After I had been there about ten or twelve days, it came into my thoughts that I should lose my reckoning of time for want of books and pen and ink, and should even forget the Sabbath days from the working days;

but to prevent this, I cut it with my knife upon a large post, in capital letters;

and making it into a great cross, I set it up on the shore where I first landed, viz., “I came on shore here on the 30th of September, 1659.”

Upon the sides of this square post I cut every day a notch with my knife, and every seventh notch was as long again as the rest, and every first day of the month as long again as that long one;

and thus I kept my calendar, or weekly, monthly, and yearly reckoning of time.

 In the next place we are to observe, that among the many things which I brought out of the ship in the several voyages, which, as above mentioned, I made to it, I got several things of less value, but not all less useful to me, which I omitted setting down before;

as in particular, pens, ink, and paper, several parcels in the captain’s, mate’s, gunner’s, and carpenter’s keeping, three or four compasses, some mathematical instruments, dials, perspectives, charts, and books of navigation, all of which I huddled together, whether I might want them or no.

Also I found three very good Bibles, which came to me in my cargo from England, and which I had packed up among my things;

some Portuguese books also, and among them two or three Popish prayer-books, and several other books, all which I carefully secured.

And I must not forget, that we had in the ship a dog and two cats, of whose eminent history I may have occasion to say something in its place;

for I carried both the cats with me;

and as for the dog, he jumped out of the ship of himself, and swam on shore to me the day after I went on shore with my first cargo, and was a trusty servant to me many years.

I wanted nothing that he could fetch me, nor any company that he could make up to me;

I only wanted to have him talk to me, but that would not do.

As I observed before, I found pen, ink, and paper, and I husbanded them to the utmost;

and I shall show that while my ink lasted, I kept things very exact;

but after that was gone, I could not, for I could not make any ink by any means that I could devise.

 And this put me in mind that I wanted many things, notwithstanding all that I had amassed together;

and of these, this of ink was one, as also spade, pick-axe, and shovel, to dig or remove the earth, needles, pins, and thread;

as for linen, I soon learned to want that without much difficulty.

 This want of tools made every work I did go on heavily;

and it was near a whole year before I had entirely finished my little pale or surrounded habitation.

The piles or stakes, which were as heavy as I could well lift, were a long time in cutting and preparing in the woods, and more by far in bringing home;

so that I spent sometimes two days in cutting and bringing home one of those posts, and a third day in driving it into the ground;

for which purpose I got a heavy piece of wood at first, but at last bethought myself of one of the iron crows, which, however, though I found it, yet it made driving those posts or piles very laborious and tedious work.

 But what need I have been concerned at the tediousness of anything I had to do, seeing I had time enough to do it in?

Nor had I any other employment, if that had been over, at least, that I could foresee, except the ranging the island to seek for food, which I did more or less every day.

 I now began to consider seriously my condition, and the circumstance I was reduced to;

and I drew up the state of my affairs in writing;

not so much to leave them to any that were to come after me, for I was like to have but few heirs, as to deliver my thoughts from daily poring upon them, and afflicting my mind.

And as my reason began now to master my despondency,

I began to comfort myself as well as I could, and to set the good against the evil, that I might have something to distinguish my case from worse;

and I stated it very impartially, like debtor and creditor, the comforts I enjoyed against the miseries I suffered, thus:

 Evil: I am cast upon a horrible desolate island, void of all hope of recovery.

 Good: But I am alive, and not drowned, as all my ship’s company was.

 Evil: I am singled out and separated, as it were, from all the world to be miserable.

 Good: But I am singled out, too, from all the ship’s crew to be spared from death;

and He that miraculously saved me from death, can deliver me from this condition.

 Evil: I am divided from mankind, a solitaire, one banished from human society.

 Good: But I am not starved and perishing on a barren place, affording no sustenance.

 Evil: I have not clothes to cover me.

 Good: But I am in a hot climate, where if I had clothes I could hardly wear them.

 Evil: I am without any defence or means to resist any violence of man or beast.

 Good: But I am cast on an island, where I see no wild beasts to hurt me, as I saw on the coast of Africa;

and what if I had been shipwrecked there?

 Evil: I have no soul to speak to, or relieve me.

 Good: But God wonderfully sent the ship in near enough to the shore, that I have gotten out so many necessary things as will either supply my wants, or enable me to supply myself even as long as I live.

 Upon the whole, here was an undoubted testimony, that there was scarce any condition in the world so miserable, but there was something negative or something positive to be thankful for in it;

and let this stand as a direction from the experience of the most miserable of all conditions in this world, that we may always find in it something to comfort ourselves from, and to set in the description of good and evil on the credit side of the account.

 Having now brought my mind a little to relish my condition, and given over looking out to sea, to see if I could spy a ship;

I say, giving over these things, I began to apply myself to accommodate my way of living, and to make things as easy to me as I could.

 I have already described my habitation, which was a tent under the side of a rock, surrounded with a strong pale of posts and cables;

but I might now rather call it a wall, for I raised a kind of wall up against it of turfs, about two feet thick on the outside, and after some time--I think it was a year and a half--I raised rafters from it leading to the rock, and thatched or covered it with boughs of trees and such things as I could get to keep out the rain, which I found at some times of the year very violent.

 I have already observed how I brought all my goods into this pale, and into the cave which I had made behind me.

But I must observe, too, that at first this was a confused heap of goods, which as they lay in no order, so they took up all my place;

I had no room to turn myself.

So I set myself to enlarge my cave and works farther into the earth;

for it was a loose sandy rock, which yielded easily to the labor I bestowed on it.

And so, when I found I was pretty safe as to beasts of prey, I worked sideways to the right hand into the rock;

and then, turning to the right again, worked quite out, and made me a door to come out on the outside of my pale or fortification.

This gave me not only egress and regress, as it were a back-way to my tent and to my storehouse, but gave me room to stow my goods.

 And now I began to apply myself to make such necessary things as I found I most wanted, as particularly a chair and a table;

for without these I was not able to enjoy the few comforts I had in the world.

I could not write or eat, or do several things with so much pleasure without a table.

 So I went to work; and here I must needs observe, that as reason is the substance and original of the mathematics, so by stating and squaring everything by reason, and by making the most rational judgment of things, every man may be in time master of every mechanic art.

I had never handled a tool in my life;

and yet in time, by labor, application, and contrivance, I found at last that I wanted nothing but I could have made it, especially if I had had tools.

However, I made abundance of things even without tools, and some with no more tools than an adze and a hatchet, which, perhaps, were never made that way before, and that with infinite labor.

For example, if I wanted a board, I had no other way but to cut down a tree, set it on an edge before me, and hew it flat on either side with my axe, till I had brought it to be thin as a plank, and then dub it smooth with my adze.

It is true, by this method I could make but one board out of a whole tree;

but this I had no remedy for but patience, any more than I had for the prodigious deal of time and labor which it took me up to make a plank or board.

But my time or labor was little worth, and so it was as well employed one way as another.

 However, I made me a table and a chair, as I observed above, in the first place, and this I did out of the short pieces of boards that I brought on my raft from the ship.

But when I had wrought out some boards, as above, I made large shelves of the breadth of a foot and a half one over another, all along one side of my cave, to lay all my tools, nails, and iron-work; and, in a word, to separate everything at large in their places, that I might come easily at them.

I knocked pieces into the wall of the rock to hang my guns and all things that would hang up;

so that had my cave been to be seen, it looked like a general magazine of all necessary things;

and I had everything so ready at my hand, that it was a great pleasure to me to see all my goods in such order, and especially to find my stock of all necessaries so great.

 And now it was when I began to keep a journal of every day’s employment;

for, indeed, at first I was in too much hurry, and not only hurry as to labor, but in too much discomposure of mind;

and my journal would have been full of many dull things.

For example, I must have said thus: _Sept, the 30th_.--After I got to shore, and had escaped drowning, instead of being thankful to God for my deliverance, having first vomited with the great quantity of salt water which was gotten into my stomach, and recovering myself a little, I ran about the shore, wringing my hands, and beating my head and face, exclaiming at my misery, and crying out, I was undone, undone, till, tired and faint, I was forced to lie down on the ground to repose;

but durst not sleep, for fear of being devoured.

 Some days after this, and after I had been on board the ship, and got all that I could out of her, yet I could not forbear getting up to the top of a little mountain, and looking out to sea, in hopes of seeing a ship;

then fancy at a vast distance I spied a sail, please myself with the hopes of it, and then, after looking steadily till I was almost blind, lose it quite, and sit down and weep like a child, and thus increase my misery by my folly.

 But having gotten over these things in some measure, and having settled my household stuff and habitation, made me a table and a chair, and all as handsome about me as I could, I began to keep my journal, of which I shall here give you the copy (though in it will be told all these particulars over again) as long as it lasted;

for, having no more ink, I was forced to leave it off.