring back those few things that they need at home (for, indeed, they scarce need anything but iron), but likewise a great deal of gold and silver;

bring back (持ち帰る) [動] to return with something

iron (鉄) [名] a strong hard magnetic silvery-grey metal

a great deal of (大量の) [名] a lot of

そして、この交換によって、彼らは国内で必要とするわずかな品物(実際、鉄以外にはほとんど必要としない)を持ち帰るだけでなく、同様に大量の金や銀を持ち帰る。

and by their driving this trade so long, it is not to be imagined how vast a treasure they have got among them, so that now they do not much care whether they sell off their merchandise for money in hand or upon trust.

drive (続ける) [動] to cause to move or be moved

so long (長く) [副] for a long time

not much (あまり) [副] to a small extent

care (気にする) [動] to feel concern or interest

whether (かどうか) [接] used to introduce a clause expressing a doubt, choice, wish, possibility, or condition

sell off (売り払う) [動] to sell something quickly and cheaply, often because you need money

merchandise (商品) [名] goods that are bought and sold in business

for (で) [前] in exchange for

in hand (手持ちの) [形] available for immediate use

trust (信用) [名] a firm belief in the reliability, truth, or ability of someone or something

そして、彼らがこの貿易を長く続けることによって、彼らがどれほど莫大な宝を手に入れたかは想像もつかず、今では彼らは手持ちのお金で売るか、信用で売るかをあまり気にしていない。

A great part of their treasure is now in bonds;

bond (債券) [名] a certificate of debt

彼らの宝の大部分は現在、債券になっている。

but in all their contracts no private man stands bound, but the writing runs in the name of the town;

contract (契約書) [名] a legally binding document

stand (一切ない) [動] be in a specified state or condition

しかし、彼らの契約書には個人名は一切なく、すべて都市の名前で書かれている。

and the towns that owe them money raise it from those private hands that owe it to them, lay it up in their public chamber, or enjoy the profit of it till the Utopians call for it;

owe (借りている) [動] have an obligation to pay or repay in return for something received

raise (徴収する) [動] collect or levy

lay up (保管する) [動] store or put away for future use

call for (求める) [動] demand or ask for

そして、彼らに借金をしている都市は、彼らに借金をしている個人からそれを徴収し、公の部屋に保管するか、ユートピア人がそれを求めるまでその利益を享受する。

and they choose rather to let the greatest part of it lie in their hands, who make advantage by it, than to call for it themselves;

let (委ねる) [動] allow to

greatest (大部分) [形] of the highest quality or eminence

make (得る) [動] produce or create

そして、彼らはそれを自分たちで取りに行くよりも、その大部分を彼らの手に委ねて、彼らに利益を得させる方を選ぶ。

but if they see that any of their other neighbours stand more in need of it, then they call it in and lend it to them.

call (呼び寄せる) [動] to communicate with (someone) by telephone

lend (貸し付ける) [動] give or allow the use of (something) temporarily on the condition that it or its equivalent be returned

しかし、他の隣国の誰かがそれを必要としているのを見たら、彼らはそれを呼び寄せて貸し付ける。

Whenever they are engaged in war, which is the only occasion in which their treasure can be usefully employed, they make use of it themselves;

usefully (有用に) [副] in a way that is helpful or beneficial

make use of (使用する) [動] use

彼らが戦争に従事しているときはいつでも、それは彼らの宝が有用に使用できる唯一の機会であり、彼らはそれを自分たちで使用する。

in great extremities or sudden accidents they employ it in hiring foreign troops, whom they more willingly expose to danger than their own people;

great extremity (大きな危機) [名] a situation of great danger or difficulty

sudden accident (突然の事故) [名] an event that happens without warning

employ (充てる) [動] use for a particular purpose

foreign troop (外国軍) [名] the military forces of a foreign country

willingly (いとわない) [副] of one's own free will

expose (さらす) [動] make visible or accessible

大きな危機や突然の事故の際には、彼らはそれを外国軍の雇用に充て、自国民よりも外国軍を危険にさらすことをいとわない。

they give them great pay, knowing well that this will work even on their enemies;

pay (報酬) [名] money paid to someone for regular work

work (効果がある) [動] have a result or effect

彼らは、これが敵にも効果があることをよく知っているので、彼らに多額の報酬を与える。

that it will engage them either to betray their own side, or, at least, to desert it;

それは彼らを自分たちの側を裏切るか、少なくともそれを捨てるように仕向けるだろう。

and that it is the best means of raising mutual jealousies among them.

that (それは) [代] used to refer to a thing previously mentioned or easily identified

it (それは) [代] used to refer to a thing previously mentioned or easily identified

raise (起こす) [動] cause to be in a specified state

jealousy (嫉妬) [名] a feeling of unhappiness and anger because someone has something or someone that you want

そして、それは彼らの間で相互の嫉妬を起こすための最良の手段である。

For this end they have an incredible treasure;

for this end (この目的のために) [副] for this purpose

incredible (信じられないほどの) [形] too extraordinary or improbable to be believed

この目的のために、彼らは信じられないほどの宝を持っている。

but they do not keep it as a treasure, but in such a manner as I am almost afraid to tell, lest you think it so extravagant as to be hardly credible.

afraid (恐れている) [形] feeling fear or worry

extravagant (贅沢な) [形] costing a great deal of money

credible (信じられる) [形] able to be believed; convincing

しかし、彼らはそれを宝物として保管しているのではなく、私が言うのをほとんど恐れているような方法で保管している。

This I have the more reason to apprehend because, if I had not seen it myself, I could not have been easily persuaded to have believed it upon any man’s report.

have the more reason to (もっと理由がある) [動] have a better reason to

if I had not seen it myself (私がそれを自分で見ていなかったら) [条] if I had not seen it with my own eyes

could not have been easily persuaded to have believed it (簡単に説得されることはできなかっただろう) [動] could not have been easily convinced to believe it

upon any man's report (誰かの報告) [名] someone's report

私がそれを自分で見ていなかったら、誰かの報告を信じるように簡単に説得されることはできなかっただろうから、私はこれを理解する理由がもっとある。

“It is certain that all things appear incredible to us in proportion as they differ from known customs;

proportion (度合い) [名] the relationship of one thing to another in terms of quantity, size, or number

known (既知の) [形] familiar; well-known

「すべてのことは、既知の習慣と異なる度合いに応じて、私たちには信じがたいように見えることは確かだ。

but one who can judge aright will not wonder to find that, since their constitution differs so much from ours, their value of gold and silver should be measured by a very different standard;

aright (正しく) [副] correctly

measure (測定する) [動] ascertain the size, amount, or degree of

しかし、正しく判断できる人は、彼らの体質が私たちの体質と大きく異なるため、金や銀の価値が非常に異なる基準で測定されるべきであることに驚かないだろう。

for since they have no use for money among themselves, but keep it as a provision against events which seldom happen, and between which there are generally long intervening intervals, they value it no farther than it deserves—that is, in proportion to its use.

have no use for (必要がない) [動] not need or want

intervening (間隔) [形] occurring in the time or space between two events

farther (以上に) [副] to a greater extent or degree

that is (つまり) [接] in other words; that is to say

proportion (応じて) [名] a part or share in relation to the whole

彼らはお金を使う必要がなく、めったに起こらない出来事に対する準備として保管しているため、その間には通常長い間隔があり、彼らはそれに値する以上に価値を置いていない。つまり、その用途に応じてである。

So that it is plain they must prefer iron either to gold or silver, for men can no more live without iron than without fire or water;

plain (明らか) [形] easy to understand

prefer (好む) [動] like (one thing or person) better than another

だから、彼らは金や銀よりも鉄を好むに違いない。なぜなら、人間は火や水なしでは生きていけないのと同じように、鉄なしでは生きていけないからだ。

but Nature has marked out no use for the other metals so essential as not easily to be dispensed with.

mark out (指定する) [動] to indicate or make clear

essential (本質的) [形] of the utmost importance

dispense with (手放す) [動] to do without; to get rid of

しかし、自然は他の金属を簡単には手放せないほど本質的な用途に指定していない。

The folly of men has enhanced the value of gold and silver because of their scarcity;

enhance (高める) [動] increase the quality, value, or extent of

scarcity (希少性) [名] the state of being scarce or in short supply

人間の愚かさは、金や銀の希少性のためにその価値を高めてきた。

whereas, on the contrary, it is their opinion that Nature, as an indulgent parent, has freely given us all the best things in great abundance, such as water and earth, but has laid up and hid from us the things that are vain and useless.

on the contrary (反対に) [副] to the opposite effect

indulgent (甘い) [形] lenient or tolerant

反対に、彼らの考えでは、自然は甘い親として、水や土など、すべての最高のものを豊富に自由に与えてくれたが、無駄で役に立たないものは私たちから隠して隠してしまったという。

“If these metals were laid up in any tower in the kingdom it would raise a jealousy of the Prince and Senate, and give birth to that foolish mistrust into which the people are apt to fall—a jealousy of their intending to sacrifice the interest of the public to their own private advantage.

raise (招く) [動] cause to be or become higher

give birth to (生み出す) [動] produce or create

mistrust (不信感) [名] a lack of trust

fall (陥る) [動] move or be moved from a higher to a lower position

「もしこれらの金属が王国のどこかの塔に積み上げられたら、それは王子と元老院の嫉妬を招き、人々が陥りがちな愚かな不信感を生み出すだろう。彼らが公衆の利益を自分たちの私利のために犠牲にしようとしているという嫉妬だ。

If they should work it into vessels, or any sort of plate, they fear that the people might grow too fond of it, and so be unwilling to let the plate be run down, if a war made it necessary, to employ it in paying their soldiers.

work (加工する) [動] shape or fashion by using a tool

plate (皿) [名] a flat dish with raised edges that is used to hold food

grow fond of (好きになる) [動] become attached to

unwilling (嫌がる) [形] not willing; reluctant

run down (使い果たす) [動] use up

もし彼らがそれを器や何かの皿に加工したら、人々がそれをあまりにも好きになり、戦争で必要になった場合に兵士に支払うために皿を使い果たすことを嫌がるようになるのではないかと恐れている。

To prevent all these inconveniences they have fallen upon an expedient which, as it agrees with their other policy, so is it very different from ours, and will scarce gain belief among us who value gold so much, and lay it up so carefully.

fall upon (陥る) [動] be subjected to

policy (政策) [名] a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government, party, business, or individual

different (異なる) [形] not the same

belief (信念) [名] something one accepts as true or real; a firmly held opinion or conviction

value (大切にする) [動] regard highly

これらすべての不都合を防ぐために、彼らは他の政策と一致しているように、私たちの政策とは非常に異なり、金をとても大切にし、注意深く積み上げている私たちの間ではほとんど信じられないであろう便法に陥っている。

They eat and drink out of vessels of earth or glass, which make an agreeable appearance, though formed of brittle materials;

drink (飲む) [動] take into the body as a liquid

agreeable (良い) [形] pleasant; pleasing

brittle (もろい) [形] easily broken or damaged

彼らは土やガラスの器で食べたり飲んだりするが、それはもろいものではあるが、見た目は良い。

while they make their chamber-pots and close-stools of gold and silver, and that not only in their public halls but in their private houses.

chamber-pot (寝室のつぼ) [名] a portable container for urine or feces

close-stool (閉じたスツール) [名] a stool with a chamber pot inside

public hall (公会堂) [名] a building for public meetings or performances

private house (私邸) [名] a house owned by a private person

一方で、彼らは金と銀で寝室のつぼや閉じたスツールを作り、それは公会堂だけでなく私邸でもそうである。

Of the same metals they likewise make chains and fetters for their slaves, to some of which, as a badge of infamy, they hang an earring of gold, and make others wear a chain or a coronet of the same metal;

of the same metals (同じ金属で) [前] made of the same metals

chain (鎖) [名] a series of connected metal links

fetter (足かせ) [名] a chain or manacle used to restrain a prisoner

some of which (その一部には) [名] some of the slaves

badge (印) [名] a small piece of metal, plastic, or cloth with a design or words on it, which is worn to show that you belong to a particular group or organization

infamy (不名誉) [名] the state of being well known for something bad

earring (イヤリング) [名] a piece of jewelry that is worn on the ear

make (着けさせる) [動] cause to be worn

coronet (冠) [名] a small crown

同じ金属で奴隷の鎖や足かせも作っており、その一部には不名誉の印として金のイヤリングを掛けたり、同じ金属の鎖や冠を着けさせたりする。

and thus they take care by all possible means to render gold and silver of no esteem;

by all possible means (あらゆる手段を講じる) [副] in every possible way

こうして彼らは、金や銀を軽視するためにあらゆる手段を講じている。

and from hence it is that while other nations part with their gold and silver as unwillingly as if one tore out their bowels, those of Utopia would look on their giving in all they possess of those metals (when there were any use for them) but as the parting with a trifle, or as we would esteem the loss of a penny!

hence (そのため) [副] for this reason

bowel (内臓) [名] an organ in the lower part of the torso of a person or animal that contains the intestines

give in (手放す) [動] yield to

metal (金属) [名] any of a class of elementary substances that are usually shiny, hard, and good conductors of heat and electricity

trifle (些細なこと) [名] something of little value or importance

esteem (惜しむ) [動] regard with respect or admiration

そのため、他の国々が金や銀を自分の内臓を引き裂くかのように惜しみながら手放すのに対し、ユートピアの人々は、それらの金属をすべて手放すことを、私たちが1ペニーを失うことを惜しむ程度にしか考えていないのである。

They find pearls on their coasts, and diamonds and carbuncles on their rocks;

pearl (真珠) [名] a hard, lustrous spherical mass, typically white or bluish-gray, formed within the shell of a pearl oyster and highly prized as a gem

diamond (ダイヤモンド) [名] a precious stone consisting of a clear and typically colorless crystalline form of carbon, the hardest naturally occurring substance

carbuncle (カーバンクル) [名] a precious stone, especially a garnet cut en cabochon

彼らは海岸で真珠を見つけ、岩場でダイヤモンドやカーバンクルを見つける。

they do not look after them, but, if they find them by chance, they polish them, and with them they adorn their children, who are delighted with them, and glory in them during their childhood;

look after (探し回る) [動] search for

by chance (偶然) [副] without planning or expecting

polish (磨く) [動] make smooth and shiny by rubbing

adorn (飾りとして与える) [動] decorate

彼らはそれを探し回ったりはしないのだが、偶然見つけたら磨いて、子供たちに飾りとして与える。子供たちはそれを喜び、幼少期にはそれを誇りに思う。

but when they grow to years, and see that none but children use such baubles, they of their own accord, without being bid by their parents, lay them aside, and would be as much ashamed to use them afterwards as children among us, when they come to years, are of their puppets and other toys.

grow to years (成長する) [動] become an adult

none but (~以外は) [限] no one or nothing except

use (身に着ける) [動] wear or have on one's person

bauble (安物の宝石) [名] a small, showy ornament of little value

puppet (人形) [名] a doll with a hollow head that fits over and is moved by the hand

toy (おもちゃ) [名] an object for a child to play with

しかし、成長して、子供以外はそのような安物の宝石を身に着けていないことを知ると、親に言われるまでもなく、自らそれを捨て、その後は、私たちの子供たちが成長して人形や他のおもちゃを恥ずかしがるように、それを身に着けるのを恥ずかしがるようになる。

“I never saw a clearer instance of the opposite impressions that different customs make on people than I observed in the ambassadors of the Anemolians, who came to Amaurot when I was there.

clear (はっきりとした) [形] easy to understand

impression (印象) [名] an idea, feeling, or opinion about something or someone

「私がアマウロットにいた時に、アネモリア人の大使がやってきたが、異なる習慣が人々に与える正反対の印象をこれほどはっきりと見たことはなかった。

As they came to treat of affairs of great consequence, the deputies from several towns met together to wait for their coming.

come to (やってくる) [動] arrive at a place

treat of (扱う) [動] deal with or discuss

great consequence (重要な事柄) [名] something of great importance or significance

meet together (集まる) [動] come together

wait for (待つ) [動] stay where one is or delay action until a particular time or event happens

彼らは重要な事柄を扱うためにやってきたので、いくつかの町の代表者が集まって彼らの到着を待った。

The ambassadors of the nations that lie near Utopia, knowing their customs, and that fine clothes are in no esteem among them, that silk is despised, and gold is a badge of infamy, used to come very modestly clothed;

fine (立派な) [形] of high quality

esteem (尊敬) [名] a feeling of deep admiration for someone or something

modest (控えめ) [形] not too large or too small

ユートピアの近くにある国の大使たちは、彼らの習慣を知っており、立派な服は彼らの間では尊敬されず、絹は軽蔑され、金は不名誉の印であるため、非常に控えめな服を着て来ていた。

but the Anemolians, lying more remote, and having had little commerce with them, understanding that they were coarsely clothed, and all in the same manner, took it for granted that they had none of those fine things among them of which they made no use;

have little commerce (ほとんど交流がない) [動] have little interaction

coarsely (粗末な) [副] in a rough or rude manner

all in the same manner (皆同じように) [副] in the same way

take for granted (当然のように思う) [動] assume that something is true or will happen

make no use (使わない) [動] not use

しかし、アネモリア人は、より遠くにあり、彼らとの交流もほとんどなく、彼らが粗末な服を着て、皆同じようにしていることを知っていたので、彼らが使わない高級品は一切持っていないと当然のように思っていた。

and they, being a vainglorious rather than a wise people, resolved to set themselves out with so much pomp that they should look like gods, and strike the eyes of the poor Utopians with their splendour.

vainglorious (虚栄心の強い) [形] excessively proud of oneself or one's achievements

set oneself out (装う) [動] to dress or present oneself in a particular way

strike (打つ) [動] to hit or come into contact with forcibly

そして、彼らは賢い民族というよりはむしろ虚栄心の強い民族だったので、神々のように見え、その壮麗さで貧しいユートピア人の目を打つほどの華麗な装いをしようと決意した。

Thus three ambassadors made their entry with a hundred attendants, all clad in garments of different colours, and the greater part in silk;

make one's entry (入国する) [動] to come or go into a place

hundred (百人の) [形] the number 100

attendant (従者) [名] a person who accompanies another

clad (着ている) [動] to be dressed in

greater part (大部分) [名] the majority of something

こうして三人の大使は百人の従者を連れて入国したが、全員が様々な色の衣服を着ており、その大部分は絹製だった。

the ambassadors themselves, who were of the nobility of their country, were in cloth-of-gold, and adorned with massy chains, earrings and rings of gold;

cloth-of-gold (金襴) [名] a fabric woven with gold threads

adorn (飾り立てる) [動] to decorate or embellish

ring (指輪) [名] a circular band of metal or other material worn on a finger

大使たち自身は、自国の貴族階級に属していたので、金襴の衣をまとい、金の鎖やイヤリング、指輪などで飾り立てていた。

their caps were covered with bracelets set full of pearls and other gems—in a word, they were set out with all those things that among the Utopians were either the badges of slavery, the marks of infamy, or the playthings of children.

cap (帽子) [名] a head covering with a brim and no earflaps

cover (覆う) [動] to be or spread over the surface of

bracelet (ブレスレット) [名] an ornament or band worn around the wrist

gem (宝石) [名] a precious or semiprecious stone, especially one cut, polished, and used in a piece of jewelry

set out (身につける) [動] to start a journey

plaything (玩具) [名] a thing that is used for playing, especially a toy

彼らの帽子は真珠や他の宝石をはめ込んだブレスレットで覆われており、一言で言えば、彼らはユートピア人の間では奴隷の証し、不名誉の印、あるいは子供の玩具であるようなあらゆるものを身につけていた。

It was not unpleasant to see, on the one side, how they looked big, when they compared their rich habits with the plain clothes of the Utopians, who were come out in great numbers to see them make their entry;

on the one side (一方では) [副] from one point of view

look big (立派に見える) [動] appear important or impressive

compare (比べる) [動] examine the similarities and differences of

rich habit (豪華な衣装) [名] a costly or luxurious garment

plain clothes (地味な服) [名] ordinary clothes

come out (出てくる) [動] move or travel from inside to outside

一方では、彼らの豪華な衣装を、彼らの入国を見るために大勢出てきたユートピア人の地味な服と比べて、彼らがいかに立派に見えるかを見るのは不愉快ではなかった。

and, on the other, to observe how much they were mistaken in the impression which they hoped this pomp would have made on them.

on the other (他方では) [副] on the other hand

how much (どれほど) [副] to what extent or degree

mistaken (間違っていた) [形] wrong in opinion or judgment

他方では、彼らがこの華やかさでユートピア人に与えると期待していた印象がどれほど間違っていたかを観察するのも不愉快ではなかった。

It appeared so ridiculous a show to all that had never stirred out of their country, and had not seen the customs of other nations, that though they paid some reverence to those that were the most meanly clad, as if they had been the ambassadors, yet when they saw the ambassadors themselves so full of gold and chains, they looked upon them as slaves, and forbore to treat them with reverence.

pay reverence (敬意を払う) [動] show respect for

meanly (みすぼらしい) [副] in a poor or shabby manner

clad (服を着た) [形] wearing clothes of a specified type

forbear (控える) [動] refrain from doing something

自国から出たこともなく、他の国の習慣を見たこともない人々にとって、それはとても滑稽な光景に見えた。彼らは最もみすぼらしい服を着た人々を大使であるかのように敬意を払っていたが、大使自身が金や鎖でいっぱいなのを見ると、彼らを奴隷と見なし、敬意を払うのを控えた。

You might have seen the children who were grown big enough to despise their playthings, and who had thrown away their jewels, call to their mothers, push them gently, and cry out, ‘See that great fool, that wears pearls and gems as if he were yet a child!’ while their mothers very innocently replied, ‘Hold your peace!

grow big (大きくなる) [動] become big

throw away (捨てる) [動] get rid of

push (押す) [動] to exert force on (someone or something) in order to move them away from oneself

cry out (叫ぶ) [動] to say something loudly, as in surprise, pain, or anger

great fool (大馬鹿者) [名] a very foolish person

wear (身に着ける) [動] to have on one's person as clothing, decoration, or protection

自分のおもちゃを軽蔑するほど大きくなり、宝石を捨ててしまった子供たちが、母親を呼び、そっと押しながら、「まだ子供のように真珠や宝石を身に着けているあの大馬鹿者を見て!」と叫ぶのを見ることができただろう。その間、母親たちはとても無邪気に「黙って!

this, I believe, is one of the ambassadors’ fools.’

これは大使の道化師の一人だと思う」と答えていた。

Others censured the fashion of their chains, and observed, ‘That they were of no use, for they were too slight to bind their slaves, who could easily break them;

censure (批判する) [動] express severe disapproval of

fashion (形) [名] a manner of doing something

observe (述べる) [動] say or state

of no use (役に立たない) [形] not useful

slight (軽い) [形] small in degree; inconsiderable

他の者は鎖の形を批判し、「奴隷を縛るにはあまりにも軽くて簡単に壊せるので、役に立たない」と述べた。

and, besides, hung so loose about them that they thought it easy to throw their away, and so get from them.”

hang (ぶら下がる) [動] be suspended or held up

get from (逃げる) [動] move away from a place or person

その上、鎖があまりにも緩くぶら下がっているので、簡単に捨てて逃げられると思った」

But after the ambassadors had stayed a day among them, and saw so vast a quantity of gold in their houses (which was as much despised by them as it was esteemed in other nations), and beheld more gold and silver in the chains and fetters of one slave than all their ornaments amounted to, their plumes fell, and they were ashamed of all that glory for which they had formed valued themselves, and accordingly laid it aside—a resolution that they immediately took when, on their engaging in some free discourse with the Utopians, they discovered their sense of such things and their other customs.

day (一日) [名] a period of time from sunrise to sunset

behold (目の当たりにする) [動] see or observe

more (より多くの) [形] a greater or additional amount or degree

amount to (達する) [動] be equivalent to

plume (羽飾り) [名] a large feather or a bunch of feathers used as an ornament

resolution (決意) [名] a firm decision

immediately (すぐに) [副] at once; without delay

take (固める) [動] adopt or assume

discourse (談話) [名] written or spoken communication or debate

discover (理解する) [動] find out or notice

sense (考え) [名] a meaning or significance

しかし、大使たちが彼らと一日を過ごし、彼らの家にある膨大な量の金(他の国々では尊敬されているが、彼らには軽蔑されている)を見て、一人の奴隷の鎖や足かせに自分たちの装飾品すべてを合わせたよりも多くの金や銀が使われていることを目の当たりにした後、彼らの羽飾りは落ち、自分たちが誇りに思っていた栄光を恥じて、それを捨て去ったのである。ユートピア人と自由に語り合う中で、彼らがそのような事柄や他の習慣に対する考えを理解したとき、彼らはすぐに決意を固めたのである。

The Utopians wonder how any man should be so much taken with the glaring doubtful lustre of a jewel or a stone, that can look up to a star or to the sun himself;

be taken with (惹きつけられる) [動] be attracted to

glaring (まばゆいばかりの) [形] shining intensely or brightly

doubtful (怪しげな) [形] questionable; uncertain

lustre (輝き) [名] the quality or state of shining or being bright

jewel (宝石) [名] a precious stone

look up to (見上げる) [動] regard with respect or admiration

ユートピア人は、星や太陽を見上げることができる人間が、宝石や石のまばゆいばかりの怪しげな輝きにそれほどまでに惹きつけられるとは、と不思議に思っている。

or how any should value himself because his cloth is made of a finer thread;

cloth (服) [名] a piece of fabric

finer (より細い) [形] of superior quality

あるいは、自分の服がより細い糸でできているからといって、自分を高く評価する人がいるのかと不思議に思っている。

for, how fine soever that thread may be, it was once no better than the fleece of a sheep, and that sheep, was a sheep still, for all its wearing it.

how fine soever (どんなに細くても) [副] no matter how fine

may be (かもしれない) [助] expressing possibility

once (かつて) [副] at a previous time

no better than (に過ぎない) [副] only

fleece (羊毛) [名] the woolly covering of a sheep or goat

that sheep (その羊) [名] the sheep that was mentioned

was a sheep still (羊のままだった) [動] remained a sheep

for all its wearing it (それを身につけていても) [副] even though it was wearing it

なぜなら、その糸がどんなに細くても、かつては羊の毛に過ぎず、その羊はそれを身につけていても羊のままだったからである。

They wonder much to hear that gold, which in itself is so useless a thing, should be everywhere so much esteemed that even man, for whom it was made, and by whom it has its value, should yet be thought of less value than this metal;

wonder (驚く) [動] be curious or surprised about something

much (非常に) [副] to a great extent; a lot

esteemed (尊敬されている) [形] respected and admired

whom (誰) [代] the person or people mentioned

彼らは、それ自体が役に立たない金が、どこでも非常に尊敬されていることを聞いて非常に驚いている。金は人間のために作られ、人間によって価値を与えられたにもかかわらず、人間よりも価値が低いと考えられている。

that a man of lead, who has no more sense than a log of wood, and is as bad as he is foolish, should have many wise and good men to serve him, only because he has a great heap of that metal;

no more (それ以上ない) [形] not any more

sense (知恵) [名] the ability to think and reason

log (丸太) [名] a piece of wood that has been cut from a tree

bad (邪悪) [形] not good; evil

木の丸太よりも知恵がなく、愚かで邪悪な鉛の男が、ただその金属をたくさん持っているというだけで、多くの賢く善良な男に仕えさせている。

and that if it should happen that by some accident or trick of law (which, sometimes produces as great changes as chance itself) all this wealth should pass from the master to the meanest varlet of his whole family, he himself would very soon become one of his servants, as if he were a thing that belonged to his wealth, and so were bound to follow its fortune!

master (主人) [名] a man who has people working for him, especially servants or slaves

そして、もし何かの事故や法律の策略(時には偶然と同じくらい大きな変化をもたらす)によって、このすべての富が主人から家族の中で最も卑劣な下男に移ってしまったら、彼自身もすぐに彼の召使の一人になってしまうだろう。まるで彼は自分の富に属するものであり、その運命に従わなければならないかのようである。

But they much more admire and detest the folly of those who, when they see a rich man, though they neither owe him anything, nor are in any sort dependent on his bounty, yet, merely because he is rich, give him little less than divine honours, even though they know him to be so covetous and base-minded that, notwithstanding all his wealth, he will not part with one farthing of it to them as long as he lives!

detest (嫌悪する) [動] dislike intensely

bounty (恩恵) [名] something that is given or received freely

honour (栄誉) [名] high respect; great esteem

covetous (貪欲な) [形] having or showing a very strong desire for something

farthing (ファージング) [名] a former British coin worth one quarter of a penny

しかし、彼らは金持ちを見ると、彼に何も借りていないし、彼の恩恵に頼っているわけでもないのに、ただ彼が金持ちだからというだけで、彼がどれほど貪欲で卑劣な人間かを知っているにもかかわらず、彼に神のような栄誉を与える人々の愚かさをもっと驚き、嫌悪している。彼は生きている限り、彼らに1ファージングも分け与えようとはしないのだ。

“These and such like notions have that people imbibed, partly from their education, being bred in a country whose customs and laws are opposite to all such foolish maxims, and partly from their learning and studies—for though there are but few in any town that are so wholly excused from labour as to give themselves entirely up to their studies (these being only such persons as discover from their childhood an extraordinary capacity and disposition for letters), yet their children and a great part of the nation, both men and women, are taught to spend those hours in which they are not obliged to work in reading;

imbibe (吸収する) [動] to take in or absorb

education (教育) [名] the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at a school or university

excuse (免除する) [動] to free someone from a duty or requirement

give oneself up to (専念する) [動] to devote oneself to

disposition (素質) [名] a person's inherent qualities of mind and character

spend (費やす) [動] to pass or use (time) in a specified way

「このような考えは、人々が教育によって吸収したものであり、習慣や法律がそのような愚かな格言とは正反対の国で育ったこと、また、学習や研究によって吸収したものである。どの町にも、労働から完全に解放されて、完全に研究に専念できる人はほとんどいないが(子供の頃から文学に対する並外れた能力と素質を発揮した人だけである)、彼らの子供たちや国民の大部分は、男女を問わず、働く必要のない時間は読書に費やすように教えられている。

and this they do through the whole progress of life.

progress (過程) [名] the process of improving or developing

そして、彼らは人生の全過程を通してこれを行っている。

They have all their learning in their own tongue, which is both a copious and pleasant language, and in which a man can fully express his mind;

tongue (言語) [名] a language

copious (豊富な) [形] abundant in supply or quantity

express (表現する) [動] convey (a thought or feeling) in words or by gestures and conduct

彼らは豊かで楽しい言語であり、人が自分の心を十分に表現できる自国語ですべての学習を行っている。

it runs over a great tract of many countries, but it is not equally pure in all places.

run over (広がる) [動] spread over

great tract (広大な地域) [名] a large area of land

many countries (多くの国) [名] a large number of nations

equally (同じように) [副] in the same way

pure (純粋) [形] not mixed with anything else

それは多くの国の広大な地域に広がっているが、すべての場所で同じように純粋ではない。

They had never so much as heard of the names of any of those philosophers that are so famous in these parts of the world, before we went among them;

go among (行く) [動] be included or included as a member of

彼らは、私たちが彼らのところに行くまでは、世界のこの地域でとても有名な哲学者の名前を聞いたことさえなかった。

and yet they had made the same discoveries as the Greeks, both in music, logic, arithmetic, and geometry.

and yet (それでも) [接] nevertheless; even so

logic (論理) [名] the science of reasoning

arithmetic (算数) [名] the branch of mathematics that deals with the study of numbers, especially the traditional operations on them — addition, subtraction, multiplication and division

geometry (幾何学) [名] the branch of mathematics that deals with the properties and relations of points, lines, surfaces, solids, and higher dimensional analogues

それでも彼らは音楽、論理、算数、幾何学においてギリシャ人と同じ発見をしていた。

But as they are almost in everything equal to the ancient philosophers, so they far exceed our modern logicians for they have never yet fallen upon the barbarous niceties that our youth are forced to learn in those trifling logical schools that are among us.

equal (匹敵する) [形] the same in number, amount, or value

far (はるかに) [副] to a great extent

modern (現代) [形] of or relating to the present or recent times

logician (論理学者) [名] a person who studies or is an expert in logic

barbarous (野蛮な) [形] uncivilized; savage

nicety (微妙な点) [名] a small detail or distinction

trifling (些細な) [形] of little value or importance

logical (論理的な) [形] of or relating to logic

しかし、彼らはほとんどすべての点で古代の哲学者に匹敵するので、現代の論理学者をはるかに凌駕している。なぜなら、彼らは私たちの若者が私たちの間にある些細な論理学校で学ぶことを余儀なくされている野蛮な微妙な点に陥ったことがないからである。

They are so far from minding chimeras and fantastical images made in the mind that none of them could comprehend what we meant when we talked to them of a man in the abstract as common to all men in particular (so that though we spoke of him as a thing that we could point at with our fingers, yet none of them could perceive him) and yet distinct from every one, as if he were some monstrous Colossus or giant;

mind (気にかける) [動] be concerned about

chimera (キメラ) [名] a mythical beast with a lion's head, a goat's body, and a serpent's tail

fantastical (空想的な) [形] existing only in the imagination

image (イメージ) [名] a mental representation of something

so far from (遠く離れている) [副] not at all

abstract (抽象的な) [形] existing in thought or as an idea but not having a physical or concrete existence

particular (特に) [形] relating to a particular person, thing, or situation

point at (指さす) [動] direct one's finger at

distinct (異なる) [形] not identical or similar

monstrous (巨大な) [形] extremely large

Colossus (巨像) [名] a person or thing of immense size or importance

giant (巨人) [名] a person of very great stature or size

彼らは、頭の中で作られたキメラや空想的なイメージを気にかけることから遠く離れているので、私たちが抽象的な人間について、特にすべての人間に共通するものとして話しても、誰も私たちが何を意味しているのか理解できなかった(そのため、私たちが彼のことを指で指さすことができるものとして話しても、誰も彼を認識することができなかった)。

yet, for all this ignorance of these empty notions, they knew astronomy, and were perfectly acquainted with the motions of the heavenly bodies;

for all (にもかかわらず) [前] despite

empty (空虚な) [形] containing nothing

notion (概念) [名] an idea or understanding

heavenly body (天体) [名] an object in outer space such as a star, planet, or moon

しかし、これらの空虚な概念を知らないにもかかわらず、彼らは天文学を知っており、天体の動きを完全に理解していた。

and have many instruments, well contrived and divided, by which they very accurately compute the course and positions of the sun, moon, and stars.

instrument (道具) [名] a tool or implement

contrived (考案された) [形] deliberately created rather than arising naturally or spontaneously

by which (それによって) [関] by means of which

accurately (正確に) [副] in a way that is exact or without error

compute (計算する) [動] determine by mathematical means

course (進路) [名] the route or direction followed by a ship, aircraft, road, or river

position (位置) [名] a place where someone or something is located or has been put

そして、よく考案され、分割された多くの道具を持っており、それによって太陽、月、星の進路や位置を非常に正確に計算している。

But for the cheat of divining by the stars, by their oppositions or conjunctions, it has not so much as entered into their thoughts.

star (星) [名] a large ball of gas that produces light and heat

conjunction (連結) [名] a word that joins two phrases or sentences

しかし、星の反対や連結によって占いをするという詐欺については、彼らの考えにはそれほど入っていない。

They have a particular sagacity, founded upon much observation, in judging of the weather, by which they know when they may look for rain, wind, or other alterations in the air;

sagacity (洞察力) [名] the quality of being sagacious

found (基づく) [動] base or establish on

much (多くの) [形] a great deal of

judging (判断する) [動] form an opinion or conclusion about

look for (期待する) [動] try to find or obtain

other (その他の) [形] used to refer to a person or thing that is different or distinct from one already mentioned or known about

alteration (変化) [名] a change or modification

彼らは天候を判断する際に、多くの観察に基づいた特別な洞察力を持っており、それによっていつ雨、風、その他の空気の変化を期待できるかを知っている。

but as to the philosophy of these things, the cause of the saltness of the sea, of its ebbing and flowing, and of the original and nature both of the heavens and the earth, they dispute of them partly as our ancient philosophers have done, and partly upon some new hypothesis, in which, as they differ from them, so they do not in all things agree among themselves.

saltness (塩辛さ) [名] the quality or state of being salty

original (起源) [名] the earliest form of something

heaven (天) [名] the sky, especially when regarded as the dwelling place of God, the angels, and the spirits of the blessed

dispute (議論する) [動] argue about something

hypothesis (仮説) [名] a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation

しかし、これらの事柄の哲学、海の塩辛さの原因、その干満、天と地の起源と性質については、彼らは一部は私たちの古代の哲学者が行ったように、また一部はいくつかの新しい仮説に基づいて議論しており、その中で彼らは彼らとは異なるので、彼らはすべての事柄において彼ら自身の間で合意しているわけではない。

“As to moral philosophy, they have the same disputes among them as we have here.

moral philosophy (道徳哲学) [名] the branch of philosophy that is concerned with human conduct and more specifically with the behavior of individuals in society

dispute (論争) [名] a disagreement between two or more people or groups

「道徳哲学については、彼らは私たちがここで持っているのと同じ論争を彼らの間で持っている。

They examine what are properly good, both for the body and the mind;

properly (適切に) [副] in a proper manner

彼らは身体と精神の両方にとって何が適切に良いかを調べる。

and whether any outward thing can be called truly good, or if that term belong only to the endowments of the soul.

truly (本当に) [副] in a true manner

term (言葉) [名] a word or phrase used to describe a thing or to express a concept, especially in a particular kind of language or branch of knowledge

endowment (資質) [名] a quality or ability that somebody has naturally

そして、外側にあるものが本当に良いと呼べるかどうか、あるいはその言葉が魂の資質だけに属するかどうかを調べる。

They inquire, likewise, into the nature of virtue and pleasure.

inquire (探求する) [動] ask about something

彼らは同様に、美徳と快楽の本質を探求する。

But their chief dispute is concerning the happiness of a man, and wherein it consists—whether in some one thing or in a great many.

しかし、彼らの主な論争は人間の幸福に関するものであり、それが何に由来するか、つまり、何か一つのものに由来するのか、あるいは非常に多くのものに由来するのかである。

They seem, indeed, more inclinable to that opinion that places, if not the whole, yet the chief part, of a man’s happiness in pleasure;

inclinable (傾いている) [形] tending or likely to do something

place (置く) [動] put something in a particular position

彼らは実際、人間の幸福の全体ではないにしても、主要な部分を快楽に置くという意見に傾いているように思われる。

and, what may seem more strange, they make use of arguments even from religion, notwithstanding its severity and roughness, for the support of that opinion so indulgent to pleasure;

religion (宗教) [名] the belief in and worship of a god or gods

roughness (粗雑さ) [名] the quality or state of being rough

support (支持) [名] the action of approving of and encouraging someone or something

そして、もっと奇妙に思われるかもしれないが、彼らは快楽に耽溺するその意見を支持するために、その厳しさと粗雑さにもかかわらず、宗教からさえも議論を利用する。

for they never dispute concerning happiness without fetching some arguments from the principles of religion as well as from natural reason, since without the former they reckon that all our inquiries after happiness must be but conjectural and defective.

fetch (持ち出す) [動] go and get something

principle (原理) [名] a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior or for a chain of reasoning

natural reason (自然の理性) [名] the ability to think and understand things that are not supernatural

reckon (考える) [動] to think or suppose

inquiry (探求) [名] an act of asking for information

conjectural (推測的な) [形] based on or involving conjecture

defective (不完全な) [形] imperfect or faulty

彼らは幸福について論争する時、自然の理性からだけでなく、宗教の原理からもいくつかの議論を持ち出す。なぜなら、前者がなければ、幸福に関する我々の探求はすべて推測的で不完全なものにならざるを得ないと彼らは考えるからである。

“These are their religious principles:—That the soul of man is immortal, and that God of His goodness has designed that it should be happy;

religious (宗教的) [形] of or relating to religion

immortal (不滅) [形] living forever; never dying or decaying

goodness (善良さ) [名] the quality or state of being good

「彼らの宗教的原理はこうだ。人間の魂は不滅であり、神はその善良さから魂が幸福になるように設計した。

and that He has, therefore, appointed rewards for good and virtuous actions, and punishments for vice, to be distributed after this life.

virtuous (高潔な) [形] having or showing high moral standards

そのため、神は善良で高潔な行為には報酬を、悪徳には罰を定め、この世の後に分配されるようにした。

Though these principles of religion are conveyed down among them by tradition, they think that even reason itself determines a man to believe and acknowledge them;

convey (伝える) [動] to communicate or express

tradition (伝統) [名] the handing down of information, beliefs, and customs by word of mouth or by example from one generation to another without written instruction

reason (理性) [名] the power of the mind to think, understand, and form judgments by a process of logic

acknowledge (認める) [動] to recognize the existence or truth of

これらの宗教的原理は伝統によって彼らの間に伝えられているが、彼らは理性そのものが人間にそれらを信じ、認めさせると考えている。

and freely confess that if these were taken away, no man would be so insensible as not to seek after pleasure by all possible means, lawful or unlawful, using only this caution—that a lesser pleasure might not stand in the way of a greater, and that no pleasure ought to be pursued that should draw a great deal of pain after it;

confess (認める) [動] admit that you have done something wrong

stand in the way of (妨げになる) [動] be an obstacle to

draw (伴う) [動] cause to come

pain (苦痛) [名] a highly unpleasant physical sensation caused by illness or injury

そして、もしこれらが取り去られたら、誰もが合法か違法かを問わず、あらゆる手段で快楽を求めないほど無感覚にはならず、ただ、より小さな快楽がより大きな快楽の妨げにならないように、また、大きな苦痛を伴う快楽は追求すべきではないという注意を払うだけだということを率直に認めている。

for they think it the maddest thing in the world to pursue virtue, that is a sour and difficult thing, and not only to renounce the pleasures of life, but willingly to undergo much pain and trouble, if a man has no prospect of a reward.

maddest (最も狂った) [形] most insane

pursue (追求する) [動] follow or chase after

virtue (徳) [名] moral excellence and righteousness; goodness

sour (酸っぱい) [形] having an acid taste like that of vinegar or lemon juice

difficult (難しい) [形] hard to do or understand

renounce (放棄する) [動] formally give up a claim, right, or possession

undergo (受ける) [動] experience or be subjected to

彼らは、報酬の見込みがないのに、人生の快楽を放棄するだけでなく、多くの苦痛や困難を喜んで受けるという、酸っぱくて難しいことである徳を追求することは、世界で最も狂ったことだと考えている。

And what reward can there be for one that has passed his whole life, not only without pleasure, but in pain, if there is nothing to be expected after death?

pass (過ごす) [動] go through or across

そして、死後何も期待できないのであれば、快楽もなく、苦痛の中で一生を過ごした人にどんな報酬があるだろうか?

Yet they do not place happiness in all sorts of pleasures, but only in those that in themselves are good and honest.

honest (正直な) [形] truthful and sincere

しかし、彼らはあらゆる種類の快楽に幸福を置くのではなく、それ自体が善良で正直な快楽にのみ幸福を置く。

There is a party among them who place happiness in bare virtue;

bare (ただの) [形] without covering or clothing

彼らの中には、幸福をただの徳に置く一派がいる。

others think that our natures are conducted by virtue to happiness, as that which is the chief good of man.

conduct (導く) [動] direct or guide the course of

chief (最高の) [形] having the highest rank or position

他の人は、人間の最高の善である幸福に、徳によって私たちの本性が導かれていると考える。

They define virtue thus—that it is a living according to Nature, and think that we are made by God for that end;

define (定義する) [動] state or describe exactly the nature, scope, or meaning of

thus (こう) [副] in this way; like this

彼らは徳をこう定義する。それは自然に従って生きることであり、私たちはその目的のために神によって造られたと考える。

they believe that a man then follows the dictates of Nature when he pursues or avoids things according to the direction of reason.

dictate (指示) [名] an authoritative command

彼らは、人間が理性の指示に従って物事を追い求めたり避けたりするのは、自然の指示に従っている時だと信じている。

They say that the first dictate of reason is the kindling in us a love and reverence for the Divine Majesty, to whom we owe both all that we have and, all that we can ever hope for.

kindling (燃え上がらせる) [名] small pieces of wood or other material used for starting a fire

love (愛) [名] a strong feeling of affection

Divine Majesty (神の威厳) [名] a title of the monarch of the United Kingdom

owe (負っている) [動] have a debt or obligation

彼らは、理性の最初の指示は、私たちが持っているすべてのものと、私たちが望むことができるすべてのものの両方を負っている神の威厳に対する愛と畏敬の念を私たちに燃え上がらせることだと言う。

In the next place, reason directs us to keep our minds as free from passion and as cheerful as we can, and that we should consider ourselves as bound by the ties of good-nature and humanity to use our utmost endeavours to help forward the happiness of all other persons;

next (次に) [副] immediately after the time being considered

direct (指示する) [動] give authoritative instructions to

keep (保つ) [動] cause to continue; maintain

bound (縛られている) [形] (of a book) having a cover made of stiff boards

tie (絆) [名] a bond or connection between people

good-nature (善良さ) [名] the quality of being kind and friendly

humanity (人間性) [名] the human race; humankind

use (払う) [動] take, hold, or deploy as a means of accomplishing or achieving something

utmost (最大限の) [形] most extreme; greatest

forward (前進させる) [動] send or ship onward

次に、理性は私たちの心を情熱から解放し、できるだけ明るく保つように指示し、私たちは善良さと人間性の絆に縛られていると考え、他のすべての人の幸福を前進させるために最大限の努力を払うべきだと考える。

for there never was any man such a morose and severe pursuer of virtue, such an enemy to pleasure, that though he set hard rules for men to undergo, much pain, many watchings, and other rigors, yet did not at the same time advise them to do all they could in order to relieve and ease the miserable, and who did not represent gentleness and good-nature as amiable dispositions.

there never was (いなかった) [動] did not exist

any man (人間) [名] a human being

such a morose and severe pursuer of virtue (徳を追求するような不機嫌で厳しい人間) [名] a person who is very strict and serious about morality

such an enemy to pleasure (快楽の敵のような人間) [名] a person who does not like pleasure

that though he set hard rules for men to undergo (彼は人間が耐えなければならない厳しいルールを定めたが) [名] a person who makes strict rules for others to follow

much pain (多くの苦痛) [名] a lot of suffering

many watchings (多くの監視) [名] a lot of observation

and other rigors (その他の厳しさ) [名] other harsh conditions

yet did not at the same time advise them to do all they could in order to relieve and ease the miserable (同時に、惨めな人々を救い、楽にするためにできる限りのことをするように彼らに忠告しなかった) [名] a person who does not help others who are in need

and who did not represent gentleness and good-nature as amiable dispositions (優しさと善良さを愛すべき気質として表さなかった) [名] a person who is not kind or gentle

なぜなら、徳を追求するような不機嫌で厳しい人間、快楽の敵のような人間はいなかったからだ。彼は人間が耐えなければならない厳しいルールを定めたが、多くの苦痛、多くの監視、その他の厳しさを同時に、惨めな人々を救い、楽にするためにできる限りのことをするように彼らに忠告し、優しさと善良さを愛すべき気質として表さなかった。

And from thence they infer that if a man ought to advance the welfare and comfort of the rest of mankind (there being no virtue more proper and peculiar to our nature than to ease the miseries of others, to free from trouble and anxiety, in furnishing them with the comforts of life, in which pleasure consists) Nature much more vigorously leads them to do all this for himself.

advance (前進させる) [動] move forward

welfare (福祉) [名] the health, happiness, and fortunes of a person or group

comfort (慰安) [名] a state of physical ease and freedom from pain or constraint

ease (和らげる) [動] make or become less severe or intense

vigorously (精力的に) [副] with great energy or effort

lead (導く) [動] cause (someone or something) to go in a particular direction by going in front of or beside them

そしてそこから彼らは、もし人間が他の人類の福祉と慰安を前進させるべきであるならば(他人の悲惨さを和らげ、悩みや不安から解放し、喜びが存在する人生を慰めることよりも、私たちの性質に適切で特有の美徳は存在しない)、自然はもっと精力的に自分のためにこれらすべてを行うように導く、と推論する。

A life of pleasure is either a real evil, and in that case we ought not to assist others in their pursuit of it, but, on the contrary, to keep them from it all we can, as from that which is most hurtful and deadly;

pursuit (追求) [名] the action of following or pursuing someone or something

contrary (逆に) [形] opposite in nature or character

keep (遠ざける) [動] to cause to remain in a specified state

hurtful (有害な) [形] causing pain or damage

deadly (致命的な) [形] causing or able to cause death

快楽の人生は本当の悪であり、その場合、私たちは他人がそれを追求するのを助けるべきではなく、逆に、最も有害で致命的なものからできる限り遠ざけるべきである。

or if it is a good thing, so that we not only may but ought to help others to it, why, then, ought not a man to begin with himself?

or (あるいは) [接] used to introduce an alternative

so that (できるように) [接] with the result or consequence that

may (できる) [助] be permitted to

help (助ける) [動] make it easier for someone to do something by sharing work or providing information or emotional support

others (他人) [名] people in general regarded as distinct from oneself

ought not (すべきではない) [助] should not

oneself (自分) [名] a person's own self

あるいは、それが良いことであれば、私たちは他人を助けることができるだけでなく、そうすべきであるなら、なぜ人はまず自分から始めるべきではないのか?

since no man can be more bound to look after the good of another than after his own;

be bound to (縛られる) [動] be obliged to

なぜなら、自分の善よりも他人の善を守ることに縛られる人はいないからだ。

for Nature cannot direct us to be good and kind to others, and yet at the same time to be unmerciful and cruel to ourselves.

direct (導く) [動] control the course of; guide

kind (親切な) [形] considerate and helpful

at the same time (同時に) [副] at one and the same time

unmerciful (無慈悲な) [形] showing no mercy

なぜなら、自然は私たちに他人に善良で親切であるように導くことはできず、同時に自分自身に無慈悲で残酷であるように導くこともできないからです。

Thus as they define virtue to be living according to Nature, so they imagine that Nature prompts all people on to seek after pleasure as the end of all they do.

prompt (促す) [動] cause to happen

このように、彼らは徳を自然に従って生きることと定義しているので、自然はすべての人々が行うすべてのことの終わりとして快楽を求めるように促していると想像している。

They also observe that in order to our supporting the pleasures of life, Nature inclines us to enter into society;

in order to (ために) [接] with the intention of

incline (傾かせる) [動] be disposed or willing

彼らはまた、私たちが人生の喜びを支えるために、自然は私たちを社会に参加させるように傾かせていることを観察している。

for there is no man so much raised above the rest of mankind as to be the only favourite of Nature, who, on the contrary, seems to have placed on a level all those that belong to the same species.

raised (高く評価されている) [動] lifted up

above (よりも) [前] higher than

the rest of (残りの) [名] the remaining part of

as to be (であるほど) [接] to the extent that

the only (唯一の) [形] being the only one

favourite (お気に入り) [名] a person or thing that is liked or preferred

who (自然は) [代] which

on the contrary (逆に) [副] in contrast to what has been said or implied

seems to have (ように見えます) [動] appear to have

placed (置いている) [動] put in a particular place

on a level (同じレベルに) [名] at the same height

all those (すべてのもの) [名] all the things

that belong to (に属している) [動] be a member of

the same (同じ) [形] being the same

species (種) [名] a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding

なぜなら、自然の唯一のお気に入りであるほど他の人類よりも高く評価されている人はいないからです。逆に、自然は同じ種に属するすべてのものを同じレベルに置いているように見えます。

Upon this they infer that no man ought to seek his own conveniences so eagerly as to prejudice others;

upon this (このことから) [副] on this basis

infer (推論する) [動] deduce or conclude from evidence and reasoning rather than from explicit statements

convenience (都合) [名] the state of being able to proceed with something with little effort or difficulty

eagerly (熱心に) [副] in a very enthusiastic manner

prejudice (偏見) [名] preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience

このことから、彼らは、他人に偏見を与えるほど熱心に自分の都合を求めるべきではないと推論している。

and therefore they think that not only all agreements between private persons ought to be observed, but likewise that all those laws ought to be kept which either a good prince has published in due form, or to which a people that is neither oppressed with tyranny nor circumvented by fraud has consented, for distributing those conveniences of life which afford us all our pleasures.

private person (私人) [名] a person who is not a public figure

ought to be observed (守るべきである) [動] should be followed

good prince (善良な君主) [名] a monarch who is kind and fair

due form (適切な形式) [名] the correct or required way of doing something

oppressed (抑圧された) [形] subjected to harsh and authoritarian treatment

tyranny (暴政) [名] cruel and oppressive government or rule

fraud (詐欺) [名] a person who deceives others

consented (同意した) [動] agreed to do something

afford (与える) [動] provide or supply

そのため、彼らは私人間のすべての合意を守るべきであるだけでなく、善良な君主が適切な形式で公布した法律や、暴政に抑圧されたり、詐欺に巻き込まれたりしていない国民が同意した法律はすべて守るべきだと考えている。

“They think it is an evidence of true wisdom for a man to pursue his own advantage as far as the laws allow it, they account it piety to prefer the public good to one’s private concerns, but they think it unjust for a man to seek for pleasure by snatching another man’s pleasures from him;

evidence (証拠) [名] something which shows that something else exists or is true

「彼らは、法律が許す限り自分の利益を追求することは真の知恵の証拠だと考え、公益を私的な関心よりも優先することは敬虔なことだと考えているが、他人の喜びを奪って喜びを求めることは不当だと考えている。

and, on the contrary, they think it a sign of a gentle and good soul for a man to dispense with his own advantage for the good of others, and that by this means a good man finds as much pleasure one way as he parts with another;

dispense with (放棄する) [動] to manage without

part with (別れる) [動] to give up possession of

それどころか、他人のために自分の利益を放棄することは、優しく善良な魂のしるしであり、善良な人は、他人と別れるのと同じくらい、一方的に喜びを見出すと考えている。

for as he may expect the like from others when he may come to need it, so, if that should fail him, yet the sense of a good action, and the reflections that he makes on the love and gratitude of those whom he has so obliged, gives the mind more pleasure than the body could have found in that from which it had restrained itself.

he (彼) [代] a male person or animal that is being talked about

the like (同じように) [名] something similar

should (するべき) [助] expressing a duty or obligation

him (彼) [代] a male person or animal that is being talked about

the sense (感覚) [名] a faculty by which the body perceives an external stimulus; one of the faculties of sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch

a (一つの) [冠] used to refer to a particular thing previously mentioned or easily identified

reflections (反省) [名] a result of meditation or serious thought

on (について) [前] expressing the relationship between a part and a whole

gratitude (感謝) [名] the quality of being thankful

whom (人) [代] used to refer to people previously mentioned or easily identified

has (持っている) [動] possess, own, or hold

なぜなら、彼は必要になったときに他人から同じように期待できるかもしれないし、もしそれが失敗したとしても、善い行いの感覚と、彼がそうした義務を負った人々の愛と感謝に対する反省は、身体が自制していたものから見出せるよりも、精神に多くの喜びを与えるからである。

They are also persuaded that God will make up the loss of those small pleasures with a vast and endless joy, of which religion easily convinces a good soul.

persuade (確信させる) [動] cause to believe or do something

make up (埋め合わせる) [動] compensate for

small (小さな) [形] little in size

endless (終わりのない) [形] having or seeming to have no end

joy (喜び) [名] a feeling of great pleasure or happiness

convince (確信させる) [動] cause to believe or do something

彼らはまた、神がそうした小さな喜びの喪失を、宗教が善良な魂を容易に確信させる、広大で終わりのない喜びで埋め合わせると確信している。

“Thus, upon an inquiry into the whole matter, they reckon that all our actions, and even all our virtues, terminate in pleasure, as in our chief end and greatest happiness;

terminate (終わる) [動] to bring or come to an end

「このように、全体を調べてみると、彼らは私たちのすべての行動、さらにはすべての美徳が、私たちの主な目的と最大の幸福である喜びに終わると考えている。

and they call every motion or state, either of body or mind, in which Nature teaches us to delight, a pleasure.

motion (動き) [名] the action or process of moving or being moved

body (身体) [名] the physical structure, including the bones, flesh and organs, of a person or an animal

delight (喜び) [名] great pleasure or satisfaction

そして彼らは、自然が私たちに喜びを教えてくれる、身体や精神のあらゆる動きや状態を快楽と呼んでいる。

Thus they cautiously limit pleasure only to those appetites to which Nature leads us;

cautiously (慎重に) [副] in a careful way

limit (限定する) [動] restrict the size or extent of

appetite (欲求) [名] a strong desire for something

このように、彼らは慎重に快楽を自然が私たちを導く欲求だけに限定している。

for they say that Nature leads us only to those delights to which reason, as well as sense, carries us, and by which we neither injure any other person nor lose the possession of greater pleasures, and of such as draw no troubles after them.

injure (傷つける) [動] inflict physical or mental harm on

draw (引き起こす) [動] cause to come or go in a specified direction

彼らは、自然は理性と感覚が私たちを運ぶ喜びにのみ私たちを導き、それによって私たちは他の人を傷つけたり、より大きな喜びの所有を失ったり、彼らの後に悩みを引き起こさないような喜びにのみ私たちを導くと言う。

But they look upon those delights which men by a foolish, though common, mistake call pleasure, as if they could change as easily the nature of things as the use of words, as things that greatly obstruct their real happiness, instead of advancing it, because they so entirely possess the minds of those that are once captivated by them with a false notion of pleasure that there is no room left for pleasures of a truer or purer kind.

look upon (見なす) [動] regard or consider in a specified way

mistake (間違い) [名] an error in action, calculation, opinion, or judgment caused by poor reasoning, carelessness, insufficient knowledge, etc.

obstruct (妨げる) [動] be or get in the way of; block

advance (促進する) [動] help or cause to increase or improve

entirely (完全に) [副] wholly; completely

captivate (魅了する) [動] attract and hold the interest and attention of

pure (純粋な) [形] not mixed or adulterated with any other substance or material

しかし、彼らは、人々が愚かではあるものの、よくある間違いで快楽と呼ぶ喜びを、言葉の使い方と同じくらい簡単に物事の性質を変えることができるかのように、真の幸福を促進するのではなく、大きく妨げるものとして見ている。なぜなら、彼らは一度快楽の誤った概念で彼らに魅了された人々の心を完全に所有しているので、より真実で純粋な種類の快楽のための余地が残されていないからである。

“There are many things that in themselves have nothing that is truly delightful;

in oneself (それ自体には) [副] in one's own self

delightful (楽しい) [形] giving great pleasure; delightful

「それ自体には本当に楽しいことが何もない多くのことがある。

on the contrary, they have a good deal of bitterness in them;

a good deal of (多くの) [名] a large amount or number

bitterness (苦しみ) [名] a state of being bitter

それどころか、彼らには多くの苦しみがある。

and yet, from our perverse appetites after forbidden objects, are not only ranked among the pleasures, but are made even the greatest designs, of life.

forbidden (禁じられた) [形] not allowed; prohibited

object (対象) [名] a thing that is being considered, discussed, or dealt with

perverse (ひねくれた) [形] showing a deliberate and obstinate desire to behave in a way that is unreasonable or unacceptable

rank (ランク付けされる) [動] arrange in a row or in rows

それでも、禁じられた対象に対する私たちのひねくれた欲求から、快楽の中にランク付けされるだけでなく、人生の最大のデザインにさえなっている。

Among those who pursue these sophisticated pleasures they reckon such as I mentioned before, who think themselves really the better for having fine clothes;

sophisticated (洗練された) [形] complex or intricate

これらの洗練された快楽を追求する人々の中には、私が前に述べたように、立派な服を着ることで自分は本当に優れていると思っている人々がいる。

in which they think they are doubly mistaken, both in the opinion they have of their clothes, and in that they have of themselves.

彼らは、服に対する考えと自分に対する考えの両方で、二重に間違っていると思っている。

For if you consider the use of clothes, why should a fine thread be thought better than a coarse one?

fine (細い) [形] of very high quality

coarse (粗い) [形] rough or harsh in texture

衣服の用途を考えてみると、なぜ細い糸が粗い糸よりも優れていると考えられるのだろうか。

And yet these men, as if they had some real advantages beyond others, and did not owe them wholly to their mistakes, look big, seem to fancy themselves to be more valuable, and imagine that a respect is due to them for the sake of a rich garment, to which they would not have pretended if they had been more meanly clothed, and even resent it as an affront if that respect is not paid them.

these men (これらの男性) [名] the men being discussed

some real advantages (優れた点) [名] some actual benefits

beyond others (他の人よりも) [副] more than other people

did not owe (負っていない) [動] be under no obligation to pay or repay in return for something

to their mistakes (その誤解) [名] the errors they have made

look big (大きく見え) [動] appear large

seem to fancy (思い込み) [動] have a belief or idea about oneself or others not based on reason or actual experience

to be more valuable (より価値がある) [動] to be worth more

a respect (尊敬) [名] a feeling of deep admiration for someone or something elicited by their abilities, qualities or achievements

is due to (されるべきだ) [動] be owed or deserved by

them (彼ら) [代] the people being discussed

for the sake of (のために) [前] for the purpose of

a rich garment (高価な衣服) [名] an expensive item of clothing

to which (そんなふり) [代] to that

they would not have pretended (ふりをすることはなかっただろう) [動] would not have acted in a way that was not genuine

if they had been more meanly clothed (もっと卑屈な服を着ていたら) [動] if they had been dressed in a more humble way

and even resent it as an affront (侮辱だと憤慨するだろう) [動] feel bitter indignation at having been treated with disrespect or scorn

それでも、これらの男性は、まるで他の人よりも優れた点があり、その誤解を完全には負っていないかのように、大きく見え、自分をより価値があると思い込み、高価な衣服のために尊敬されるべきだと想像している。もしもっと卑屈な服を着ていたら、そんなふりをすることはなかっただろうし、尊敬されなければ侮辱だと憤慨するだろう。

It is also a great folly to be taken with outward marks of respect, which signify nothing;

signify (意味する) [動] be a sign of; be an indication of

何も意味のない外面的な敬意の印に惑わされるのも大きな愚かしさである。

for what true or real pleasure can one man find in another’s standing bare or making legs to him?

for (に) [前] used to indicate the object or recipient of a particular action

what (どんな) [限] which thing or things

standing (立っている) [動] be in or assume a position in which you put your weight on your feet but not on your knees

bare (裸) [形] not clothed or covered

making (組んでいる) [動] form or produce

legs (足) [名] a limb or other elongated part of an animal used in locomotion or support

人が他人の裸の姿や足を組んでいる姿を見て、どんな真の喜びを見出せるだろうか。

Will the bending another man’s knees give ease to yours?

bend (曲げる) [動] to cause to assume a curved or sharply angled form

knee (膝) [名] the joint between the thigh and the lower leg

give ease (楽にする) [動] to make something less difficult or painful

他人の膝を曲げることで、自分の膝が楽になるだろうか。

and will the head’s being bare cure the madness of yours?

head (頭) [名] the upper part of the human body

bare (むき出し) [形] not covered or protected

cure (治る) [動] relieve (a person or animal) of the symptoms of a disease or condition

頭がむき出しになることで、あなたの狂気は治るだろうか。

And yet it is wonderful to see how this false notion of pleasure bewitches many who delight themselves with the fancy of their nobility, and are pleased with this conceit—that they are descended from ancestors who have been held for some successions rich, and who have had great possessions;

wonderful (驚きである) [形] causing wonder; astonishing

bewitch (魅了する) [動] attract and hold the complete attention of

conceit (自負心) [名] an excessively high opinion of oneself

descend (子孫である) [動] be descended from

succession (代) [名] the action of inheriting a title, office, property, etc.

それでも、この誤った快楽の概念が、自分の高貴さを喜び、何代にもわたって富裕層とされ、多くの財産を所有していた先祖の子孫であるという自負心を抱く多くの人々を魅了しているのを見るのは驚きである。

for this is all that makes nobility at present.

is (である) [動] be

makes (形成する) [動] form

これが現在、貴族を形成するすべてである。

Yet they do not think themselves a whit the less noble, though their immediate parents have left none of this wealth to them, or though they themselves have squandered it away.

whit (少しも) [名] the smallest amount possible

immediate (直系の) [形] nearest in time or space

squander (浪費する) [動] spend a lot of money in a careless or wasteful way

それでも彼らは、直系の親がこの富を何も残さなかったとしても、あるいは自分たちがそれを浪費してしまったとしても、自分たちが少しも高貴でなくなったとは思わない。

The Utopians have no better opinion of those who are much taken with gems and precious stones, and who account it a degree of happiness next to a divine one if they can purchase one that is very extraordinary, especially if it be of that sort of stones that is then in greatest request, for the same sort is not at all times universally of the same value, nor will men buy it unless it be dismounted and taken out of the gold.

have no better opinion of (それほど高く評価していない) [動] not think highly of

be taken with (夢中になっている) [動] be attracted to or interested in

precious stone (貴石) [名] a rare and valuable stone

degree (程度) [名] the extent to which something happens or is present

divine (神) [名] the creator and ruler of the universe

purchase (手に入れることができれば) [動] buy

request (需要) [名] an act of asking for something

dismount (台座から外す) [動] get off or down from a horse, bicycle, or other thing that one is riding

take out (取り出す) [動] remove from a place or container

ユートピア人は、宝石や貴石に夢中になっていて、非常に珍しいものを手に入れることができれば、特にそれが当時最も需要のある石であれば、神に次ぐ幸福だと考える人々を、それほど高く評価していない。同じ種類の石がいつでも普遍的に同じ価値を持つわけではないし、石を台座から外して金から取り出さなければ、人々はそれを買わないからである。

The jeweller is then made to give good security, and required solemnly to swear that the stone is true, that, by such an exact caution, a false one might not be bought instead of a true;

jeweller (宝石商) [名] a person who makes or sells jewellery

give good security (厳重に誓う) [動] to make a promise or commitment

false (偽物) [形] not true or genuine

instead (代わりに) [前] as an alternative or substitute for

宝石商は、その石が本物であることを厳重に誓い、そのような厳重な注意を払って、本物の代わりに偽物を買うことがないようにしなければならない。

though, if you were to examine it, your eye could find no difference between the counterfeit and that which is true;

eye (目) [名] the organ of vision

counterfeit (偽物) [名] a fraudulent imitation of something else

あなたがそれを調べたとしても、あなたの目には偽物と本物の違いを見つけることができない。

so that they are all one to you, as much as if you were blind.

one (同じ) [限] the same

as much as (まるで) [接] to the same degree or extent that

blind (盲目) [形] unable to see

あなたにはまるで盲目であるかのように、それらはすべて同じに見える。

Or can it be thought that they who heap up a useless mass of wealth, not for any use that it is to bring them, but merely to please themselves with the contemplation of it, enjoy any true pleasure in it?

heap up (蓄積する) [動] to collect or gather together in a large amount

mass (富) [名] a large amount of something

bring (使う) [動] to cause to come to a place

merely (ただ) [副] only; no more than

contemplate (眺める) [動] to think carefully about something

enjoy (享受する) [動] to take delight or pleasure in

あるいは、無駄な富を蓄積する人々は、それを何かに使うためではなく、ただそれを眺めて自分を喜ばせるためだけに、それによって真の喜びを享受していると考えることができるだろうか?

The delight they find is only a false shadow of joy.

shadow (影) [名] a dark area or shape produced by an object coming between the light and a surface

彼らが見出す喜びは、喜びの偽りの影にすぎない。

Those are no better whose error is somewhat different from the former, and who hide it out of their fear of losing it;

no better (それよりはましではない) [形] not any better

前者とはやや異なる過ちを犯し、それを失うことを恐れて隠す者も、それよりはましではない。

for what other name can fit the hiding it in the earth, or, rather, the restoring it to it again, it being thus cut off from being useful either to its owner or to the rest of mankind?

fit (ふさわしい) [動] be suitable for

earth (地中) [名] the ground; the surface of the world

restore (戻す) [動] bring back to a former condition, place, or position

cut off (切り離す) [動] separate or disconnect

それを地中に隠すこと、あるいはむしろ、それを再び地中に戻すことに、他にどんな名前がふさわしいだろうか? それは、その所有者にとっても、他の人類にとっても、役に立たないように切り離されている。

And yet the owner, having hid it carefully, is glad, because he thinks he is now sure of it.

glad (喜ぶ) [形] feeling or showing pleasure or contentment

それでも、所有者はそれを注意深く隠した後、今や確実に手に入れたと思って喜ぶ。

If it should be stole, the owner, though he might live perhaps ten years after the theft, of which he knew nothing, would find no difference between his having or losing it, for both ways it was equally useless to him.

もしそれが盗まれたとしても、所有者は、盗難後10年生きるかもしれないが、そのことを何も知らないので、それを所有していても失っても、どちらも同じように役に立たないので、違いはわからないだろう。

“Among those foolish pursuers of pleasure they reckon all that delight in hunting, in fowling, or gaming, of whose madness they have only heard, for they have no such things among them.

pursuer (追求者) [名] someone who follows or chases someone or something

delight (喜ぶ) [名] a feeling of great pleasure

hunting (狩猟) [名] the sport or activity of hunting animals or birds

fowling (鳥撃ち) [名] the sport or activity of hunting birds

gaming (賭博) [名] the activity of playing games of chance for money

「彼らは、狩猟、鳥撃ち、賭博を喜ぶ者を、愚かな快楽追求者の中に数えるが、彼らはそのような狂気については聞いたことがあるだけで、彼らの間にはそのようなことはない。

But they have asked us, ‘What sort of pleasure is it that men can find in throwing the dice?’ (for if there were any pleasure in it, they think the doing it so often should give one a surfeit of it); ‘and what pleasure can one find in hearing the barking and howling of dogs, which seem rather odious than pleasant sounds?’

surfeit (飽きる) [名] an excessive amount of something

bark (吠え声) [名] the sharp explosive cry of a dog, fox, or seal

howl (遠吠え) [名] a long, loud, doleful cry uttered by a dog, wolf, or other animal

しかし、彼らは私たちに尋ねた、「人がサイコロを投げることにどんな喜びを見いだせるのか?」(もしそこに何か喜びがあったとしても、彼らはそれを頻繁に行うことで、人はそれに飽きてしまうと思う)「犬の吠え声や遠吠えを聞くことにどんな喜びを見いだせるのか? それは心地よい音というよりはむしろ不快な音に思えるのだが?」

Nor can they comprehend the pleasure of seeing dogs run after a hare, more than of seeing one dog run after another;

run after (追いかける) [動] chase after

hare (ウサギ) [名] a fast-running mammal that resembles a large rabbit, having long ears and hind legs and a short tail

彼らは、犬がウサギを追いかけるのを見る喜びを、犬が別の犬を追いかけるのを見る喜び以上に理解できない。

for if the seeing them run is that which gives the pleasure, you have the same entertainment to the eye on both these occasions, since that is the same in both cases.

entertainment (娯楽) [名] an activity that is enjoyable or amusing

なぜなら、もし犬が走るのを見ることが喜びを与えるものであるならば、どちらの場合も同じであるため、この2つの機会に同じ娯楽を目にすることができるからである。

But if the pleasure lies in seeing the hare killed and torn by the dogs, this ought rather to stir pity, that a weak, harmless, and fearful hare should be devoured by strong, fierce, and cruel dogs.

lie in (にある) [動] to be in or on something

tear (引き裂く) [動] pull or rip apart

weak (弱い) [形] lacking the power to perform

harmless (無害な) [形] not able or likely to cause harm

fearful (恐ろしい) [形] causing or likely to cause fear

fierce (獰猛な) [形] violent or aggressive in nature or behavior

しかし、もしウサギが犬に殺され、引き裂かれるのを見ることに喜びがあるのであれば、弱く、無害で、恐ろしいウサギが強く、獰猛で、残酷な犬に貪り食われるのは、むしろ哀れみをかき立てるべきである。

Therefore all this business of hunting is, among the Utopians, turned over to their butchers, and those, as has been already said, are all slaves, and they look on hunting as one of the basest parts of a butcher’s work, for they account it both more profitable and more decent to kill those beasts that are more necessary and useful to mankind, whereas the killing and tearing of so small and miserable an animal can only attract the huntsman with a false show of pleasure, from which he can reap but small advantage.

all this business of hunting (この狩猟のすべて) [名] the entire activity of hunting

Utopians (ユートピア人) [名] an inhabitant of Utopia

turn over (引き継ぐ) [動] transfer to another

butcher (肉屋) [名] a person who prepares and sells meat

basest (最も卑劣な) [形] of the lowest standard

decent (適切な) [形] conforming with generally accepted standards of respectable or moral behavior

attract (惹きつける) [動] cause to come to a place or participate in an event

huntsman (狩猟者) [名] a person who hunts animals

reap (得る) [動] obtain or derive

そのため、ユートピア人の間では、この狩猟のすべてが肉屋に引き継がれ、すでに述べたように、肉屋はすべて奴隷であり、狩猟は肉屋の仕事の中で最も卑劣な部分の1つと見なされている。なぜなら、彼らは人類にとってより必要で有用な獣を殺すことは、より有益でより適切であると考えているからである。一方、そのような小さくて惨めな動物を殺して引き裂くことは、狩猟者を偽りの喜びで惹きつけるだけで、そこから得られる利益はわずかである。

They look on the desire of the bloodshed, even of beasts, as a mark of a mind that is already corrupted with cruelty, or that at least, by too frequent returns of so brutal a pleasure, must degenerate into it.

desire (欲望) [名] a strong feeling of wanting to have something or wishing for something to happen

too (あまりにも) [副] to a higher degree than is desirable, permissible, or possible

frequent (頻繁な) [形] happening or done often

return (繰り返す) [動] come or go back to a place or person

brutal (残酷な) [形] savagely violent

degenerate (堕落する) [動] become worse in quality

彼らは、獣であれ、流血の欲望を、すでに残酷さで堕落した心のしるし、あるいは少なくとも、あまりにも残酷な快楽を頻繁に繰り返すことで、それに堕落するに違いないと見ている。

“Thus though the rabble of mankind look upon these, and on innumerable other things of the same nature, as pleasures, the Utopians, on the contrary, observing that there is nothing in them truly pleasant, conclude that they are not to be reckoned among pleasures;

rabble (下層民) [名] a disorderly crowd; a mob

innumerable (無数の) [形] too many to be counted

conclude (結論づける) [動] bring to an end; finish

「このように、人類の下層民はこれらや同じ性質の他の無数のものを快楽と見なしているが、ユートピア人は逆に、それらには本当に楽しいものは何もないことを観察し、それらは快楽に数えられるべきではないと結論づけている。

for though these things may create some tickling in the senses (which seems to be a true notion of pleasure), yet they imagine that this does not arise from the thing itself, but from a depraved custom, which may so vitiate a man’s taste that bitter things may pass for sweet, as women with child think pitch or tallow taste sweeter than honey;

these things (これらのこと) [名] the things mentioned

may create (生み出すかもしれない) [動] cause to come into being

some tickling (多少のくすぐり) [名] a light touch or stroke that causes a tingling sensation

in the senses (感覚に) [名] a faculty by which the body perceives an external stimulus; one of the five senses

which seems to be (であるように思われる) [動] appear to be

a true notion (真の概念) [名] a correct or accurate idea or understanding

of pleasure (快楽の) [名] a feeling of satisfaction or enjoyment

yet they imagine (彼らは想像している) [動] form a mental image of something that is not present or that is not the case

that this does not arise (生じない) [動] come into being or existence

from the thing itself (物自体から) [名] the thing being discussed

but from a depraved custom (堕落した習慣から) [名] a practice or behavior that is considered immoral or unacceptable

which may so vitiate (損なう) [動] impair the quality of

a man’s taste (人の味覚) [名] the ability to distinguish between good and bad

that bitter things (苦いもの) [名] something that has a sharp, pungent taste

may pass for sweet (甘いものとして通用する) [動] be accepted as something else

as women with child (妊娠した女性) [名] a woman who is carrying a baby in her womb

think pitch (ピッチ) [名] a black or dark brown sticky substance obtained from coal tar

or tallow (獣脂) [名] a hard fatty substance obtained from the melted fat of animals

taste sweeter (より甘い) [形] having a pleasant taste like that of sugar or honey

than honey (蜂蜜) [名] a sweet sticky yellowish-brown fluid made by bees and used as food

なぜなら、これらのことは感覚に多少のくすぐりを与えるかもしれないが(それは快楽の真の概念であるように思われる)、彼らはこれが物自体から生じるのではなく、堕落した習慣から生じると想像しているからである。それは人の味覚を損なうので、苦いものが甘いものとして通用するようになる。妊娠した女性は、ピッチや獣脂が蜂蜜よりも甘いと考えるように。

but as a man’s sense, when corrupted either by a disease or some ill habit, does not change the nature of other things, so neither can it change the nature of pleasure.

しかし、病気や悪い習慣によって人の感覚が堕落しても、他のものの性質が変わらないのと同じように、快楽の性質も変わることはない。

“They reckon up several sorts of pleasures, which they call true ones;

reckon up (挙げる) [動] count or calculate

「彼らは、真の快楽と呼ばれるいくつかの種類の快楽を挙げている。

some belong to the body, and others to the mind.

あるものは肉体に属し、あるものは精神に属する。

The pleasures of the mind lie in knowledge, and in that delight which the contemplation of truth carries with it;

carry (もたらす) [動] to take or bring something from one place to another

精神の快楽は、知識と真理の観想がもたらす喜びにある。

to which they add the joyful reflections on a well-spent life, and the assured hopes of a future happiness.

joyful (喜びに満ちた) [形] full of joy

reflection (回想) [名] the action of thinking about something

well-spent (充実した) [形] used in a good or worthwhile way

assured (確かな) [形] certain to happen

それに、彼らは充実した人生を送ったという喜びに満ちた回想と、未来の幸福に対する確かな希望を加える。

They divide the pleasures of the body into two sorts—the one is that which gives our senses some real delight, and is performed either by recruiting Nature and supplying those parts which feed the internal heat of life by eating and drinking, or when Nature is eased of any surcharge that oppresses it, when we are relieved from sudden pain, or that which arises from satisfying the appetite which Nature has wisely given to lead us to the propagation of the species.

perform (行う) [動] carry out or accomplish an action

recruit (回復させる) [動] enlist (someone) in the armed forces

internal (内部の) [形] situated on the inside

surcharge (過重負担) [名] an additional charge or payment

relieve (解放する) [動] free from pain, anxiety, or distress

satisfy (満たす) [動] meet the requirements of

appetite (食欲) [名] a natural desire to satisfy a bodily need, especially for food

propagation (繁殖) [名] the action of increasing or spreading

彼らは肉体の快楽を二つに分ける。一つは、私たちの感覚に真の喜びを与えるものであり、自然を回復させ、食べたり飲んだりして生命の内部熱を養う部分を供給することによって、あるいは自然がそれを圧迫する過重負担から解放されたときに、突然の痛みから解放されたときに、あるいは自然が賢明に与えてくれた食欲を満たすことから生じるもので、私たちを種の繁殖へと導く。

There is another kind of pleasure that arises neither from our receiving what the body requires, nor its being relieved when overcharged, and yet, by a secret unseen virtue, affects the senses, raises the passions, and strikes the mind with generous impressions—this is, the pleasure that arises from music.

relieve (解放される) [動] free someone from a duty or responsibility

overcharged (過充電) [形] having too much electrical current or power

secret (秘密) [名] something that is kept or meant to be kept unknown or unseen by others

unseen (目に見えない) [形] not seen or not able to be seen

affect (影響を与える) [動] have an effect on; make a difference to

身体が必要とするものを受け取ることや、過充電されたときに解放されることから生じるのではなく、目に見えない秘密の徳によって感覚に影響を与え、情熱を高め、心を寛大な印象で打つ、もう一つの種類の快楽がある。それは音楽から生じる快楽である。

Another kind of bodily pleasure is that which results from an undisturbed and vigorous constitution of body, when life and active spirits seem to actuate every part.

another (もう一つの) [形] one more; an additional

kind (種類) [名] a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic

bodily (肉体的) [形] of or relating to the body

result (生じる) [動] come about as a consequence

undisturbed (妨害されない) [形] not interrupted or interfered with

vigorous (活発な) [形] strong, forceful, or energetic

active (活動的な) [形] characterized by energetic action or movement

seem (見える) [動] give the impression of being

actuate (動かす) [動] cause to move or operate

もう一つの種類の肉体的快楽は、生命と活動的な精神があらゆる部分を動かしているように見える、妨害されない活発な体質から生じる快楽である。

This lively health, when entirely free from all mixture of pain, of itself gives an inward pleasure, independent of all external objects of delight;

lively (活発な) [形] full of life and energy

inward (内なる) [形] directed or proceeding toward the inside

independent (独立している) [形] not influenced or controlled by others in matters of opinion, conduct, etc.

この活発な健康は、痛みの混合から完全に解放されたとき、それ自体が内なる喜びを与え、喜びのすべての外部対象から独立している。

and though this pleasure does not so powerfully affect us, nor act so strongly on the senses as some of the others, yet it may be esteemed as the greatest of all pleasures;

powerfully (強く) [副] with great force or strength

strongly (強く) [副] with great force or strength

act (作用する) [動] take action; do something

そして、この快楽は私たちにそれほど強く影響を与えたり、他の快楽のように感覚に強く作用したりしないが、それでもすべての快楽の中で最も偉大なものと見なすことができる。

and almost all the Utopians reckon it the foundation and basis of all the other joys of life, since this alone makes the state of life easy and desirable, and when this is wanting, a man is really capable of no other pleasure.

almost all (ほとんどすべての) [形] nearly all

reckon (見なす) [動] consider or regard in a specified way

foundation (基礎) [名] the basis on which something is founded or built

basis (基礎) [名] the underlying support or foundation for an idea, argument, or process

alone (だけで) [副] without any other people or things

desirable (望ましい) [形] worth having or wanting

really (本当に) [副] in fact; actually

そして、ほとんどすべてのユートピア人は、これを人生の他のすべての喜びの基礎と見なしているが、これだけで人生の状態が楽で望ましいものになり、これが欠けていると、人は本当に他の喜びを享受することができない。

They look upon freedom from pain, if it does not rise from perfect health, to be a state of stupidity rather than of pleasure.

rise (生じる) [動] come into existence or prominence

perfect (完全な) [形] having all the required or desirable elements, qualities, or characteristics; as good as it is possible to be

stupidity (愚かさ) [名] behavior that shows a lack of good judgment or common sense

彼らは、完全な健康から生じない痛みからの解放は、快楽というよりは愚かさの状態であると見ている。

This subject has been very narrowly canvassed among them, and it has been debated whether a firm and entire health could be called a pleasure or not.

subject (問題) [名] a matter that is being discussed

narrowly (狭く) [副] in a narrow way

canvass (議論する) [動] discuss or examine in detail

firm (堅固な) [形] strong and stable

entire (完全な) [形] complete; whole

この問題は彼らの間で非常に狭く議論され、堅固で完全な健康を快楽と呼べるかどうかが議論されてきた。

Some have thought that there was no pleasure but what was ‘excited’ by some sensible motion in the body.

ある人は、身体の中の何らかの知覚できる運動によって「興奮」させられるもの以外に快楽はないと考えている。

But this opinion has been long ago excluded from among them;

long ago (ずっと前に) [副] a long time ago

exclude (排除する) [動] shut out; keep out

しかし、この意見はずっと前に彼らの中から排除された。

so that now they almost universally agree that health is the greatest of all bodily pleasures;

greatest (最も偉大な) [形] of major significance or importance

bodily (身体的) [形] relating to a person's body

そのため、今では彼らはほとんど普遍的に、健康はすべての身体的快楽の中で最も偉大なものであることに同意している。

and that as there is a pain in sickness which is as opposite in its nature to pleasure as sickness itself is to health, so they hold that health is accompanied with pleasure.

opposite (正反対) [形] facing or going in the opposite direction

accompany (伴う) [動] go together with

そして、病気そのものが健康とは正反対であるように、病気の中にはその性質上快楽とは正反対の痛みがあるように、彼らは健康には快楽が伴うと考えている。

And if any should say that sickness is not really pain, but that it only carries pain along with it, they look upon that as a fetch of subtlety that does not much alter the matter.

そして、もし誰かが病気は実際には痛みではなく、ただ痛みを伴うだけだと言うなら、彼らはそれを問題をあまり変えないような微妙な言い回しだと見なす。

It is all one, in their opinion, whether it be said that health is in itself a pleasure, or that it begets a pleasure, as fire gives heat, so it be granted that all those whose health is entire have a true pleasure in the enjoyment of it.

beget (生み出す) [動] cause to exist or come about

enjoyment (享受) [名] the state or process of taking delight or pleasure in something

彼らの意見では、健康はそれ自体が快楽であると言うか、火が熱を与えるように快楽を生み出すと言うかは、すべて同じことであり、健康が完全な人は皆、それを享受することで真の快楽を得ることができると認められている。

And they reason thus:—‘What is the pleasure of eating, but that a man’s health, which had been weakened, does, with the assistance of food, drive away hunger, and so recruiting itself, recovers its former vigour?

reason (考える) [動] think, understand, and form judgments by a process of logic

eating (食べる) [動] take into the body by the mouth

weakened (弱っていた) [動] make or become weaker in power, force, or intensity

food (食べ物) [名] any substance that can be eaten

drive away (追い払う) [動] cause to go away

hunger (空腹) [名] a state of having a desire to eat food

recruiting (回復する) [動] restore to health or strength

vigour (活力) [名] physical or mental strength or energy

そして、彼らはこう考える。食べることの快楽とは、弱っていた人の健康が、食べ物の助けを借りて空腹を追い払い、それによって元気を取り戻し、以前の活力を取り戻すことに他ならない。

And being thus refreshed it finds a pleasure in that conflict;

be refreshed (元気を取り戻す) [動] to be restored to a state of freshness or vigor

そして、このように元気を取り戻した健康は、その闘争に快楽を見出す。

and if the conflict is pleasure, the victory must yet breed a greater pleasure, except we fancy that it becomes stupid as soon as it has obtained that which it pursued, and so neither knows nor rejoices in its own welfare.’

conflict (闘争) [名] a state of opposition between persons or ideas or interests

victory (勝利) [名] an act of defeating an enemy or opponent in a battle, game, or other competition

breed (生み出す) [動] produce offspring

fancy (考える) [動] to have a belief or idea about something

stupid (愚か) [形] lacking intelligence or common sense

obtain (手に入れる) [動] to gain or acquire

そして、もし闘争が快楽であるならば、勝利はさらに大きな快楽を生み出すに違いない。ただし、追い求めていたものを手に入れた途端に愚かになり、自分の幸福を知らないし喜びもしないと考えるならば別である。」

If it is said that health cannot be felt, they absolutely deny it;

absolutely (絶対に) [副] without any doubt; completely

健康は感じることができないと言われると、彼らはそれを絶対に否定する。

for what man is in health, that does not perceive it when he is awake?

is in (にある) [動] be in a state of

does not (しない) [助] form the negative

perceive (知覚する) [動] become aware of directly through any of the senses, especially sight or hearing

he (彼は) [代] the man

awake (目覚めている) [形] not asleep

健康な人は、目覚めている時にそれを知覚しない人がいるだろうか?

Is there any man that is so dull and stupid as not to acknowledge that he feels a delight in health?

健康に喜びを感じていることを認めないほど退屈で愚かな人がいるだろうか?

And what is delight but another name for pleasure?

そして、喜びとは快楽の別名にすぎないではないか?

“But, of all pleasures, they esteem those to be most valuable that lie in the mind, the chief of which arise out of true virtue and the witness of a good conscience.

chief (主なもの) [名] the head of a tribe or other social group

witness (証し) [名] a person who sees an event, typically a crime or accident, take place

「しかし、あらゆる快楽の中で、彼らは精神にあるものを最も価値あるものと見なし、その主なものは真の徳と善良な良心の証しから生じる。

They account health the chief pleasure that belongs to the body;

account (見なす) [動] consider or regard as

彼らは健康を身体に属する主な快楽と見なし、

for they think that the pleasure of eating and drinking, and all the other delights of sense, are only so far desirable as they give or maintain health;

drinking (飲む) [動] take into the body by the mouth

so far (限り) [副] to the extent or degree that

食べることと飲むことの快楽や、他のあらゆる感覚の喜びは、健康を与えたり維持したりする限りにおいてのみ望ましいと考えている。

but they are not pleasant in themselves otherwise than as they resist those impressions that our natural infirmities are still making upon us.

pleasant (快い) [形] giving or capable of giving joy or pleasure; delightful

しかし、それらは、私たちの生まれつきの弱さが私たちに与えている印象に抵抗する以外には、それ自体では快いものではない。

For as a wise man desires rather to avoid diseases than to take physic, and to be freed from pain rather than to find ease by remedies, so it is more desirable not to need this sort of pleasure than to be obliged to indulge it.

take (飲む) [動] swallow or consume (something)

physic (薬) [名] a medicine or drug

be freed from (解放される) [動] be released from

ease (楽) [名] the state of being comfortable

be obliged to (余儀なくされる) [動] be forced or compelled to do something

賢い人は薬を飲むよりも病気を避け、治療によって楽になるよりも痛みから解放されることを望むように、この種の快楽を必要としないことが、それに耽ることを余儀なくされるよりも望ましいのである。

If any man imagines that there is a real happiness in these enjoyments, he must then confess that he would be the happiest of all men if he were to lead his life in perpetual hunger, thirst, and itching, and, by consequence, in perpetual eating, drinking, and scratching himself;

lead (送る) [動] be in charge or command of

perpetual (永遠の) [形] never ending or changing

thirst (渇き) [名] a state of having a strong desire or need for water

itching (かゆみ) [名] an unpleasant sensation in the skin that causes a desire to scratch

scratching (掻く) [動] rub or scrape with the nails or a sharp or rough object

もし誰かがこれらの楽しみに真の幸福があると想像するなら、彼は永遠の飢え、渇き、かゆみの中で人生を送り、その結果、永遠に食べ、飲み、自分を掻きむしるならば、彼はすべての人の中で最も幸せであると告白しなければならない。

which any one may easily see would be not only a base, but a miserable, state of a life.

anyone (誰でも) [代] any person

base (卑劣な) [形] lacking in morals or standards

誰でも簡単にわかるように、それは卑劣なだけでなく、悲惨な人生である。

These are, indeed, the lowest of pleasures, and the least pure, for we can never relish them but when they are mixed with the contrary pains.

lowest (最も低俗な) [形] of the least importance or value

least (最も純粋ではない) [形] smallest in amount or degree

relish (味わう) [動] enjoy greatly

これらは確かに最も低俗な快楽であり、最も純粋ではない。なぜなら、私たちは反対の苦痛と混ざり合ったときにしかそれらを味わうことができないからである。

The pain of hunger must give us the pleasure of eating, and here the pain out-balances the pleasure.

out-balance (上回る) [動] be greater in weight, value, or importance than (something else)

空腹の苦痛は私たちに食べる喜びを与えてくれるはずだが、ここでは苦痛が喜びを上回っている。

And as the pain is more vehement, so it lasts much longer;

vehement (激しい) [形] showing strong feeling

そして、痛みがより激しいので、それはずっと長く続く。

for as it begins before the pleasure, so it does not cease but with the pleasure that extinguishes it, and both expire together.

cease (終わる) [動] come or bring to an end

extinguish (消す) [動] cause to stop burning or shining

expire (消滅する) [動] come to an end

なぜなら、それは快楽の前に始まるので、それを消す快楽と共に終わるだけで、両方とも一緒に消滅するからである。

They think, therefore, none of those pleasures are to be valued any further than as they are necessary;

none of (どれも~ない) [限] not one of

be to be (~されるべきである) [助] be to be

any further (それ以上) [副] to any extent or degree beyond what has been mentioned

したがって、彼らは、これらの快楽はどれも必要以上に評価されるべきではないと考えている。

yet they rejoice in them, and with due gratitude acknowledge the tenderness of the great Author of Nature, who has planted in us appetites, by which those things that are necessary for our preservation are likewise made pleasant to us.

rejoice (喜ぶ) [動] feel or show great joy or delight

author (著者) [名] a writer of a book, article, or report

preservation (保存) [名] the act of keeping something in its original state

それでも彼らはそれを喜び、私たちの保存に必要なものが同様に私たちにとって快適になるように、私たちに食欲を植え付けてくれた偉大な自然の著者の優しさを感謝の気持ちを込めて認めている。

For how miserable a thing would life be if those daily diseases of hunger and thirst were to be carried off by such bitter drugs as we must use for those diseases that return seldomer upon us!

daily (日々の) [形] happening or done every day

carry off (運び去る) [動] to take away or remove

bitter (苦い) [形] having a sharp, pungent taste or smell

drug (薬) [名] a medicine or other substance which has a physiological effect when ingested or otherwise introduced into the body

seldomer (めったに起こらない) [形] not often; rarely

なぜなら、空腹や喉の渇きといった日々の病気が、私たちにめったに起こらない病気のために使わなければならないような苦い薬によって運び去られるとしたら、人生はどれほど惨めなものになるだろうか!

And thus these pleasant, as well as proper, gifts of Nature maintain the strength and the sprightliness of our bodies.

gift (贈り物) [名] something that is given

こうして、これらの快適で適切な自然の贈り物は、私たちの体の強さと元気さを維持している。

“They also entertain themselves with the other delights let in at their eyes, their ears, and their nostrils as the pleasant relishes and seasoning of life, which Nature seems to have marked out peculiarly for man, since no other sort of animals contemplates the figure and beauty of the universe, nor is delighted with smells any further than as they distinguish meats by them;

nostril (鼻) [名] either of the two openings in the nose through which air passes

relish (味わい) [名] a strong liking for something

seasoning (調味料) [名] something that is added to food to impart a particular flavor

peculiarly (特別に) [副] in a strange or unusual way

contemplate (熟考する) [動] think carefully about something

figure (姿) [名] a person's bodily shape

universe (宇宙) [名] all existing matter and space considered as a whole; the cosmos

「彼らはまた、他の動物は宇宙の姿や美しさを熟考したり、匂いで食べ物を区別する以外に匂いに喜びを感じたりしないので、自然が人間のために特別に定めたように思われる、人生の楽しい味わいや調味料として、目、耳、鼻から取り込まれる他の喜びで自分を楽しませる。

nor do they apprehend the concords or discords of sound.

do (できる) [助] used to form questions and negative statements

concord (協和音) [名] a harmonious state of things in general and of their properties (as of colors and sounds)

discord (不協和音) [名] a lack of harmony or agreement

また、音の協和音や不協和音を理解することもできない。

Yet, in all pleasures whatsoever, they take care that a lesser joy does not hinder a greater, and that pleasure may never breed pain, which they think always follows dishonest pleasures.

lesser (小さな) [形] smaller in size, amount, or value

greater (大きな) [形] larger in size, amount, or value

dishonest (不正直な) [形] not honest; not truthful or trustworthy

しかし、どんな喜びであれ、彼らは小さな喜びが大きな喜びを妨げないように、また喜びが決して痛みを生み出さないように注意している。

But they think it madness for a man to wear out the beauty of his face or the force of his natural strength, to corrupt the sprightliness of his body by sloth and laziness, or to waste it by fasting;

wear out (失う) [動] to use or consume until no longer usable or available

natural (自然の) [形] existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind

corrupt (損なう) [動] to change from good to bad in morals, manners, or actions

sprightliness (元気さ) [名] the quality or state of being lively or brisk

laziness (怠惰) [名] the trait of someone who is lazy

waste (無駄にする) [動] to use or expend carelessly, extravagantly, or to no purpose

fasting (断食) [名] abstinence from all food or some kinds of food

しかし、彼らは、人が顔の美しさや自然の力の強さを失い、怠惰や怠惰によって体の元気さを損なったり、断食によってそれを無駄にすることは狂気だと考えている。

that it is madness to weaken the strength of his constitution and reject the other delights of life, unless by renouncing his own satisfaction he can either serve the public or promote the happiness of others, for which he expects a greater recompense from God.

reject (拒絶する) [動] refuse to accept, consider, or receive

satisfaction (満足) [名] the feeling of fulfillment or happiness

promote (促進する) [動] help or encourage to exist or flourish

recompense (報酬) [名] a reward or punishment

自分の満足を放棄することで公衆に奉仕したり、他人の幸福を促進したりすることができ、それに対して神からより大きな報酬を期待するのでなければ、自分の体質の強さを弱め、人生の他の喜びを拒絶することは狂気である。

So that they look on such a course of life as the mark of a mind that is both cruel to itself and ungrateful to the Author of Nature, as if we would not be beholden to Him for His favours, and therefore rejects all His blessings;

course of life (人生の歩み) [名] the way that someone's life develops

Author of Nature (自然の創造主) [名] God

beholden (感謝する) [形] owing gratitude or recognition to someone

そのため、彼らはそのような人生の歩みを、自分自身に残酷であり、自然の創造主に感謝していない心のしるしと見なし、まるで私たちが神の恩恵に感謝せず、神の祝福をすべて拒絶するかのようだ。

as one who should afflict himself for the empty shadow of virtue, or for no better end than to render himself capable of bearing those misfortunes which possibly will never happen.

afflict (苦しめる) [動] cause pain or suffering to

no better end (良い目的はない) [名] no purpose that is better

bear (耐える) [動] to accept or tolerate

美徳の空虚な影のために、あるいはおそらく起こり得ない不幸に耐えることができるようにすることよりも良い目的のために自分を苦しめるべき人として。

“This is their notion of virtue and of pleasure: they think that no man’s reason can carry him to a truer idea of them unless some discovery from heaven should inspire him with sublimer notions.

inspire (吹き込む) [動] fill (someone) with the urge or ability to do or feel something, especially to do something creative

「これが彼らの美徳と快楽の概念である。彼らは、天からの何らかの発見が彼に崇高な概念を吹き込まない限り、人間の理性ではそれらの真の考えに到達することはできないと考えている。

I have not now the leisure to examine whether they think right or wrong in this matter;

have not (ない) [動] not have

leisure (余裕) [名] time free from the demands of work or duty

wrong (間違っている) [形] incorrect or untrue

私は今、彼らがこの件に関して正しいと思うか間違っていると思うかを調べる余裕がない。

nor do I judge it necessary, for I have only undertaken to give you an account of their constitution, but not to defend all their principles.

undertake (引き受ける) [動] take on a task or job

defend (擁護する) [動] speak or write in favor of

また、私はそれを必要だとも思わない。なぜなら、私はあなたに彼らの憲法について説明するだけで、彼らのすべての原則を擁護するわけではないからだ。

I am sure that whatever may be said of their notions, there is not in the whole world either a better people or a happier government.

be said of (言われる) [動] be said about

whole world (全世界) [名] the entire world

happier (より幸せな) [形] more happy

彼らの考えがどうであれ、全世界でこれより良い国民やより幸せな政府は存在しないと私は確信している。

Their bodies are vigorous and lively;

vigorous (元気な) [形] strong, healthy, and full of energy

彼らの体は元気で活発だ。

and though they are but of a middle stature, and have neither the fruitfullest soil nor the purest air in the world;

fruitfullest (最も肥沃な) [形] producing much fruit or vegetation

purest (最も純粋な) [形] free from anything that contaminates or pollutes

彼らは中背で、世界で最も肥沃な土壌も最も純粋な空気も持っていないが、

yet they fortify themselves so well, by their temperate course of life, against the unhealthiness of their air, and by their industry they so cultivate their soil, that there is nowhere to be seen a greater increase, both of corn and cattle, nor are there anywhere healthier men and freer from diseases;

temperate (節制した) [形] moderate in action, thought, or feeling; self-restrained

course (経過) [名] the way in which something progresses or develops

unhealthiness (不健康) [名] the state of being unhealthy

nowhere (どこにも) [副] not anywhere

healthier (より健康な) [形] in a good state of health

freer (より自由な) [形] not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes

彼らは節制した生活によって不健康な空気に対して自分を守り、勤勉に土壌を耕すので、穀物と家畜の両方においてこれ以上の増加は見られず、また、これほど健康で病気のない人はどこにもいない。

for one may there see reduced to practice not only all the art that the husbandman employs in manuring and improving an ill soil, but whole woods plucked up by the roots, and in other places new ones planted, where there were none before.

for one (そこでは) [副] in that place

reduced to practice (実践されている) [動] put into practice

all the art (あらゆる技術) [名] all the knowledge and skill

the husbandman (農夫) [名] a farmer

employs (用いる) [動] use

manuring (肥料を与える) [動] fertilize with manure

improving (改良する) [動] make or become better

an ill soil (悪い土壌) [名] a soil that is not good for growing crops

whole woods (森全体) [名] all of a forest

plucked up (根こそぎにされる) [動] pull or pick out

by the roots (根) [名] the part of a plant that grows down into the soil

in other places (他の場所に) [副] in different places

new ones (新しいもの) [名] something that has not existed before

planted (植えられる) [動] put a plant in the ground

there were none before (以前にはなかった) [動] did not exist before

農夫が悪い土壌に肥料を与えて改良するために用いるあらゆる技術が実践されているだけでなく、森全体が根こそぎにされ、他の場所には以前にはなかった新しい森が植えられているのを見ることができる。

Their principal motive for this is the convenience of carriage, that their timber may be either near their towns or growing on the banks of the sea, or of some rivers, so as to be floated to them;

principal (主な) [形] most important

motive (動機) [名] a reason for doing something

float (浮かぶ) [動] rest or move on or in a liquid without sinking

彼らがそうする主な動機は、木材が町の近くにあるか、海岸や川岸に生えていて、彼らのところに浮かんでくるように、運搬の便宜を図ることである。

for it is a harder work to carry wood at any distance over land than corn.

木材を陸路で運ぶのは、穀物を運ぶよりもずっと大変な仕事だからである。

The people are industrious, apt to learn, as well as cheerful and pleasant, and none can endure more labour when it is necessary;

industrious (勤勉な) [形] working hard and steadily

apt (意欲がある) [形] likely to do something

endure (耐える) [動] tolerate something difficult

人々は勤勉で、学習意欲があり、陽気で快活であり、必要とあれば誰もが労働に耐えることができる。

but, except in that case, they love their ease.

しかし、その場合を除いて、彼らは安楽を愛する。

They are unwearied pursuers of knowledge;

unwearied (飽きることがない) [形] not tired or bored

彼らは知識の追求に飽きることがない。

for when we had given them some hints of the learning and discipline of the Greeks, concerning whom we only instructed them (for we know that there was nothing among the Romans, except their historians and their poets, that they would value much), it was strange to see how eagerly they were set on learning that language: we began to read a little of it to them, rather in compliance with their importunity than out of any hopes of their reaping from it any great advantage: but, after a very short trial, we found they made such progress, that we saw our labour was like to be more successful than we could have expected: they learned to write their characters and to pronounce their language so exactly, had so quick an apprehension, they remembered it so faithfully, and became so ready and correct in the use of it, that it would have looked like a miracle if the greater part of those whom we taught had not been men both of extraordinary capacity and of a fit age for instruction: they were, for the greatest part, chosen from among their learned men by their chief council, though some studied it of their own accord.

had given (与えた) [動] cause to have or receive

some hints (少しだけ) [名] a small amount of something

the learning (学問) [名] knowledge acquired by systematic study

discipline (規律) [名] training that produces orderliness, obedience, and self-control

the Greeks (ギリシャ人) [名] a native or inhabitant of Greece

concerning (について) [前] with regard to; about

instructed (教えた) [動] teach or train (someone)

there was (なかった) [動] exist

among (の中で) [前] in the middle of; surrounded by

the Romans (ローマ人) [名] a native or inhabitant of Rome

historians (歴史家) [名] a person who studies or writes about history

poets (詩人) [名] a person who writes poems

would (だろう) [助] expressing the future tense

value (重視する) [動] regard as important or worthy

was (だった) [動] exist

to see (見ること) [動] perceive with the eyes; observe

how (どれほど) [副] to what extent or degree

というのも、私たちが彼らにギリシャ人の学問と規律について少しだけ教えたとき(私たちは、ローマ人の歴史家と詩人以外に彼らが重視するものは何もないことを知っていたため、彼らに教えたのはギリシャ人のことだけだった)、彼らがどれほど熱心にその言語を学ぼうとしたのか、不思議なほどだった。私たちは、彼らがそこから大きな利益を得るという希望からというよりは、彼らのしつこさに従って、彼らに少しずつ読み聞かせ始めたのだが、ごく短い試行の後、彼らがとても上達していることがわかり、私たちの労力が予想以上に成功しそうだとわかった。彼らは文字の書き方や発音をとても正確に学び、理解が早く、忠実に覚え、すぐに正しく使えるようになったので、私たちが教えた人の大部分が並外れた能力と教育に適した年齢の両方を備えた人でなかったら、奇跡のように見えただろう。彼らの大部分は、彼らの最高評議会によって彼らの学者の中から選ばれたが、何人かは自らの意志でそれを学んだ。

In three years’ time they became masters of the whole language, so that they read the best of the Greek authors very exactly.

three years' time (3年後) [名] a period of three years

language (言語) [名] the system of communication used by a particular community or country

master (マスター) [名] a person with the highest degree of knowledge or skill

read (読む) [動] look at and understand the meaning of written or printed words

Greek (ギリシャ) [名] a native or inhabitant of Greece

author (作家) [名] a person who writes books or articles

exactly (正確に) [副] in a precise and accurate manner

3年後には彼らは言語全体をマスターし、ギリシャの優れた作家の作品を非常に正確に読めるようになった。

I am, indeed, apt to think that they learned that language the more easily from its having some relation to their own.

relation (関係) [名] the state of being connected or related

実際、私は彼らが自分たちの言語と関係があるために、その言語をより簡単に学んだと考えがちだ。

I believe that they were a colony of the Greeks; for though their language comes nearer the Persian, yet they retain many names, both for their towns and magistrates, that are of Greek derivation.

Persian (ペルシア語) [名] the official language of Iran, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan

retain (残る) [動] continue to have; keep

derivation (由来) [名] the formation of a word from another word or from a root

私は彼らがギリシャ人の植民地だったと思う。彼らの言語はペルシア語に近いが、町や行政官の名前にはギリシャ語に由来するものが多く残っている。

I happened to carry a great many books with me, instead of merchandise, when I sailed my fourth voyage;

carry (持つ) [動] take or support from one place to another

instead of (代わりに) [前] as an alternative to

sail (出航する) [動] travel by ship

4回目の航海に出たとき、私はたまたま商品の代わりにたくさんの本を持っていた。

for I was so far from thinking of soon coming back, that I rather thought never to have returned at all, and I gave them all my books, among which were many of Plato’s and some of Aristotle’s works: I had also Theophrastus on Plants, which, to my great regret, was imperfect;

think of (考える) [動] have in mind; intend

work (著作) [名] a book or other written material

plant (植物) [名] a living organism of the kind exemplified by trees, shrubs, herbs, grasses, ferns, and mosses

which (それは) [代] that which; the thing that

to my great regret (残念ながら) [副] unfortunately

imperfect (不完全な) [形] not perfect; having a defect or weakness

すぐに帰ってくるなんて考えもしなかったので、むしろ二度と帰ってこないと思っていたので、プラトンやアリストテレスの著作など、持っていた本を全部あげた。植物に関するテオプラストゥスの本もあったが、残念ながら不完全だった。

for having laid it carelessly by, while we were at sea, a monkey had seized upon it, and in many places torn out the leaves.

monkey (猿) [名] a primate mammal with a long tail and large ears

seize (つかむ) [動] take hold of suddenly and forcibly

海にいる間に不注意に置いておいたために、猿がそれをつかんで、多くの場所で葉を引き裂いてしまった。

They have no books of grammar but Lascares, for I did not carry Theodorus with me;

grammar (文法) [名] the study of the way the words of a language are used to form sentences

Lascares (ラスカレスの) [名] a Byzantine grammarian

Theodorus (テオドロスの) [名] a Greek grammarian

彼らはラスカレスの文法書しか持っていなかった。私はテオドロスの文法書を持っていなかったからだ。

nor have they any dictionaries but Hesichius and Dioscerides.

dictionary (辞書) [名] a book or electronic resource that lists the words of a language typically in alphabetical order and gives their meaning, or gives the equivalent words in a different language, often also providing in...

Hesichius (ヘシキウス) [名] a Greek lexicographer of Alexandria

Dioscerides (ディオスコリデス) [名] a Greek physician, pharmacologist, and botanist

彼らはヘシキウスとディオスコリデス以外の辞書を持っていない。

They esteem Plutarch highly, and were much taken with Lucian’s wit and with his pleasant way of writing.

highly (高く) [副] to a high degree or level

wit (機知) [名] the ability to say or write things that are clever and usually funny

彼らはプルタルコスを高く評価し、ルキアノスの機知と楽しい書き方にとても惹かれていた。

As for the poets, they have Aristophanes, Homer, Euripides, and Sophocles of Aldus’s edition;

poet (詩人) [名] a person who writes poems

Aristophanes (アリストパネス) [名] an ancient Greek playwright

Homer (ホメロス) [名] an ancient Greek poet

Euripides (エウリピデス) [名] an ancient Greek playwright

Sophocles (ソポクレス) [名] an ancient Greek playwright

Aldus (アルドゥス) [名] a Venetian printer and publisher

詩人については、彼らはアリストパネス、ホメロス、エウリピデス、ソポクレスのアルドゥス版を持っている。

and for historians, Thucydides, Herodotus, and Herodian.

historian (歴史家) [名] a person who studies or writes about history

Thucydides (トゥキディデス) [名] an ancient Greek historian

Herodotus (ヘロドトス) [名] an ancient Greek historian

Herodian (ヘロディアヌス) [名] an ancient Greek historian

歴史家については、トゥキディデス、ヘロドトス、ヘロディアヌスを持っている。

One of my companions, Thricius Apinatus, happened to carry with him some of Hippocrates’s works and Galen’s Microtechne, which they hold in great estimation;

one of (一人) [名] a member of a group

work (作品) [名] a product of one's effort

hold in great estimation (高く評価する) [動] have a high opinion of

私の仲間の一人、トリキウス・アピナトゥスは、たまたまヒポクラテスの作品とガレノスのミクロテクネを携帯していたが、彼らはそれを高く評価している。

for though there is no nation in the world that needs physic so little as they do, yet there is not any that honours it so much;

for though (にもかかわらず) [接] despite the fact that

there is no (存在しない) [動] be not present

in the world (世界で) [副] on earth; in existence

that needs (必要とする) [動] require (something) because it is essential or very important

so little (それほど少なく) [副] to a small extent

as they do (彼らがそうであるように) [副] in the way that they do

there is not any (存在しない) [動] be not present

that honours (尊敬する) [動] regard with great respect

彼らほど薬を必要としない国は世界に存在しないが、彼らほど薬を尊敬する国も存在しない。

they reckon the knowledge of it one of the pleasantest and most profitable parts of philosophy, by which, as they search into the secrets of nature, so they not only find this study highly agreeable, but think that such inquiries are very acceptable to the Author of nature;

pleasantest (最も楽しい) [形] most pleasant

search (探求する) [動] to look for something

agreeable (快適な) [形] able to be accepted

author (創造主) [名] the writer of a book, article, or report

彼らは医学の知識を哲学の中で最も楽しく有益な部分の一つと考えており、それによって自然の秘密を探求するにつれて、この研究が非常に快適であるだけでなく、そのような探求が自然の創造主に非常に受け入れられると考えている。

and imagine, that as He, like the inventors of curious engines amongst mankind, has exposed this great machine of the universe to the view of the only creatures capable of contemplating it, so an exact and curious observer, who admires His workmanship, is much more acceptable to Him than one of the herd, who, like a beast incapable of reason, looks on this glorious scene with the eyes of a dull and unconcerned spectator.

engine (機械) [名] a machine with moving parts that converts power into motion

inventor (発明者) [名] a person who invents something

expose (さらけ出す) [動] make (something) visible, accessible, or known

creature (生き物) [名] a living being

workmanship (技) [名] the quality of work produced by a person or group

herd (群れ) [名] a large group of animals

incapable (できない) [形] unable to do something

dull (鈍い) [形] lacking interest or excitement

unconcerned (無関心な) [形] not interested or concerned

spectator (観客) [名] a person who watches at a show, game, or other event

そして、神が人間の中の奇妙な機械の発明者のように、この宇宙の偉大な機械をそれを熟考できる唯一の生き物の目にさらしたように、神の技を賞賛する正確で好奇心旺盛な観察者は、理性のない獣のように、この栄光の光景を鈍く無関心な観客の目で見る群れの一人よりも、神に受け入れられると想像する。

“The minds of the Utopians, when fenced with a love for learning, are very ingenious in discovering all such arts as are necessary to carry it to perfection.

「ユートピア人の精神は、学問への愛に囲まれていると、それを完成させるために必要なあらゆる芸術を発見するのに非常に独創的である。

Two things they owe to us, the manufacture of paper and the art of printing;

paper (紙) [名] a material made of cellulose pulp derived mainly from wood or rags or grasses

彼らが私たちに負っている二つのことは、紙の製造と印刷術である。

yet they are not so entirely indebted to us for these discoveries but that a great part of the invention was their own.

indebted (負っている) [形] owing gratitude or recognition to someone

しかし、彼らはこれらの発見を私たちに負っているわけではなく、発明の大部分は彼ら自身のものだった。

We showed them some books printed by Aldus, we explained to them the way of making paper and the mystery of printing;

print (印刷する) [動] produce a book, newspaper, or other document by a mechanical process involving the transfer of ink to paper

mystery (神秘) [名] something that is difficult or impossible to understand or explain

私たちは彼らにアルダスによって印刷された本を見せ、紙の作り方を説明し、印刷の神秘を説明した。

but, as we had never practised these arts, we described them in a crude and superficial manner.

practise (練習する) [動] perform (an activity) or exercise (a skill) repeatedly in order to improve or maintain one's proficiency

crude (粗雑な) [形] in a natural or raw state; not yet processed or refined

superficial (表面的な) [形] of or relating to the surface

しかし、私たちはこれらの芸術を練習したことがなかったので、それらを粗雑で表面的な方法で説明した。

They seized the hints we gave them;

hint (ヒント) [名] a slight or indirect indication or suggestion

彼らは私たちが与えたヒントをつかんだ。

and though at first they could not arrive at perfection, yet by making many essays they at last found out and corrected all their errors and conquered every difficulty.

arrive at (到達する) [動] reach a destination

by making (することで) [動] by doing

essay (試み) [名] an attempt or effort

correct (修正する) [動] make or become free from faults or errors

最初は完璧に到達できなかったが、多くの試みをすることで、ついにすべての誤りを見つけて修正し、あらゆる困難を克服した。

Before this they only wrote on parchment, on reeds, or on the barks of trees;

write (書き込む) [動] mark (letters, words, or other symbols) on a surface, typically paper, with a pen, pencil, or similar implement

parchment (羊皮紙) [名] a writing material made from specially prepared untanned skins of animals

bark (木の皮) [名] the tough outer layer of the trunk, branches, and twigs of a tree or woody shrub

これ以前は、彼らは羊皮紙、葦、または木の皮にしか書き込まなかった。

but now they have established the manufactures of paper and set up printing presses, so that, if they had but a good number of Greek authors, they would be quickly supplied with many copies of them: at present, though they have no more than those I have mentioned, yet, by several impressions, they have multiplied them into many thousands.

establish (確立する) [動] to set up or lay the foundation for

set up (設置する) [動] to put in place or position

printing press (印刷機) [名] a machine for printing

copy (コピー) [名] a duplicate of an original

multiply (増やす) [動] to increase in number or quantity

しかし、今では紙の製造を確立し、印刷機を設置したので、ギリシャの著者がかなりの数いれば、すぐにそれらの多くのコピーが提供されるだろう。現在、私が言及したものしか持っていないが、それでも、いくつかの印象によって、それらを何千にも増やした。

If any man was to go among them that had some extraordinary talent, or that by much travelling had observed the customs of many nations (which made us to be so well received), he would receive a hearty welcome, for they are very desirous to know the state of the whole world.

any man (誰か) [名] any person

hearty (心からの) [形] warm and friendly

何か特別な才能がある人や、多くの旅行で多くの国の習慣を観察した人が彼らの中に行けば(それが私たちをとても歓迎してくれた)、彼らは心からの歓迎を受けるだろう。なぜなら彼らは全世界の状態を知りたいと強く望んでいるからだ。

Very few go among them on the account of traffic;

very few (ほとんどいない) [名] a small number of people or things

on the account of (都合で) [名] a statement of the causes of a particular event

traffic (交通) [名] the movement of people or vehicles

交通の都合で彼らの中に行く人はほとんどいない。

for what can a man carry to them but iron, or gold, or silver?

鉄、金、銀以外に何を運べるだろうか?

which merchants desire rather to export than import to a strange country:

export (輸出) [動] send (goods or services) to another country for sale

import (輸入) [動] bring (goods or services) into a country from abroad for sale

商人は見知らぬ国に輸入するよりも輸出したいと思っている。

and as for their exportation, they think it better to manage that themselves than to leave it to foreigners, for by this means, as they understand the state of the neighbouring countries better, so they keep up the art of navigation which cannot be maintained but by much practice.

foreigner (外国人) [名] a person from a foreign country

neighbouring (近隣) [形] next to or very near

輸出については、外国人に任せるよりも自分たちで管理した方が良いと考えており、この方法で近隣諸国の状況をよりよく理解し、多くの練習をしなければ維持できない航海術を維持している。

OF THEIR SLAVES, AND OF THEIR MARRIAGES

奴隷と結婚について

“They do not make slaves of prisoners of war, except those that are taken in battle, nor of the sons of their slaves, nor of those of other nations:

make slave of (奴隷にする) [動] force someone to work for you without pay

prisoner of war (戦争捕虜) [名] a person who is captured by the enemy in time of war

taken (捕らえられた) [動] catch or capture

nor (~も~もない) [接] and not; or not

son (息子) [名] a male child

「彼らは戦争捕虜を奴隷にすることはなく、戦闘で捕らえられた者、奴隷の息子、他の国の者を奴隷にすることはない。

the slaves among them are only such as are condemned to that state of life for the commission of some crime, or, which is more common, such as their merchants find condemned to die in those parts to which they trade, whom they sometimes redeem at low rates, and in other places have them for nothing.

commission (犯す) [動] do or carry out

merchant (商人) [名] a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities for profit

redeem (償還する) [動] buy back

rate (料金) [名] a fixed price paid or charged for a good or service

彼らの間の奴隷は、何らかの犯罪を犯したためにその生活状態を宣告された者、あるいはもっと一般的には、商人が取引する地域で死刑を宣告された者であり、彼らは時々低料金で償還し、他の場所では無料で手に入れている。

They are kept at perpetual labour, and are always chained, but with this difference, that their own natives are treated much worse than others:

chain (鎖につなぐ) [動] fasten or secure with a chain

彼らは永続的な労働を強いられ、常に鎖につながれているが、この違いは、彼ら自身の原住民は他の人々よりもはるかにひどい扱いを受けている。

they are considered as more profligate than the rest, and since they could not be restrained by the advantages of so excellent an education, are judged worthy of harder usage.

profligate (放蕩) [形] recklessly extravagant or wasteful in the use of resources

worthy (値する) [形] deserving effort, attention, or respect

usage (使用) [名] the action of using something

彼らは他の人々よりも放蕩であると考えられており、そのような優れた教育の利点によって抑制することができなかったので、より厳しい使用に値すると判断される。

Another sort of slaves are the poor of the neighbouring countries, who offer of their own accord to come and serve them: they treat these better, and use them in all other respects as well as their own countrymen, except their imposing more labour upon them, which is no hard task to those that have been accustomed to it;

another sort of (別の種類の) [名] a different type of

neighbouring country (近隣諸国) [名] a country that is next to or near another country

of their own accord (自分の意思で) [名] without being forced or asked to do something

come and serve (仕えに来る) [動] to work for someone as a servant

use (扱う) [動] to do something with or to something

other respect (他の点) [名] a way in which something can be considered

as well as (と同じように) [副] in addition to

own countryman (自国の人々) [名] a person from the same country as oneself

impose (課す) [動] to force someone to accept something

more labour (もっと労働) [名] a greater amount of work

no hard task (難しい仕事ではない) [名] not a difficult thing to do

have been accustomed to (慣れている) [動] to be used to something

別の種類の奴隷は、近隣諸国の貧しい人々であり、彼らは自分の意思で彼らに仕えに来る。彼らはこれらの人々をよりよく扱い、他のすべての点で彼らを自国の人々と同じように扱うが、彼らにもっと労働を課すことを除いて、それに慣れている人々にとっては難しい仕事ではない。

and if any of these have a mind to go back to their own country, which, indeed, falls out but seldom, as they do not force them to stay, so they do not send them away empty-handed.

have a mind to (したい) [動] have a desire to

own country (自分の国) [名] the country where one is a citizen

send away (帰らせる) [動] cause to leave

empty-handed (空手で) [形] having nothing in one's hands

そして、もしこれらの人々が自分の国に帰りたいと思うなら、彼らは彼らを強制的に留まらせることはないので、実際にはめったに起こらないことだが、彼らは彼らを空手で帰らせることはない。

“I have already told you with what care they look after their sick, so that nothing is left undone that can contribute either to their ease or health;

leave undone (残されていない) [動] not do something that should be done

contribute (役立つ) [動] give or supply in order to help achieve or provide something

「彼らがどれほど注意深く病人の世話をしているかはすでにお話しした通りで、彼らの安楽や健康に役立つことは何も残されていない。

and for those who are taken with fixed and incurable diseases, they use all possible ways to cherish them and to make their lives as comfortable as possible.

fixed (固定的な) [形] not subject to change or variation

incurable (不治の) [形] not able to be cured

comfortable (快適な) [形] providing physical ease and relaxation

そして、固定的で不治の病気にかかっている人々のために、彼らはあらゆる方法で彼らを大切にし、彼らの生活を可能な限り快適にするために努力する。

They visit them often and take great pains to make their time pass off easily;

take great pains (多大な努力をする) [動] make a great effort

pass off (過ぎ去る) [動] come to an end

彼らは頻繁に彼らを訪問し、彼らの時間が楽に過ぎ去るように多大な努力をする。

but when any is taken with a torturing and lingering pain, so that there is no hope either of recovery or ease, the priests and magistrates come and exhort them, that, since they are now unable to go on with the business of life, are become a burden to themselves and to all about them, and they have really out-lived themselves, they should no longer nourish such a rooted distemper, but choose rather to die since they cannot live but in much misery;

be taken with (襲われる) [動] be affected by

torturing (拷問) [名] the act of causing severe pain to someone as a punishment or in order to force them to do or say something

lingering (長引く) [形] continuing for a long time

exhort (説教する) [動] strongly encourage or urge (someone) to do something

about (周り) [前] on every side of

outlive (長生きする) [動] live longer than

nourish (養う) [動] provide with the food or other substances necessary for growth, health, and good condition

rooted (根深い) [形] firmly established; deep-seated

distemper (病気) [名] a mild infectious viral disease of dogs

misery (悲惨さ) [名] a state or feeling of great distress or discomfort

しかし、拷問や長引く痛みに襲われ、回復や安楽の希望がない場合、司祭や治安判事がやってきて、彼らに説教する。彼らは今や人生の仕事を続けることができないために、自分自身や周りのすべての人にとって重荷となり、本当に自分自身よりも長生きしてしまったのだから、もはやそのような根深い病気を養うべきではなく、むしろ死ぬことを選ぶべきだ、なぜなら彼らは多くの悲惨さの中でしか生きることができないからだ。

being assured that if they thus deliver themselves from torture, or are willing that others should do it, they shall be happy after death:

be assured (確信している) [動] be certain or confident about something

deliver (解放する) [動] set free

torture (拷問) [名] the act of causing severe pain to someone as a punishment or in order to force them to do or say something

be willing (望む) [動] be ready, eager, or prepared to do something

彼らがこのように拷問から自分を解放するか、他の人がそれをすることを望むなら、彼らは死後幸せになるだろうと確信している。

since, by their acting thus, they lose none of the pleasures, but only the troubles of life, they think they behave not only reasonably but in a manner consistent with religion and piety;

behave (行動する) [動] act or conduct oneself in a specified way

reasonably (合理的に) [副] in a fair and sensible way

piety (信心深さ) [名] the quality of being religious or reverent

彼らはこのように行動することで、人生の喜びを失うことなく、人生の悩みだけを失うので、彼らは合理的に行動するだけでなく、宗教や信心深さに沿った行動をしていると思っている。

because they follow the advice given them by their priests, who are the expounders of the will of God.

because (なぜなら) [接] for the reason that

なぜなら、彼らは神の意志の解説者である司祭から与えられた忠告に従っているからである。

Such as are wrought on by these persuasions either starve themselves of their own accord, or take opium, and by that means die without pain.

such as (そのような) [限] of the type or kind that

be wrought on (動かされる) [動] be affected by

persuasion (説得) [名] the action of persuading someone or of being persuaded to do or believe something

starve (飢え死にする) [動] die of hunger

take (服用する) [動] swallow or consume

opium (アヘン) [名] a drug obtained from the opium poppy

by that means (それによって) [副] in that way; by that method

このような説得によって動かされた者は、自ら飢え死にするか、アヘンを服用して、苦痛なく死ぬ。

But no man is forced on this way of ending his life;

end (終わらせる) [動] bring to a conclusion; finish

しかし、誰もこのような方法で人生を終わらせることを強制されることはない。

and if they cannot be persuaded to it, this does not induce them to fail in their attendance and care of them:

attendance (世話) [名] the action or state of being present at a place or event

そして、もし彼らがそれに説得されなくても、彼らの世話や看護を怠ることはしない。

but as they believe that a voluntary death, when it is chosen upon such an authority, is very honourable, so if any man takes away his own life without the approbation of the priests and the senate, they give him none of the honours of a decent funeral, but throw his body into a ditch.

voluntary (自発的な) [形] done, given, or acting of one's own free will

honourable (名誉な) [形] worthy of honour or respect

approbation (承認) [名] an expression of approval or praise

funeral (葬儀) [名] the ceremonies held in connection with the burial or cremation of a dead person

しかし、彼らは、そのような権威のもとで選ばれた自発的な死は非常に名誉なことだと信じているので、もし誰かが司祭や元老院の承認なしに自分の命を奪った場合、彼らは彼にまともな葬儀の栄誉を与えず、彼の体を溝に投げ込む。

“Their women are not married before eighteen nor their men before two-and-twenty, and if any of them run into forbidden embraces before marriage they are severely punished, and the privilege of marriage is denied them unless they can obtain a special warrant from the Prince.

eighteen (18歳) [名] the cardinal number that is the sum of seventeen and one

two-and-twenty (22歳) [名] the cardinal number that is the sum of twenty-one and one

any of them (誰か) [名] any person in a group

run into (走る) [動] meet or encounter by chance

embrace (抱擁) [名] a close or affectionate hug

denied (与えられません) [動] refuse to give or grant (something requested or desired) to (someone)

「女性は18歳、男性は22歳になるまで結婚せず、結婚前に禁じられた抱擁に走った者は厳しく罰せられ、王子から特別な許可を得ない限り結婚の特権は与えられません。

Such disorders cast a great reproach upon the master and mistress of the family in which they happen, for it is supposed that they have failed in their duty.

disorder (無秩序) [名] a lack of order or regular arrangement

mistress (女主人) [名] a woman in a position of authority or control

そのような無秩序は、それが起こった家族の主人と女主人に大きな非難を投げかける。なぜなら、彼らは義務を怠ったと考えられるからである。

The reason of punishing this so severely is, because they think that if they were not strictly restrained from all vagrant appetites, very few would engage in a state in which they venture the quiet of their whole lives, by being confined to one person, and are obliged to endure all the inconveniences with which it is accompanied.

strictly (厳しく) [副] in a severe or rigorous manner

engage (従事する) [動] occupy or attract the attention or interest of

venture (危険にさらす) [動] expose (someone or something) to danger, harm, or loss

confine (閉じ込める) [動] keep or restrict someone or something within limits of space, time, or circumstances

これを厳しく罰する理由は、もし彼らがすべての浮浪者の欲求から厳しく抑制されなければ、一人の人に閉じ込められて、それに伴うすべての不便に耐えなければならないことによって、彼らの全人生の静けさを危険にさらす状態に従事する人はほとんどいないと彼らが考えるからである。

In choosing their wives they use a method that would appear to us very absurd and ridiculous, but it is constantly observed among them, and is accounted perfectly consistent with wisdom.

absurd (不条理な) [形] ridiculously incongruous or inappropriate

彼らは妻を選ぶ際に、私たちには非常に不条理でばかげた方法に見える方法を使うが、それは彼らの間では常に観察され、知恵と完全に一致していると見なされている。

Before marriage some grave matron presents the bride, naked, whether she is a virgin or a widow, to the bridegroom, and after that some grave man presents the bridegroom, naked, to the bride.

grave (墓守) [名] a person who takes care of a cemetery

matron (婦人) [名] a married woman

present (差し出す) [動] give something to someone as a gift

bride (花嫁) [名] a woman who is getting married

naked (裸で) [形] not wearing any clothes

bridegroom (花婿) [名] a man who is getting married

結婚式の前に、ある墓守が花嫁を、処女であろうと未亡人であろうと、裸で花婿に差し出し、その後、ある墓守が花婿を裸で花嫁に差し出す。

We, indeed, both laughed at this, and condemned it as very indecent.

私たちは、確かに、このことを笑い、非常に下品だと非難した。

But they, on the other hand, wondered at the folly of the men of all other nations, who, if they are but to buy a horse of a small value, are so cautious that they will see every part of him, and take off both his saddle and all his other tackle, that there may be no secret ulcer hid under any of them, and that yet in the choice of a wife, on which depends the happiness or unhappiness of the rest of his life, a man should venture upon trust, and only see about a handsbreadth of the face, all the rest of the body being covered, under which may lie hid what may be contagious as well as loathsome.

all other nations (他のすべての国) [名] all the countries other than the one being discussed

if they are but to buy (買うだけなら) [条] if the only thing they are doing is buying

a horse (馬) [名] a large four-legged mammal that has been domesticated by humans since prehistoric times

a small value (価値の低い) [名] a value that is not large

so cautious (とても注意深い) [形] very careful

they will see (見る) [動] perceive with the eyes

every part (あらゆる部分) [名] all the parts

take off (外す) [動] remove

saddle (鞍) [名] a seat for a rider on a horse or other animal

all his other tackle (他の道具) [名] all the other equipment

there may be no (ないように) [動] there might not be

secret ulcer (秘密の潰瘍) [名] an ulcer that is not known about

hid under (隠れた) [動] hidden underneath

and that yet (しかし) [接] but

in the choice of (選択において) [名] in the process of choosing

a wife (妻) [名] a married woman

on which depends (左右する) [動] which determines

the happiness or unhappiness (幸福や不幸) [名] the state of being happy or unhappy

of the rest of his life (残りの人生) [名] the remainder of one's life

a man should venture (男は冒す) [動] a man should take a risk

upon trust (信頼) [名] the belief that someone or something is reliable

and only see (だけ見る) [動] and see only

about a handsbreadth of the face (顔の幅) [名] the width of a hand

all the rest of the body (体の他の部分) [名] all the other parts of the body

being covered (覆われる) [動] being covered up

under which may lie hid (隠れているかもしれない) [動] which might be hidden underneath

what may be contagious (伝染性のもの) [名] something that can be spread from one person to another

loathsome (嫌悪感を抱かせるもの) [形] causing disgust

しかし、一方で彼らは、他のすべての国の人々の愚かさに驚いていた。彼らは、もし価値の低い馬を買うだけなら、馬のあらゆる部分を見て、鞍や他の道具をすべて外して、その下に隠れた秘密の潰瘍がないように注意深くするが、残りの人生の幸福や不幸を左右する妻の選択においては、男は信頼を冒して、顔の幅だけを見て、体の他の部分はすべて覆われ、その下に伝染性のものや嫌悪感を抱かせるものが隠れているかもしれない。

All men are not so wise as to choose a woman only for her good qualities, and even wise men consider the body as that which adds not a little to the mind, and it is certain there may be some such deformity covered with clothes as may totally alienate a man from his wife, when it is too late to part with her;

quality (資質) [名] a standard of something as measured against other things of a similar kind; the degree of excellence of something

certain (確かだ) [形] known or proved to be true

be (ある) [動] exist or occur

deformity (奇形) [名] a distortion in the shape or size of a body part

totally (完全に) [副] completely

alienate (遠ざける) [動] make (someone) feel isolated or estranged

too late (遅すぎる) [形] happening or done after the usual or expected time

part (別れる) [動] go away from each other in different directions

すべての男性が女性の良い資質だけを選ぶほど賢いわけではないし、賢い男性でさえ身体を心を少しも増さないものと考えており、服で覆われたそのような奇形が男性を妻から完全に遠ざけることがあるのは確かだ。

if such a thing is discovered after marriage a man has no remedy but patience;

such a thing (そのようなこと) [名] something of the same type or category

have no remedy (治療法はない) [動] be unable to be cured

but (以外に) [接] other than; besides

結婚後にそのようなことが発覚した場合、男性は忍耐する以外に治療法はない。

they, therefore, think it is reasonable that there should be good provision made against such mischievous frauds.

reasonable (合理的) [形] based on or acting on reason or good judgment

したがって、彼らはそのようないたずら詐欺に対して十分な準備をしておくことが合理的であると考えている。

“There was so much the more reason for them to make a regulation in this matter, because they are the only people of those parts that neither allow of polygamy nor of divorces, except in the case of adultery or insufferable perverseness, for in these cases the Senate dissolves the marriage and grants the injured person leave to marry again;

so much the more (それだけ多くの) [副] to a greater extent

make a regulation (規制を設ける) [動] to make a rule or law

polygamy (一夫多妻制) [名] the practice or custom of having more than one wife or husband at the same time

divorce (離婚) [名] the legal ending of a marriage

insufferable (耐え難い) [形] too extreme or bad to be endured

perverseness (倒錯) [名] the quality or state of being perverted

Senate (上院) [名] the upper house of a bicameral legislature

dissolve (解消する) [動] to cause to disappear or come to an end

grant (許可する) [動] to give or allow something to someone

injured (被害者) [形] physically or mentally harmed

marry (結婚する) [動] to take as one's wife or husband

「彼らがこの件で規制を設ける理由は、彼らがその地域で唯一、姦通や耐え難い倒錯の場合を除いて、一夫多妻制も離婚も認めていない国民だからだ。これらの場合には、上院が結婚を解消し、被害者に再婚を許可する。

but the guilty are made infamous and are never allowed the privilege of a second marriage.

guilty (有罪者) [名] a person who has been found guilty of a crime

second (二度目) [形] coming after the first in position or time; 2nd

しかし、有罪者は悪名高くされ、二度目の結婚の特権は決して認められない。

None are suffered to put away their wives against their wills, from any great calamity that may have fallen on their persons, for they look on it as the height of cruelty and treachery to abandon either of the married persons when they need most the tender care of their consort, and that chiefly in the case of old age, which, as it carries many diseases along with it, so it is a disease of itself.

put away (捨てる) [動] discard or get rid of

calamity (災難) [名] an event causing great and often sudden damage or distress

height (極み) [名] the highest part of something

treachery (裏切り) [名] the act of betraying someone or something

consort (配偶者) [名] a wife or husband, especially of a monarch

誰も自分の意志に反して妻を捨てることは許されない。彼らは、配偶者の優しい世話が最も必要なときに、どちらかを捨てることは残酷で裏切りの極みだと見ている。それは主に老齢の場合で、老齢は多くの病気を伴うので、それ自体が病気である。

But it frequently falls out that when a married couple do not well agree, they, by mutual consent, separate, and find out other persons with whom they hope they may live more happily;

married couple (夫婦) [名] a man and a woman who are married to each other

do not well agree (うまくいかない) [動] not go well

mutual consent (合意) [名] an agreement between two or more people or groups

separate (別れる) [動] move or cause to move apart

other person (相手) [名] a person other than oneself

live more happily (より幸せに暮らす) [動] live in a more happy way

しかし、夫婦がうまくいかない場合、彼らは合意の上で別れ、より幸せに暮らせる相手を見つけることが多い。

yet this is not done without obtaining leave of the Senate, which never admits of a divorce but upon a strict inquiry made, both by the senators and their wives, into the grounds upon which it is desired, and even when they are satisfied concerning the reasons of it they go on but slowly, for they imagine that too great easiness in granting leave for new marriages would very much shake the kindness of married people.

strict (厳密な) [形] in accordance with a rigid or severe standard

inquiry (調査) [名] an official examination of the facts about a situation, crime, etc.

desire (希望する) [動] to want or wish for

go on (進む) [動] to continue

slowly (ゆっくりと) [副] not quickly

imagine (考える) [動] to form a mental image of something

too great (あまりにも大きい) [形] more than is usual or expected

easiness (簡単さ) [名] the quality of being easy

grant (与える) [動] to give or allow

shake (揺るがす) [動] to move or cause to move up and down or from side to side

しかし、これは上院の許可を得ずに行われることはなく、上院議員とその妻の両方が離婚を希望する理由を厳密に調査した上でなければ離婚は認められない。また、その理由に納得したとしても、彼らはゆっくりと進む。なぜなら、新しい結婚の許可を与えるのがあまりにも簡単すぎると、既婚者の優しさを大きく揺るがしてしまうと考えるからだ。

They punish severely those that defile the marriage bed;

defile (汚す) [動] make dirty or messy

彼らは結婚の床を汚す者を厳しく罰する。

if both parties are married they are divorced, and the injured persons may marry one another, or whom they please, but the adulterer and the adulteress are condemned to slavery, yet if either of the injured persons cannot shake off the love of the married person they may live with them still in that state, but they must follow them to that labour to which the slaves are condemned, and sometimes the repentance of the condemned, together with the unshaken kindness of the innocent and injured person, has prevailed so far with the Prince that he has taken off the sentence;

married (結婚している) [形] in a state of marriage

divorced (離婚する) [動] legally end a marriage

adulterer (姦通した男) [名] a person who commits adultery

adulteress (姦通した女) [名] a woman who commits adultery

condemned (奴隷にされる) [動] express complete disapproval of; censure strongly

repentance (悔い改め) [名] a feeling of sadness and being sorry for something you have done

unshaken (揺るぎない) [形] firm and not likely to change

両者が結婚している場合は離婚し、被害者は互いに結婚することも、好きな人と結婚することもできるが、姦通した男女は奴隷にされる。しかし、被害者のどちらかが結婚した相手への愛を捨てきれない場合、その状態で一緒に暮らすことはできるが、奴隷が課せられた労働に従わなければならない。また、有罪判決を受けた者の悔い改めと、無実の被害者の揺るぎない優しさが、これまでに王子の心を動かし、刑を解除したこともある。

but those that relapse after they are once pardoned are punished with death.

relapse (再犯する) [動] fall back into a previous bad state

pardon (許す) [動] release from the legal consequences of a crime

しかし、一度許された後に再犯した者は死刑に処せられる。

“Their law does not determine the punishment for other crimes, but that is left to the Senate, to temper it according to the circumstances of the fact.

temper (緩和する) [動] make or become less severe or intense

「彼らの法律は他の犯罪に対する刑罰を定めていないが、それは上院に委ねられており、事実の状況に応じて刑罰を緩和することができる。

Husbands have power to correct their wives and parents to chastise their children, unless the fault is so great that a public punishment is thought necessary for striking terror into others.

public (公の) [形] of or concerning the people as a whole

strike (陥れる) [動] deliver or deal a blow to

夫は妻を正す権限を持ち、親は子供を懲らしめる権限を持つが、その過ちがあまりにも大きく、他人を恐怖に陥れるために公の処罰が必要だと考えられる場合を除く。

For the most part slavery is the punishment even of the greatest crimes, for as that is no less terrible to the criminals themselves than death, so they think the preserving them in a state of servitude is more for the interest of the commonwealth than killing them, since, as their labour is a greater benefit to the public than their death could be, so the sight of their misery is a more lasting terror to other men than that which would be given by their death.

slavery (奴隷制) [名] the condition of a slave; bondage

no less (劣らず) [副] to the same extent

criminal (犯罪者) [名] a person who has committed a crime

themselves (自身) [代] used to emphasize the identity of the subject

so (だから) [接] therefore; for that reason

preserving (保つ) [動] keep in its original state

servitude (奴隷) [名] the state of being a slave

killing (殺す) [動] cause the death of a person or animal

benefit (利益) [名] an advantage or profit gained from something

could be (でありうる) [動] be possible or likely

sight (光景) [名] the ability or an act of seeing

lasting (永続的) [形] continuing for a long time

would be (であろう) [動] be likely or expected to be

given (与えられる) [動] freely transfer the possession of (something) to (someone)

ほとんどの場合、奴隷制は最大の犯罪でさえも罰である。なぜなら、それは犯罪者自身にとって死よりも恐ろしいことであり、彼らを奴隷の状態に保つことは、彼らを殺すよりも共和国の利益になると考えられているからである。彼らの労働は彼らの死よりも公衆にとって大きな利益であり、彼らの悲惨さを見ることは彼らの死によって与えられるものよりも他の人々にとってより永続的な恐怖である。

If their slaves rebel, and will not bear their yoke and submit to the labour that is enjoined them, they are treated as wild beasts that cannot be kept in order, neither by a prison nor by their chains, and are at last put to death.

rebel (反抗する) [動] fight against or refuse to obey an authority

submit (従う) [動] to yield to the control or authority of another

enjoin (命じる) [動] to order or command

order (縛る) [名] the arrangement or disposition of people or things in relation to each other according to a particular sequence, pattern, or method

prison (牢獄) [名] a place where people are kept as a punishment for a crime they have committed

put to death (処刑する) [動] to kill someone as a punishment

もし奴隷が反抗し、軛に耐えず、命じられた労働に従わないならば、彼らは牢獄にも鎖にも縛られない野獣として扱われ、ついには死刑に処せられる。

But those who bear their punishment patiently, and are so much wrought on by that pressure that lies so hard on them, that it appears they are really more troubled for the crimes they have committed than for the miseries they suffer, are not out of hope, but that, at last, either the Prince will, by his prerogative, or the people, by their intercession, restore them again to their liberty, or, at least, very much mitigate their slavery.

patiently (忍耐強く) [副] in a patient manner

lie (耐える) [動] to be in or assume a horizontal or resting position

hard (とても) [副] to a great extent or degree

trouble (悩む) [動] to cause to be anxious or concerned

out of (失う) [前] not having any of

intercession (執り成し) [名] the action of intervening on behalf of another

しかし、忍耐強く刑罰に耐え、その重圧に耐え、苦しんでいる悲惨さよりも犯した罪に本当に悩んでいるように見える人は、希望を失ったわけではないが、ついには、王子が特権によって、あるいは国民が執り成しによって、彼らを再び自由の身に戻すか、少なくとも奴隷の身分を大いに軽減してくれるだろう。

He that tempts a married woman to adultery is no less severely punished than he that commits it, for they believe that a deliberate design to commit a crime is equal to the fact itself, since its not taking effect does not make the person that miscarried in his attempt at all the less guilty.

married woman (既婚女性) [名] a woman who is married

deliberate (意図的な) [形] done on purpose

fact (事実) [名] a thing that is known or proved to be true

take effect (効果を発揮する) [動] become operative

既婚女性を誘惑して姦通させる者は、姦通した者と同じく厳しく罰せられる。なぜなら、彼らは犯罪を犯そうとする意図的な計画は事実そのものに等しいと信じているからである。なぜなら、それが効果を発揮しなかったとしても、その試みに失敗した人の罪が軽くなるわけではないからである。

“They take great pleasure in fools, and as it is thought a base and unbecoming thing to use them ill, so they do not think it amiss for people to divert themselves with their folly;

take great pleasure in (大いに喜ぶ) [動] be very happy about

unbecoming (不適切な) [形] not appropriate or proper

think amiss (悪いと思う) [動] have a wrong opinion or idea

divert (紛らわす) [動] turn from one course or use to another

「彼らは愚か者を大いに喜び、彼らを悪用することは卑劣で不適切なことと考えられているので、人々が彼らの愚かさで気を紛らわすことを悪いことだとは思わない。

and, in their opinion, this is a great advantage to the fools themselves;

in one's opinion (~の意見では) [名] a view or judgment formed about something, not necessarily based on fact or knowledge

great advantage (大きな利点) [名] a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position

そして、彼らの意見では、これは愚か者自身にとって大きな利点である。

for if men were so sullen and severe as not at all to please themselves with their ridiculous behaviour and foolish sayings, which is all that they can do to recommend themselves to others, it could not be expected that they would be so well provided for nor so tenderly used as they must otherwise be.

sullen (不機嫌な) [形] bad-tempered and sulky

not at all (まったく~ない) [副] to no extent; in no way

behaviour (振る舞い) [名] the way in which one acts or conducts oneself, especially towards others

sayings (言葉) [名] a short, well-known expression of wisdom or truth

can do (できる) [動] be able to do

to recommend (推薦する) [動] put forward or suggest as suitable for a purpose or role

could not be expected (期待できない) [動] be regarded as likely to happen or be the case

would be (だろう) [動] be

provided for (準備される) [動] make preparation for

tenderly (優しく) [副] in a gentle or loving manner

used (扱われる) [動] convert to a particular purpose or for a particular end

なぜなら、もし人々が彼らのばかげた振る舞いや愚かな言葉で自分を喜ばせることができないほど不機嫌で厳しいなら、彼らが他人に自分を推薦するためにできることはすべてそれだけなので、彼らがそうでなければそうであるように、それほどよく準備されたり、優しく扱われることは期待できないからである。

If any man should reproach another for his being misshaped or imperfect in any part of his body, it would not at all be thought a reflection on the person so treated, but it would be accounted scandalous in him that had upbraided another with what he could not help.

reproach (非難する) [動] express disapproval of or disappointment with

misshapen (奇形) [形] having a deformed or distorted shape

reflection (非難) [名] a statement that criticizes someone or something

treated (扱われる) [動] behave towards or deal with in a certain way

scandalous (恥ずべき) [形] causing general public outrage by a perceived offense against morality or law

upbraid (非難する) [動] criticize or scold angrily

もし誰かが身体のどこかに奇形や欠陥があることを非難したとしても、それはその人に対する非難とは全く考えられず、どうしようもないことを非難したその人が恥ずべきことだと考えられる。

It is thought a sign of a sluggish and sordid mind not to preserve carefully one’s natural beauty;

natural beauty (自然の美しさ) [名] the beauty of nature

sluggish (怠惰な) [形] lacking energy or alertness

sordid (卑劣な) [形] morally degraded

自分の自然の美しさを注意深く保たないことは、怠惰で卑劣な心のしるしと考えられている。

but it is likewise infamous among them to use paint.

paint (化粧) [名] a cosmetic

しかし、彼らの間では化粧をすることも同様に悪名高い。

They all see that no beauty recommends a wife so much to her husband as the probity of her life and her obedience;

probity (誠実さ) [名] uprightness in one's dealings

彼らは皆、妻の美しさは、彼女の人生の誠実さと従順さほど夫に推薦するものではないことを知っている。

for as some few are caught and held only by beauty, so all are attracted by the other excellences which charm all the world.

some few (少数の) [限] a small number of

be caught (捕らえられる) [動] be trapped or held

held (捕らえられる) [動] be trapped or held

so (ように) [接] in the way that

are attracted (惹きつけられる) [動] be drawn to

the other (他の) [限] the remaining one of two or more people or things

excellences (優れたもの) [名] the quality of being outstanding or extremely good

which (もの) [関] that which

charm (魅了する) [動] attract and hold the interest and attention of

all the world (世界) [名] the earth and all the people living on it

少数の人々が美しさだけに捕らえられているように、すべての人々は世界を魅了する他の優れたものに惹きつけられている。

“As they fright men from committing crimes by punishments, so they invite them to the love of virtue by public honours;

fright (怖がらせる) [動] make someone afraid

invite (招待する) [動] ask someone to come to an event or place

「彼らは罰によって犯罪を犯すことから人々を怖がらせるように、公の栄誉によって美徳の愛に彼らを招待する。

therefore they erect statues to the memories of such worthy men as have deserved well of their country, and set these in their market-places, both to perpetuate the remembrance of their actions

erect (建てる) [動] construct or build

statue (記念碑) [名] a three-dimensional work of art

perpetuate (永続させる) [動] cause to continue or last forever

そのため、彼らは国に貢献した立派な人々の記念碑を建て、市場に設置して、彼らの行動の記憶を永続させ、

and to be an incitement to their posterity to follow their example.

be an incitement to (扇動している) [動] to be a cause of something

posterity (子孫) [名] all future generations of people

彼らの模範に従うように子孫を扇動している。

“If any man aspires to any office he is sure never to compass it.

「もし誰かが役職を熱望するなら、彼は決してそれを達成できない。

They all live easily together, for none of the magistrates are either insolent or cruel to the people;

live easily (気楽に暮らす) [動] live without any difficulty

彼らは皆、一緒に気楽に暮らしている。なぜなら、行政官の誰もが人々に対して横柄でも残酷でもないからだ。

they affect rather to be called fathers, and, by being really so, they well deserve the name;

affect (好む) [動] have a preference for

be called (呼ばれる) [動] be given a name or title

father (父) [名] a male parent

彼らはむしろ父と呼ばれることを好み、実際にそうであることによって、その名にふさわしい。

and the people pay them all the marks of honour the more freely because none are exacted from them.

そして、人々は彼らに敬意の印をすべて支払うが、彼らから何も要求されないため、より自由に支払う。

The Prince himself has no distinction, either of garments or of a crown;

garment (衣服) [名] an item of clothing

crown (王冠) [名] a circular ornamental headdress worn by a monarch as a symbol of authority

王子自身は衣服や王冠の区別がない。

but is only distinguished by a sheaf of corn carried before him;

sheaf (束) [名] a bundle of things tied together

しかし、彼の前で運ばれるトウモロコシの束によってのみ区別される。

as the High Priest is also known by his being preceded by a person carrying a wax light.

High Priest (大祭司) [名] the chief priest of the Jews

be known by (知られている) [動] be famous or well known for

precede (先行する) [動] come before in time

wax light (蝋燭) [名] a candle made of wax

大祭司もまた、蝋燭を運ぶ人が先行することで知られている。

“They have but few laws, and such is their constitution that they need not many.

have but (ほとんどない) [動] have only a small amount of

「彼らには法律がほとんどなく、彼らの憲法は多くの法律を必要としない。

They very much condemn other nations whose laws, together with the commentaries on them, swell up to so many volumes;

commentary (解説書) [名] a series of comments on a text

swell up (膨れ上がる) [動] grow or cause to grow in size, amount, or intensity

彼らは、法律がその解説書と共に膨大な量に膨れ上がっている他の国々を非常に非難している。

for they think it an unreasonable thing to oblige men to obey a body of laws that are both of such a bulk, and so dark as not to be read and understood by every one of the subjects.

unreasonable (不合理な) [形] not guided by or based on good sense

oblige (義務付ける) [動] make someone do something

obey (従う) [動] act in accordance with

bulk (膨大な) [名] the main or greater part of something

dark (難解な) [形] not giving out or reflecting much light

subject (国民) [名] a person who lives in a particular country or area and is subject to its laws

彼らは、国民の誰もが読んで理解できないほど膨大で難解な法律に従うことを国民に義務付けるのは不合理なことだと考えている。

“They have no lawyers among them, for they consider them as a sort of people whose profession it is to disguise matters and to wrest the laws, and, therefore, they think it is much better that every man should plead his own cause, and trust it to the judge, as in other places the client trusts it to a counsellor;

profession (職業) [名] a paid occupation, especially one that involves prolonged training and a formal qualification

disguise (偽る) [動] change the appearance or nature of so as to conceal the identity

wrest (ねじ曲げる) [動] pull or move by force

cause (主張) [名] a principle, aim, or movement to which one is committed and which one is prepared to defend or advocate

client (依頼人) [名] a person using the services of a professional person or organization

「彼らには弁護士がいない。彼らは弁護士を、事実を偽り、法律をねじ曲げることを職業とする一種の人間だと考えているからだ。だから、他の場所では依頼人が弁護士を信頼するように、誰もが自分の主張を弁護し、それを裁判官に信頼する方がはるかに良いと考えている。

by this means they both cut off many delays and find out truth more certainly;

cut off (なくす) [動] stop or interrupt

この方法で、彼らは多くの遅れをなくし、より確実に真実を見つけ出している。

for after the parties have laid open the merits of the cause, without those artifices which lawyers are apt to suggest, the judge examines the whole matter, and supports the simplicity of such well-meaning persons, whom otherwise crafty men would be sure to run down;

party (当事者) [名] a person or group involved in a legal action

lay open (明らかにする) [動] make visible or apparent

merit (本質) [名] the quality of being good and deserving praise

cause (事件) [名] a matter that is being dealt with in a court of law

apt (しがちな) [形] likely or liable to do something

suggest (示唆する) [動] mention or introduce as a possibility

well-meaning (善意の) [形] having or showing good intentions

crafty (悪賢い) [形] skilled in deception

be sure to (必ず) [動] be certain to

run down (逃げる) [動] leave a place in a hurry

当事者が弁護士が示唆しがちな策略なしに事件の本質を明らかにした後、裁判官は事件全体を調べ、そういった善意の人々の単純さを支持する。そうでなければ、悪賢い人は必ず逃げてしまうだろう。

and thus they avoid those evils which appear very remarkably among all those nations that labour under a vast load of laws.

remarkably (顕著に) [副] to a noticeable degree

labour (苦しむ) [動] work hard; toil

こうして彼らは、膨大な量の法律の下で苦しむすべての国々の中で非常に顕著に現れる悪を避けている。

Every one of them is skilled in their law;

skilled (精通している) [形] having or showing knowledge, ability, or training

彼らは皆、法律に精通している。

for, as it is a very short study, so the plainest meaning of which words are capable is always the sense of their laws;

a (1つの) [冠] one

so (なので) [接] therefore

plainest (最も明白な) [形] most easily understood

meaning (意味) [名] what is meant by a word, text, concept, or action

which (その) [代] the thing previously mentioned

words (言葉) [名] a unit of language

laws (法律) [名] the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties

なぜなら、それは非常に短い研究なので、言葉が持つ最も明白な意味は常に彼らの法律の意味である。

and they argue thus: all laws are promulgated for this end, that every man may know his duty;

argue (主張する) [動] give reasons or cite evidence in support of an idea, action, or theory, typically with the aim of persuading others to share one's view

promulgate (公布する) [動] make known to the public

そして彼らはこう主張する。すべての法律は、すべての人が自分の義務を知ることができるように公布されている。

and, therefore, the plainest and most obvious sense of the words is that which ought to be put upon them, since a more refined exposition cannot be easily comprehended, and would only serve to make the laws become useless to the greater part of mankind, and especially to those who need most the direction of them;

put upon (付けられる) [動] be placed on

refined (洗練された) [形] having a high degree of excellence

exposition (説明) [名] a setting forth of the meaning or purpose of something

direction (指示) [名] the course or line along which something moves, faces, or is aimed

したがって、言葉の最も明白で最も明白な意味は、より洗練された説明は容易に理解できず、法律を人類の大部分、特にそれらの指示を最も必要とする人々にとって役に立たなくするだけなので、それらに付けられるべきものである。

for it is all one not to make a law at all or to couch it in such terms that, without a quick apprehension and much study, a man cannot find out the true meaning of it, since the generality of mankind are both so dull, and so much employed in their several trades, that they have neither the leisure nor the capacity requisite for such an inquiry.

it is all one (すべて同じことである) [熟] it makes no difference

not to make a law at all (全く法律を作らない) [動] not to create a law

to couch it in such terms that (そのような言葉でそれを表現する) [動] to express it in such a way that

without a quick apprehension and much study (素早い理解と多くの研究なしに) [名] without a quick understanding and a lot of study

a man cannot find out the true meaning of it (人がその真の意味を見つけることができない) [動] a person cannot discover the real meaning of it

since the generality of mankind are both so dull (なぜなら、人類の一般性はどちらもとても鈍く) [名] because most people are not very intelligent

and so much employed in their several trades (また、彼らのいくつかの取引にとても従事しているので) [名] and are very busy with their various jobs

that they have neither the leisure nor the capacity requisite for such an inquiry (彼らはそのような調査に必要な余暇も能力も持っていないので) [名] so that they do not have the time or the ability necessary for such an investigation

なぜなら、人類の一般性はどちらもとても鈍く、また、彼らのいくつかの取引にとても従事しているので、彼らはそのような調査に必要な余暇も能力も持っていないので、全く法律を作らないか、または、素早い理解と多くの研究なしに、人がその真の意味を見つけることができないような言葉でそれを表現することは、すべて同じことである。

“Some of their neighbours, who are masters of their own liberties (having long ago, by the assistance of the Utopians, shaken off the yoke of tyranny, and being much taken with those virtues which they observe among them), have come to desire that they would send magistrates to govern them, some changing them every year, and others every five years;

Some of (一部の) [限] a portion of

neighbours (隣人) [名] a person living next door or very close

masters (主人) [名] a skilled practitioner of a particular art or activity

liberties (自由) [名] the state of being free from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life, behavior, or political views

having (持つ) [動] possess, own, or hold

shaken off (振り払う) [動] get rid of

yoke (くびき) [名] a wooden crosspiece that is fastened over the necks of two animals and attached to the plough or cart that they are to pull

being (である) [動] be

those (その) [限] the particular one or ones previously mentioned or easily identified

virtues (美徳) [名] behavior showing high moral standards

「彼らの隣人の一部は、自分たちの自由の主人であり(ずっと前に、ユートピア人の助けによって、暴政のくびきを振り払い、彼らの間で観察する美徳に大いにとらわれている)、彼らを統治する治安判事を送り、一部は毎年、他の人は5年ごとに変えてほしいと望むようになった。

at the end of their government they bring them back to Utopia, with great expressions of honour and esteem, and carry away others to govern in their stead.

at the end of (の終わりに) [前] at the time of the conclusion of

bring back (戻す) [動] cause to return

expression (表現) [名] a word or phrase that describes the quality of something

carry away (連れ去る) [動] take away

彼らの統治の終わりに、彼らは名誉と尊敬の大きな表現で彼らをユートピアに戻し、彼らの代わりに統治するために他の人々を連れ去る。

In this they seem to have fallen upon a very good expedient for their own happiness and safety;

fall upon (落ちる) [動] to come upon or encounter by chance

この中で、彼らは自分たちの幸福と安全のために非常に良い手段に落ちたように見える。

for since the good or ill condition of a nation depends so much upon their magistrates, they could not have made a better choice than by pitching on men whom no advantages can bias;

good or ill (善悪) [名] good and bad

make a choice (選択する) [動] pick one or more from a set of alternatives

pitch on (選ぶ) [動] choose or select

bias (偏見) [名] prejudice in favor of or against one thing, person, or group compared with another, usually in a way considered to be unfair

なぜなら、国家の善悪は治安判事に大きく依存しているので、彼らはどんな利点も偏見を持たない人を選ぶことよりも良い選択をすることはできなかった。

for wealth is of no use to them, since they must so soon go back to their own country, and they, being strangers among them, are not engaged in any of their heats or animosities;

be of no use (役に立たない) [動] be useless

so soon (すぐに) [副] in a short time

go back (戻る) [動] return to a previous place or state

be not engaged in (関与していない) [動] not be involved in

animosity (敵意) [名] a feeling of strong dislike

なぜなら、彼らはすぐに自国に戻らなければならないので、富は彼らにとって役に立たず、彼らは彼らの中で見知らぬ人であり、彼らの熱や敵意のいずれにも関与していないからである。

and it is certain that when public judicatories are swayed, either by avarice or partial affections, there must follow a dissolution of justice, the chief sinew of society.

public judicatories (公の裁判所) [名] a court of law

sway (動かされる) [動] move or cause to move slowly and smoothly from side to side

partial affection (部分的な愛情) [名] a feeling of love or strong or constant liking for a person or thing

dissolution (解散) [名] the breaking up of a partnership, marriage, or other relationship

sinew (筋) [名] a piece of tough tissue that joins a muscle to a bone or other structure

そして、公の裁判所が貪欲または部分的な愛情によって動かされるとき、社会の主要な筋である正義の解散が続くに違いないことは確かである。

“The Utopians call those nations that come and ask magistrates from them Neighbours; but those to whom they have been of more particular service, Friends; and as all other nations are perpetually either making leagues or breaking them, they never enter into an alliance with any state.

ask (求める) [動] say or write something in order to obtain an answer or some information

perpetually (永続的に) [副] continuing forever or for a very long time

make (結ぶ) [動] form or create

enter into (結ぶ) [動] begin to be involved in

「ユートピア人は、彼らのところに来て治安判事を求める国々を隣人と呼ぶが、彼らがより特別な奉仕をしてきた国々を友人と呼び、他のすべての国々が永続的に同盟を結んだり、同盟を破ったりしているので、彼らは決してどの国とも同盟を結ぶことはない。

They think leagues are useless things, and believe that if the common ties of humanity do not knit men together, the faith of promises will have no great effect;

humanity (人類) [名] all human beings collectively

knit (結びつける) [動] to join or connect closely

promise (約束) [名] a declaration or assurance that one will do a particular thing or that a particular thing will happen

彼らは同盟は役に立たないものだと考え、人類の共通の絆が人々を結びつけなければ、約束の信仰は大きな効果がないと信じている。

and they are the more confirmed in this by what they see among the nations round about them, who are no strict observers of leagues and treaties.

そして、彼らは同盟や条約を厳密に守っていない周辺諸国の中で見ていることによって、このことをより強く確信している。

We know how religiously they are observed in Europe, more particularly where the Christian doctrine is received, among whom they are sacred and inviolable!

religiously (宗教的に) [副] in a religious manner

Christian (キリスト教) [名] a monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ

sacred (神聖な) [形] dedicated to a deity or to some religious purpose; consecrated

inviolable (犯すべからざる) [形] that cannot or should not be violated or broken

ヨーロッパでは、特にキリスト教の教義が受け入れられているところでは、どれほど宗教的に守られているかを知っている。

which is partly owing to the justice and goodness of the princes themselves, and partly to the reverence they pay to the popes, who, as they are the most religious observers of their own promises, so they exhort all other princes to perform theirs, and, when fainter methods do not prevail, they compel them to it by the severity of the pastoral censure, and think that it would be the most indecent thing possible if men who are particularly distinguished by the title of ‘The Faithful’ should not religiously keep the faith of their treaties.

partly (一部には) [副] to some extent; in part

owing to (による) [前] because of

reverence (畏敬の念) [名] a feeling of deep respect

pope (教皇) [名] the head of the Roman Catholic Church

observer (守っている) [名] a person who observes something

fainter (より弱い) [形] less strong or intense

prevail (通用する) [動] be widespread or current

compel (強要する) [動] force or oblige (someone) to do something

indecent (卑劣な) [形] morally offensive; obscene

faithful (信者) [名] a person who believes in a particular religion

keep (守る) [動] continue to have, hold, or maintain

それは、一部には君主自身の正義と善良さによるものであり、一部には教皇に対する畏敬の念によるものである。教皇は、自らの約束を最も宗教的に守っているため、他のすべての君主に約束を守るように勧め、より弱い方法が通用しない場合には、牧歌的な非難の厳しさによって彼らにそれを強要し、「信者」という称号で特に区別される人々が、条約の信仰を宗教的に守らないことは、最も卑劣なことだと考えている。

But in that new-found world, which is not more distant from us in situation than the people are in their manners and course of life, there is no trusting to leagues, even though they were made with all the pomp of the most sacred ceremonies;

new-found (新しく発見された) [形] recently discovered

ceremony (儀式) [名] a formal religious or public occasion, typically one celebrating a particular event or anniversary

しかし、その新しく発見された世界では、人々のマナーや生活の流れよりも、私たちから遠く離れていない状況では、最も神聖な儀式のすべての華やかさで作られたとしても、同盟を信頼することはできない。

on the contrary, they are on this account the sooner broken, some slight pretence being found in the words of the treaties, which are purposely couched in such ambiguous terms that they can never be so strictly bound but they will always find some loophole to escape at, and thus they break both their leagues and their faith;

sooner (すぐに) [副] earlier

purposely (意図的に) [副] by design; intentionally

couch (表現する) [動] to put into words

ambiguous (曖昧な) [形] having more than one possible meaning

bind (縛る) [動] tie or fasten together

loophole (抜け道) [名] an ambiguity or inadequacy in the law or a set of rules

それどころか、彼らはこのためにすぐに破られ、条約の言葉にわずかな口実が見つかるが、それは意図的に曖昧な言葉で表現されているので、決して厳密に縛られることはなく、常に逃げ道を見つけ、こうして彼らは同盟と信仰の両方を破る。

and this is done with such impudence, that those very men who value themselves on having suggested these expedients to their princes would, with a haughty scorn, declaim against such craft;

with such impudence (非常に厚かましく) [副] in a very rude or disrespectful way

value (自負する) [動] have a high opinion of one's own worth or importance

with a haughty scorn (傲慢な軽蔑をもって) [副] in a very proud and unpleasant way

declaim (非難する) [動] speak or recite in a dramatic way

そして、これは非常に厚かましく行われるので、君主にこれらの便宜を図ったことを自負している人々は、傲慢な軽蔑をもって、そのような策略を非難するだろう。

or, to speak plainer, such fraud and deceit, if they found private men make use of it in their bargains, and would readily say that they deserved to be hanged.

deceit (欺瞞) [名] the action or practice of deceiving someone by concealing or misrepresenting the truth

bargain (取引) [名] an agreement between two or more parties as to what each party will do for the other

hang (絞首刑) [動] kill by hanging

あるいは、もっとはっきり言えば、そのような詐欺や欺瞞を、もし民間人が取引に利用しているのを見つけたら、すぐに絞首刑に値すると言うだろう。

“By this means it is that all sort of justice passes in the world for a low-spirited and vulgar virtue, far below the dignity of royal greatness—or at least there are set up two sorts of justice;

all sort of (あらゆる種類の) [限] all kinds of

pass (通っている) [動] be accepted or regarded as

low-spirited (卑屈な) [形] lacking courage or hope

vulgar (下品な) [形] lacking sophistication or good taste

far below (はるかに下回る) [副] much lower than

royal (王の) [形] of or relating to a king or queen or their family

greatness (偉大さ) [名] the quality of being great

set up (設定されている) [動] establish or create

「この方法によって、あらゆる種類の正義が、王の偉大さの尊厳をはるかに下回る、卑屈で下品な美徳として世の中に通っている、あるいは少なくとも2種類の正義が設定されている。

the one is mean and creeps on the ground, and, therefore, becomes none but the lower part of mankind, and so must be kept in severely by many restraints, that it may not break out beyond the bounds that are set to it;

creep (這い回る) [動] move slowly and carefully

lower part (下層部) [名] the lower portion of something

be kept in (守られる) [動] be prevented from leaving

restraint (制約) [名] a measure or condition that keeps someone or something under control or within limits

break out (越える) [動] escape from a place

1つは卑劣で地面を這い回り、そのため人類の下層部にしかならないため、多くの制約によって厳しく守られなければならず、設定された境界を越えてはならない。

the other is the peculiar virtue of princes, which, as it is more majestic than that which becomes the rabble, so takes a freer compass, and thus lawful and unlawful are only measured by pleasure and interest.

majestic (威厳がある) [形] having or showing impressive beauty or dignity

unlawful (違法) [形] not in accordance with the law

もう1つは君主の独特の美徳であり、それは下層民にふさわしいものよりも威厳があるので、より自由な範囲を持ち、合法と違法は喜びと利益によってのみ測られる。

These practices of the princes that lie about Utopia, who make so little account of their faith, seem to be the reasons that determine them to engage in no confederacy.

seem (ようだ) [動] to appear to be

engage in (加わる) [動] to take part in

confederacy (連合) [名] a union of states or other organizations

ユートピアについて嘘をつき、信仰をほとんど考慮しない君主たちのこれらの慣行は、彼らが連合に加わらないことを決定する理由のようだ。

Perhaps they would change their mind if they lived among us;

change one's mind (考えを変える) [動] to decide to do something different from what you had planned to do

おそらく彼らが私たちの間に住んでいたら考えを変えるだろう。

but yet, though treaties were more religiously observed, they would still dislike the custom of making them, since the world has taken up a false maxim upon it, as if there were no tie of nature uniting one nation to another, only separated perhaps by a mountain or a river, and that all were born in a state of hostility, and so might lawfully do all that mischief to their neighbours against which there is no provision made by treaties;

take up (採用する) [動] to start doing or using something

hostility (敵対) [名] unfriendliness or opposition

lawfully (合法的に) [副] in a way that is allowed by the law

mischief (悪事) [名] behavior that causes trouble or damage

against (に対して) [前] in opposition to

しかし、条約がより宗教的に守られていたとしても、世界は1つの国を別の国と結びつける自然の結びつきがないかのように、おそらく山や川によって隔てられているだけで、すべてが敵対的な状態で生まれ、条約で規定されていない隣国に対してすべての悪事を合法的に行うことができるという誤った格言を採用しているため、彼らは条約を結ぶ習慣を嫌うだろう。

and that when treaties are made they do not cut off the enmity or restrain the licence of preying upon each other, if, by the unskilfulness of wording them, there are not effectual provisoes made against them;

cut off (断ち切る) [動] to stop or end something suddenly

restrain (制限する) [動] to hold back or keep under control

prey (捕食する) [動] to hunt and kill for food

unskilfulness (不手際) [名] lack of skill or expertise

wording (言葉遣い) [名] the way in which something is expressed in words

effectual (効果的な) [形] producing the intended or expected result

proviso (条件) [名] a clause in a contract or agreement that makes the rest of the contract or agreement dependent on a particular condition being met

そして、条約が結ばれても、言葉遣いの不手際によって、それに対して効果的な条件が定められていない場合、敵意を断ち切ったり、互いに捕食する許可を制限したりすることはない。

they, on the other hand, judge that no man is to be esteemed our enemy that has never injured us, and that the partnership of human nature is instead of a league;

partnership (パートナーシップ) [名] the state or condition of being a partner

一方で、彼らは、私たちを傷つけたことがない人を敵と見なすべきではなく、人間性のパートナーシップが同盟の代わりになると判断している。

and that kindness and good nature unite men more effectually and with greater strength than any agreements whatsoever, since thereby the engagements of men’s hearts become stronger than the bond and obligation of words.

good nature (善良な性質) [名] the quality of being kind and gentle

unite (結びつける) [動] join or combine

effectually (効果的に) [副] in such a manner as to produce a desired effect

engagement (結びつき) [名] a commitment to be married

bond (絆) [名] a feeling of friendship or love that unites people

そして、親切と善良な性質は、どんな合意よりも効果的に、より強い力で人々を結びつける。それによって、人々の心の結びつきは言葉の絆や義務よりも強くなるからだ。

OF THEIR MILITARY DISCIPLINE

military (軍事) [形] of or relating to the armed forces

彼らの軍事規律について

They detest war as a very brutal thing, and which, to the reproach of human nature, is more practised by men than by any sort of beasts.

human nature (人間の本性) [名] the general psychological characteristics, feelings, and behavioral traits of humankind, regarded as shared by all humans

彼らは戦争を非常に残酷なものとして嫌悪しており、人間の本性に対する非難として、どんな種類の獣よりも人間によってより多く実践されている。

They, in opposition to the sentiments of almost all other nations, think that there is nothing more inglorious than that glory that is gained by war;

in opposition to (反して) [前] against

inglorious (不名誉な) [形] shameful; dishonorable

彼らは、他のほとんどすべての国の感情に反して、戦争によって得られる栄光ほど不名誉なものはないと考えており、

and therefore, though they accustom themselves daily to military exercises and the discipline of war, in which not only their men, but their women likewise, are trained up, that, in cases of necessity, they may not be quite useless, yet they do not rashly engage in war, unless it be either to defend themselves or their friends from any unjust aggressors, or, out of good nature or in compassion, assist an oppressed nation in shaking off the yoke of tyranny.

accustom (慣れ親しむ) [動] make or become used to

daily (日々) [副] every day

military exercise (軍事演習) [名] a training event that simulates military operations

train (訓練する) [動] teach a particular skill or type of behavior

engage in (加担する) [動] take part in

aggressor (侵略者) [名] a person or country that attacks another first

defend (守る) [動] protect from harm or danger

compassion (思いやり) [名] a feeling of deep sympathy and sorrow for another who is stricken by misfortune, accompanied by a strong desire to alleviate the suffering

そのため、彼らは日々軍事演習や戦争の訓練に慣れ親しんでいるが、その訓練では男性だけでなく女性も訓練を受けており、必要に迫られた場合には全く役に立たないわけではないが、自分たちや友人を不当な侵略者から守るため、あるいは善良な性質や思いやりから、抑圧された国が暴政のくびきを振り払うのを助けるためでなければ、無鉄砲に戦争に加担することはない。

They, indeed, help their friends not only in defensive but also in offensive wars;

defensive (防衛) [形] used for defending or protecting

offensive (攻撃) [形] causing someone to feel resentful, upset, or annoyed

彼らは、実際、防衛戦争だけでなく、攻撃戦争でも友人を助ける。

but they never do that unless they had been consulted before the breach was made, and, being satisfied with the grounds on which they went, they had found that all demands of reparation were rejected, so that a war was unavoidable.

satisfy (満足する) [動] meet the expectations, needs, or desires of

reparation (賠償) [名] the making of amends for a wrong one has done, by paying money to or otherwise helping those who have been wronged

reject (拒否する) [動] refuse to consider or agree to

unavoidable (避けられない) [形] not able to be avoided or prevented

しかし、彼らは、違反が行われる前に相談を受け、彼らが行った根拠に満足し、賠償の要求がすべて拒否されたため、戦争が避けられないことを知った場合を除いて、決してそうしない。

This they think to be not only just when one neighbour makes an inroad on another by public order, and carries away the spoils, but when the merchants of one country are oppressed in another, either under pretence of some unjust laws, or by the perverse wresting of good ones.

make an inroad on (侵入する) [動] to make a sudden or unexpected attack or incursion

carry away (持ち去る) [動] to take something away from a place

under pretence of (口実に) [名] a false reason given to hide the real reason for doing something

by the perverse wresting of (ひねくれた解釈によって) [名] a wrong or inaccurate interpretation

彼らは、ある隣人が公序良俗に反して別の隣人に侵入し、略奪品を持ち去ったときだけでなく、ある国の商人が不当な法律を口実に、あるいは善良な法律をひねくれた解釈によって、別の国で抑圧されたときにも、これは正しいことだと考えている。

This they count a juster cause of war than the other, because those injuries are done under some colour of laws.

count (見なす) [動] consider or regard

juster (正当な) [形] more just

彼らは、これらの損害は法律の色合いの下で行われるため、これを他の戦争よりも正当な原因と見なしている。

This was the only ground of that war in which they engaged with the Nephelogetes against the Aleopolitanes, a little before our time;

engage (交戦する) [動] take part in

Nephelogetes (ネフェロゲテス) [名] a people of Utopia

Aleopolitanes (アレオポリタン) [名] a people of Utopia

a little before (少し前に) [副] a short time before

our time (私たちの時代) [名] the present time

これが、私たちの時代より少し前に、彼らがアレオポリタンに対してネフェロゲテスと交戦した戦争の唯一の根拠だった。

for the merchants of the former having, as they thought, met with great injustice among the latter, which (whether it was in itself right or wrong) drew on a terrible war, in which many of their neighbours were engaged;

injustice (不正) [名] lack of fairness or justice

draw on (引き起こす) [動] cause to happen

前者の商人は、彼らが考えたように、後者の間で大きな不正に遭遇し、それが(それ自体が正しいか間違っているかにかかわらず)彼らの隣人の多くが従事した恐ろしい戦争を引き起こした。

and their keenness in carrying it on being supported by their strength in maintaining it, it not only shook some very flourishing states and very much afflicted others, but, after a series of much mischief ended in the entire conquest and slavery of the Aleopolitanes, who, though before the war they were in all respects much superior to the Nephelogetes, were yet subdued;

keenness (熱意) [名] eagerness or enthusiasm

shake (揺さぶる) [動] move or cause to move up and down or from side to side with small rapid movements

conquest (征服) [名] the subjugation and assumption of control of a country or area by military force

そして、それを維持する彼らの強さによって支えられたそれを遂行する彼らの熱意は、いくつかの非常に繁栄している国を揺さぶり、他の国を非常に苦しめただけでなく、一連の多くのいたずらの後、アレオポリタンの完全な征服と奴隷制に終わったが、戦争前はあらゆる点でネフェロゲテスよりもはるかに優れていたにもかかわらず、まだ征服されていた。

but, though the Utopians had assisted them in the war, yet they pretended to no share of the spoil.

pretend (要求しない) [動] to claim or assert falsely

spoil (略奪品) [名] goods or property seized by force

しかし、ユートピア人は戦争で彼らを助けたが、彼らは略奪品の分け前を要求しなかった。

“But, though they so vigorously assist their friends in obtaining reparation for the injuries they have received in affairs of this nature, yet, if any such frauds were committed against themselves, provided no violence was done to their persons, they would only, on their being refused satisfaction, forbear trading with such a people.

commit (行う) [動] to do or perform

trading (取引) [名] the action of buying and selling goods and services

「しかし、彼らは友人がこの種の事件で受けた損害の賠償を得るのを熱心に支援するが、もしそのような詐欺が彼ら自身に対して行われたとしても、彼らの身体に暴力が加えられない限り、彼らは満足を拒否された場合、そのような人々との取引を控えるだけである。

This is not because they consider their neighbours more than their own citizens;

citizen (自国民) [名] a person who is a member of a particular country

これは、彼らが隣人を自国民よりも大切にしているからではない。

but, since their neighbours trade every one upon his own stock, fraud is a more sensible injury to them than it is to the Utopians, among whom the public, in such a case, only suffers, as they expect no thing in return for the merchandise they export but that in which they so much abound, and is of little use to them, the loss does not much affect them.

trade (取引する) [動] buy and sell goods and services

stock (株) [名] a share of the value of a company which can be bought, sold, or traded as an investment

return (見返り) [名] the money that a business or investment produces

しかし、彼らの隣人は誰もが自分の株で取引しているので、詐欺は彼らにとってユートピア人よりももっと敏感な損害である。ユートピア人の間では、そのような場合には、彼らが輸出する商品の見返りとして何も期待していないので、彼らは非常に豊富で、彼らにとってほとんど役に立たないものを期待していないので、損失は彼らにあまり影響を与えない。

They think, therefore, it would be too severe to revenge a loss attended with so little inconvenience, either to their lives or their subsistence, with the death of many persons;

revenge (復讐) [動] inflict harm on someone because they have harmed oneself

subsistence (生計) [名] the action or fact of maintaining or supporting oneself at a minimum level

したがって、彼らは、多くの人の死をもって、彼らの生活や生計にほとんど不便を伴わない損失を復讐することはあまりにも厳しいと考えている。

but if any of their people are either killed or wounded wrongfully, whether it be done by public authority, or only by private men, as soon as they hear of it they send ambassadors, and demand that the guilty persons may be delivered up to them, and if that is denied, they declare war;

wound (負傷させる) [動] cause physical injury to

wrongfully (不当に) [副] unjustly or unfairly

public authority (公権力) [名] the power of the government

demand (要求する) [動] ask authoritatively or urgently for

guilty person (犯人) [名] a person who has committed a crime

deliver up (引き渡す) [動] hand over to another

declare war (宣戦布告する) [動] make a formal declaration of war

しかし、彼らの国民の誰かが不当に殺されたり負傷したりした場合、それが公権力によって行われたのか、単に私人によって行われたのかに関わらず、彼らはそれを聞いた途端に大使を派遣し、犯人を引き渡すよう要求し、それが拒否された場合は戦争を宣言する。

but if it be complied with, the offenders are condemned either to death or slavery.

comply with (守る) [動] act in accordance with

offender (犯罪者) [名] a person who has committed a crime

しかし、それが守られた場合、犯罪者は死刑か奴隷刑に処せられる。

“They would be both troubled and ashamed of a bloody victory over their enemies;

be troubled (悩む) [動] be worried or anxious

be ashamed (恥ずかしく思う) [動] feel shame or guilt

「彼らは敵に対する血まみれの勝利に悩み、恥ずかしく思うだろう。

and think it would be as foolish a purchase as to buy the most valuable goods at too high a rate.

purchase (購入) [名] the act of buying something

そして、それは最も価値のある商品をあまりに高いレートで買うのと同じくらい愚かな購入であると思う。

And in no victory do they glory so much as in that which is gained by dexterity and good conduct without bloodshed.

そして、彼らは血を流すことなく、器用さと善い行いによって得られる勝利ほど栄光に浴することはない。

In such cases they appoint public triumphs, and erect trophies to the honour of those who have succeeded;

triumph (勝利) [名] a great victory or achievement

trophy (トロフィー) [名] a cup or other decorative object awarded as a prize for a victory or success

そのような場合には、彼らは公の勝利を任命し、成功した人々の名誉のためにトロフィーを建てる。

for then do they reckon that a man acts suitably to his nature, when he conquers his enemy in such a way as that no other creature but a man could be capable of, and that is by the strength of his understanding.

act (行動する) [動] do something

suitably (ふさわしく) [副] in a way that is appropriate or fitting

なぜなら、人間以外の他の生き物にはできないような方法で、つまり理解力の強さで敵を征服したとき、人間は自分の性質にふさわしく行動していると彼らは考えるからだ。

Bears, lions, boars, wolves, and dogs, and all other animals, employ their bodily force one against another, in which, as many of them are superior to men, both in strength and fierceness, so they are all subdued by his reason and understanding.

bear (熊) [名] a large mammal of the family Ursidae

lion (ライオン) [名] a large carnivorous mammal of the cat family

boar (イノシシ) [名] a wild pig

employ (行使する) [動] use or apply

one (互いに) [代] the number 1

another (他の) [代] an additional person or thing

fierceness (激しさ) [名] the quality of being violent or intense

熊、ライオン、イノシシ、狼、犬、その他すべての動物は、互いに身体的な力を行使し、その中で、強さも激しさも人間より優れているものが多いが、人間の理性と理解力によってすべてが抑えられている。

“The only design of the Utopians in war is to obtain that by force which, if it had been granted them in time, would have prevented the war;

「戦争におけるユートピア人の唯一の目的は、もしそれが時間内に彼らに与えられていたならば、戦争を防ぐことができたであろうものを力によって得ることである。

or, if that cannot be done, to take so severe a revenge on those that have injured them that they may be terrified from doing the like for the time to come.

cannot (できない) [助] be unable to

be done (行う) [動] carry out, accomplish, or finish

to take (取る) [動] get into one's possession, power, or control

a revenge (復讐) [名] the action of hurting someone for a wrong suffered at their hands

on (に対して) [前] in a position above and in contact with (something)

have injured (傷つけた) [動] cause physical harm or damage to

may be terrified (恐れるようになる) [動] be filled with fear

doing (行う) [動] carry out, accomplish, or finish

the like (同じこと) [名] something similar or having a similar effect

for (に対して) [前] in a position above and in contact with (something)

the time (時) [名] the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole

あるいは、それができない場合は、彼らを傷つけた者に厳しい復讐をすることで、彼らが将来同じようなことをするのを恐れるようになる。

By these ends they measure all their designs, and manage them so, that it is visible that the appetite of fame or vainglory does not work so much on there as a just care of their own security.

by these ends (これらの目的によって) [前] for this purpose

fame (名声) [名] the state of being known or talked about by many people

vainglory (虚栄心) [名] excessive pride in oneself or one's achievements

これらの目的によって、彼らはすべての計画を測り、それを管理しているので、名声や虚栄心への欲求は、彼ら自身の安全に対する正当な配慮ほどには働いていないことが分かる。

“As soon as they declare war, they take care to have a great many schedules, that are sealed with their common seal, affixed in the most conspicuous places of their enemies’ country.

common seal (共通の印章) [名] a seal used by a corporation or other body

affix (貼り付ける) [動] attach or fasten

「彼らは宣戦布告するとすぐに、敵国の最も目立つ場所に、共通の印章で封印されたたくさんのスケジュールを貼り付けるように注意を払う。

This is carried secretly, and done in many places all at once.

carry (行う) [動] to take or bring from one place to another

secretly (秘密裏に) [副] in a secret manner

これは秘密裏に行われ、一度に多くの場所で行われる。

In these they promise great rewards to such as shall kill the prince, and lesser in proportion to such as shall kill any other persons who are those on whom, next to the prince himself, they cast the chief balance of the war.

next to (次いで) [前] immediately after or following

これらの中で、彼らは王子を殺す者に大きな報酬を約束し、王子自身に次いで戦争の主要なバランスを担う他の人物を殺す者にはそれに応じて小さな報酬を約束する。

And they double the sum to him that, instead of killing the person so marked out, shall take him alive, and put him in their hands.

double (倍にする) [動] make or become twice as great or as many

mark out (目印をつける) [動] to distinguish or characterize

alive (生きたまま) [形] living; not dead

put (渡す) [動] to move something or someone to a specified place

そして、そのように目印をつけた人物を殺す代わりに、生きたまま捕らえて彼らの手に渡す者には、その額を倍にする。

They offer not only indemnity, but rewards, to such of the persons themselves that are so marked, if they will act against their countrymen.

offer (提供する) [動] present or proffer

indemnity (賠償金) [名] security or protection against a loss or other financial burden

act (行動を起こす) [動] take action

彼らは、そのように目印をつけた人物自身に対しても、同胞に対して行動を起こせば、賠償金だけでなく報酬も提供する。

By this means those that are named in their schedules become not only distrustful of their fellow-citizens, but are jealous of one another, and are much distracted by fear and danger;

be named (名前が載っている) [動] be called

schedule (予定表) [名] a plan for carrying out a process or procedure, giving lists of intended events and times

distrustful (信用しなくなる) [形] not trusting

fellow-citizen (同胞) [名] a person who is a citizen of the same country as another

but (だけでなく) [接] on the contrary

be jealous of (嫉妬する) [動] feel or show envy of someone or their achievements and advantages

be distracted by (悩まされる) [動] be unable to concentrate because of

この方法によって、彼らの予定表に名前が載っている人々は、同胞を信用しなくなるだけでなく、互いに嫉妬し、恐怖と危険に悩まされるようになる。

for it has often fallen out that many of them, and even the prince himself, have been betrayed, by those in whom they have trusted most;

be betrayed (裏切られる) [動] be dealt with disloyally or unfairly

most (最も) [副] to the greatest extent or degree

彼らの多く、そして王子自身でさえ、最も信頼していた人々によって裏切られることがしばしば起こったからである。

for the rewards that the Utopians offer are so immeasurably great, that there is no sort of crime to which men cannot be drawn by them.

immeasurably (計り知れないほど) [副] to a very great degree

draw (引き寄せる) [動] cause to come to a place or into a situation

ユートピア人が提供する報酬は計り知れないほど大きいので、人々がそれによって引き寄せられない犯罪はない。

They consider the risk that those run who undertake such services, and offer a recompense proportioned to the danger—not only a vast deal of gold, but great revenues in lands, that lie among other nations that are their friends, where they may go and enjoy them very securely;

risk (危険) [名] the possibility of something bad happening

proportion (見合う) [動] be in a suitable relationship to

deal (取引) [名] an agreement or transaction

securely (安全に) [副] in a safe manner

彼らは、そのような任務を引き受ける人々が冒す危険を考慮し、危険に見合った報酬を提供する。それは、大量の金だけでなく、彼らの友人である他の国々にある土地からの大きな収入であり、彼らはそこに行って、非常に安全にそれらを楽しむことができる。

and they observe the promises they make of their kind most religiously.

そして、彼らは最も信心深く、彼らがする約束を守る。

They very much approve of this way of corrupting their enemies, though it appears to others to be base and cruel;

approve of (是認する) [動] have a favorable opinion of

彼らは、敵を堕落させるこの方法を非常に是認しているが、他の人には卑劣で残酷に見える。

but they look on it as a wise course, to make an end of what would be otherwise a long war, without so much as hazarding one battle to decide it.

course (道筋) [名] a series of actions or steps taken in order to achieve a particular end

make an end of (終わらせる) [動] bring to an end; finish

otherwise (そうしなければ) [副] if not; or else

without (せずに) [前] not having or not doing something

so much as (それほど) [副] to the extent or degree that

hazard (危険にさらす) [動] expose to risk or danger

decide (決定する) [動] come to a decision about something

しかし、彼らはそれを賢明な道筋と見なし、そうしなければ長い戦争になるものを、それを決定するために一戦を危険にさらすことなく終わらせる。

They think it likewise an act of mercy and love to mankind to prevent the great slaughter of those that must otherwise be killed in the progress of the war, both on their own side and on that of their enemies, by the death of a few that are most guilty;

act (行為) [名] something that is done

be killed (殺される) [動] cause to die

on (側) [前] on the side of

彼らはまた、戦争の進行中に、自分たちの側でも敵の側でも、最も罪深い少数の人々の死によって、そうでなければ殺されなければならない人々の大虐殺を防ぐことは、人類への慈悲と愛の行為だと考えている。

and that in so doing they are kind even to their enemies, and pity them no less than their own people, as knowing that the greater part of them do not engage in the war of their own accord, but are driven into it by the passions of their prince.

pity (哀れむ) [動] feel sorry for

no less than (同じくらい) [副] to the same extent as

their own people (彼ら自身の人々) [名] the people of their own country

be driven into (駆り立てられる) [動] be forced to do something

そして、そうすることで、彼らは敵に対しても親切であり、彼らの大部分が自らの意志で戦争に従事しているのではなく、彼らの君主の情熱によって戦争に駆り立てられていることを知っているので、彼ら自身の人々と同じように彼らを哀れむ。

“If this method does not succeed with them, then they sow seeds of contention among their enemies, and animate the prince’s brother, or some of the nobility, to aspire to the crown.

sow (まく) [動] plant by scattering seed

seed (種) [名] a small hard object produced by a plant that can grow into a new plant

contention (争い) [名] a state of rivalry or competition

animate (活気づける) [動] give life to

「この方法が彼らに成功しない場合、彼らは敵の間に争いの種をまき、王子の兄弟、または貴族の一部を王冠を熱望するように活気づける。

If they cannot disunite them by domestic broils, then they engage their neighbours against them, and make them set on foot some old pretensions, which are never wanting to princes when they have occasion for them.

disunite (分断する) [動] cause to be divided or disunited

domestic (国内の) [形] of or relating to the home

broil (争い) [名] a noisy quarrel

彼らが国内の争いで彼らを分断できない場合、彼らは彼らに対して彼らの隣人を従事させ、彼らに彼らが彼らのために機会があるときに王子に決して欠けていないいくつかの古いふりを歩かせさせる。

These they plentifully supply with money, though but very sparingly with any auxiliary troops;

sparingly (控えめに) [副] in a very limited way

auxiliary (補助) [形] providing supplementary or additional help and support

troop (部隊) [名] a group of soldiers, especially the smallest subdivision of an army

彼らはこれらを豊富に資金で供給するが、どんな補助部隊でも非常に控えめに供給する。

for they are so tender of their own people that they would not willingly exchange one of them, even with the prince of their enemies’ country.

be tender of (大事にする) [動] to be careful or protective of

would not willingly (喜んで〜しようとはしない) [動] would not be happy to

exchange (交換する) [動] to give and receive something in return for something else

one of them (彼らのうちの1人) [名] one person from their country

even with (〜とでさえも) [接] even if it is

the prince (王子) [名] the son of a king or queen

彼らは自分の国民をとても大事にしているので、敵国の王子とでさえも、喜んで交換しようとはしない。

“But as they keep their gold and silver only for such an occasion, so, when that offers itself, they easily part with it;

offer (現れる) [動] present itself

「しかし、彼らはそのような機会のためだけに金と銀を保管しているので、それが現れたとき、彼らは簡単にそれを手放す。

since it would be no convenience to them, though they should reserve nothing of it to themselves.

be no convenience (都合の良いことではない) [動] not be helpful or useful

彼らはそれを自分たちのために何も取っておかなくても、彼らにとって都合の良いことではないからだ。

For besides the wealth that they have among them at home, they have a vast treasure abroad;

abroad (海外で) [副] in or to a foreign country

彼らは国内で持っている富の他に、海外にも莫大な宝を持っている。

many nations round about them being deep in their debt: so that they hire soldiers from all places for carrying on their wars;

round (周り) [前] on every side of

about (について) [前] on the subject of

deep (多額の) [形] extending far down from the top or surface

彼らの周りの多くの国々は彼らに多額の借金を抱えている。そのため、彼らは戦争を遂行するためにあらゆる場所から兵士を雇っている。

but chiefly from the Zapolets, who live five hundred miles east of Utopia.

east (東) [名] the direction toward the rising sun

しかし、主にユートピアの東500マイルに住むザポレツからだ。

They are a rude, wild, and fierce nation, who delight in the woods and rocks, among which they were born and bred up.

wild (野蛮な) [形] not civilized; savage

delight in (好む) [動] take great pleasure in

wood (森) [名] a large area of land covered with trees

彼らは粗野で野蛮で荒々しい民族で、生まれ育った森や岩を好む。

They are hardened both against heat, cold, and labour, and know nothing of the delicacies of life.

harden (耐える) [動] make or become hard or harder

cold (寒さ) [名] the quality or state of being cold

know nothing of (何も知らない) [動] be ignorant of

delicacy (楽しみ) [名] something pleasing to eat

彼らは暑さ、寒さ、労働に耐え、人生の楽しみを何も知らない。

They do not apply themselves to agriculture, nor do they care either for their houses or their clothes: cattle is all that they look after;

apply oneself to (従事する) [動] to devote oneself to

care for (世話をする) [動] to look after and provide for the needs of

彼らは農業に従事せず、家や衣服の世話もしない。彼らが世話をするのは牛だけだ。

and for the greatest part they live either by hunting or upon rapine;

for the greatest part (ほとんど) [副] to a very large extent

rapine (略奪) [名] the violent seizure of property

そして、彼らのほとんどは狩猟や略奪によって生きている。

and are made, as it were, only for war.

そして、彼らは戦争のためだけに作られている。

They watch all opportunities of engaging in it, and very readily embrace such as are offered them.

watch (うかがう) [動] look at or observe attentively

readily (すぐに) [副] without difficulty or hesitation

embrace (受け入れる) [動] hold closely in one's arms, especially as a sign of affection

彼らは戦争に従事するあらゆる機会をうかがい、提示された機会をすぐに受け入れる。

Great numbers of them will frequently go out, and offer themselves for a very low pay, to serve any that will employ them: they know none of the arts of life, but those that lead to the taking it away;

go out (外出する) [動] leave one's house or place of work

offer (売り込む) [動] present or suggest as a possibility

very low pay (非常に低い賃金) [名] a very small amount of money

lead to (つながる) [動] result in

彼らの多くは頻繁に外出し、非常に低い賃金で自分を売り込み、雇ってくれる人に仕える。彼らは人生の芸術を何も知らないが、それを奪うことにつながる芸術は知っている。

they serve those that hire them, both with much courage and great fidelity;

courage (勇気) [名] the ability to do something that frightens one

fidelity (忠誠心) [名] faithfulness to a person, cause, or belief, demonstrated by continuing loyalty and support

彼らは雇い主に勇気と忠誠心をもって仕える。

but will not engage to serve for any determined time, and agree upon such terms, that the next day they may go over to the enemies of those whom they serve if they offer them a greater encouragement;

engage (約束する) [動] make a promise

next day (翌日) [名] the day after today

go over (寝返る) [動] change sides

offer (与える) [動] present or give

encouragement (励まし) [名] the action of encouraging someone or something

しかし、決まった時間に仕えることを約束せず、そのような条件に同意し、翌日には、より大きな励ましを与えれば、仕えている者の敵に寝返ることもある。

and will, perhaps, return to them the day after that upon a higher advance of their pay.

そして、おそらくその翌日には、給料がもっと上がれば彼らのもとに戻ってくるだろう。

There are few wars in which they make not a considerable part of the armies of both sides: so it often falls out that they who are related, and were hired in the same country, and so have lived long and familiarly together, forgetting both their relations and former friendship, kill one another upon no other consideration than that of being hired to it for a little money by princes of different interests;

make (占める) [動] form or constitute

relate (関係する) [動] have a connection with

consideration (考慮) [名] thinking about the possible effects of an action

interest (利害) [名] a feeling of wanting to know or learn about something or someone

彼らが両軍のかなりの部隊を占めない戦争はほとんどない。そのため、親戚同士で同じ国で雇われ、長く親しく暮らしてきた彼らが、関係も以前の友情も忘れて、利害の異なる王子たちから少しのお金で雇われたというだけで、お互いに殺し合うことがよくある。

and such a regard have they for money that they are easily wrought on by the difference of one penny a day to change sides.

regard (執着) [名] a feeling of respect and admiration

wrought (寝返る) [動] past participle of work

そして、彼らはお金にとても執着しているので、1日1ペニーの差で簡単に寝返ってしまう。

So entirely does their avarice influence them;

influence (影響を与える) [動] have an effect on

彼らの貪欲さは彼らに大きな影響を与えている。

and yet this money, which they value so highly, is of little use to them;

which (この) [関] the one that

highly (とても) [副] to a great extent or degree

is of (にとって) [動] be of

それでも、彼らがとても大切にしているこのお金は、彼らにとってほとんど役に立たない。

for what they purchase thus with their blood they quickly waste on luxury, which among them is but of a poor and miserable form.

purchase (買う) [動] acquire by paying money

blood (血) [名] the red liquid that circulates in the arteries and veins of people and vertebrate animals

waste (浪費する) [動] use or expend carelessly, extravagantly, or to no purpose

poor (貧弱な) [形] lacking in money or material possessions

彼らが血で買ったものは、すぐに贅沢に浪費してしまうが、それは彼らの間では貧弱で惨めな形でしかない。

“This nation serves the Utopians against all people whatsoever, for they pay higher than any other.

whatsoever (すべて) [形] of any kind at all

higher (高い) [形] of greater vertical extent

「この国は、他のどの国よりも高い給料を払うので、ユートピア人に仕えている。

The Utopians hold this for a maxim, that as they seek out the best sort of men for their own use at home, so they make use of this worst sort of men for the consumption of war;

hold (考える) [動] have or keep in the mind

seek (探し出す) [動] try to find

ユートピア人は、国内で自分たちの用途に最適な男性を探し出すのと同じように、戦争で消費するために最悪の男性を利用するということを格言としている。

and therefore they hire them with the offers of vast rewards to expose themselves to all sorts of hazards, out of which the greater part never returns to claim their promises;

claim (請求する) [動] state or assert that something is the case or that one has the right to something

そのため、彼らはあらゆる危険に身をさらすことに対して莫大な報酬を与えて彼らを雇うが、その大部分は約束を請求するために戻ってくることはない。

yet they make them good most religiously to such as escape.

make good (善いことをしてくれる) [動] do something to compensate for a mistake or wrongdoing

しかし、彼らは逃げ出した者には最も敬虔に善いことをしてくれる。

This animates them to adventure again, whenever there is occasion for it;

animate (駆り立てる) [動] give life or energy to

これが、機会があればいつでも彼らを再び冒険へと駆り立てる。

for the Utopians are not at all troubled how many of these happen to be killed, and reckon it a service done to mankind if they could be a means to deliver the world from such a lewd and vicious sort of people, that seem to have run together, as to the drain of human nature.

troubled (困る) [動] be worried or anxious

lewd (卑劣な) [形] sexually unchaste or licentious

vicious (悪質な) [形] deliberately cruel or violent

run around (走り回る) [動] move quickly and energetically in many directions

drain (消耗) [名] a gradual but continuous loss or reduction

ユートピア人は、そのうち何人が殺されても全く困らないし、人間性の消耗という点で、一緒に走り回っているように見える、そのような卑劣で悪質な人々から世界を救う手段になることができれば、人類への奉仕になると考えている。

Next to these, they are served in their wars with those upon whose account they undertake them, and with the auxiliary troops of their other friends, to whom they join a few of their own people, and send some man of eminent and approved virtue to command in chief.

undertake (請け負う) [動] take on

account (相手) [名] a record of financial transactions

join (加える) [動] connect or fasten together

eminent (卓越した) [形] of high rank or status

approved (認められた) [形] officially confirmed or sanctioned

command (総司令官) [名] the authority to give orders; the power to command

chief (長) [名] a leader or ruler

これらの次に、彼らは戦争を請け負った相手や他の友人の補助部隊と共に戦争に従事し、彼らに自国の民を数人加え、卓越した徳を認められた者を総司令官として派遣する。

There are two sent with him, who, during his command, are but private men, but the first is to succeed him if he should happen to be either killed or taken;

be sent with (派遣される) [動] be sent together with

during (下にある間は) [前] throughout the duration of

command (指揮) [名] the authority to command

private (民間人) [形] not connected with the state, government, or public affairs

succeed (継ぐ) [動] come after in time or sequence

彼と共に二人が派遣されるが、彼の指揮下にある間はただの民間人だが、彼が殺されたり捕らえられたりしたら、一人目が彼の後を継ぐことになっている。

and, in case of the like misfortune to him, the third comes in his place;

in case of (場合には) [前] if something happens

come in (代わりになる) [動] take the place of

そして、彼にも同様の不幸があった場合には、三人目が彼の代わりになる。

and thus they provide against all events, that such accidents as may befall their generals may not endanger their armies.

provide against (備える) [動] take measures in preparation for

event (事態) [名] something that happens or takes place

こうして彼らは、将軍に降りかかるような事故が軍隊を危険にさらすことがないように、あらゆる事態に備えている。

When they draw out troops of their own people, they take such out of every city as freely offer themselves, for none are forced to go against their wills, since they think that if any man is pressed that wants courage, he will not only act faintly, but by his cowardice dishearten others.

draw out (編成する) [動] to make or produce

freely (自ら進んで) [副] without being forced or compelled

offer (志願する) [動] to present oneself as a candidate

take out (募集する) [動] to obtain by purchase

force (強要される) [動] to make someone do something against their will

want (ない) [動] to be without or lacking something

faintly (弱々しく) [副] in a weak or feeble manner

cowardice (臆病さ) [名] lack of courage or bravery

dishearten (士気をくじく) [動] to cause to lose courage or confidence

彼らが自国の民から軍隊を編成する時、彼らは各都市から自ら進んで志願する者を募集するが、誰も自分の意志に反して行くことを強要されることはない。なぜなら、勇気のない者が無理に徴兵されたら、その者は弱々しく行動するだけでなく、その臆病さで他の者の士気をくじくと考えるからである。

But if an invasion is made on their country, they make use of such men, if they have good bodies, though they are not brave;

make use of (徴兵する) [動] to use something or someone

しかし、もし彼らの国が侵略されたら、彼らは勇敢ではないが、体格の良い者を徴兵する。

and either put them aboard their ships, or place them on the walls of their towns, that being so posted, they may find no opportunity of flying away;

put (乗せる) [動] cause to be in a specified place

そして、彼らを船に乗せるか、町の城壁に配置して、逃げ出す機会を与えないようにする。

and thus either shame, the heat of action, or the impossibility of flying, bears down their cowardice;

shame (恥) [名] a painful feeling of humiliation or distress caused by the consciousness of wrong or foolish behavior

action (戦闘) [名] the fact or state of acting or of being active

impossibility (不可能) [名] the quality or state of being impossible

flying (逃亡) [名] the action or process of moving through the air with wings

bear down (抑え込む) [動] to exert full strength or effort

こうして、恥、戦闘の熱気、逃亡不可能のいずれかが彼らの臆病さを抑え込む。

they often make a virtue of necessity, and behave themselves well, because nothing else is left them.

make a virtue of necessity (必要に迫られて美徳を発揮する) [動] to do something that you do not want to do because you have to

well (立派に) [副] in a good or proper or satisfactory manner

彼らはしばしば必要に迫られて美徳を発揮し、他に何も残されていないので、立派に振る舞う。

But as they force no man to go into any foreign war against his will, so they do not hinder those women who are willing to go along with their husbands;

しかし、彼らは誰も自分の意志に反して外国の戦争に行くことを強制しないので、夫と一緒に行くことを望む女性を妨害しない。

on the contrary, they encourage and praise them, and they stand often next their husbands in the front of the army.

praise (称賛する) [動] express warm approval or admiration of

それどころか、彼女たちを励まし、称賛し、彼女たちはしばしば軍隊の前で夫の隣に立つ。

They also place together those who are related, parents, and children, kindred, and those that are mutually allied, near one another;

place together (配置する) [動] put together in a certain place

mutually (互いに) [副] in a reciprocal manner

ally (同盟を結ぶ) [動] to unite or connect

彼らはまた、親子、親戚、互いに同盟を結んでいる者たちを互いに近くに配置する。

that those whom nature has inspired with the greatest zeal for assisting one another may be the nearest and readiest to do it;

assist (助け合う) [動] give support or aid to

nearest (最も近く) [形] closest in space or time

readiest (最も準備ができているかもしれない) [形] most prepared or willing

自然が互いに助け合うために最大の熱意を抱かせた人々が、それをするのに最も近く、最も準備ができているかもしれない。

and it is matter of great reproach if husband or wife survive one another, or if a child survives his parent, and therefore when they come to be engaged in action, they continue to fight to the last man, if their enemies stand before them:

survive (生き残る) [動] continue to live or exist

夫婦が互いに生き残ったり、子供が親より長生きしたりするのは大きな非難の的であり、そのため、彼らが行動を起こすことになった場合、敵が目の前に立っていれば、最後の一人まで戦い続ける。

and as they use all prudent methods to avoid the endangering their own men, and if it is possible let all the action and danger fall upon the troops that they hire, so if it becomes necessary for themselves to engage, they then charge with as much courage as they avoided it before with prudence:

possible (可能) [形] able to be done; within the power or capacity of someone or something

let (任せる) [動] not prevent or forbid; allow

fall upon (降りかかる) [動] happen to

charge (突撃する) [動] rush forward in attack

as much as (同じくらい) [副] to the same extent or degree

before (それまで) [副] earlier or previously

prudence (慎重) [名] the quality of being prudent; care for the consequences of an action; caution

彼らは自分の兵士を危険にさらさないようにあらゆる慎重な方法を使い、可能であればすべての行動と危険を雇った軍隊に任せるが、自分たちが交戦する必要が生じた場合は、それまで慎重に避けてきたのと同じくらいの勇気を持って突撃する。

nor is it a fierce charge at first, but it increases by degrees;

最初は激しい突撃ではないが、次第に激しさを増す。

and as they continue in action, they grow more obstinate, and press harder upon the enemy, insomuch that they will much sooner die than give ground;

obstinate (頑固) [形] stubbornly refusing to change one's opinion or to do what other people want

press (攻め立てる) [動] exert force on

give ground (退く) [動] retreat

戦闘を続けるうちに、彼らはますます頑固になり、敵を強く攻め立てるので、彼らは退くよりも死ぬ方が早い。

for the certainty that their children will be well looked after when they are dead frees them from all that anxiety concerning them which often masters men of great courage;

for the certainty (確信) [名] the state of being certain

master (支配する) [動] have complete control over

彼らが死んだ後、子供たちがよく世話されるという確信は、彼らを子供たちに関するあらゆる不安から解放し、それはしばしば偉大な勇気を持つ人々を支配する。

and thus they are animated by a noble and invincible resolution.

and thus (こうして) [副] in this way

be animated by (活気づいている) [動] be full of life or excitement

invincible (無敵の) [形] too powerful to be defeated or overcome

こうして彼らは高貴で無敵の決意に活気づいている。

Their skill in military affairs increases their courage: and the wise sentiments which, according to the laws of their country, are instilled into them in their education, give additional vigour to their minds:

skill (技能) [名] the ability to do something well

軍事に関する彼らの技能は勇気を増し、国の法律に従って教育の中で彼らに植え付けられる賢明な感情は、彼らの精神にさらなる活力を与える。

for as they do not undervalue life so as prodigally to throw it away, they are not so indecently fond of it as to preserve it by base and unbecoming methods.

undervalue (軽視する) [動] estimate or regard too low

prodigally (無駄に) [副] in a wasteful manner

throw away (捨て去る) [動] discard

indecently (愛しすぎている) [副] in an inappropriate manner

fond of (愛する) [形] having a strong liking for

彼らは命を軽視して無駄に捨て去るようなことはしないが、卑劣で不適切な方法で命を守るほど、命を愛しすぎているわけではない。

In the greatest heat of action the bravest of their youth, who have devoted themselves to that service, single out the general of their enemies, set on him either openly or by ambuscade;

in the greatest heat of action (戦闘の真っ只中) [名] in the most intense part of a battle

bravest (勇敢な) [形] courageous; fearless

devote (捧げる) [動] give all of one's time or energy to

single out (選び出す) [動] choose one person or thing from a group

general (将軍) [名] the highest-ranking military officer

ambuscade (待ち伏せ) [名] a surprise attack from a hidden position

戦闘の真っ只中、その任務に身を捧げた勇敢な若者たちが敵の将軍を一人選び、公然と、あるいは待ち伏せして襲いかかる。

pursue him everywhere, and when spent and wearied out, are relieved by others, who never give over the pursuit, either attacking him with close weapons when they can get near him, or with those which wound at a distance, when others get in between them.

pursue (追いかける) [動] follow in order to catch or overtake

spend (疲れ果てる) [動] use up

weary (疲れ果てる) [動] become or cause to become extremely tired

relieve (交代する) [動] take over from

give over (続ける) [動] continue

close (接近戦用の) [形] near in space or time

weapon (武器) [名] a thing that is used to cause bodily harm or physical damage

wound (攻撃する) [動] inflict a wound on

distance (遠距離用の) [名] the space or interval between two points or objects

get in between (間に入れば) [動] come or go between two people or things

どこまでも追いかけ、疲れ果てても、他の者が交代して追跡を続け、近づける時には接近戦用の武器で、他の者が間に入れば遠距離用の武器で攻撃する。

So that, unless he secures himself by flight, they seldom fail at last to kill or to take him prisoner.

secure (逃げ切る) [動] make safe; make secure

flight (逃走) [名] the act of running away

take (捕まえる) [動] capture; seize

prisoner (捕虜) [名] a person who is captured and held against their will

そのため、逃げ切らない限り、最終的には殺すか捕虜にすることに成功する。

When they have obtained a victory, they kill as few as possible, and are much more bent on taking many prisoners than on killing those that fly before them.

obtain (収める) [動] get, acquire, or achieve

as few as possible (できるだけ少なく) [副] the least amount possible

fly (逃げる) [動] move with a fast, smooth, gliding motion

勝利を収めた場合、彼らはできるだけ殺さないようにし、逃げる敵を殺すよりも多くの捕虜を捕まえることに熱心である。

Nor do they ever let their men so loose in the pursuit of their enemies as not to retain an entire body still in order;

let loose (放っておく) [動] allow to move or act freely

retain (整然としている) [動] keep or continue to have

entire (全) [形] with no part left out; whole

body (軍) [名] a group of people who work together as a unit

彼らはまた、敵の追跡に兵士を放っておいて、全軍が整然としていないようなことは決してしない。

so that if they have been forced to engage the last of their battalions before they could gain the day, they will rather let their enemies all escape than pursue them when their own army is in disorder;

battalion (大隊) [名] a large group of soldiers

let (逃がす) [動] allow to happen

pursue (追う) [動] follow or chase

そのため、勝利を得る前に最後の大隊を投入せざるを得なくなった場合、自軍が混乱している時には、敵を逃がすことを優先する。

remembering well what has often fallen out to themselves, that when the main body of their army has been quite defeated and broken, when their enemies, imagining the victory obtained, have let themselves loose into an irregular pursuit, a few of them that lay for a reserve, waiting a fit opportunity, have fallen on them in their chase, and when straggling in disorder, and apprehensive of no danger, but counting the day their own, have turned the whole action, and, wresting out of their hands a victory that seemed certain and undoubted, while the vanquished have suddenly become victorious.

main body (本体) [名] the principal part of a body or force

defeat (敗北) [名] the loss of a battle or game

let loose (乗り出す) [動] to release or set free

irregular (無秩序な) [形] not following a regular pattern

reserve (予備) [名] a supply of something that is available for use if required

wait (待つ) [動] stay where one is or delay action until a particular time or until something else happens

fall on (襲い掛かる) [動] attack suddenly and violently

chase (追撃) [名] the action of following or pursuing someone or something

apprehensive (察知する) [形] anxious or fearful that something bad or unpleasant will happen

turn (覆す) [動] cause to change direction, position, or course

wrest (奪う) [動] pull or twist something forcibly from a person's grasp

undoubted (疑う余地のない) [形] certain and not able to be doubted

vanquished (敗北した) [形] defeated or overcome in a battle or other contest

suddenly (突然) [副] quickly and unexpectedly

victorious (勝利を収めた) [形] having won a battle or contest

彼らは、自軍の本体が完全に敗北し、崩壊したときに、敵が勝利を得たと思い込んで、無秩序な追撃に乗り出したときに、予備として待機していた少数の兵士が、適当な機会を待って、追撃中の敵に襲い掛かり、無秩序に散り散りになって、危険を察知せず、勝利を確信していた敵を全滅させ、敗北した側が突然勝利を収めたという経験をよく覚えている。

“It is hard to tell whether they are more dexterous in laying or avoiding ambushes.

hard to tell (わからない) [形] difficult to know or decide

lay (仕掛ける) [動] put in a specified place or position

ambush (待ち伏せ) [名] a surprise attack by people lying in wait in a concealed position

「彼らが待ち伏せを仕掛けるのが上手いのか、避けるのが上手いのかはわからない。

They sometimes seem to fly when it is far from their thoughts;

fly (逃げ出す) [動] move through the air with wings

far (考えもしないような) [形] a long way off; distant

彼らは時々、考えもしないような時に逃げ出すように見える。

and when they intend to give ground, they do it so that it is very hard to find out their design.

give ground (地面を譲る) [動] retreat or withdraw

そして、彼らが地面を譲るつもりである時、彼らは彼らのデザインを見つけ出すのが非常に難しいようにそれをする。

If they see they are ill posted, or are like to be overpowered by numbers, they then either march off in the night with great silence, or by some stratagem delude their enemies.

ill (不利な) [形] not in good health

posted (立場に置かれている) [動] put up or attach in a public place

overpowered (圧倒される) [動] defeat or overcome with superior strength

march (行進する) [動] walk in a military manner with regular and measured tread

silence (静かに) [名] the absence of sound or noise

stratagem (策略) [名] a clever trick or plan

delude (欺く) [動] cause to believe something that is not true

彼らは、自分たちが不利な立場に置かれていることや、数で圧倒されそうになっていることを知ると、夜中に静かに行進するか、何らかの策略で敵を欺く。

If they retire in the day-time, they do it in such order that it is no less dangerous to fall upon them in a retreat than in a march.

retire (退却する) [動] withdraw from active service

day-time (日中) [名] the time of day when it is light

fall upon (襲いかかる) [動] attack suddenly and violently

retreat (退却) [名] an act of withdrawing

march (行進) [名] a long and tiring walk

彼らが日中に退却する場合、彼らは行進中よりも退却中に彼らに襲いかかる方が危険ではないような順序でそれをする。

They fortify their camps with a deep and large trench;

camp (陣地) [名] a place with temporary accommodations of huts, tents, or other structures

trench (塹壕) [名] a long, narrow ditch dug in the earth, especially one used for military defense

彼らは深く大きな塹壕で陣地を強化する。

and throw up the earth that is dug out of it for a wall;

dig out (掘り出す) [動] to remove something by digging

そして、壁のために掘り出された土を投げ捨てる。

nor do they employ only their slaves in this, but the whole army works at it, except those that are then upon the guard;

work (従事する) [動] be engaged in physical or mental activity in order to achieve a purpose of result

guard (警備) [名] a person who guards or watches over something

彼らは奴隷だけをこれに従事させるのではなく、その時に警備に当たっている者を除いて、全軍がそれに従事する。

so that when so many hands are at work, a great line and a strong fortification is finished in so short a time that it is scarce credible.

at work (作業に従事している) [形] working

line (防衛線) [名] a mark that is long and thin

fortification (要塞) [名] a military building designed to be defended

scarce (信じられないほど) [形] not enough; insufficient

そのため、多くの人が作業に従事している時には、信じられないほど短時間で大規模な防衛線と強固な要塞が完成する。

Their armour is very strong for defence, and yet is not so heavy as to make them uneasy in their marches;

armour (鎧) [名] a defensive covering for the body

defence (防御) [名] the action of defending from or resisting attack

heavy (重い) [形] of great weight

彼らの鎧は防御に非常に強く、行軍中に不安になるほど重くはない。

they can even swim with it.

swim (泳ぐ) [動] move through water by using one's limbs

彼らはそれで泳ぐことさえできる。

All that are trained up to war practise swimming.

train up (訓練を受ける) [動] to teach a person a particular skill

戦争の訓練を受けた者は皆、水泳の練習をする。

Both horse and foot make great use of arrows, and are very expert.

horse (騎兵) [名] a soldier who rides a horse

foot (歩兵) [名] a soldier who fights on foot

make great use of (大いに活用する) [動] use something to a great extent

arrow (弓矢) [名] a weapon consisting of a pointed shaft with an attached stabilizer, such as feathers, that is shot from a bow

expert (熟達している) [形] having a comprehensive and authoritative knowledge of or skill in a particular area

騎兵も歩兵も弓矢を大いに活用し、非常に熟達している。

They have no swords, but fight with a pole-axe that is both sharp and heavy, by which they thrust or strike down an enemy.

sword (剣) [名] a weapon with a long metal blade and a hilt with a hand guard

pole-axe (斧) [名] a long-handled axe

sharp (鋭い) [形] having a thin edge or point

thrust (突き刺す) [動] push or drive with force

strike down (打ち倒す) [動] knock down or defeat

彼らは剣を持たず、鋭く重い斧で戦い、それで敵を突き刺したり打ち倒したりする。

They are very good at finding out warlike machines, and disguise them so well that the enemy does not perceive them till he feels the use of them;

warlike (戦争用の) [形] of or relating to war

machine (機械) [名] an apparatus using or applying mechanical power and having several parts, each with a definite function and together performing a particular task

彼らは戦争用の機械を発見するのがとても上手で、敵がその使用を感じるまで敵がそれらを認識しないようにうまく偽装する。

so that he cannot prepare such a defence as would render them useless;

as would (ような) [接] of the type previously mentioned

そのため、敵は機械を無用にするような防御を準備することができない。

the chief consideration had in the making them is that they may be easily carried and managed.

consideration (考慮点) [名] something that is taken into account when making a decision

making (作る) [動] create or produce something

機械を作る上での主な考慮点は、簡単に運搬して管理できることである。

“If they agree to a truce, they observe it so religiously that no provocations will make them break it.

truce (休戦) [名] a temporary cessation of hostilities

religiously (忠実に) [副] in a faithful manner

provocation (挑発) [名] an action or remark that makes someone angry

「彼らが休戦に同意すれば、どんな挑発もそれを破らせないほど、彼らはそれを忠実に守る。

They never lay their enemies’ country waste nor burn their corn, and even in their marches they take all possible care that neither horse nor foot may tread it down, for they do not know but that they may have use for it themselves.

lay waste (荒廃させる) [動] destroy or ruin

tread down (踏みつける) [動] step on something heavily

彼らは決して敵国の土地を荒廃させたり、穀物を燃やしたりせず、行進の際でさえ、馬も歩兵も踏みつけないように細心の注意を払う。なぜなら、彼らは自分たちがそれを利用することができるかもしれないことを知らないからである。

They hurt no man whom they find disarmed, unless he is a spy.

hurt (傷つける) [動] feel pain in a part of your body

彼らは、スパイでない限り、武装解除した人間を傷つけることはない。

When a town is surrendered to them, they take it into their protection;

surrender (降伏する) [動] give up completely

take into (保護する) [動] to take something into consideration

protection (保護) [名] the action of protecting someone or something

町が彼らに降伏すると、彼らはそれを保護する。

and when they carry a place by storm they never plunder it, but put those only to the sword that oppose the rendering of it up, and make the rest of the garrison slaves, but for the other inhabitants, they do them no hurt;

carry a place by storm (襲撃によって場所を占領する) [動] take a place by force

plunder (略奪する) [動] take goods by force

put to the sword (剣にかける) [動] kill

rendering (引き渡し) [名] the action of giving or surrendering something

そして、彼らが襲撃によって場所を占領したとき、彼らは決してそれを略奪せず、それを引き渡すことに反対する者だけを剣にかけ、残りの守備隊を奴隷にするが、他の住民には彼らを傷つけない。

and if any of them had advised a surrender, they give them good rewards out of the estates of those that they condemn, and distribute the rest among their auxiliary troops, but they themselves take no share of the spoil.

surrender (降伏) [名] the action of surrendering

そして、もし彼らの誰かが降伏を勧めたならば、彼らは彼らが非難する人々の財産から彼らに良い報酬を与え、残りを彼らの補助部隊に分配するが、彼ら自身は略奪品の分け前を受け取らない。

“When a war is ended, they do not oblige their friends to reimburse their expenses;

reimburse (弁済する) [動] pay back (money)

「戦争が終わったとき、彼らは友人に費用を弁済するよう義務付けない。

but they obtain them of the conquered, either in money, which they keep for the next occasion, or in lands, out of which a constant revenue is to be paid them;

しかし、彼らは征服者から、次の機会のために保管する金銭、または一定の収入が支払われる土地でそれらを取得する。

by many increases the revenue which they draw out from several countries on such occasions is now risen to above 700,000 ducats a year.

by many increases (多くの増加によって) [副] by a large amount

draw out (引き出す) [動] to take out

several countries (いくつかの国) [名] more than two but not many countries

on such occasions (そのような機会に) [副] at such times

is now risen to (現在上昇している) [動] has now increased to

above 700,000 ducats (70万ドゥカート以上) [名] more than 700,000 ducats

a year (年間) [名] a period of 365 days

そのような機会に彼らがいくつかの国から引き出す収入は、多くの増加によって、現在年間70万ドゥカート以上に上昇している。

They send some of their own people to receive these revenues, who have orders to live magnificently and like princes, by which means they consume much of it upon the place;

magnificently (壮大に) [副] in a magnificent manner

彼らはこれらの収入を受け取るために自分たちの民の一部を送り、彼らは壮大に、王子のように生きるように命令を受け、それによって彼らはその場所でその多くを消費する。

and either bring over the rest to Utopia or lend it to that nation in which it lies.

bring over (持ち込む) [動] to persuade someone to do or accept something

そして残りをユートピアに持ち込むか、それが存在する国に貸し付ける。

This they most commonly do, unless some great occasion, which falls out but very seldom, should oblige them to call for it all.

most commonly (最も一般的に) [副] most often

occasion (出来事) [名] an event or happening

very seldom (めったに~ない) [副] not often; rarely

彼らが最も一般的に行うことは、めったに起こらないが、何か大きな出来事が起こって、彼らがそれをすべて要求しなければならない場合を除いてである。

It is out of these lands that they assign rewards to such as they encourage to adventure on desperate attempts.

out of (から) [前] from inside

assign (与える) [動] give something to someone as a task or responsibility

adventure (冒険) [名] an unusual and exciting, typically hazardous, experience or activity

彼らが絶望的な試みに冒険することを奨励するような者に報酬を与えるのは、これらの土地からである。

If any prince that engages in war with them is making preparations for invading their country, they prevent him, and make his country the seat of the war;

preparation (準備) [名] the action or process of making ready or being made ready for use or consideration

invade (侵略する) [動] enter a country or region as an enemy, especially with armed forces

seat (中心地) [名] a place where something is located or where an activity is concentrated

彼らと戦争を行っている君主が彼らの国を侵略する準備をしている場合、彼らは彼を阻止し、彼の国を戦争の中心地にする。

for they do not willingly suffer any war to break in upon their island;

break in (起こる) [動] happen

彼らは自分の島に戦争が起こることを喜んで許さないからである。

and if that should happen, they would only defend themselves by their own people;

そして、もしそれが起こったとしても、彼らは自分たちの民だけで身を守るだろう。

but would not call for auxiliary troops to their assistance.

call for (呼ぶ) [動] to demand or ask for

troops (部隊) [名] a group of soldiers, especially the smallest subdivision of an army

しかし、彼らは援助のために補助部隊を呼ぶことはしないだろう。

OF THE RELIGIONS OF THE UTOPIANS

## (##) [名] a number sign

THE RELIGIONS (宗教) [名] the belief in and worship of a superhuman controlling power, especially a personal God or gods

OF THE UTOPIANS (ユートピア人の) [名] an inhabitant of Utopia

ユートピア人の宗教について

“There are several sorts of religions, not only in different parts of the island, but even in every town;

「島の異なる地域だけでなく、どの町にも、いくつかの種類の宗教がある。

some worshipping the sun, others the moon or one of the planets.

worship (崇拝する) [動] show reverence and adoration for (a deity); honor with religious rites

moon (月) [名] the natural satellite of the Earth, visible by reflected light from the sun

planet (惑星) [名] a celestial body that is in orbit around a star and has sufficient mass for its self-gravity to overcome rigid body forces so that it assumes a nearly round shape, has cleared the neighborhood around ...

ある者は太陽を、他の者は月や惑星の一つを崇拝している。

Some worship such men as have been eminent in former times for virtue or glory, not only as ordinary deities, but as the supreme god.

have been (である) [助] be

deity (神) [名] a being with supernatural powers or attributes, believed in and worshipped by a people, especially in a polytheistic religion

ある者は、過去に徳や栄光で傑出した人物を、普通の神としてだけでなく、最高神として崇拝している。

Yet the greater and wiser sort of them worship none of these, but adore one eternal, invisible, infinite, and incomprehensible Deity; as a Being that is far above all our apprehensions, that is spread over the whole universe, not by His bulk, but by His power and virtue;

greater (より偉大な) [形] of greater size or extent

wiser (より賢い) [形] having or showing wisdom

eternal (永遠の) [形] lasting or existing forever; without end or beginning

invisible (目に見えない) [形] unable to be seen; not visible

infinite (無限の) [形] immeasurably great or large; boundless

incomprehensible (理解できない) [形] not able to be understood; beyond understanding

Being (存在) [名] the quality or state of existing

apprehension (理解) [名] an understanding of something

power (力) [名] the ability or capacity to perform or act

しかし、彼らのより偉大で賢い部類は、これらのどれも崇拝せず、永遠で、目に見えず、無限で、理解できない唯一の神を崇拝する。私たちの理解をはるかに超えた存在として、その大きさではなく、その力と徳によって全宇宙に広がっている。

Him they call the Father of All, and acknowledge that the beginnings, the increase, the progress, the vicissitudes, and the end of all things come only from Him; nor do they offer divine honours to any but to Him alone.

Father of All (万物の父) [名] the creator of the universe

beginning (始まり) [名] the point in time or space at which something starts

progress (進歩) [名] forward or onward movement toward a destination

vicissitude (変遷) [名] a change of circumstances or fortune, typically one that is unwelcome or unpleasant

come from (来る) [動] move or travel toward or into a place thought of as near or familiar to the speaker

彼らは彼を万物の父と呼び、万物の始まり、増加、進歩、変遷、そして終わりは彼からのみ来ると認めている。また、彼らは神の栄誉を彼だけに捧げる。

And, indeed, though they differ concerning other things, yet all agree in this: that they think there is one Supreme Being that made and governs the world, whom they call, in the language of their country, Mithras.

Supreme Being (至高の存在) [名] a being that is perfect and has unlimited power

govern (支配する) [動] rule or control

そして、実際、彼らは他の事柄については意見が分かれるが、この点では皆一致している。彼らは、世界を創造し支配する唯一の至高の存在がいると考えており、彼らはそれを自国の言語でミトラと呼んでいる。

They differ in this: that one thinks the god whom he worships is this Supreme Being, and another thinks that his idol is that god;

idol (偶像) [名] an image or representation of a god used as an object of worship

彼らは、ある者は自分が崇拝する神がこの至高の存在であると考え、別の者は自分の偶像がその神であると考えるという点で異なる。

but they all agree in one principle, that whoever is this Supreme Being, He is also that great essence to whose glory and majesty all honours are ascribed by the consent of all nations.

whoever (誰であれ) [代] no matter who

しかし、彼らは皆、この至高の存在が誰であれ、その栄光と威厳にすべての栄誉がすべての国の同意によって帰せられるのは、その偉大な本質であるという一つの原則に同意している。

“By degrees they fall off from the various superstitions that are among them, and grow up to that one religion that is the best and most in request;

fall off (脱却する) [動] become detached

various (様々な) [形] more than one; several

superstition (迷信) [名] a belief or practice resulting from ignorance, fear of the unknown, trust in magic or chance, or a false conception of causation

one (唯一の) [形] being or happening once only

「彼らは次第に彼らの間にある様々な迷信から脱却し、最も優れ、最も求められている唯一の宗教へと成長していく。

and there is no doubt to be made, but that all the others had vanished long ago, if some of those who advised them to lay aside their superstitions had not met with some unhappy accidents, which, being considered as inflicted by heaven, made them afraid that the god whose worship had like to have been abandoned had interposed and revenged themselves on those who despised their authority.

there is no doubt (疑う余地はない) [句] it is certain

to be made (作られる) [動] to be created or produced

all the others (他のすべて) [名] the rest

had vanished (消滅していた) [動] to disappear suddenly and completely

some of those (一部の人々) [名] a part of a group of people

who advised (忠告した) [動] to give advice to

to lay aside (捨てる) [動] to put to one side

their superstitions (迷信) [名] a belief or practice resulting from ignorance, fear of the unknown, trust in magic or chance, or a false conception of causation

had not met with (遭遇しなかった) [動] to come across or encounter

some unhappy accidents (不幸な事故) [名] an unfortunate event that happens unexpectedly and usually results in harm or damage

being considered (考えられる) [動] to think carefully about something

as inflicted by heaven (天から与えられた) [句] as caused by God

made them afraid (恐れた) [動] to cause someone to be afraid

the god (神) [名] a superhuman being or spirit worshiped as having power over nature or human fortunes; a deity

whose worship (崇拝) [名] the feeling or expression of reverence and adoration for a deity

had like to have been abandoned (放棄された) [動] to give up completely

had interposed (介入した) [動] to come between two or more people or things

and revenged themselves on (復讐した) [動] to inflict harm on someone as punishment for a wrong suffered at their hands

who despised (軽視した) [動] to look down on with intense aversion

そして、迷信を捨てるように忠告した人々の一部が、天から与えられたと考えられる不幸な事故に遭遇しなかったならば、他のすべての迷信はずっと前に消滅していたことは間違いない。彼らは、崇拝が放棄された神が介入し、権威を軽視した人々に復讐したのではないかと恐れたのである。

“After they had heard from us an account of the doctrine, the course of life, and the miracles of Christ, and of the wonderful constancy of so many martyrs, whose blood, so willingly offered up by them, was the chief occasion of spreading their religion over a vast number of nations, it is not to be imagined how inclined they were to receive it.

miracle (奇跡) [名] an extraordinary event manifesting divine intervention in human affairs

martyr (殉教者) [名] a person who is killed because of their religious or other beliefs

constancy (不変性) [名] the quality of being unchanging

「彼らは私たちから、キリストの教義、人生の歩み、奇跡、そして多くの殉教者の驚くべき不変性について聞いた後、彼らが自ら進んで捧げた血が、彼らの宗教を膨大な数の国々に広めた主な機会となったことを知り、彼らがどれほどそれを受け入れようとしていたか想像もつかない。

I shall not determine whether this proceeded from any secret inspiration of God, or whether it was because it seemed so favourable to that community of goods, which is an opinion so particular as well as so dear to them;

proceed (生じる) [動] come from or be caused by

inspiration (霊感) [名] the process of being mentally stimulated to do or feel something, especially to do something creative

favourable (有利な) [形] giving an advantage; advantageous

goods (財産) [名] a thing or things belonging to someone

これが神の秘密の霊感から生じたのか、それとも彼らにとって非常に特別で大切な意見である財産共有に非常に有利に思えたからなのかはわからない。

since they perceived that Christ and His followers lived by that rule, and that it was still kept up in some communities among the sincerest sort of Christians.

follower (信奉者) [名] a person who follows or supports a leader, teacher, or philosophy

still (今も) [副] even now; even then

keep up (守る) [動] maintain or preserve

キリストとその信奉者たちがその規則に従って生き、それが最も誠実なキリスト教徒たちの間で今も守られていることを彼らは知っていた。

From whichsoever of these motives it might be, true it is, that many of them came over to our religion, and were initiated into it by baptism.

from whichsoever (いずれからであれ) [副] from whichever

it might be (かもしれない) [助] it is possible that

true it is (事実である) [副] it is true

many of them (彼らの多く) [名] a large number of them

come over to (改宗する) [動] change one's religion

our religion (私たちの宗教) [名] the religion that we follow

be initiated into (加わる) [動] be introduced to

baptism (洗礼) [名] a Christian rite using water

これらの動機のいずれからであれ、彼らの多くが私たちの宗教に改宗し、洗礼によってその宗教に加わったことは事実である。

But as two of our number were dead, so none of the four that survived were in priests’ orders, we, therefore, could only baptise them, so that, to our great regret, they could not partake of the other sacraments, that can only be administered by priests, but they are instructed concerning them and long most vehemently for them.

dead (死んでしまった) [形] no longer alive

order (位) [名] a position in a social hierarchy

baptise (洗礼を授ける) [動] to administer the sacrament of baptism to

regret (残念なこと) [名] a feeling of disappointment or dissatisfaction

partake (受けることができず) [動] to take part in or experience something

sacrament (秘跡) [名] a religious ceremony or ritual

instruct (教えを受け) [動] to teach or educate

long (望んでいる) [動] to have a strong wish or desire for something

しかし、私たちのうちの二人が死んでしまったので、生き残った四人のうち誰も司祭の位に就いていなかったので、私たちは彼らに洗礼を授けることしかできなかったので、彼らは司祭によってのみ授けられる他の秘跡を受けることができず、非常に残念なことであったが、彼らはそれらについて教えを受け、それらを強く望んでいる。

They have had great disputes among themselves, whether one chosen by them to be a priest would not be thereby qualified to do all the things that belong to that character, even though he had no authority derived from the Pope, and they seemed to be resolved to choose some for that employment, but they had not done it when I left them.

thereby (それによって) [副] as a result of that

qualified (資格がある) [形] having the necessary skill, knowledge, or experience

employment (職) [名] the state of being employed

leave (去る) [動] to go away from

彼らは、自分たちが選んだ司祭が、教皇から権限を与えられていなくても、その役柄に属するすべてのことをする資格があるかどうかについて、彼らの間で大きな論争をしており、その職に就く人を選ぶことを決意しているようだったが、私が彼らのもとを去ったときには、まだそれをしていなかった。

“Those among them that have not received our religion do not fright any from it, and use none ill that goes over to it, so that all the while I was there one man was only punished on this occasion.

fright (恐れる) [動] cause to be afraid

go over (改宗する) [動] change from one religion, belief, or opinion to another

「彼らの中で私たちの宗教を受け入れていない人々は、誰もそれを恐れず、改宗した人を悪く扱うこともないので、私がそこにいた間は、この機会に一人だけが罰せられた。

He being newly baptised did, notwithstanding all that we could say to the contrary, dispute publicly concerning the Christian religion, with more zeal than discretion, and with so much heat, that he not only preferred our worship to theirs, but condemned all their rites as profane, and cried out against all that adhered to them as impious and sacrilegious persons, that were to be damned to everlasting burnings.

newly (新しく) [副] recently; lately

contrary (反対) [名] the opposite

publicly (公に) [副] in a public manner

worship (崇拝) [名] the feeling or expression of reverence and adoration for a deity

rite (儀式) [名] a religious or other solemn ceremony

profane (冒涜的) [形] not concerned with religion or religious purposes; secular

adhere (従う) [動] to stick fast or together

impious (不敬虔) [形] lacking piety or reverence for God

sacrilegious (冒涜的な) [形] violating or profaning something sacred

everlasting (永遠の) [形] lasting forever

burning (火刑) [名] the punishment of death by burning

彼は新しく洗礼を受けたにもかかわらず、私たちが反対に言うことができるすべてのことにもかかわらず、キリスト教の宗教に関して、分別よりも熱意をもって、そして非常に熱く公に論争し、私たちの崇拝を彼らの崇拝よりも好んだだけでなく、彼らのすべての儀式を冒涜的であると非難し、彼らに従うすべての人々に対して、永遠の火刑に処せられるべき不敬虔で冒涜的な人々であると叫んだ。

Upon his having frequently preached in this manner he was seized, and after trial he was condemned to banishment, not for having disparaged their religion, but for his inflaming the people to sedition;

preach (説教する) [動] deliver a sermon or religious address

trial (裁判) [名] a formal examination of evidence before a judge, and typically before a jury, in order to decide guilt in a case of criminal or civil proceedings

banishment (追放) [名] the action of expelling someone from a country or place

disparage (軽視する) [動] regard or represent as being of little worth

inflame (扇動する) [動] make more intense or violent

彼がこのように頻繁に説教したため、彼は捕らえられ、裁判の後、彼らの宗教を軽視したためではなく、人々を扇動したために追放を宣告された。

for this is one of their most ancient laws, that no man ought to be punished for his religion.

be punished (罰せられる) [動] inflict a penalty or sanction on (someone) as retribution for an offense

なぜなら、これは彼らの最も古い法律の一つであり、誰も自分の宗教のために罰せられるべきではないからである。

At the first constitution of their government, Utopus having understood that before his coming among them the old inhabitants had been engaged in great quarrels concerning religion, by which they were so divided among themselves, that he found it an easy thing to conquer them, since, instead of uniting their forces against him, every different party in religion fought by themselves.

quarrel (争い) [名] an angry argument or disagreement

divide (分断する) [動] separate or be separated into parts

彼らの政府の最初の憲法で、ユートパスは、彼が彼らの間に来る前に、古い住民が宗教に関する大きな争いに巻き込まれていたことを理解し、それによって彼らは彼ら自身の間で分断されていたので、彼は彼らを征服するのは簡単なことだとわかった。なぜなら、彼に対して彼らの力を結集する代わりに、宗教の異なる党派がそれぞれ戦ったからである。

After he had subdued them he made a law that every man might be of what religion he pleased, and might endeavour to draw others to it by the force of argument and by amicable and modest ways, but without bitterness against those of other opinions;

make a law (法律を作る) [動] enact a law

might be (持つことができる) [助] have the possibility or potential to be

amicable (友好的な) [形] characterized by friendliness

bitterness (苦々しさ) [名] the quality of being bitter

彼は彼らを征服した後、誰もが自分の好きな宗教を持ち、議論の力と友好的で控えめな方法で、しかし他の意見を持つ人々に対して苦々しく思うことなく、他の人々をそれに引き寄せるよう努力することができるという法律を作った。

but that he ought to use no other force but that of persuasion, and was neither to mix with it reproaches nor violence;

use (行使する) [動] put into action or use

しかし、彼は説得以外の力を行使してはならず、非難や暴力を加えてはならない。

and such as did otherwise were to be condemned to banishment or slavery.

be to (ことになる) [助] be likely to; be expected to

そうでなければ、追放や奴隷に処せられることになる。

“This law was made by Utopus, not only for preserving the public peace, which he saw suffered much by daily contentions and irreconcilable heats, but because he thought the interest of religion itself required it.

public peace (公共の平和) [名] a state of freedom from civil disturbance or war

irreconcilable (和解できない) [形] unable to be made compatible or consistent

「この法律は、ユートパスが、日々の争いや和解できない熱によって多くの被害を受けている公共の平和を守るためだけでなく、宗教そのものの利益がそれを必要としていると考えたために作られた。

He judged it not fit to determine anything rashly;

fit (適切) [形] right or suited for a particular purpose

彼は軽率に何かを決めるのは適切ではないと判断した。

and seemed to doubt whether those different forms of religion might not all come from God, who might inspire man in a different manner, and be pleased with this variety;

inspire (インスピレーションを与える) [動] fill with the urge or ability to do or feel something, especially to do something creative

variety (多様性) [名] the quality or state of being different or varied

そして、宗教の異なる形態がすべて神から来ているのではないかと疑っているようだった。神は人間に異なる方法でインスピレーションを与え、この多様性を喜んでいるのかもしれない。

he therefore thought it indecent and foolish for any man to threaten and terrify another to make him believe what did not appear to him to be true.

indecent (下品な) [形] not decent; not proper or respectable

threaten (脅す) [動] to state one's intention to punish or hurt someone

terrify (恐怖を与える) [動] to fill with terror

appear (思えない) [動] to seem or look like

だから、誰かが真実とは思えないことを信じさせるために、脅したり恐怖を与えたりするのは、下品で愚かなことと考えた。

And supposing that only one religion was really true, and the rest false, he imagined that the native force of truth would at last break forth and shine bright, if supported only by the strength of argument, and attended to with a gentle and unprejudiced mind;

only (ただ一つの) [形] single or solitary

native (本来の) [形] belonging to a person by birth

break forth (現れる) [動] emerge or appear suddenly

shine (輝く) [動] be bright

bright (明るい) [形] giving out or reflecting much light; shining

unprejudiced (偏見のない) [形] free from prejudice; impartial

そして、ただ一つの宗教だけが真実であり、残りは偽りであると仮定すると、彼は、議論の強さによってのみ支えられ、穏やかで偏見のない心で注意を払えば、真実の本来の力がついに現れ、明るく輝くだろうと考えた。

while, on the other hand, if such debates were carried on with violence and tumults, as the most wicked are always the most obstinate, so the best and most holy religion might be choked with superstition, as corn is with briars and thorns;

tumult (騒動) [名] a state of confusion or disorder

choke (窒息する) [動] stop or block the passage of air through the throat of

briar (イバラ) [名] a wild rose with prickly stems

thorn (とげ) [名] a sharp, pointed part on a plant

一方、そのような議論が暴力と騒動を伴って行われると、最も邪悪な者は常に最も頑固であるため、最も善良で最も神聖な宗教は、トウモロコシがイバラやとげに覆われるように、迷信で窒息するかもしれない。

he therefore left men wholly to their liberty, that they might be free to believe as they should see cause;

だから、彼は人々を完全に自由に任せ、彼らが原因を理解したように自由に信じることができるようにした。

only he made a solemn and severe law against such as should so far degenerate from the dignity of human nature, as to think that our souls died with our bodies, or that the world was governed by chance, without a wise overruling Providence:

degenerate (離れる) [動] become worse or of a lower standard

Providence (摂理) [名] God or nature as providing protection and guidance

ただ、彼は、人間性の尊厳から遠く離れ、魂は肉体と共に死ぬと考えたり、世界は賢明な支配者である摂理なしに偶然に支配されていると考えたりするような人々に対して、厳粛で厳しい法律を作った。

for they all formerly believed that there was a state of rewards and punishments to the good and bad after this life;

they all (彼らは皆) [代] all of them

formerly (以前は) [副] in the past

bad (悪) [名] that which is morally wrong; evil

彼らは皆、以前はこの人生の後に善と悪に対する報酬と罰の状態があると信じていた。

and they now look on those that think otherwise as scarce fit to be counted men, since they degrade so noble a being as the soul, and reckon it no better than a beast’s:

degrade (堕落させる) [動] cause a severe loss in the quality of

そして、彼らは今、魂のような高貴な存在を堕落させ、獣よりも優れているとは考えていないため、人間として数えられるにはあまり適していないと考える人々を見ている。

thus they are far from looking on such men as fit for human society, or to be citizens of a well-ordered commonwealth;

human society (人間社会) [名] the aggregate of human beings as a whole

well-ordered (秩序ある) [形] having a systematic arrangement or organization

このように、彼らはそのような人々を人間社会に適しているとか、秩序ある共和国の市民であると考えることはできない。

since a man of such principles must needs, as oft as he dares do it, despise all their laws and customs:

oft (しばしば) [副] frequently; many times

dare (あえて) [動] have the courage to do something new, dangerous, or exciting

そのような原則を持つ人は、あえてそうする限り、彼らのすべての法律や慣習を軽蔑する必要があるからだ。

for there is no doubt to be made, that a man who is afraid of nothing but the law, and apprehends nothing after death, will not scruple to break through all the laws of his country, either by fraud or force, when by this means he may satisfy his appetites.

who is afraid of nothing but the law (法律以外何も恐れない) [他] who fears nothing except the law

and apprehends nothing after death (死後何も理解しない) [接] and does not understand anything after death

will not scruple (ためらわない) [動] will not hesitate

to break through (破る) [動] to go through or beyond

all the laws of his country (自分の国のすべての法律) [名] all the laws of the country that he lives in

either by fraud or force (詐欺や力によって) [名] by either fraud or force

when by this means he may satisfy his appetites (自分の欲求を満たすことができるときに) [他] when he can satisfy his desires by this means

なぜなら、法律以外何も恐れず、死後何も理解しない人は、この方法で自分の欲求を満たすことができるときに、詐欺や力によって、自分の国のすべての法律を破ることをためらわないことは疑いようがないからだ。

They never raise any that hold these maxims, either to honours or offices, nor employ them in any public trust, but despise them, as men of base and sordid minds.

public trust (公的な信頼) [名] the trust that the public has in an organization or institution

彼らは、これらの格言を守る人を、名誉や役職に就かせたり、公的な信頼を得るために雇ったりすることはなく、卑劣で下品な心の持ち主として軽蔑している。

Yet they do not punish them, because they lay this down as a maxim, that a man cannot make himself believe anything he pleases;

lay down (定める) [動] to establish or set forth

しかし、彼らはそれを格言として定めているため、彼らを罰することはない。人は自分が好きなことを信じることはできない。

nor do they drive any to dissemble their thoughts by threatenings, so that men are not tempted to lie or disguise their opinions;

dissemble (偽る) [動] conceal one's true feelings, thoughts, or intentions

thought (考え) [名] an idea or opinion produced by thinking or occurring suddenly in the mind

また、脅迫によって自分の考えを偽るように仕向けることもないので、人々は自分の意見を偽ったり、偽装したりする誘惑に駆られることはない。

which being a sort of fraud, is abhorred by the Utopians: they take care indeed to prevent their disputing in defence of these opinions, especially before the common people: but they suffer, and even encourage them to dispute concerning them in private with their priest, and other grave men, being confident that they will be cured of those mad opinions by having reason laid before them.

common people (一般の人々) [名] people in general

mad (狂った) [形] insane; crazy

cure (治癒する) [動] to restore to health

それは一種の詐欺であり、ユートピア人には忌み嫌われている。彼らは、特に一般の人々の前で、これらの意見を擁護する議論を防ぐように注意を払っているが、彼らは、彼らの司祭や他の墓参りの人々と内緒で議論することを許し、また奨励さえしている。彼らは、彼らの前に理性を置くことによって、それらの狂った意見が治癒されると確信しているからである。

There are many among them that run far to the other extreme, though it is neither thought an ill nor unreasonable opinion, and therefore is not at all discouraged.

run far to (走る) [動] move at a speed faster than a walk

extreme (極端) [名] the highest or lowest point or degree of something

discouraged (落胆した) [形] having lost confidence or hope

彼らの中には、それが悪い意見でも不合理な意見でもないと考えられているので、全く落胆していないにもかかわらず、他の極端に走る人が多い。

They think that the souls of beasts are immortal, though far inferior to the dignity of the human soul, and not capable of so great a happiness.

彼らは、獣の魂は人間の魂の尊厳にはるかに劣り、それほど大きな幸福を得ることはできないが、不滅であると考えている。

They are almost all of them very firmly persuaded that good men will be infinitely happy in another state: so that though they are compassionate to all that are sick, yet they lament no man’s death, except they see him loath to part with life;

almost all (ほとんど全員) [名] the majority of

very firmly (固く) [副] in a firm or determined manner

persuade (信じる) [動] cause to believe something

good man (善人) [名] a person who is morally good

infinitely (無限に) [副] to an unlimited extent

another state (別の世界) [名] a different country or nation

compassionate (同情する) [形] feeling or showing sympathy and concern for others

sick (病気の) [形] affected by illness

lament (嘆く) [動] express great regret or guilt for

loath (嫌がる) [形] unwilling to do something

彼らはほとんど全員が、善人は別の世界で無限に幸せになると固く信じているので、病気の人には同情するが、死を嫌がる人以外は誰の死も嘆かない。

for they look on this as a very ill presage, as if the soul, conscious to itself of guilt, and quite hopeless, was afraid to leave the body, from some secret hints of approaching misery.

presage (前兆) [名] a sign or warning that something, especially something bad, is going to happen

conscious (自覚する) [形] aware of and responding to one's surroundings

guilt (罪) [名] the fact or state of having committed an offense

hopeless (絶望的) [形] feeling or showing despair

彼らはこれを非常に悪い前兆と見なし、まるで魂が罪を自覚し、全く希望がなく、近づいてくる悲惨さの秘密のヒントから肉体を離れることを恐れているかのようである。

They think that such a man’s appearance before God cannot be acceptable to Him, who being called on, does not go out cheerfully, but is backward and unwilling, and is as it were dragged to it.

drag (引きずる) [動] pull or move with difficulty or effort

彼らは、そのような人の神の御前での姿は、神に受け入れられるものではなく、呼ばれても元気に出かけず、後ろ向きで不本意であり、まるで引きずられるように思われる。

They are struck with horror when they see any die in this manner, and carry them out in silence and with sorrow, and praying God that He would be merciful to the errors of the departed soul, they lay the body in the ground: but when any die cheerfully, and full of hope, they do not mourn for them, but sing hymns when they carry out their bodies, and commending their souls very earnestly to God: their whole behaviour is then rather grave than sad, they burn the body, and set up a pillar where the pile was made, with an inscription to the honour of the deceased.

be struck with (襲われる) [動] be affected by

horror (恐怖) [名] an intense feeling of fear, shock, or disgust

carry out (運び出す) [動] take or bring from inside to outside

sorrow (悲しみ) [名] a feeling of deep distress caused by loss, disappointment, or other misfortune suffered by oneself or others

be merciful to (憐れむ) [動] show mercy to

departed (亡くなった) [形] no longer living

mourn (悲しむ) [動] feel or show deep sorrow or regret for

sing (歌う) [動] make musical sounds with the voice

hymn (賛美歌) [名] a religious song of praise

earnestly (熱心に) [副] in a serious and determined manner

set up (立てる) [動] put in place or position

pillar (柱) [名] a tall vertical structure of wood, stone, or metal, used as a support for a building, or as an ornament or monument

inscription (碑文) [名] words that are written or carved on a surface

彼らは、このような死に方をする人を見ると恐怖に襲われ、沈黙と悲しみの中で運び出し、神が亡くなった魂の過ちを憐れんでくださるように祈り、遺体を地面に横たえる。しかし、誰かが元気に、希望に満ちて死んだ場合、彼らは悲しむのではなく、遺体を運び出すときに賛美歌を歌い、魂を神に熱心に託す。そのときの彼らの行動は、悲しみというよりはむしろ厳かで、遺体を焼き、その場所に柱を立て、故人を称える碑文を刻む。

When they come from the funeral, they discourse of his good life, and worthy actions, but speak of nothing oftener and with more pleasure than of his serenity at the hour of death.

come from (帰ってくる) [動] move or travel from one place to another

good life (善良な人生) [名] a life that is full of meaning and purpose

worthy action (立派な行動) [名] an action that is deserving of praise or admiration

serenity (落ち着き) [名] the state of being calm and peaceful

hour of death (死の瞬間) [名] the time when someone dies

葬儀から帰ってくると、彼の善良な人生と立派な行動について語り合うが、死の瞬間の彼の落ち着きについて語ることほど頻繁に、そして喜んで語ることは何もない。

They think such respect paid to the memory of good men is both the greatest incitement to engage others to follow their example, and the most acceptable worship that can be offered them;

pay respect (敬意を払う) [動] show respect to

incitement (刺激) [名] something that encourages or persuades someone to do something

彼らは、善人の記憶に払われるそのような敬意は、他の人々が彼らの模範に従うように仕向けるための最大の刺激であり、彼らに捧げることができる最も受け入れられる崇拝であると考え、

for they believe that though by the imperfection of human sight they are invisible to us, yet they are present among us, and hear those discourses that pass concerning themselves.

imperfection (不完全さ) [名] the quality or condition of being imperfect

human (人間) [名] a human being

sight (視覚) [名] the ability to sense light, and the eye's ability to see

invisible (見えない) [形] unable to be seen

present (存在する) [形] existing or available now

人間の視覚の不完全さによって彼らは私たちには見えないが、彼らは私たちの間に存在し、自分たちに関する議論を聞いていると信じている。

They believe it inconsistent with the happiness of departed souls not to be at liberty to be where they will: and do not imagine them capable of the ingratitude of not desiring to see those friends with whom they lived on earth in the strictest bonds of love and kindness: besides, they are persuaded that good men, after death, have these affections;

inconsistent (相容れない) [形] not in harmony or keeping with

ingratitude (恩知らず) [名] a lack of gratitude

彼らは、亡くなった魂の幸福と、彼らが望む場所にいる自由がないことは相容れないと信じており、彼らが地上で愛と親切の最も厳しい絆の中で一緒に暮らした友人に会いたくないという恩知らずのことができるとは想像していない。その上、彼らは善人は死後もこれらの愛情を持っていると確信している。

and all other good dispositions increased rather than diminished, and therefore conclude that they are still among the living, and observe all they say or do.

diminish (減る) [動] become or make smaller or less

そして、他のすべての善い性質は減るどころか増加し、それゆえ彼らは生きている者の中にいると結論し、彼らが言うことや行うことすべてを観察する。

From hence they engage in all their affairs with the greater confidence of success, as trusting to their protection;

confidence (自信) [名] a feeling of self-assurance arising from one's appreciation of one's own abilities or qualities

彼らは、彼らの保護を信頼して、成功へのより大きな自信を持ってすべての事柄に従事する。

while this opinion of the presence of their ancestors is a restraint that prevents their engaging in ill designs.

presence (存在) [名] the state or fact of existing, occurring, or being present in a place or thing

ill (悪意のある) [形] causing or likely to cause harm

一方で、先祖が存在するというこの考えは、彼らが悪意のある計画に従事するのを防ぐ抑止力となっている。

“They despise and laugh at auguries, and the other vain and superstitious ways of divination, so much observed among other nations;

augury (占い) [名] the practice of predicting the future by interpreting omens or portents

superstitious (迷信的な) [形] having or showing a belief in superstitions

divination (占い) [名] the practice of seeking knowledge of the future or the unknown by supernatural means

「彼らは、他の国々でよく見られる占いや、その他の無駄で迷信的な占いの方法を軽蔑し、笑っている。

but have great reverence for such miracles as cannot flow from any of the powers of nature, and look on them as effects and indications of the presence of the Supreme Being, of which they say many instances have occurred among them;

have great reverence for (大いに尊敬する) [動] to feel deep respect or admiration for

flow from (生じる) [動] to come from or be caused by

indication (兆候) [名] a sign or suggestion of something

occur (発生する) [動] to happen or take place

しかし、自然の力から生じ得ないような奇跡を大いに尊敬し、それらを至高の存在の存在の効果と兆候と見なし、その中で多くの事例が発生したと言う。

and that sometimes their public prayers, which upon great and dangerous occasions they have solemnly put up to God, with assured confidence of being heard, have been answered in a miraculous manner.

public prayer (公の祈り) [名] a prayer that is said in public

great and dangerous occasion (偉大で危険な機会) [名] an event that is both important and risky

put up (捧げる) [動] offer to a deity

solemnly (厳粛に) [副] in a serious and dignified manner

assured confidence (確信) [名] a feeling or belief that you can do something well or that something will happen

be heard (聞き届けられる) [動] be listened to and understood

miraculous manner (奇跡的な方法) [名] a way of doing something that is extraordinary or beyond normal human powers

そして、彼らの公の祈りは、偉大で危険な機会に、彼らが神に厳粛に捧げたもので、聞き届けられるという確信を持って、奇跡的な方法で答えられたことがある。

“They think the contemplating God in His works, and the adoring Him for them, is a very acceptable piece of worship to Him.

work (働き) [名] the effort exerted to do or accomplish something

adore (崇拝する) [動] love and respect someone deeply

「彼らは、神の働きの中で神を熟考し、彼らのために神を崇拝することは、神にとって非常に受け入れられる崇拝の一部であると考えている。

“There are many among them that upon a motive of religion neglect learning, and apply themselves to no sort of study;

「彼らの中には、宗教的な動機から学習を怠り、どんな勉強にも身を入れない人が多い。

nor do they allow themselves any leisure time, but are perpetually employed, believing that by the good things that a man does he secures to himself that happiness that comes after death.

leisure time (余暇) [名] time free from work or duties

good thing (善い事) [名] something that is beneficial or advantageous

secure (確保する) [動] make safe or certain

彼らはまた、自分自身に余暇を与えず、人が行う善いことによって、死後に来る幸福を自分自身に確保すると信じて、永続的に働いている。

Some of these visit the sick;

これらのうちのいくつかは病人を訪問する。

others mend highways, cleanse ditches, repair bridges, or dig turf, gravel, or stone.

cleanse (掃除する) [動] clean

他の人は、高速道路を修理したり、溝を掃除したり、橋を修理したり、芝、砂利、石を掘ったりする。

Others fell and cleave timber, and bring wood, corn, and other necessaries, on carts, into their towns;

fall (伐採する) [動] cut down a tree

cleave (割る) [動] split or break apart

necessaries (必需品) [名] something that is essential or very important

cart (カート) [名] a small vehicle with two or four wheels that is pulled or pushed by a person or animal

他の人は木材を伐採して割り、木材、トウモロコシ、その他の必需品をカートに乗せて町に運び込む。

nor do these only serve the public, but they serve even private men, more than the slaves themselves do: for if there is anywhere a rough, hard, and sordid piece of work to be done, from which many are frightened by the labour and loathsomeness of it, if not the despair of accomplishing it, they cheerfully, and of their own accord, take that to their share;

than (よりも) [接] used to introduce the second element in a comparison

rough (荒々しい) [形] having a texture or surface that is not smooth or level

piece (仕事) [名] a portion of something

to be done (されるべき) [動] to be made, produced, or created

are frightened (恐れおののく) [動] be afraid of

the labour (労働) [名] work, especially hard physical work

loathsomeness (嫌悪感) [名] a feeling of disgust

the despair (絶望) [名] the complete loss or absence of hope

accomplishing (成し遂げる) [動] successfully complete or bring to an end

これらは公衆に奉仕するだけでなく、奴隷自身よりも私人にも奉仕する。なぜなら、もしどこかで荒々しく、困難で、卑劣な仕事があり、多くの人がその労働と嫌悪感に恐れおののき、それを成し遂げる絶望ではないとしても、彼らは喜んで、自らの意志で、それを自分たちの分け前として受け取るからである。

and by that means, as they ease others very much, so they afflict themselves, and spend their whole life in hard labour: and yet they do not value themselves upon this, nor lessen other people’s credit to raise their own;

by that means (その手段によって) [副] in that way

hard labour (重労働) [名] physically demanding work

credit (名誉) [名] a source of pride or honor

そしてその手段によって、彼らは他人を大いに楽にする一方で、自分自身を苦しめ、一生を重労働に費やす。それでも彼らはこれを自慢することも、自分の名誉を高めるために他人の名誉を傷つけることもしない。

but by their stooping to such servile employments they are so far from being despised, that they are so much the more esteemed by the whole nation.

stoop (身をかがめる) [動] bend one's head or body forward and downward

far from (どころか) [副] not at all; on the contrary

しかし、そのような卑屈な仕事に身をかがめることで、彼らは軽蔑されるどころか、国民全体からより一層尊敬されるようになる。

“Of these there are two sorts: some live unmarried and chaste, and abstain from eating any sort of flesh;

chaste (貞潔) [形] not having sex

abstain (控える) [動] refrain from doing something

「これらには二種類ある。ある者は未婚で貞潔に生き、肉を食べることを控える。

and thus weaning themselves from all the pleasures of the present life, which they account hurtful, they pursue, even by the hardest and painfullest methods possible, that blessedness which they hope for hereafter;

wean (身を引く) [動] accustom (someone) to do without something

present life (現世) [名] the life that people are living now

hereafter (来世) [名] the life after death

blessedness (至福) [名] the state of being extremely happy

こうして、彼らは有害と考える現世のあらゆる快楽から身を引き、可能な限り最も困難で苦痛を伴う方法で、来世に望む至福を追求する。

and the nearer they approach to it, they are the more cheerful and earnest in their endeavours after it.

the nearer (近づけば近づくほど) [副] to a greater extent

approach (近づく) [動] come near or nearer in space or time

earnest (真剣な) [形] very serious or determined

そして、それに近づけば近づくほど、彼らはそれを追求する努力においてより明るく真剣になる。

Another sort of them is less willing to put themselves to much toil, and therefore prefer a married state to a single one;

別の種類の者は、あまり苦労したくないので、独身よりも結婚した状態を好む。

and as they do not deny themselves the pleasure of it, so they think the begetting of children is a debt which they owe to human nature, and to their country;

begetting (産むこと) [名] the action of producing offspring

children (子供) [名] a young human being below the age of puberty or below the legal age of majority

そして、彼らはその喜びを否定しないので、子供を産むことは人間性と国に対する負債であると考える。

nor do they avoid any pleasure that does not hinder labour;

彼らは労働を妨げない快楽を避けることはない。

and therefore eat flesh so much the more willingly, as they find that by this means they are the more able to work: the Utopians look upon these as the wiser sect, but they esteem the others as the most holy.

eat flesh (肉を食べる) [動] eat meat

holy (神聖な) [形] dedicated to a deity or to some religious purpose; consecrated

そのため、肉を食べればより働けるようになると分かっているので、より喜んで肉を食べる。ユートピア人は、彼らをより賢い宗派と見なしているが、他の宗派を最も神聖なものと見なしている。

They would indeed laugh at any man who, from the principles of reason, would prefer an unmarried state to a married, or a life of labour to an easy life: but they reverence and admire such as do it from the motives of religion.

彼らは、理性の原理から、結婚していない状態を結婚している状態よりも好む人や、楽な生活よりも労働の生活を好む人を笑うだろうが、宗教の動機からそうする人を尊敬し、賞賛する。

There is nothing in which they are more cautious than in giving their opinion positively concerning any sort of religion.

cautious (慎重な) [形] careful to avoid potential problems or dangers

give (述べる) [動] express (an opinion or reaction)

positively (はっきり) [副] in a positive manner

彼らがどんな宗教に関しても自分の意見をはっきり述べる時ほど慎重になることはない。

The men that lead those severe lives are called in the language of their country Brutheskas, which answers to those we call Religious Orders.

Brutheskas (ブルテスカス) [名] a name

answer (相当する) [動] be satisfactory for

Religious Orders (宗教的秩序) [名] a name

このような厳しい生活を送る人々は、彼らの国の言葉でブルテスカスと呼ばれ、これは私たちが宗教的秩序と呼ぶものに相当する。

“Their priests are men of eminent piety, and therefore they are but few, for there are only thirteen in every town, one for every temple;

eminent (敬虔な) [形] high in rank, office, or position

thirteen (13) [名] the cardinal number that is the sum of twelve and one

every (各) [形] each

「彼らの僧侶は敬虔な人物であり、そのため数が少なく、各町に13人しかおらず、寺院ごとに1人しかいない。

but when they go to war, seven of these go out with their forces, and seven others are chosen to supply their room in their absence;

go to war (戦争に行く) [動] start fighting a war

seven (7人) [名] the number 7

go out (出かける) [動] leave a place

force (軍隊) [名] an organized military unit

しかし、戦争に行く時には、そのうちの7人が軍隊と共に出かけ、残りの7人が不在の間の部屋の供給に選ばれる。

but these enter again upon their employments when they return;

enter upon (就く) [動] begin to do or deal with

しかし、彼らが戻ると、彼らは再び職に就く。

and those who served in their absence, attend upon the high priest, till vacancies fall by death;

attend (仕える) [動] be present at

vacancy (空席) [名] an unoccupied position or job

fall (できる) [動] happen or occur

そして、彼らの不在中に仕えた者は、死によって空席ができるまで大祭司に仕える。

for there is one set over the rest.

set (設定されている) [動] put, lay, or stand (something) in a specified place or position

というのも、残りの上に1つ設定されているからだ。

They are chosen by the people as the other magistrates are, by suffrages given in secret, for preventing of factions: and when they are chosen, they are consecrated by the college of priests.

consecrate (聖別する) [動] make or declare sacred

彼らは、他の行政官と同じく、派閥を防ぐために秘密裏に与えられた選挙権によって人々によって選ばれる。そして、彼らが選ばれると、彼らは司祭団によって聖別される。

The care of all sacred things, the worship of God, and an inspection into the manners of the people, are committed to them.

inspection (検査) [名] an official examination or investigation

すべての神聖なものの世話、神への崇拝、そして人々のマナーの検査は、彼らに委ねられている。

It is a reproach to a man to be sent for by any of them, or for them to speak to him in secret, for that always gives some suspicion:

be sent for (呼ばれる) [動] to be summoned

in secret (秘密裏に) [副] in a secret manner

give (抱かせる) [動] cause to have or feel

彼らの誰かに呼ばれたり、彼らが秘密裏に彼に話しかけたりすることは、その人にとって非難されることであり、それは常に何らかの疑念を抱かせることになる。

all that is incumbent on them is only to exhort and admonish the people;

all that (すべて) [名] the whole of something

admonish (訓戒する) [動] warn or reprimand someone firmly

彼らに課せられているのは、ただ人々に勧告し、訓戒することだけである。

for the power of correcting and punishing ill men belongs wholly to the Prince, and to the other magistrates:

power (権限) [名] the ability to do something or act in a particular way

悪人を正し、罰する権限は、すべて君主と他の行政官にあるからである。

the severest thing that the priest does is the excluding those that are desperately wicked from joining in their worship:

severest (最も厳しい) [形] of the greatest degree or intensity

thing (処置) [名] an action or event

exclude (参加させない) [動] keep or shut out; prevent from entering

desperately (絶望的に) [副] in a very serious manner

司祭が行う最も厳しい処置は、絶望的に邪悪な人々を彼らの崇拝に参加させないことである。

there is not any sort of punishment more dreaded by them than this, for as it loads them with infamy, so it fills them with secret horrors, such is their reverence to their religion;

sort of (一種の) [名] a kind of

more dreaded (もっと恐ろしい) [形] causing great fear or anxiety

load (負わせる) [動] put a load on or in

fill (満たす) [動] make or become full

彼らにとってこれ以上に恐ろしい罰はない。なぜなら、それは彼らに不名誉を負わせ、彼らを秘密の恐怖で満たすからである。彼らの宗教に対する畏敬の念はそのようなものだ。

nor will their bodies be long exempted from their share of trouble;

be exempted from (免れる) [動] be free from an obligation or a duty

彼らの肉体も長い間、彼らの苦しみから免れることはできない。

for if they do not very quickly satisfy the priests of the truth of their repentance, they are seized on by the Senate, and punished for their impiety.

do not (しなければ) [助] used to form the negative

very quickly (すぐに) [副] in a very short time

are seized on (捕らえられる) [動] take or keep in one's possession by force

impiety (不敬虔) [名] lack of respect for God or religion

なぜなら、もし彼らがすぐに悔い改めの真実を司祭に納得させなければ、彼らは元老院に捕らえられ、不敬虔の罪で罰せられるからである。

The education of youth belongs to the priests, yet they do not take so much care of instructing them in letters, as in forming their minds and manners aright;

youth (青少年) [名] the time of life when one is young

take care of (注意を払う) [動] be responsible for

instruct (教える) [動] teach or direct

letter (文字) [名] a symbol used to represent a sound in the writing of a language

青少年の教育は司祭に属しているが、彼らは彼らの心とマナーを正しく形成することにおいて、彼らに文字を教えることにそれほど注意を払っていない。

they use all possible methods to infuse, very early, into the tender and flexible minds of children, such opinions as are both good in themselves and will be useful to their country, for when deep impressions of these things are made at that age, they follow men through the whole course of their lives, and conduce much to preserve the peace of the government, which suffers by nothing more than by vices that rise out of ill opinions.

all possible methods (あらゆる方法) [名] all the methods that are possible

infuse (注入する) [動] introduce or cause to be introduced

very early (非常に早い段階で) [副] at a very early stage

flexible (柔軟な) [形] able to bend easily without breaking

such opinions (そのような意見) [名] opinions of the type mentioned

made (与えられる) [動] cause to be or become

that age (その年齢) [名] the age that is being discussed

their lives (人生) [名] the period of time during which a person is alive

conduce (役立つ) [動] help to bring about

preserve (維持する) [動] maintain in its original state

suffer (損なわれる) [動] be affected by or subject to

nothing more than (のみ) [副] only

vices (悪徳) [名] immoral or wicked behavior

opinions (意見) [名] a view or judgment formed about something, not necessarily based on fact or knowledge

彼らは、子供たちの優しく柔軟な心に、自分自身にも国にも役立つような意見を、非常に早い段階で注入するためにあらゆる方法を駆使している。なぜなら、その年齢でこれらの事柄の深い印象が与えられると、彼らは人生の全過程を通して人々を追いかけ、政府の平和を維持するために大いに役立つからである。政府の平和は、悪い意見から生じる悪徳によってのみ損なわれる。

The wives of their priests are the most extraordinary women of the whole country;

彼らの司祭の妻たちは、国中で最も並外れた女性たちである。

sometimes the women themselves are made priests, though that falls out but seldom, nor are any but ancient widows chosen into that order.

sometimes (時には) [副] occasionally; at times

ancient (年老いた) [形] having lived or existed for a long time

widow (未亡人) [名] a woman whose husband has died

時には女性自身が司祭になることもありますが、それはめったに起こらず、その階級に選ばれるのは年老いた未亡人だけです。

“None of the magistrates have greater honour paid them than is paid the priests;

「司祭に支払われるよりも大きな名誉を支払われる治安判事はいない。

and if they should happen to commit any crime, they would not be questioned for it;

question (問う) [動] ask a question about

そして、もし彼らが何かの犯罪を犯したとしても、彼らはそれを問われることはない。

their punishment is left to God, and to their own consciences;

conscience (良心) [名] a person's moral sense of right and wrong, viewed as acting as a guide to one's behavior

彼らの罰は神と彼ら自身の良心に委ねられている。

for they do not think it lawful to lay hands on any man, how wicked soever he is, that has been in a peculiar manner dedicated to God; nor do they find any great inconvenience in this, both because they have so few priests, and because these are chosen with much caution, so that it must be a very unusual thing to find one who, merely out of regard to his virtue, and for his being esteemed a singularly good man, was raised up to so great a dignity, degenerate into corruption and vice;

lay hands on (手を置く) [動] to touch or handle someone or something

wicked (邪悪) [形] morally bad

peculiar (特別) [形] strange or odd

dedicated (捧げる) [動] to give your time or effort to a particular task or purpose

esteem (評価) [動] to regard with respect or admiration

degenerate (堕落) [動] to become worse in quality

corruption (堕落) [名] dishonest or illegal behaviour, especially by people in authority

彼らは、どんなに邪悪な人間でも、神に捧げられた特別な方法で、誰かに手を置くことは合法だとは思っていない。また、彼らは司祭が非常に少なく、また、これらは非常に慎重に選ばれるため、このことに大きな不便を感じることはなく、単に彼の美徳を尊重し、彼が非常に良い人間であると評価されたために、非常に大きな尊厳に育てられ、堕落し、悪徳に堕落した人を見つけることは非常に珍しいことであるに違いない。

and if such a thing should fall out, for man is a changeable creature, yet, there being few priests, and these having no authority but what rises out of the respect that is paid them, nothing of great consequence to the public can proceed from the indemnity that the priests enjoy.

consequence (影響) [名] the effect or result of an action or condition

indemnity (免責) [名] protection or exemption from liability or loss

そして、もしそのようなことが起こったとしても、人間は変わりやすい生き物であるが、司祭は少なく、彼らには彼らに支払われる敬意から生じる権威しかなく、司祭が享受する免責から公衆に大きな影響を与えることは何も起こり得ない。

“They have, indeed, very few of them, lest greater numbers sharing in the same honour might make the dignity of that order, which they esteem so highly, to sink in its reputation;

share (共有する) [動] have or use something in common with others

「彼らは、実際、彼らが非常に高く評価しているその秩序の尊厳がその評判に沈むのを、同じ名誉を共有するより多くの人々が作らないように、彼らは非常に少ない。

they also think it difficult to find out many of such an exalted pitch of goodness as to be equal to that dignity, which demands the exercise of more than ordinary virtues.

exalted (高揚した) [形] raised in rank, power, or character

pitch (ピッチ) [名] the degree of highness or lowness of a sound

exercise (行使) [名] the use or application of a power or right

彼らはまた、普通の美徳以上の行使を要求するその尊厳に等しいほどの善の高揚したピッチの多くを見つけることは難しいと考えている。

Nor are the priests in greater veneration among them than they are among their neighbouring nations, as you may imagine by that which I think gives occasion for it.

veneration (崇拝) [名] great respect

また、司祭たちは、私が思うに、その機会を与えていると思うことから想像できるように、彼らの間で隣国よりも崇拝されているわけではない。

“When the Utopians engage in battle, the priests who accompany them to the war, apparelled in their sacred vestments, kneel down during the action (in a place not far from the field), and, lifting up their hands to heaven, pray, first for peace, and then for victory to their own side, and particularly that it may be gained without the effusion of much blood on either side;

accompany (同行する) [動] go with

vestment (衣服) [名] a garment worn by a priest or minister for religious ceremonies

kneel down (ひざまずく) [動] go down on one's knees

field (戦場) [名] a large, open area of land, especially one planted with crops or pasture

effusion (流出) [名] the action or process of flowing out

「ユートピア人が戦闘に従事するとき、戦争に同行する司祭たちは、神聖な衣服を着て、行動中に(戦場から遠くない場所で)ひざまずき、天に手を上げて、まず平和を祈り、次に自分たちの側の勝利を祈り、特にどちらの側にも多くの血を流すことなく勝利を得ることができるように祈る。

and when the victory turns to their side, they run in among their own men to restrain their fury;

turn to (転じる) [動] change to

run in (走り込む) [動] enter a place quickly

restrain (抑える) [動] prevent from doing something

fury (怒り) [名] violent anger

そして勝利が彼らの側に転じると、彼らは彼ら自身の部下の中に走り込み、彼らの怒りを抑える。

and if any of their enemies see them or call to them, they are preserved by that means;

call (呼びかける) [動] cry out to (someone) in order to attract their attention

そして、敵の誰かが彼らを見たり、彼らに呼びかけたりすれば、彼らはその手段によって守られる。

and such as can come so near them as to touch their garments have not only their lives, but their fortunes secured to them;

fortune (財産) [名] a large amount of money or property

そして、彼らの衣服に触れることができるほど近くに来ることができる者は、彼らの命だけでなく、彼らの財産も彼らに保証される。

it is upon this account that all the nations round about consider them so much, and treat them with such reverence, that they have been often no less able to preserve their own people from the fury of their enemies than to save their enemies from their rage;

rage (激怒) [名] violent and uncontrolled anger

このような理由で、周辺のすべての国々は彼らを非常に尊敬し、敬意を払って扱うので、彼らはしばしば敵の怒りから敵を救うよりも、敵の怒りから自国民を守ることができる。

for it has sometimes fallen out, that when their armies have been in disorder and forced to fly, so that their enemies were running upon the slaughter and spoil, the priests by interposing have separated them from one another, and stopped the effusion of more blood;

spoil (略奪) [動] take away as spoils

interpose (介入する) [動] insert between two things

separate (引き離す) [動] move or keep apart

effusion (流血) [名] an unrestrained outpouring of emotion

なぜなら、彼らの軍隊が混乱して逃げざるを得なくなり、敵が虐殺と略奪に走ったとき、僧侶たちが介入して彼らを互いに引き離し、さらなる流血を止めたことがあったからである。

so that, by their mediation, a peace has been concluded on very reasonable terms;

mediation (調停) [名] the action of intervening between two or more parties in a dispute

そのため、彼らの調停により、非常に合理的な条件で和平が成立した。

nor is there any nation about them so fierce, cruel, or barbarous, as not to look upon their persons as sacred and inviolable.

about (周辺) [前] on all sides of; surrounding

fierce (激しい) [形] violent or intense in strength or degree

to look upon (見なす) [動] to regard or consider in a specified way

また、彼らの周辺には、彼らの人格を神聖で不可侵なものと見なさないほど激しく、残酷で、野蛮な国はない。

“The first and the last day of the month, and of the year, is a festival;

year (年) [名] a period of time

festival (祭日) [名] a day or period of celebration

「月の最初の日と最後の日、そして年の最初の日と最後の日は祭日である。

they measure their months by the course of the moon, and their years by the course of the sun:

彼らは月を基準に月を測り、太陽を基準に年を測る。

the first days are called in their language the Cynemernes, and the last the Trapemernes, which answers in our language, to the festival that begins or ends the season.

最初の日は彼らの言葉でキネメルネスと呼ばれ、最後の日はトラペメルネスと呼ばれ、これは私たちの言葉で季節の始まりまたは終わりの祭りに相当する。

“They have magnificent temples, that are not only nobly built, but extremely spacious, which is the more necessary as they have so few of them;

magnificent (壮大な) [形] extremely impressive or very good

nobly (立派に) [副] in a way that is morally good

built (建てられた) [動] construct or erect

extremely (非常に) [副] to a very great degree

spacious (広々とした) [形] having a lot of space

「彼らは壮大な寺院を持っており、それは立派に建てられているだけでなく、非常に広々としている。

they are a little dark within, which proceeds not from any error in the architecture, but is done with design;

dark (暗い) [形] with little or no light

within (内部) [名] the inner part

内部は少し暗いが、これは建築上の誤りから生じたものではなく、意図的にそうしている。

for their priests think that too much light dissipates the thoughts, and that a more moderate degree of it both recollects the mind and raises devotion.

too much (あまりに多くの) [形] more than is wanted or needed

light (光) [名] the natural agent that stimulates sight and makes things visible

dissipate (散漫にする) [動] cause to break up and go in different directions

thought (思考) [名] the action or process of thinking

raise (高める) [動] cause to rise or increase

彼らの僧侶たちは、あまりに多くの光は思考を散漫にし、適度な光は心を落ち着かせ、信仰心を高めると考えている。

Though there are many different forms of religion among them, yet all these, how various soever, agree in the main point, which is the worshipping the Divine Essence; and, therefore, there is nothing to be seen or heard in their temples in which the several persuasions among them may not agree;

form (形態) [名] the shape of something

various (多様な) [形] not the same

soever (であれ) [副] to any extent

main (主要な) [形] most important

point (点) [名] a particular place, especially one with an established purpose

Essence (本質) [名] the intrinsic nature or indispensable quality of something, especially something abstract, which determines its character

to be seen (見られる) [動] be visible

heard (聞こえる) [動] be audible

in which (そこでは) [副] in the place that

persuasions (説得) [名] the action of persuading someone or something

may not (一致しないかもしれない) [助] expressing possibility

彼らの間には多くの異なる宗教形態があるが、それらはどれほど多様であれ、神の本質を崇拝するという主要な点では一致している。そのため、彼らの寺院では、彼らの間のいくつかの説得が一致しないかもしれないと見聞きすることは何もない。

for every sect performs those rites that are peculiar to it in their private houses, nor is there anything in the public worship that contradicts the particular ways of those different sects.

sect (宗派) [名] a group of people with somewhat different religious beliefs (typically regarded as heretical) from those of a larger group to which they belong

private house (自宅) [名] a house that is owned by the people who live in it

public worship (公の礼拝) [名] a religious service that is open to the public

contradict (反する) [動] be in conflict with

particular way (特定の方法) [名] a specific method or manner of doing something

different sect (異なる宗派) [名] a religious group that has different beliefs from the main group

どの宗派も、その宗派特有の儀式を自宅で行っており、公の礼拝には、これらの異なる宗派の特定の方法に反するものは何もない。

There are no images for God in their temples, so that every one may represent Him to his thoughts according to the way of his religion;

image (像) [名] a representation of the external form of a person or thing in art

represent (表す) [動] be a symbol or expression of

彼らの寺院には神の像がないので、誰もが自分の宗教のやり方に従って神を自分の考えに表すことができる。

nor do they call this one God by any other name but that of Mithras, which is the common name by which they all express the Divine Essence, whatsoever otherwise they think it to be;

Mithras (ミトラス) [名] the ancient Persian god of light and truth

Divine Essence (神の本質) [名] the nature or being of God

彼らはこの唯一の神をミトラスという名以外では呼ばず、それは彼らが神の本質を表現する共通の名前であり、それ以外はどんなものでも神の本質であると考えている。

nor are there any prayers among them but such as every one of them may use without prejudice to his own opinion.

prayer (祈り) [名] a solemn request for help or expression of thanks addressed to God or an object of worship

彼らの間には、自分の意見に偏見を持たずに誰もが使えるような祈りしかない。

“They meet in their temples on the evening of the festival that concludes a season, and not having yet broke their fast, they thank God for their good success during that year or month which is then at an end;

evening (夜) [名] the period of a day from the end of the afternoon to the beginning of night

fast (断食) [名] the act of going without food or drink

「彼らは季節を締めくくる祭りの夜に寺院に集まり、まだ断食を破っていないので、その年または月の終わりに彼らの成功を神に感謝する。

and the next day, being that which begins the new season, they meet early in their temples, to pray for the happy progress of all their affairs during that period upon which they then enter.

the next day (翌日) [名] the day after today

そして翌日、新しい季節が始まるので、彼らは寺院で早く会い、その期間中に彼らのすべての事柄が幸せに進歩するように祈る。

In the festival which concludes the period, before they go to the temple, both wives and children fall on their knees before their husbands or parents and confess everything in which they have either erred or failed in their duty, and beg pardon for it.

fall on one's knees (ひざまずく) [動] go down on one's knees

beg (請う) [動] ask for something earnestly or humbly

期間を締めくくる祭りでは、寺院に行く前に、妻も子供も夫や両親の前でひざまずき、義務を怠ったり失敗したりしたことをすべて告白し、許しを請う。

Thus all little discontents in families are removed, that they may offer up their devotions with a pure and serene mind;

discontent (不満) [名] a feeling of dissatisfaction

serene (穏やかな) [形] calm, peaceful, and untroubled

こうして家族の中のあらゆる小さな不満が取り除かれ、彼らは純粋で穏やかな心で信仰を捧げることができる。

for they hold it a great impiety to enter upon them with disturbed thoughts, or with a consciousness of their bearing hatred or anger in their hearts to any person whatsoever;

enter upon (近づく) [動] begin to deal with

disturbed (混乱した) [形] having had its normal pattern or function disrupted

consciousness (意識) [名] the upper level or normal state of consciousness of an alert, waking individual

bear (抱く) [動] carry or hold up

anger (怒り) [名] a strong feeling of annoyance, displeasure, or hostility

whatsoever (誰に対しても) [形] of any kind at all; whatever

彼らは、混乱した考えや、誰に対しても心の中に憎しみや怒りを抱いているという意識を持って彼らに近づくことは、非常に不敬虔なことだと考えている。

and think that they should become liable to severe punishments if they presumed to offer sacrifices without cleansing their hearts, and reconciling all their differences.

become liable to (受けることになる) [動] be responsible for

presume (思う) [動] suppose that something is the case on the basis of probability

cleanse (清める) [動] make clean, pure, or free of sin

reconcile (和解させる) [動] restore friendly relations between

そして、心を清め、すべての相違点を和解させることなく犠牲を捧げようとすれば、厳しい罰を受けるに値すると考えるのだ。

In the temples the two sexes are separated, the men go to the right hand, and the women to the left;

two sexes (男女) [名] the two main categories (male and female) into which humans and most other living things are divided on the basis of their reproductive functions

right hand (右手) [名] the hand that is on the same side of your body as your right foot

left (左手) [名] the hand that is on the same side of your body as your left foot

寺院では男女が分けられ、男性は右手、女性は左手に行く。

and the males and females all place themselves before the head and master or mistress of the family to which they belong, so that those who have the government of them at home may see their deportment in public.

female (女性) [名] a person who belongs to the sex that produces large, typically immobile gametes, especially ova, that are fertilized by male gametes

deportment (態度) [名] the way a person behaves

そして、男性も女性も皆、自分たちの属する家族の長や主人や女主人の前に身を置き、家で自分たちを支配している人たちが、公衆の面前で自分たちの態度を見ることができるようにする。

And they intermingle them so, that the younger and the older may be set by one another;

intermingle (混ぜ合わせる) [動] mix together

older (年長者) [形] having lived or existed for a long time

そして、彼らは若い者と年長者が互いに並ぶように、彼らを混ぜ合わせる。

for if the younger sort were all set together, they would, perhaps, trifle away that time too much in which they ought to beget in themselves that religious dread of the Supreme Being which is the greatest and almost the only incitement to virtue.

set (集まる) [動] come or bring together

trifle (無駄にする) [動] spend or waste time

away (あまりにも) [副] to or at a distance

dread (恐怖) [名] great fear or apprehension

なぜなら、もし若い者たちが皆一緒に集まれば、彼らはおそらく、徳への最大の、そしてほとんど唯一の刺激である至高の存在に対する宗教的な恐怖を自分たちの中に生み出すべき時間をあまりにも無駄にしてしまうだろうからである。

“They offer up no living creature in sacrifice, nor do they think it suitable to the Divine Being, from whose bounty it is that these creatures have derived their lives, to take pleasure in their deaths, or the offering up their blood.

offer up (捧げる) [動] to give or present something to someone as a gift or sacrifice

living creature (生きている生き物) [名] an animal or plant that is alive

suitable (ふさわしい) [形] right or appropriate for a particular person, purpose, or situation

Divine Being (神) [名] a being with supernatural powers or attributes, believed in and worshipped by a people, especially in monotheistic religions

derive (得る) [動] to obtain or receive something from a source

take pleasure in (喜ぶ) [動] to enjoy something

「彼らは生きている生き物を犠牲に捧げることもなければ、これらの生き物が命を得たのは神の恵みによるものであり、その死を喜んだり、血を捧げたりすることは神にふさわしいとは思っていない。

They burn incense and other sweet odours, and have a great number of wax lights during their worship, not out of any imagination that such oblations can add anything to the divine nature (which even prayers cannot do), but as it is a harmless and pure way of worshipping God;

incense (香) [名] a substance that is burned for the sweet smell it produces

odour (香り) [名] a quality that can be perceived by the sense of smell

light (灯す) [動] cause to burn or shine

worship (礼拝) [名] the act of showing respect for God

imagination (想像) [名] the ability to form new images and ideas in the mind

彼らは香や他の甘い香りを焚き、礼拝の間にはたくさんの蝋燭を灯すが、それはそのような供物が神の性質に何かを加えることができるという想像からではなく(祈りでもできない)、それが神を崇拝する無害で純粋な方法だからである。

so they think those sweet savours and lights, together with some other ceremonies, by a secret and unaccountable virtue, elevate men’s souls, and inflame them with greater energy and cheerfulness during the divine worship.

savour (香り) [名] a characteristic taste, flavor, or smell

together (共に) [副] with or at the same time as another person or thing

unaccountable (不可解な) [形] unable to be explained or accounted for

elevate (高める) [動] raise or lift something to a higher position

inflame (燃え上がらせる) [動] cause to become very angry or excited

energy (エネルギー) [名] the strength and vitality required for sustained physical or mental activity

cheerfulness (陽気さ) [名] the quality of being cheerful; happiness

だから彼らは、それらの甘い香りと光が、他の儀式と共に、秘密の不可解な徳によって、人の魂を高め、神の礼拝の間により大きなエネルギーと陽気さで彼らを燃え上がらせると考えている。

“All the people appear in the temples in white garments;

「すべての人々は白い衣を着て寺院に現れる。

but the priest’s vestments are parti-coloured, and both the work and colours are wonderful.

parti-coloured (多色) [形] having two or more colours

しかし、司祭の祭服は多色で、作品も色も素晴らしい。

They are made of no rich materials, for they are neither embroidered nor set with precious stones;

be made of (で作られている) [動] be composed of

material (材料) [名] the matter from which a thing is or can be made

embroidered (刺繍された) [形] decorated with needlework

precious (貴重な) [形] of high worth or value

彼らは高価な材料で作られておらず、刺繍も宝石もついていない。

but are composed of the plumes of several birds, laid together with so much art, and so neatly, that the true value of them is far beyond the costliest materials.

plume (羽) [名] a large feather

bird (鳥) [名] a warm-blooded egg-laying vertebrate animal with feathers and wings

so much (非常に多くの) [副] a lot of

neatly (きれいに) [副] in a tidy manner

far beyond (はるかに超えている) [副] much more than

しかし、それらは非常に多くの芸術と非常にきれいに一緒に置かれたいくつかの鳥の羽で構成されているので、それらの真の価値は最も高価な材料をはるかに超えている。

They say, that in the ordering and placing those plumes some dark mysteries are represented, which pass down among their priests in a secret tradition concerning them;

order (注文する) [動] give an instruction to do something

彼らは、それらの羽を注文して配置する際に、それらに関する秘密の伝統の中で彼らの司祭の間で受け継がれるいくつかの暗い謎が表されていると言う。

and that they are as hieroglyphics, putting them in mind of the blessing that they have received from God, and of their duties, both to Him and to their neighbours.

hieroglyphics (象形文字) [名] a writing system using pictures or symbols to represent words or sounds

そして、それらは象形文字のようなものであり、彼らが神から受けた祝福と、神と隣人に対する義務を思い出させる。

As soon as the priest appears in those ornaments, they all fall prostrate on the ground, with so much reverence and so deep a silence, that such as look on cannot but be struck with it, as if it were the effect of the appearance of a deity.

look on (見る) [動] watch something happen without taking part

strike (打たれる) [動] hit or come into contact with forcefully

司祭がそれらの装飾品に現れるとすぐに、彼らは皆、非常に敬虔で深い沈黙の中で地面にひれ伏すので、まるで神の出現の効果であるかのように、それを見る者はそれに打たれざるを得ない。

After they have been for some time in this posture, they all stand up, upon a sign given by the priest, and sing hymns to the honour of God, some musical instruments playing all the while.

for some time (しばらく) [副] for a period of time

posture (姿勢) [名] the position in which someone holds their body

sign (合図) [名] a gesture or action that is intended to convey information or instructions

musical instrument (楽器) [名] a device for producing musical sounds

all the while (その間ずっと) [副] during the whole of the time that something is happening

彼らがしばらくこの姿勢でいた後、彼らは皆、司祭から与えられた合図で立ち上がり、神を称える賛美歌を歌い、その間ずっと楽器を演奏する。

These are quite of another form than those used among us;

これらは私たちの間で使われるものとは全く別の形をしている。

but, as many of them are much sweeter than ours, so others are made use of by us.

しかし、それらの多くは私たちのものよりもはるかに甘いので、他のものは私たちによって利用されている。

Yet in one thing they very much exceed us: all their music, both vocal and instrumental, is adapted to imitate and express the passions, and is so happily suited to every occasion, that, whether the subject of the hymn be cheerful, or formed to soothe or trouble the mind, or to express grief or remorse, the music takes the impression of whatever is represented, affects and kindles the passions, and works the sentiments deep into the hearts of the hearers.

one thing (一つの点) [名] a single item

vocal (声楽) [形] of or relating to the human voice

instrumental (器楽) [形] of or relating to a musical instrument

imitate (模倣する) [動] follow as a model or example

subject (主題) [名] the person or thing that is being discussed, described, or dealt with

soothe (なだめる) [動] make (someone) calmer or less anxious

trouble (悩ませる) [動] cause distress to

grief (悲しみ) [名] deep sorrow, especially that caused by someone's death

remorse (後悔) [名] a feeling of sadness and being sorry for something you have done

kindle (燃え上がらせる) [動] cause to burn or glow

しかし、一つの点で彼らは私たちをはるかに凌駕している。彼らの音楽は、声楽も器楽もすべて、情熱を模倣し表現するのに適しており、あらゆる機会にとてもうまく適合しているので、賛美歌の主題が陽気なものであれ、心を落ち着かせたり悩ませたり、悲しみや後悔を表現したりするものであれ、音楽は表現されたものの印象を受け、情熱に影響を与えて燃え上がらせ、聴衆の心の奥深くに感情を働きかける。

When this is done, both priests and people offer up very solemn prayers to God in a set form of words;

when this is done (これが終わると) [接] at or after the time that

これが終わると、司祭も民衆も定型の言葉で神に厳粛な祈りを捧げる。

and these are so composed, that whatsoever is pronounced by the whole assembly may be likewise applied by every man in particular to his own condition.

pronounce (発音する) [動] make the sound of

apply (当てはめる) [動] make use of

そして、これらは、集会全体によって発音されるものは何であれ、同様に各自が自分の状況に当てはめることができるように構成されている。

In these they acknowledge God to be the author and governor of the world, and the fountain of all the good they receive, and therefore offer up to him their thanksgiving;

author (創造者) [名] the person who created something

fountain (源) [名] a source of something

thanksgiving (感謝) [名] the expression of gratitude

これらの中で、彼らは神が世界の創造者であり支配者であり、彼らが受けるすべての善の源であることを認め、それゆえに神に感謝を捧げる。

and, in particular, bless him for His goodness in ordering it so, that they are born under the happiest government in the world, and are of a religion which they hope is the truest of all others;

in particular (特に) [副] to a great extent; very much

bless (感謝する) [動] make the sign of the cross over

happiest (最も幸せな) [形] feeling or showing great pleasure or contentment

そして、特に、彼らが世界で最も幸せな政府の下で生まれ、他のすべての宗教の中で最も真実であると彼らが望む宗教に属していることを、神の善良さに感謝する。

but, if they are mistaken, and if there is either a better government, or a religion more acceptable to God, they implore His goodness to let them know it, vowing that they resolve to follow him whithersoever he leads them;

vow (誓う) [動] make a solemn promise

しかし、もし彼らが間違っていて、より良い政府や神に受け入れられる宗教があるならば、彼らは神の善良さにそれを知らせてくれるように懇願し、神が彼らをどこに導こうとも従う決意を誓う。

but if their government is the best, and their religion the truest, then they pray that He may fortify them in it, and bring all the world both to the same rules of life, and to the same opinions concerning Himself, unless, according to the unsearchableness of His mind, He is pleased with a variety of religions.

しかし、もし彼らの政府が最善であり、彼らの宗教が最も真実であるならば、彼らは神が彼らをその中で強め、全世界を同じ生活のルールと神に関する同じ意見に導いてくれるように祈る。神の心の探求不可能性に従って、神は様々な宗教に満足している。

Then they pray that God may give them an easy passage at last to Himself, not presuming to set limits to Him, how early or late it should be;

passage (道) [名] a way through, out, or in

Himself (神) [名] the creator and ruler of the universe and source of all moral authority; the supreme being

not presume (~しようとはしない) [動] not dare to do something

set limits (制限を設ける) [動] impose a limit on

how early or late (どれほど早いか遅いか) [副] at what time

それから彼らは、神が彼らに最終的に神への安易な道を与えてくれるように祈り、それがどれほど早いか遅いかを神に制限を設けようとはしない。

but, if it may be wished for without derogating from His supreme authority, they desire to be quickly delivered, and to be taken to Himself, though by the most terrible kind of death, rather than to be detained long from seeing Him by the most prosperous course of life.

derogate (損なう) [動] detract from the force or authority of

supreme (最高の) [形] of the highest quality or degree

take (連れて行く) [動] carry or bring with oneself

long (長く) [副] for a long time

detain (引き留める) [動] keep from proceeding; delay

prosperous (繁栄した) [形] marked by success or economic well-being

しかし、もし神の最高権威を損なうことなく望むことができるなら、彼らは、最も繁栄した人生の道によって神に会うことから長く引き留められるよりも、最も恐ろしい死によってであれ、すぐに救われ、神に連れて行かれることを望む。

When this prayer is ended, they all fall down again upon the ground;

when (終わると) [接] at or after the time that

fall down (倒れる) [動] move quickly and suddenly from a higher to a lower position

again (再び) [副] once more; another time

upon (地面に) [前] on top of; on the surface of

この祈りが終わると、彼らは皆再び地面に倒れる。

and, after a little while, they rise up, go home to dinner, and spend the rest of the day in diversion or military exercises.

after a little while (しばらくすると) [副] after a short period of time

go home (帰宅する) [動] return to one's home

dinner (夕食) [名] the last meal of the day

the rest of the day (残りの一日) [名] the remaining part of the day

そして、しばらくすると、彼らは立ち上がり、夕食に帰宅し、残りの一日を気晴らしや軍事演習に費やす。

“Thus have I described to you, as particularly as I could, the Constitution of that commonwealth, which I do not only think the best in the world, but indeed the only commonwealth that truly deserves that name.

「こうして私は、私ができる限り、その共和国の憲法をあなたに説明してきたが、それは私が世界で最も優れていると思うだけでなく、実際、その名に値する唯一の共和国である。

In all other places it is visible that, while people talk of a commonwealth, every man only seeks his own wealth;

all other places (他のすべての場所) [名] all places other than the one mentioned

visible (わかる) [形] able to be seen

他のすべての場所では、人々が共和国について話している間、誰もが自分の富だけを求めていることがわかる。

but there, where no man has any property, all men zealously pursue the good of the public, and, indeed, it is no wonder to see men act so differently, for in other commonwealths every man knows that, unless he provides for himself, how flourishing soever the commonwealth may be, he must die of hunger, so that he sees the necessity of preferring his own concerns to the public;

zealously (熱心に) [副] in a way that shows great energy or enthusiasm

commonwealths (共和国) [名] a state in which the supreme power is held by the people

how flourishing soever (どれほど繁栄していても) [副] no matter how prosperous

preferring (優先する) [動] like (one thing or person) better than another or others; tend to choose

concerns (関心事) [名] a matter that affects one's interests

しかし、誰も財産を持たないそこでは、すべての人が熱心に公益を追求し、実際、人々がそれほど異なった行動をとるのを見るのは不思議ではない、なぜなら、他の共和国では、誰もが自分のために備えなければ、共和国がどれほど繁栄していても、飢えで死ななければならないことを知っているので、自分の関心事を公衆よりも優先する必要性を理解しているからである。

but in Utopia, where every man has a right to everything, they all know that if care is taken to keep the public stores full no private man can want anything;

store (倉庫) [名] a place where things may be stored

しかし、誰もがすべての権利を持つユートピアでは、公共の倉庫をいっぱいに保つように注意すれば、私人は何も欲しがらないことを誰もが知っている。

for among them there is no unequal distribution, so that no man is poor, none in necessity, and though no man has anything, yet they are all rich;

unequal (不平等な) [形] not equal

彼らの間には不平等な分配がないので、貧しい人もいなければ、困窮している人もいないし、誰も何も持っていなくても、彼らは皆豊かである。

for what can make a man so rich as to lead a serene and cheerful life, free from anxieties;

as to (ほど) [接] to the extent that

不安から解放され、穏やかで陽気な生活を送るほど人を豊かにするものは何か。

neither apprehending want himself, nor vexed with the endless complaints of his wife?

himself (自分自身) [代] the male person being discussed

vex (悩ます) [動] to annoy or worry

complaint (不満) [名] a statement that you are unhappy about something

自分自身が不足していることを理解することも、妻の終わりのない不満に悩まされることもない。

He is not afraid of the misery of his children, nor is he contriving how to raise a portion for his daughters;

be afraid of (恐れる) [動] be scared of

raise (増やす) [動] increase

彼は子供たちの悲惨さを恐れてもいないし、娘たちのためにどうやって分け前を増やすかを考えたりもしていない。

but is secure in this, that both he and his wife, his children and grand-children, to as many generations as he can fancy, will all live both plentifully and happily;

grand-children (孫たち) [名] the child of one's son or daughter

generation (世代) [名] all of the people born and living at about the same time, regarded collectively

fancy (想像できる) [動] imagine or suppose

plentifully (豊かに) [副] in abundance

しかし、彼と彼の妻、彼の子供たちと孫たち、彼が想像できる限り多くの世代にわたって、すべてが豊かで幸せに暮らすだろうという点で安心している。

since, among them, there is no less care taken of those who were once engaged in labour, but grow afterwards unable to follow it, than there is, elsewhere, of these that continue still employed.

there is no less (より多い) [動] be more

taken (払われる) [動] receive as a punishment

engaged (従事していた) [動] be occupied or busy with

unable (できない) [形] not having the necessary power, skill, or resources to do something

there is (よりも) [動] be more

elsewhere (他の場所で) [副] in or to some other place

continue (まだ) [動] persist in an activity or process

employed (雇用され) [動] give work to someone and pay them for it

彼らの間では、かつて労働に従事していたが、その後それを続けることができなくなった人々に対して、他の場所でまだ雇用され続けている人々に対してよりも、より多くの注意が払われているからである。

I would gladly hear any man compare the justice that is among them with that of all other nations;

彼らの間の正義を他のすべての国の正義と比較する人の話を喜んで聞きたい。

among whom, may I perish, if I see anything that looks either like justice or equity;

彼らの中に正義や公平に似た何かを見たら、私は滅びてもいい。

for what justice is there in this: that a nobleman, a goldsmith, a banker, or any other man, that either does nothing at all, or, at best, is employed in things that are of no use to the public, should live in great luxury and splendour upon what is so ill acquired, and a mean man, a carter, a smith, or a ploughman, that works harder even than the beasts themselves, and is employed in labours so necessary, that no commonwealth could hold out a year without them, can only earn so poor a livelihood and must lead so miserable a life, that the condition of the beasts is much better than theirs?

goldsmith (金細工師) [名] a person who makes articles of gold

banker (銀行家) [名] a person who works in a bank

any other (他の) [形] some other

at best (せいぜい) [副] to the best degree or extent possible

splendour (富) [名] a state or quality of being splendid; magnificence

ill (不正に) [副] in an unfortunate manner

carter (荷車引き) [名] a person who drives a cart

ploughman (農夫) [名] a person who works a plough

hold out (もつ) [動] continue to exist or be available

貴族、金細工師、銀行家、あるいは何もしないか、せいぜい公衆の役に立たないことに従事している他の人間が、不正に得た富で贅沢に暮らし、卑しい人間、荷車引き、鍛冶屋、農夫は、獣よりも勤勉に働き、彼らなしでは共和国が一年も持たないほど必要な労働に従事しているのに、わずかな生計を立てることしかできず、獣よりもはるかに悲惨な生活を送らなければならないという、いったいどこに正義があるというのか?

For as the beasts do not work so constantly, so they feed almost as well, and with more pleasure, and have no anxiety about what is to come, whilst these men are depressed by a barren and fruitless employment, and tormented with the apprehensions of want in their old age;

feed (食事をする) [動] eat

whilst (一方で) [接] during the time that; at the same time as

barren (不毛の) [形] (of land) too poor to produce much or any vegetation

fruitless (実りのない) [形] not producing the desired result

tormented (苦しむ) [動] cause to experience severe mental or physical pain

apprehension (不安) [名] fear or worry about something that is happening or might happen

獣はそんなに絶えず働かないので、彼らはほとんど同じように、そしてより多くの喜びをもって食事をし、将来について不安を抱いていないが、これらの人々は不毛で実りのない仕事に落ち込み、老後の不安に苦しんでいる。

since that which they get by their daily labour does but maintain them at present, and is consumed as fast as it comes in, there is no overplus left to lay up for old age.

daily labour (日々の労働) [名] work done every day

as fast as (すぐに) [副] as soon as

be consumed (消費される) [動] be used up

lay up (蓄えておく) [動] store or save for future use

old age (老後) [名] the later part of life

彼らが日々の労働で得るものは、現在彼らを維持するだけで、入ってくるとすぐに消費され、老後のために蓄えておく余裕はない。

“Is not that government both unjust and ungrateful, that is so prodigal of its favours to those that are called gentlemen, or goldsmiths, or such others who are idle, or live either by flattery or by contriving the arts of vain pleasure, and, on the other hand, takes no care of those of a meaner sort, such as ploughmen, colliers, and smiths, without whom it could not subsist?

ungrateful (恩知らずな) [形] not grateful

prodigal (惜しみなく与える) [形] spending money in a careless or wasteful way

meaner (卑しい) [形] of low standard or quality

collier (炭鉱夫) [名] a coal miner

subsist (存続する) [動] continue to live or exist

「紳士、金細工師、あるいは怠惰で、お世辞や無駄な快楽の芸術を工夫して生きているような人々に、その恩恵を惜しみなく与える政府は、不公平で恩知らずではないだろうか? 一方で、農夫、炭鉱夫、鍛冶屋など、彼らなしでは存続できないような卑しい人々のことは気にも留めない。

But after the public has reaped all the advantage of their service, and they come to be oppressed with age, sickness, and want, all their labours and the good they have done is forgotten, and all the recompense given them is that they are left to die in great misery.

reap (受ける) [動] to get as a result of effort

come to (なる) [動] to reach a state or condition

oppressed (苦しむ) [動] to be subjected to harsh and authoritarian treatment

forgotten (忘れ去られる) [動] to not be able to remember

left (ままにされる) [動] to be in a particular state or condition

しかし、国民が彼らの奉仕の恩恵をすべて受けた後、彼らが老齢、病気、貧困に苦しむようになると、彼らの労働や善行はすべて忘れ去られ、彼らに与えられる報酬は、彼らが大きな悲惨さの中で死ぬままにされることだけである。

The richer sort are often endeavouring to bring the hire of labourers lower, not only by their fraudulent practices, but by the laws which they procure to be made to that effect, so that though it is a thing most unjust in itself to give such small rewards to those who deserve so well of the public, yet they have given those hardships the name and colour of justice, by procuring laws to be made for regulating them.

labourer (労働者) [名] a person who does unskilled manual work for wages

fraudulent (不正な) [形] obtained by fraud

procure (作る) [動] obtain by care, effort, or the use of special means

hardship (困難) [名] something which is difficult to endure

裕福な階級は、不正行為だけでなく、その目的のために作られる法律によって、労働者の賃金を低く抑えようと努力することが多いので、公衆にそれほどふさわしい人々にそのような小さな報酬を与えることは、それ自体が最も不公平なことであるにもかかわらず、彼らはそれらを規制するための法律を作ることによって、それらの困難に正義の名前と色を与えてきた。

“Therefore I must say that, as I hope for mercy, I can have no other notion of all the other governments that I see or know, than that they are a conspiracy of the rich, who, on pretence of managing the public, only pursue their private ends, and devise all the ways and arts they can find out;

devise (考案する) [動] plan or invent a complex procedure or mechanism

「だから私は、慈悲を願う者として、私が見たり知っている他のすべての政府について、公衆を管理するという口実で、ただ私的な目的を追求し、彼らが見つけられるすべての方法と技術を考案する金持ちの陰謀であるという以外に、他の考えを持つことはできないと言わなければならない。

first, that they may, without danger, preserve all that they have so ill-acquired, and then, that they may engage the poor to toil and labour for them at as low rates as possible, and oppress them as much as they please;

ill-acquired (不正に得た) [形] obtained by illegal or unfair means

as low as possible (できるだけ低い) [形] of the lowest possible amount, value, or extent

まず、彼らが危険を冒すことなく、不正に得たすべてのものを保存し、次に、貧しい人々をできるだけ低い賃金で働かせ、彼らを好きなだけ抑圧することができるようにするためである。

and if they can but prevail to get these contrivances established by the show of public authority, which is considered as the representative of the whole people, then they are accounted laws;

prevail (成功する) [動] to be victorious or successful

contrivance (仕組み) [名] a device or scheme

representative (代表) [名] a person who represents another person or group

そして、もし彼らが、国民全体の代表と見なされている公権力の見せかけによって、これらの仕組みを確立することに成功すれば、それらは法律と見なされる。

yet these wicked men, after they have, by a most insatiable covetousness, divided that among themselves with which all the rest might have been well supplied, are far from that happiness that is enjoyed among the Utopians; for the use as well as the desire of money being extinguished, much anxiety and great occasions of mischief is cut off with it, and who does not see that the frauds, thefts, robberies, quarrels, tumults, contentions, seditions, murders, treacheries, and witchcrafts, which are, indeed, rather punished than restrained by the severities of law, would all fall off, if money were not any more valued by the world?

covetousness (貪欲さ) [名] a strong desire to have something that belongs to someone else

well (十分に) [副] to a high standard; very well

far (程遠い) [形] a long way off

cut off (断つ) [動] break the connection with

witchcraft (魔術) [名] the practice of magic, especially black magic; the use of spells and the invocation of spirits

fall off (なくなる) [動] decrease or decline in number, amount, or intensity

それでも、これらの邪悪な人々は、最も飽くことのない貪欲さによって、残りのすべてが十分に供給されていたかもしれないものを自分たちの間で分割した後、ユートピア人の間で享受されている幸福からは程遠い。金銭の使用と欲望が消滅することで、多くの不安や大きないたずらの機会が断たれ、詐欺、窃盗、強盗、喧嘩、騒動、争い、扇動、殺人、裏切り、魔術などが、実際には法律の厳しさによって抑制されるというよりはむしろ罰せられているが、もしお金が世界でこれ以上評価されなければ、これらすべてがなくなることを誰が知らないだろうか?

Men’s fears, solicitudes, cares, labours, and watchings would all perish in the same moment with the value of money;

solicitude (懇願) [名] care or concern for someone or something

watching (監視) [名] the action of observing someone or something closely

perish (消滅する) [動] die or be destroyed

人間の恐怖、懇願、心配、労働、監視はすべて、お金の価値と同時に消滅するだろう。

even poverty itself, for the relief of which money seems most necessary, would fall.

relief (救済) [名] alleviation of or deliverance from pain, anxiety, or distress

貧困そのものも、その救済にはお金が最も必要であるように思われるが、なくなるだろう。

But, in order to the apprehending this aright, take one instance:—

take (挙げる) [動] pick up and move

しかし、これを正しく理解するために、1つの例を挙げる。

“Consider any year, that has been so unfruitful that many thousands have died of hunger;

unfruitful (不作) [形] not producing the desired results

thousands (何千) [名] a very large number

「何年か前、何千人もの人々が飢えで亡くなったほど不作だった年のことを考えてみよう。

and yet if, at the end of that year, a survey was made of the granaries of all the rich men that have hoarded up the corn, it would be found that there was enough among them to have prevented all that consumption of men that perished in misery;

at the end of (終わりに) [前] at the conclusion of

survey (調査) [名] an examination of the condition of something

granary (穀倉) [名] a building for storing grain

hoard (蓄える) [動] accumulate and store away

misery (悲惨な状況) [名] a state of great suffering or unhappiness

それでも、その年の終わりに、穀物を蓄えたすべての金持ちの穀倉を調査したら、悲惨な状況で死んでいった人々の消費をすべて防ぐのに十分な量があったことがわかるだろう。

and that, if it had been distributed among them, none would have felt the terrible effects of that scarcity:

feel (経験する) [動] have a particular emotion or sensation

そして、もしそれが彼らの間で分配されていたら、誰もその不足の恐ろしい影響を経験しなかっただろう。

so easy a thing would it be to supply all the necessities of life, if that blessed thing called money, which is pretended to be invented for procuring them was not really the only thing that obstructed their being procured!

so easy a thing (それほど簡単なこと) [名] something that is not difficult

all the necessities of life (生活必需品) [名] things that are required for living

that blessed thing called money (お金と呼ばれる祝福されたもの) [名] money, which is considered to be a good thing

which is pretended to be invented for procuring them (それらを調達するために発明されたとされる) [他] that is said to have been created for the purpose of getting them

was not really the only thing that obstructed their being procured (実際にはそれらの調達を妨げる唯一のものではなかった) [名] was not in fact the one thing that prevented them from being obtained

生活必需品をすべて供給することは、それほど簡単なことだろう。もし、それらを調達するために発明されたとされるお金と呼ばれる祝福されたものが、実際にはそれらの調達を妨げる唯一のものではなかったとしたら!

“I do not doubt but rich men are sensible of this, and that they well know how much a greater happiness it is to want nothing necessary, than to abound in many superfluities;

sensible (理解している) [形] based on or acting on good judgment or reason

superfluity (余計なもの) [名] something that is more than is needed or wanted

「金持ちはこれを理解しているし、多くの余計なものに満ちあふれているよりも、必要なものが何もないことがどれほど大きな幸せであるかをよく知っていることは疑いない。

and to be rescued out of so much misery, than to abound with so much wealth:

rescue (救う) [動] save from danger or harm

そして、多くの富に満ちあふれているよりも、多くの悲惨さから救われることがどれほど大きな幸せであるかをよく知っていることは疑いない。

and I cannot think but the sense of every man’s interest, added to the authority of Christ’s commands, who, as He was infinitely wise, knew what was best, and was not less good in discovering it to us, would have drawn all the world over to the laws of the Utopians, if pride, that plague of human nature, that source of so much misery, did not hinder it;

command (命令) [名] an order given by someone in authority

law (法) [名] a rule or system of rules

そして、キリストの命令の権威に加えて、すべての人の利益の感覚が、無限に賢い彼が何が最善かを知っていて、それを私たちに明らかにするのに劣らず善良であったならば、全世界をユートピア人の法に引き寄せただろうと考えざるを得ない。もし、人間性の疫病であり、多くの悲惨さの源であるプライドがそれを妨げなかったら。

for this vice does not measure happiness so much by its own conveniences, as by the miseries of others;

この悪徳は、幸福を自分の都合よりも他人の不幸によって測るからである。

and would not be satisfied with being thought a goddess, if none were left that were miserable, over whom she might insult.

be satisfied with (満足する) [動] be content with

be left (残る) [動] remain

insult (侮辱する) [動] speak to or treat with disrespect or scornfully

そして、もし彼女が侮辱できるような惨めな人が誰も残っていないなら、女神と思われることに満足しないだろう。

Pride thinks its own happiness shines the brighter, by comparing it with the misfortunes of other persons;

brighter (より輝く) [形] more bright

プライドは、自分の幸福を他人の不幸と比較することで、より輝くと思う。

that by displaying its own wealth they may feel their poverty the more sensibly.

display (誇示する) [動] show or make visible

sensibly (敏感に) [副] in a way that is based on good judgment or reason

自分の富を誇示することで、彼らは自分の貧困をより敏感に感じるかもしれない。

This is that infernal serpent that creeps into the breasts of mortals, and possesses them too much to be easily drawn out;

breast (胸) [名] the front of a person's body between the neck and the stomach

mortal (人間) [名] a human being

これは、人間の胸に忍び込み、簡単に引き抜くことができないほどに彼らを所有する地獄の蛇である。

and, therefore, I am glad that the Utopians have fallen upon this form of government, in which I wish that all the world could be so wise as to imitate them;

fall upon (落ち着く) [動] to come to rest on

form of government (政体) [名] the system or type of government of a country

imitate (真似する) [動] to copy or follow the example of

だから、私はユートピア人がこの政体に落ち着いたことを嬉しく思うし、全世界が彼らを真似するほど賢くなることを願っている。

for they have, indeed, laid down such a scheme and foundation of policy, that as men live happily under it, so it is like to be of great continuance;

be like (思われる) [動] to be similar to

continuance (継続) [名] the state of continuing

彼らは、実際、人々がその下で幸せに暮らせるように、政策の計画と基礎を定めたので、それは長く続くように思われる。

for they having rooted out of the minds of their people all the seeds, both of ambition and faction, there is no danger of any commotions at home;

ambition (野心) [名] a strong desire to achieve something

commotion (騒動) [名] a noisy disturbance or confusion

彼らは国民の心から野心と派閥のすべての種を根絶やしにしたので、国内で騒動が起こる危険はない。

which alone has been the ruin of many states that seemed otherwise to be well secured;

alone (それだけが) [副] only; solely

それだけが、他の点では十分に安全であると思われた多くの国家の破滅であった。

but as long as they live in peace at home, and are governed by such good laws, the envy of all their neighbouring princes, who have often, though in vain, attempted their ruin, will never be able to put their state into any commotion or disorder.”

live in peace (平和に暮らす) [動] live in a state of tranquility

be governed by (支配される) [動] be ruled by

good law (良い法律) [名] a law that is fair and just

neighbouring prince (近隣の君主) [名] a ruler of a country that is next to another country

in vain (無駄に) [副] to no purpose; without success

attempt (試みる) [動] make an effort to achieve something

put into (陥れる) [動] cause to be in a particular state or condition

commotion (混乱) [名] a state of confused and noisy disturbance

しかし、彼らが国内で平和に暮らし、そのような良い法律に支配されている限り、彼らの破滅をしばしば無駄に試みてきた近隣のすべての君主の羨望は、彼らの国家を混乱や無秩序に陥れることは決してできないだろう。」

When Raphael had thus made an end of speaking, though many things occurred to me, both concerning the manners and laws of that people, that seemed very absurd, as well in their way of making war, as in their notions of religion and divine matters—together with several other particulars, but chiefly what seemed the foundation of all the rest, their living in common, without the use of money, by which all nobility, magnificence, splendour, and majesty, which, according to the common opinion, are the true ornaments of a nation, would be quite taken away—yet since I perceived that Raphael was weary, and was not sure whether he could easily bear contradiction, remembering that he had taken notice of some, who seemed to think they were bound in honour to support the credit of their own wisdom, by finding out something to censure in all other men’s inventions, besides their own, I only commended their Constitution, and the account he had given of it in general;

make an end of (終える) [動] finish or stop doing something

occur to (思い浮かぶ) [動] come into one's mind

together with (一緒に) [副] in addition to

magnificence (壮大さ) [名] the quality of being magnificent

common opinion (一般的な意見) [名] the opinion of the majority of people

quite (完全に) [副] to the greatest extent

weary (疲れた) [形] feeling or showing extreme tiredness

notice (気づく) [動] become aware of

credit (信用) [名] the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that the customer will pay for them later

ラファエルがこうして話し終えたとき、その人々の風習や法律に関して、戦争のやり方や宗教や神に関する考え方など、非常にばかげたと思われることがたくさん思い浮かんだ。他のいくつかの詳細と一緒に、しかし主に他のすべての基礎と思われるもの、お金を使わずに共通に生きること、それによってすべての貴族、壮大さ、素晴らしさ、そして威厳、一般的な意見によれば、それは国の真の装飾品であるが、完全に取り去られるだろう。しかし、私はラファエルが疲れていることを知っていたので、彼が簡単に矛盾に耐えられるかどうか確信が持てなかった。彼は、自分たちの知恵の信用を守るために名誉に縛られていると思っているように見える人がいることに気づいていたことを思い出して、自分たちの発明以外に、他のすべての人の発明の中で非難すべき何かを見つけることによって、私は彼らの憲法と、彼がそれについて一般的に述べた説明を賞賛しただけだった。

and so, taking him by the hand, carried him to supper, and told him I would find out some other time for examining this subject more particularly, and for discoursing more copiously upon it.

take by the hand (手を取る) [動] to take someone's hand in one's own

some other time (別の時間) [名] a different time

particularly (詳細に) [副] in a detailed manner

discourse (議論する) [動] to speak or write about something at length

copiously (豊富に) [副] in large amounts

そして、彼の手を取り、夕食に連れて行き、この問題をより詳細に調べ、より豊富に議論するために、別の時間を見つけると彼に言った。

And, indeed, I shall be glad to embrace an opportunity of doing it.

be glad to (喜んで) [動] be happy to

そして、実際、私はそれをする機会を喜んで受け入れるだろう。

In the meanwhile, though it must be confessed that he is both a very learned man and a person who has obtained a great knowledge of the world, I cannot perfectly agree to everything he has related.

in the meanwhile (その一方で) [副] at the same time

must be confessed (認めざるを得ない) [動] must be admitted

learned (博識な) [形] having a lot of knowledge

cannot perfectly agree (完全に同意することはできない) [動] cannot agree completely

その一方で、彼は非常に博識で、世界の偉大な知識を得た人物であることは認めざるを得ないが、私は彼が語ったすべてに完全に同意することはできない。

However, there are many things in the commonwealth of Utopia that I rather wish, than hope, to see followed in our governments.

wish (望む) [動] feel or express a strong desire or hope for something that is not easily attainable

しかし、ユートピア共和国には、私たちの政府に従ってほしいと願うよりも、むしろ望むべきことがたくさんある。