[English-Japanese Annotation Book]

On Liberty

自由論

by John Stuart Mill

sections=4, paragraphs=1154, sentences=1696

words=46726, characters=272214, annotations=5876

Contents

1. CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTORY.

2. CHAPTER II: OF THE LIBERTY OF THOUGHT AND DISCUSSION.

3. CHAPTER IV: OF THE LIMITS TO THE AUTHORITY OF SOCIETY OVER THE INDIVIDUAL.

4. CHAPTER V: APPLICATIONS.

License

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CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTORY.

chapter (章) [名] a main division of a book

introductory (序論) [形] serving as an introduction

第一章: 序論

The subject of this Essay is not the so-called Liberty of the Will, so unfortunately opposed to the misnamed doctrine of Philosophical Necessity; but Civil, or Social Liberty: the nature and limits of the power which can be legitimately exercised by society over the individual.

subject (主題) [名] the main topic of a text

essay (論文) [名] a piece of writing, usually from an author's personal point of view

so-called (いわゆる) [形] used to show that you are mentioning a name or expression that is commonly used but may not be very accurate

will (意志) [名] the faculty by which a person decides on and initiates action

unfortunately (不幸にも) [副] it is unlucky that

opposed (対立する) [動] be against something

doctrine (教義) [名] a belief or set of beliefs held and taught by a church, political party, or other group

philosophical (哲学的) [形] of or relating to the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence, especially when considered as an academic discipline

necessity (必然性) [名] the quality or state of being necessary, or that which is necessary

civil (市民的) [形] of or relating to the state or its citizens

social (社会的) [形] of or relating to society or its organization

nature (性質) [名] the basic or inherent features, character, or qualities of something

limit (限界) [名] a point or level beyond which something does not or may not extend or pass

power (権力) [名] the ability or capacity to perform or act

legitimately (合法的に) [副] in a way that is allowed by the law

exercise (行使する) [動] use or apply

society (社会) [名] the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community

individual (個人) [名] a single human being as distinct from a group, class, or family

この論文の主題は、不幸にも哲学的必然性という誤った名称の教義に対立する、いわゆる意志の自由ではなく、市民的、あるいは社会的自由、つまり社会が個人に対して合法的に行使できる権力の性質と限界である。

A question seldom stated, and hardly ever discussed, in general terms, but which profoundly influences the practical controversies of the age by its latent presence, and is likely soon to make itself recognised as the vital question of the future.

seldom (めったに~ない) [副] not often; rarely

hardly (ほとんど~ない) [副] almost not

state (述べる) [動] express clearly in words

discuss (議論する) [動] talk about

general terms (一般論) [名] a statement that is true in most cases

profoundly (深く) [副] to a great extent

influence (影響を与える) [動] have an effect on

practical (実際的な) [形] of or concerned with practice or action

controversy (論争) [名] a prolonged public disagreement or heated discussion

latent (潜在的な) [形] existing but not yet developed or manifest

presence (存在) [名] the state or fact of existing, occurring, or being present

soon (まもなく) [副] in or after a short time

future (未来) [名] the time that is to come or that is still to happen

この問題は、一般論としてはほとんど提起されることも議論されることもないが、潜在的に存在することで現代の実際的な論争に深く影響を与えており、まもなく未来の重要な問題として認識されるようになるだろう。

It is so far from being new, that in a certain sense, it has divided mankind, almost from the remotest ages;

far from (決して~ない) [副] not at all

new (新しい) [形] recently created or having started recently

certain (ある) [形] having a specific but not explicitly stated character or quality

sense (意味) [名] a meaning or an interpretation

divide (分断する) [動] separate into two or more parts

mankind (人類) [名] human beings considered collectively

remotest (遠い) [形] far away in space or time

それは決して新しいものではなく、ある意味、ほとんど遠い昔から人類を分断してきた。

but in the stage of progress into which the more civilised portions of the species have now entered, it presents itself under new conditions, and requires a different and more fundamental treatment.

stage (段階) [名] a period of time during which something happens

progress (進歩) [名] the process of improving or developing

species (人類) [名] a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding

civilised (文明的な) [形] having a high level of culture and development

present (現れる) [動] to give or show something to someone

condition (条件) [名] something that must happen or exist before something else can happen or exist

require (必要とする) [動] to need something

different (異なる) [形] not the same as something or someone else

fundamental (根本的な) [形] forming the base or foundation; essential

しかし、人類のより文明的な部分が今や到達した進歩の段階においては、それは新たな条件の下で現れ、異なる、より根本的な扱いを必要としている。

The struggle between Liberty and Authority is the most conspicuous feature in the portions of history with which we are earliest familiar, particularly in that of Greece, Rome, and England.

struggle (闘争) [名] a violent or intense effort

authority (権威) [名] the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience

feature (特徴) [名] a prominent or conspicuous aspect, quality, or characteristic

history (歴史) [名] the study of past events

familiar (親しんだ) [形] well known from long or close association

Greece (ギリシャ) [名] a country in southeastern Europe on the Mediterranean Sea

Rome (ローマ) [名] the capital city of Italy

England (イギリス) [名] a country in northwestern Europe, on the island of Great Britain

自由と権威の間の闘争は、私たちが最も早く親しんだ歴史の部分、特にギリシャ、ローマ、イギリスの歴史の中で最も顕著な特徴である。

But in old times this contest was between subjects, or some classes of subjects, and the government.

old times (昔) [名] a time in the past

contest (争い) [名] a competition between two or more people or groups

subject (臣民) [名] a person who lives in a country, state, etc., and who is governed by its laws

government (政府) [名] the group of people with authority to govern it

しかし、昔はこの争いは臣民、あるいは臣民の一部と政府との間で行われていた。

By liberty, was meant protection against the tyranny of the political rulers.

mean (意味する) [動] intend to convey, indicate, or refer to (something)

protection (保護) [名] the action of protecting someone or something, or the state of being protected

political (政治的) [形] of or relating to government, a government, or the conduct of government

ruler (支配者) [名] a person exercising government or dominion

自由とは、政治的支配者の暴政からの保護を意味していた。

The rulers were conceived (except in some of the popular governments of Greece) as in a necessarily antagonistic position to the people whom they ruled.

conceive (考える) [動] to form an idea or opinion of

necessarily (必然的に) [副] as a necessary result

antagonistic (敵対する) [形] showing or feeling active opposition or hostility

position (立場) [名] a place where someone or something is located or has been put

支配者は(ギリシャの一部の大衆政府を除いて)必然的に支配される人々と敵対する立場にあると考えられていた。

They consisted of a governing One, or a governing tribe or caste, who derived their authority from inheritance or conquest, who, at all events, did not hold it at the pleasure of the governed, and whose supremacy men did not venture, perhaps did not desire, to contest, whatever precautions might be taken against its oppressive exercise.

consist of (成る) [動] be composed or made up of

govern (支配する) [動] conduct the policy, actions, and affairs of (a state, organization, or people) with authority

tribe (部族) [名] a social division in a traditional society consisting of families or communities linked by social, economic, religious, or blood ties, with a common culture and dialect, typically having a recognized ...

caste (カースト) [名] each of the hereditary classes of Hindu society, distinguished by relative degrees of ritual purity or pollution and of social status

inheritance (相続) [名] the action of inheriting something

conquest (征服) [名] the subjugation and assumption of control of a country or area by military force

at all events (いずれにせよ) [副] in any case

pleasure (意のまま) [名] a feeling of happy satisfaction and enjoyment

supremacy (支配権) [名] the state or condition of being superior to all others in authority, power, or status

venture (敢えてする) [動] do something new, dangerous, or exciting

desire (望む) [動] strongly wish for or want (something)

contest (争う) [動] compete with others in a game or other competition

precaution (予防策) [名] a measure taken in advance to prevent something from happening, especially something unpleasant or dangerous

oppressive (抑圧的な) [形] unjustly harsh or severe

exercise (行使) [名] the use or application of a power, right, or force

彼らは、支配する一人、あるいは支配する部族やカーストから成り、その権威を相続や征服から得ていたが、いずれにせよ、被支配者の意のままにそれを保持することはなく、その支配権に対して、人々は、その抑圧的な行使に対してどんな予防策を講じても、争うことを敢えてしなかったし、おそらく望みもしなかった。

Their power was regarded as necessary, but also as highly dangerous;

regard (考える) [動] think of or consider in a specified way

necessary (必要) [形] being essential, indispensable, or requisite

dangerous (危険) [形] able or likely to cause harm or injury

彼らの権力は必要であるが、非常に危険なものでもあると考えられていた。

as a weapon which they would attempt to use against their subjects, no less than against external enemies.

weapon (武器) [名] an object or substance that is used to cause bodily harm or death

attempt (試みる) [動] to try to do something

use (使用する) [動] to put into service or action

against (に対して) [前] in opposition to

external (外部の) [形] of or relating to the outside

enemy (敵) [名] a person who is actively opposed or hostile to someone or something

彼らが外敵に対してだけでなく、臣民に対しても使用しようとする武器として。

To prevent the weaker members of the community from being preyed upon by innumerable vultures, it was needful that there should be an animal of prey stronger than the rest, commissioned to keep them down.

prevent (防ぐ) [動] keep from happening or arising

weaker (弱い) [形] lacking the power to perform; lacking in force or effectiveness

member (メンバー) [名] a person who belongs to a group or an organization

community (共同体) [名] a group of people living in the same place or having a particular characteristic in common

prey (捕食) [名] an animal that is hunted and killed by another for food

innumerable (無数の) [形] too many to be counted

vulture (ハゲタカ) [名] a large bird of prey with a bald head and neck

rest (残り) [名] the remaining part of something

commissioned (任命された) [動] give an order or command to

keep down (抑えておく) [動] to hold back or restrain

共同体の弱いメンバーが無数のハゲタカに捕食されるのを防ぐためには、他のハゲタカよりも強い捕食動物がいて、彼らを抑えておく必要があった。

But as the king of the vultures would be no less bent upon preying on the flock than any of the minor harpies, it was indispensable to be in a perpetual attitude of defence against his beak and claws.

king (王) [名] the male ruler of an independent state

flock (群れ) [名] a large group of birds

prey (捕食する) [動] hunt and kill for food

minor (小さな) [形] of lesser importance, seriousness, or significance

harpy (ハーピー) [名] a mythical monster with the head and body of a woman and the wings and claws of a bird

beak (くちばし) [名] the horny projecting jaws of a bird

claw (爪) [名] a curved, pointed horny nail on the foot of an animal or bird

indispensable (不可欠な) [形] absolutely necessary

perpetual (永続的な) [形] never ending or changing

attitude (姿勢) [名] a position of the body

defence (防御) [名] the action of defending from or resisting attack

しかし、ハゲタカの王は、他の小さなハーピーたちと同じように群れを捕食しようとするので、彼のくちばしと爪に対して常に防御の姿勢をとることが不可欠だった。

The aim, therefore, of patriots, was to set limits to the power which the ruler should be suffered to exercise over the community;

aim (目的) [名] the intention to do something

patriot (愛国者) [名] a person who loves and strongly supports or fights for his or her country

set limits to (制限を設ける) [動] to put a limit on something

したがって、愛国者の目的は、支配者が共同体に対して行使することを許される権力に制限を設けることだった。

and this limitation was what they meant by liberty.

limitation (制限) [名] a lack of knowledge, ability, or power

そして、この制限こそが彼らが自由と意味するものだった。

It was attempted in two ways.

two (二つ) [名] the number 2

way (方法) [名] how something is done or how it happens

それは二つの方法で試みられた。

First, by obtaining a recognition of certain immunities, called political liberties or rights, which it was to be regarded as a breach of duty in the ruler to infringe, and which if he did infringe, specific resistance, or general rebellion, was held to be justifiable.

first (第一に) [副] before all others; in the first place

obtain (認めさせる) [動] get, acquire, or secure

recognition (認めること) [名] the action of recognizing something or someone

certain (一定の) [形] having a fixed and definite value

immunity (免除) [名] the condition of being protected against something

right (権利) [名] a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something

duty (義務) [名] a moral or legal obligation

breach (違反) [名] an act of breaking or failing to observe a law, agreement, or code of conduct

infringe (侵害する) [動] actively break the terms of (a law, agreement, etc.)

specific (特定の) [形] clearly defined or identified

resistance (抵抗) [名] the refusal to accept or comply with something

general (一般的な) [形] affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things

rebellion (反乱) [名] an act of violent or open resistance to an established government or ruler

justifiable (正当化される) [形] able to be shown to be right or reasonable

第一に、政治的自由または権利と呼ばれる一定の免除を認めさせることによって、それを侵害することは支配者の義務違反と見なされ、もし侵害した場合は、特定の抵抗または一般的な反乱が正当化されると考えられた。

A second, and generally a later expedient, was the establishment of constitutional checks;

second (第二) [形] coming after the first in position

generally (一般的に) [副] in most cases; usually

later (後) [形] coming after the usual or expected time

expedient (方策) [名] a means of achieving an end

establishment (確立) [名] the action of establishing something or being established

constitutional (憲法上の) [形] relating to a constitution

check (抑制) [名] a means of limiting or controlling something

第二に、そして一般的に後からとられた方策は、憲法上の抑制の確立だった。

by which the consent of the community, or of a body of some sort, supposed to represent its interests, was made a necessary condition to some of the more important acts of the governing power.

consent (同意) [名] permission for something to happen or agreement to do something

represent (代表する) [動] be entitled or appointed to act or speak for (someone)

interest (利益) [名] money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt

governing (統治する) [動] conduct the policy, actions, and affairs of (a state, organization, or people) with authority

それによって、共同体、またはその利益を代表すると考えられるある種の団体の同意が、統治権力のより重要な行為のいくつかに必要な条件となった。

To the first of these modes of limitation, the ruling power, in most European countries, was compelled, more or less, to submit.

first (最初の) [形] coming before all others in time or order; earliest

mode (方法) [名] a way or manner in which something is done or happens

ruling (支配する) [形] exercising authority or power

most (ほとんど) [形] the majority of

European (ヨーロッパの) [形] of or relating to Europe or its people

country (国) [名] a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory

compel (強いる) [動] force or oblige (someone) to do something

submit (従う) [動] accept or yield to a superior force or to the authority or will of another person

これらの制限方法の最初のものに対して、ほとんどのヨーロッパ諸国では、支配権力は多かれ少なかれ従わざるを得なかった。

It was not so with the second;

第二のものはそうではない。

and to attain this, or when already in some degree possessed, to attain it more completely, became everywhere the principal object of the lovers of liberty.

attain (達成する) [動] reach or achieve a goal

already (すでに) [副] before the present time

some degree (ある程度) [名] an amount or extent of something

possess (獲得する) [動] have as belonging to oneself or oneself and others

more completely (より完全に) [副] to a greater extent or degree

everywhere (あらゆる場所で) [副] in all places or situations

principal (主要な) [形] first in rank or importance

object (目的) [名] a thing aimed at or sought; a goal

そして、これを達成すること、あるいはすでにある程度獲得している場合には、それをより完全に達成することが、あらゆる場所で自由を愛する人々の主要な目的となった。

And so long as mankind were content to combat one enemy by another, and to be ruled by a master, on condition of being guaranteed more or less efficaciously against his tyranny, they did not carry their aspirations beyond this point.

combat (戦う) [動] take part in a violent confrontation

another (別の) [限] used to refer to an additional person or thing of the same type as one already mentioned or known about

master (主人) [名] a man who has people working for him, especially servants or slaves

rule (支配する) [動] exercise ultimate power or authority over (an area and its people)

tyranny (専制) [名] cruel and oppressive government or rule

aspiration (熱望) [名] a strong desire to achieve something high or great

そして、人類が、ある敵を別の敵と戦わせ、主人の専制に対して多かれ少なかれ効果的に保証されることを条件に、主人に支配されることに満足している限り、彼らはこの点を超えて熱望を抱くことはなかった。

A time, however, came, in the progress of human affairs, when men ceased to think it a necessity of nature that their governors should be an independent power, opposed in interest to themselves.

time (時) [名] the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole

come (来る) [動] move or travel toward or into a place thought of as near or familiar to the speaker

human (人間) [名] a human being

affair (営み) [名] an event or sequence of events of a specified kind or that has previously been referred to

cease (やめる) [動] come or bring to an end

think (考える) [動] have a particular opinion, belief, or idea about someone or something

nature (自然) [名] the physical world and everything in it

governor (統治者) [名] the person appointed to govern a colony, state, or province

independent (独立した) [形] not depending on another for livelihood or subsistence

oppose (反する) [動] be against or hostile to

しかし、人間の営みの進歩の中で、人々が自分たちの統治者が自分たちの利益に反する独立した権力であるべきだと考えるのをやめる時が来た。

It appeared to them much better that the various magistrates of the State should be their tenants or delegates, revocable at their pleasure.

appear (思われる) [動] seem

various (様々な) [形] more than one; of different kinds

magistrate (行政官) [名] a civil officer or lay judge who administers the law

tenant (借家人) [名] a person who occupies land or property rented from a landlord

delegate (代表者) [名] a person who is authorized to represent others

彼らには、国家の様々な行政官が彼らの借家人や代表者であり、彼らの喜びで解任できる方がはるかに良いように思われた。

In that way alone, it seemed, could they have complete security that the powers of government would never be abused to their disadvantage.

in that way (そのようにして) [副] in the manner indicated

alone (のみ) [副] without any other people or things

seem (思われる) [動] give the impression or sensation of being something or having a particular quality

have (得る) [動] possess, own, or hold

complete (完全な) [形] having all the necessary or appropriate parts

security (安全保障) [名] the state of being free from danger or threat

never (決して) [副] at no time in the past or future; on no occasion; not ever

abuse (乱用する) [動] use (something) to bad effect or for a bad purpose

disadvantage (不利) [名] an unfavorable circumstance or condition that reduces the chances of success or effectiveness

そのようにしてのみ、政府の権力が彼らに不利に働くように乱用されることは決してないという完全な安全保障を得ることができるように思われた。

By degrees, this new demand for elective and temporary rulers became the prominent object of the exertions of the popular party, wherever any such party existed;

by degrees (次第に) [副] gradually

elective (選挙で選ばれた) [形] chosen by election

temporary (一時的な) [形] lasting for a limited period of time

demand (要求) [名] an insistent and peremptory request, made as if by right

popular party (人民党) [名] a political party that appeals to the common people

exertion (努力) [名] a vigorous or determined attempt

prominent (主要な) [形] important; famous

object (対象) [名] a thing that is seen or touched

exist (存在する) [動] be or continue to be; have being

次第に、選挙で選ばれた一時的な支配者を求めるこの新しい要求は、そのような政党が存在する場所ではどこでも、人民党の努力の主要な対象となった。

and superseded, to a considerable extent, the previous efforts to limit the power of rulers.

supersede (凌駕する) [動] take the place of

to a considerable extent (かなりの程度まで) [副] to a large degree

previous (これまでの) [形] existing or happening before in time or order

effort (努力) [名] a vigorous or determined attempt

limit (制限する) [動] restrict the size or extent of

そして、支配者の権力を制限しようとするこれまでの努力を、かなりの程度まで凌駕した。

As the struggle proceeded for making the ruling power emanate from the periodical choice of the ruled, some persons began to think that too much importance had been attached to the limitation of the power itself.

ruling power (支配権) [名] the power to rule

emanate (生じる) [動] come or flow forth

periodical (定期的な) [形] happening or appearing at regular intervals

choice (選択) [名] the act of choosing

proceed (進む) [動] follow a certain course

importance (重要性) [名] the state or quality of being important

attach (置く) [動] to fasten or join

itself (そのもの) [代] used to emphasize the identity of the thing mentioned

支配権を被支配者の定期的な選択から生じさせるための闘争が進むにつれて、権力そのものの制限にあまりにも大きな重要性が置かれてきたと考える人々が出てきた。

That (it might seem) was a resource against rulers whose interests were habitually opposed to those of the people.

resource (資源) [名] a source of supply or support

interest (利害) [名] a feeling of wanting to know or learn about something or someone

habitually (習慣的に) [副] according to habit

people (人民) [名] human beings in general or considered collectively

それは(そう思われるかもしれないが)利害が習慣的に人民の利害と対立する支配者に対する資源だった。

What was now wanted was, that the rulers should be identified with the people;

be wanted (求められる) [動] be desired or required

今求められているのは、支配者が人民と同一視されることだった。

that their interest and will should be the interest and will of the nation.

nation (国民) [名] a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and often a government (and may live as one or more nationalities)

彼らの利害と意志が国民の利害と意志であるべきだった。

The nation did not need to be protected against its own will.

need (必要) [名] a thing that is wanted or required

protect (守る) [動] to keep someone or something safe from harm or injury

国民は自分の意思から守られる必要はなかった。

There was no fear of its tyrannising over itself.

fear (恐れ) [名] an unpleasant emotion caused by the belief that someone or something is dangerous, likely to cause pain, or a threat

tyrannise (圧制する) [動] exercise power in a cruel or arbitrary way

国民が自分自身を圧制する恐れはなかった。

Let the rulers be effectually responsible to it, promptly removable by it, and it could afford to trust them with power of which it could itself dictate the use to be made.

be responsible to (責任を負う) [動] be in charge of or have control over

promptly (即座に) [副] without delay

removable (解任できる) [形] able to be taken away or off

afford (できる) [動] have enough money to pay for

trust (委ねる) [動] have confidence in the reliability, truth, or ability of

dictate (指示する) [動] say or read aloud for someone to write down

use (行使) [名] the action of using something

支配者を国民に対して効果的に責任を負わせ、国民によって即座に解任できるようにすれば、国民は支配者に権力を委ねることができ、その権力の行使方法を国民自身が指示することができる。

Their power was but the nation's own power, concentrated, and in a form convenient for exercise.

concentrate (集中させる) [動] to focus all of your attention or effort on one thing

彼らの権力は、国民自身の権力を集中させ、行使に便利な形にしたものにすぎなかった。

This mode of thought, or rather perhaps of feeling, was common among the last generation of European liberalism, in the Continental section of which it still apparently predominates.

thought (考え) [名] an idea or opinion produced by thinking or occurring suddenly in the mind

feeling (感じ) [名] an emotional state or reaction

common (共通) [形] belonging to or shared by two or more parties

generation (世代) [名] all of the people born and living at about the same time, regarded collectively

European (ヨーロッパ) [形] relating to or characteristic of Europe or its inhabitants

liberalism (自由主義) [名] a political philosophy or movement that upholds liberty as a core principle

Continental (大陸) [形] relating to or characteristic of a continent

section (部) [名] a part of something

predominate (優勢) [動] be greater in number or amount; be superior

この考え方、あるいはむしろ感じ方は、ヨーロッパの自由主義の最後の世代に共通していたもので、大陸部では今でもそれが優勢であるように思われる。

Those who admit any limit to what a government may do, except in the case of such governments as they think ought not to exist, stand out as brilliant exceptions among the political thinkers of the Continent.

admit (認める) [動] to accept that something is true

stand out (際立つ) [動] to be easily seen or noticed

exception (例外) [名] a person or thing that is not included in a general statement or does not follow a rule

thinker (思想家) [名] a person who thinks deeply about serious subjects

continent (大陸) [名] one of the main continuous bodies of land on the earth's surface

存在すべきではないと考える政府の場合を除いて、政府ができることには限界があると認める人は、大陸の政治思想家の中では際立った例外である。

A similar tone of sentiment might by this time have been prevalent in our own country, if the circumstances which for a time encouraged it, had continued unaltered.

tone (論調) [名] the general character or attitude of a place, piece of writing, situation, etc.

sentiment (感情) [名] a thought, view, or attitude, especially one based mainly on emotion

prevalent (広まる) [形] widespread in a particular area or among a particular group of people

一時的にそれを助長した状況が変化せずに続いていたら、同じような感情がこの頃には我が国にも広まっていたかもしれない。

But, in political and philosophical theories, as well as in persons, success discloses faults and infirmities which failure might have concealed from observation.

theory (理論) [名] a supposition or a system of ideas intended to explain something

person (人) [名] a human being regarded as an individual

success (成功) [名] the accomplishment of an aim or purpose

disclose (明らかにする) [動] make known or public

fault (欠陥) [名] an imperfection in character or an offense

infirmity (弱点) [名] a physical or mental weakness

failure (失敗) [名] lack of success

observation (観察) [名] the action or process of observing something

しかし、政治的、哲学的理論においては、人においてと同様に、成功は失敗によって観察から隠されていたかもしれない欠陥や弱点を明らかにする。

The notion, that the people have no need to limit their power over themselves, might seem axiomatic, when popular government was a thing only dreamed about, or read of as having existed at some distant period of the past.

notion (考え) [名] a general understanding

have no need to (する必要がない) [動] not be required to

themselves (自分たち) [代] used to refer to the people or things previously mentioned as the subject of the clause

might seem (思えるかもしれない) [動] appear to be; give the impression of being

axiomatic (自明の) [形] taken for granted; self-evident

popular government (人民政府) [名] a government in which the people have the authority to choose their governing legislators

dream (夢) [名] a series of thoughts, images, and sensations occurring in a person's mind during sleep

read of (読む) [動] look at and understand the meaning of written or printed matter by interpreting the characters or symbols of which it is composed

distant period (遠い時代) [名] a time in the past that is far away

人民政府が夢にしか見られなかったり、過去の遠い時代に存在していたと読んだりしていた時代には、人民が自分たちに対する権力を制限する必要がないという考えは、自明のことのように思えたかもしれない。

Neither was that notion necessarily disturbed by such temporary aberrations as those of the French Revolution, the worst of which were the work of a usurping few, and which, in any case, belonged, not to the permanent working of popular institutions, but to a sudden and convulsive outbreak against monarchical and aristocratic despotism.

French Revolution (フランス革命) [名] a period of social and political upheaval in France and its colonies

aberration (異常) [名] a departure from what is normal, usual, or expected

usurp (奪う) [動] take (something) for oneself by force or without right

popular (人民の) [形] of or relating to the general public

institution (制度) [名] an established law, custom, or practice

permanent (永続的な) [形] lasting or intended to last or remain unchanged indefinitely

sudden (突然の) [形] happening or done quickly and without warning or preparation

convulsive (激しい) [形] produced by or as if by a convulsion

outbreak (反発) [名] a sudden occurrence of something unwelcome, such as war or disease

monarchical (君主制の) [形] of or relating to a monarch or monarchy

aristocratic (貴族制の) [形] of or relating to the aristocracy

despotism (専制政治) [名] the exercise of absolute power, especially in a cruel and oppressive way

その考えは、フランス革命のような一時的な異常によって必ずしも混乱させられたわけではなく、その最悪のものは、権力を奪った少数の人々の仕業であり、いずれにせよ、人民の制度の永続的な働きではなく、君主制や貴族制の専制政治に対する突然の激しい反発に属していた。

In time, however, a democratic republic came to occupy a large portion of the earth's surface, and made itself felt as one of the most powerful members of the community of nations;

in time (やがて) [副] eventually

democratic republic (民主共和国) [名] a country with a democratic form of government

come to (~するようになる) [動] reach a certain state or condition

occupy (占める) [動] take up a certain amount of space, time, or resources

large portion (大部分) [名] a big part of something

earth's surface (地球表面) [名] the outside of the earth

make oneself felt (存在感を示す) [動] make one's presence or influence felt

one of the most powerful members (最も強力な一員) [名] a member that is very strong or influential

community of nations (国家共同体) [名] a group of countries that have something in common

しかし、やがて民主共和国が地球表面の大部分を占めるようになり、国家共同体の中で最も強力な一員としての存在感を示すようになった。

and elective and responsible government became subject to the observations and criticisms which wait upon a great existing fact.

elective (選挙制) [形] of or relating to election

responsible (責任ある) [形] having an obligation to do something or having control over or care for someone, as part of one's job or role

become (なる) [動] come to be

subject (対象) [名] a person or thing that is being discussed, studied, or dealt with

criticism (批判) [名] the expression of disapproval of someone or something on the basis of perceived faults or mistakes

そして、選挙制で責任ある政府は、現存する偉大な事実を待つ観察と批判の対象となった。

It was now perceived that such phrases as “self-government,” and “the power of the people over themselves,” do not express the true state of the case.

self-government (自治) [名] the government of a country or area by its own people

express (表現する) [動] show (a quality or feeling) by one's behavior or appearance

true (真の) [形] being in accordance with fact or reality

state (姿) [名] the condition of a person or thing

自治」や「人民の人民に対する権力」といった言葉は、事実の真の姿を表現していないことがわかった。

The “people” who exercise the power are not always the same people with those over whom it is exercised;

same (同じ) [形] not different or other

whom (誰) [関] the person or people that

over (上) [前] above or higher than

権力を行使する「人民」は、権力が行使される人民と常に同じではない。

and the “self-government” spoken of is not the government of each by himself, but of each by all the rest.

each (各自) [代] every one of two or more people or things

all the rest (他のすべての人) [名] the remaining people or things

そして、言われる「自治」とは、各自が自分を治めることではなく、各自が他のすべての人によって治められることである。

The will of the people, moreover, practically means, the will of the most numerous or the most active part of the people;

practically (実際には) [副] in a practical manner

numerous (多数派) [形] great in number

active (活動的な) [形] characterized by energetic action or movement

さらに、人民の意志とは、実際には、人民の最も多数派または最も活動的な部分の意志を意味する。

the majority, or those who succeed in making themselves accepted as the majority: the people, consequently, may desire to oppress a part of their number;

majority (多数派) [名] the greater number

succeed (成功する) [動] achieve a desired aim or result

oppress (抑圧する) [動] keep down by unjust use of force or authority

多数派、または自分たちを多数派として受け入れさせることに成功した人々である。その結果、人民は、自分たちの一部を抑圧することを望むかもしれない。

and precautions are as much needed against this, as against any other abuse of power.

abuse (濫用) [名] the improper use of something

そして、これに対しては、他の権力の濫用に対してと同様に、予防策が必要である。

The limitation, therefore, of the power of government over individuals, loses none of its importance when the holders of power are regularly accountable to the community, that is, to the strongest party therein.

lose (失う) [動] be deprived of or cease to have or retain

holder (権力者) [名] a person who holds something

regularly (定期的に) [副] at regular intervals

accountable (責任を負う) [形] required or expected to justify actions or decisions

strongest (最強) [形] of great physical power

party (党) [名] a political group that seeks to influence or control government policy, typically by nominating their own candidates and trying to seat them in political office

したがって、権力者が定期的に共同体、つまりその中の最強の党に対して責任を負う場合、個人に対する政府の権力の制限は、その重要性を失うことはない。

This view of things, recommending itself equally to the intelligence of thinkers and to the inclination of those important classes in European society to whose real or supposed interests democracy is adverse, has had no difficulty in establishing itself;

view (見方) [名] a way of thinking about something

thing (物事) [名] an object that one need not, cannot, or does not wish to give a specific name to

recommend (推奨する) [動] suggest or put forward as being suitable for a particular purpose or role

intelligence (知性) [名] the ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills

inclination (傾向) [名] a tendency or disposition to do something

important (重要な) [形] of great significance or value

class (階級) [名] a division of society based on social and economic status

real (真の) [形] not imitation or artificial; genuine

supposed (想定される) [形] assumed to be true or real without proof

adverse (反する) [形] harmful or unfavorable

establish (確立する) [動] set up or lay the foundations of

difficulty (困難) [名] a problem or issue that is difficult to deal with

物事のこの見方は、思想家の知性と、民主主義が真のまたは想定される利益に反するヨーロッパ社会の重要な階級の傾向に等しく推奨され、それ自体を確立するのに何の困難もなかった。

and in political speculations “the tyranny of the majority” is now generally included among the evils against which society requires to be on its guard.

speculation (思索) [名] the forming of a theory or conjecture without firm evidence

require (要する) [動] need for a particular purpose

guard (警戒) [名] a person who guards or watches over something

そして、政治的思索において、「多数派の専制」は、現在、社会が警戒を要する悪の中に一般的に含まれている。

Like other tyrannies, the tyranny of the majority was at first, and is still vulgarly, held in dread, chiefly as operating through the acts of the public authorities.

tyranny (専制政治) [名] a government in which absolute power is exercised by a single person

at first (当初) [副] in the beginning

vulgarly (俗に) [副] in a vulgar manner

dread (恐れ) [名] a feeling of fear or worry

public authority (公権力) [名] the power of the state to enforce laws and regulations

他の専制政治と同様に、多数派の専制は、当初は、主に公権力の行為を通じて行われるものとして恐れられており、今でも俗に恐れられている。

But reflecting persons perceived that when society is itself the tyrant —society collectively, over the separate individuals who compose it—its means of tyrannising are not restricted to the acts which it may do by the hands of its political functionaries.

tyrant (暴君) [名] a cruel and oppressive ruler

means (手段) [名] a method, style, or manner of doing something

tyrannise (暴君になる) [動] to rule or govern in a cruel and oppressive way

functionary (機能者) [名] a person who holds or performs a particular function or office

しかし、社会そのものが暴君である場合、つまり社会が集団的に、それを構成する個々の個人に対して暴君である場合、その暴君の手段は、政治的機能者の手によって行うことができる行為に限定されないことを、人々は理解した。

Society can and does execute its own mandates: and if it issues wrong mandates instead of right, or any mandates at all in things with which it ought not to meddle, it practises a social tyranny more formidable than many kinds of political oppression, since, though not usually upheld by such extreme penalties, it leaves fewer means of escape, penetrating much more deeply into the details of life, and enslaving the soul itself.

execute (実行する) [動] carry out or put into effect

mandate (命令) [名] an official order or command

issue (出す) [動] to produce or make available

wrong (間違った) [形] not correct or true

right (正しい) [形] correct or true

ought (べきである) [助] used to express duty or moral obligation

meddle (干渉する) [動] to interfere in something that is not your concern

practise (実行する) [動] to do something regularly or frequently

formidable (恐ろしい) [形] inspiring fear or respect through being impressively large, powerful, intense, or capable

oppression (抑圧) [名] the state of being subject to unjust or cruel treatment or control

penalty (刑罰) [名] a punishment imposed for breaking a law, rule, or contract

escape (逃れる) [動] to get free from a place or situation

penetrate (浸透する) [動] to go into or through something

detail (細部) [名] an individual fact or item

enslave (奴隷にする) [動] to make a slave of someone

社会は、自らの命令を実行することができ、また実行している。そして、もし社会が正しい命令ではなく間違った命令を出したり、干渉すべきではない事柄に命令を出したりすれば、それは多くの種類の政治的抑圧よりも恐ろしい社会的専制を実行することになる。なぜなら、通常はそのような極端な刑罰によって支持されることはないが、逃れる手段が少なく、生活の細部にまで深く浸透し、魂そのものを奴隷にするからである。

Protection, therefore, against the tyranny of the magistrate is not enough: there needs protection also against the tyranny of the prevailing opinion and feeling;

prevailing (支配的な) [形] most frequent or common

opinion (意見) [名] a view or judgment formed about something, not necessarily based on fact or knowledge

したがって、行政官の専制に対する保護だけでは十分ではない。支配的な意見や感情の専制に対する保護も必要である。

against the tendency of society to impose, by other means than civil penalties, its own ideas and practices as rules of conduct on those who dissent from them;

tendency (傾向) [名] a general direction in which something is developing or changing

impose (押し付ける) [動] force (something unwelcome or unfamiliar) to be accepted or put in place

other (他の) [形] used to refer to a person or thing that is different or distinct from one already mentioned or known about

idea (考え) [名] a thought or suggestion as to a possible course of action

practice (慣習) [名] the actual application or use of an idea, belief, or method, as opposed to theories about such application or use

rule (規範) [名] one of a set of explicit or understood regulations or principles governing conduct within a particular area of activity

conduct (行動) [名] the manner in which a person behaves, especially on a particular occasion or in a particular context

dissent (反対) [動] express disagreement with

社会が、民事罰以外の手段で、自らの考えや慣習を、それに反対する人々に行動規範として押し付けようとする傾向に対してである。

to fetter the development, and, if possible, prevent the formation, of any individuality not in harmony with its ways, and compel all characters to fashion themselves upon the model of its own.

fetter (束縛する) [動] to put chains on someone or something

development (発達) [名] the process of growing or causing something to grow and become more mature, advanced, or elaborate

prevent (阻止する) [動] to keep or stop from happening

formation (形成) [名] the action of forming or the process of being formed

individuality (個性) [名] the quality or character of a particular person or thing that distinguishes them from others

harmony (調和) [名] the state of being in agreement or concord

compel (強制する) [動] to force or oblige (someone) to do something

model (モデル) [名] a person who is employed to display clothes by wearing them

社会のやり方と調和しない個性の発達を束縛し、可能であればその形成を阻止し、すべての人格が社会のモデルに従って自分自身を形成するように強制することである。

There is a limit to the legitimate interference of collective opinion with individual independence: and to find that limit, and maintain it against encroachment, is as indispensable to a good condition of human affairs, as protection against political despotism.

collective (集団的) [形] of or characteristic of a group of individuals

independence (独立) [名] the fact or state of being independent

find (見いだす) [動] discover or notice

maintain (維持する) [動] cause or enable to continue

encroachment (侵害) [名] an intrusion or trespass on a person's rights or property

condition (状態) [名] the state of something, especially with regard to its appearance, quality, or working order

集団的意見が個人の独立を正当に妨害することには限界がある。そして、その限界を見いだし、侵害に対してそれを維持することは、政治的専制に対する保護と同様に、人間社会の良好な状態に不可欠である。

But though this proposition is not likely to be contested in general terms, the practical question, where to place the limit—how to make the fitting adjustment between individual independence and social control—is a subject on which nearly everything remains to be done.

proposition (命題) [名] a statement that is either true or false

place (置く) [動] put something in a particular position

control (統制) [名] the power to influence or direct people's behavior or the course of events

adjustment (調整) [名] a small change made to something in order to correct or improve it

remain (残る) [動] be left after others have gone

done (行う) [動] carry out, achieve, or complete something

しかし、この命題が一般的に争われる可能性は低いが、どこに限界を設けるかという実際的な問題、つまり個人の独立と社会的統制の間で適切な調整を行う方法は、ほとんどすべてが未解決のままである。

All that makes existence valuable to any one, depends on the enforcement of restraints upon the actions of other people.

make (する) [動] cause to be or become

existence (存在) [名] the fact or state of existing

valuable (価値ある) [形] worth a great deal of money

depend (依存する) [動] be controlled or determined by

enforcement (強制) [名] the act of compelling observance of or compliance with a law, rule, or obligation

restraint (制約) [名] a measure or condition that keeps someone or something under control or within limits

action (行動) [名] the fact or process of doing something, typically to achieve an aim

誰にとっても存在を価値あるものにしているものはすべて、他人の行動に対する制約の強制に依存している。

Some rules of conduct, therefore, must be imposed, by law in the first place, and by opinion on many things which are not fit subjects for the operation of law.

impose (課する) [動] to force (something) to be accepted, used, or done

law (法律) [名] the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties

operation (運用) [名] the action or process of operating

fit (適する) [形] of a suitable quality, standard, or type

したがって、いくつかの行動規範は、まず法律によって、そして法律の運用に適さない多くの事柄については世論によって課せられなければならない。

What these rules should be, is the principal question in human affairs;

rule (規則) [名] a statement that tells you what is or is not allowed

be (あるべき) [動] exist or be present

question (問題) [名] a statement asking for something and expecting an answer

これらの規則がどうあるべきかが、人間社会における主要な問題である。

but if we except a few of the most obvious cases, it is one of those which least progress has been made in resolving.

except (除く) [動] not include

a few (いくつか) [名] a small number of

the most obvious (最も明白な) [形] the most easily seen or understood

cases (事例) [名] an instance of something occurring

one (一つ) [名] the lowest cardinal number

least (ほとんどない) [形] the smallest in amount or degree

progress (進展) [名] forward or onward movement toward a destination

resolving (解決) [動] find an answer to, explanation for, or means of dealing with a problem or question

しかし、最も明白な事例をいくつか除けば、解決に向けてほとんど進展していない問題の一つである。

No two ages, and scarcely any two countries, have decided it alike;

two ages (二つの時代) [名] two different periods of time

two countries (二つの国) [名] two different nations

alike (同じように) [副] in a similar way

二つの時代、二つの国が同じように決めたことはない。

and the decision of one age or country is a wonder to another.

age (時代) [名] a period of time in which events occur

decision (決定) [名] a conclusion or resolution reached after consideration

wonder (不思議) [名] a feeling of surprise mingled with admiration, caused by something beautiful, unexpected, unfamiliar, or inexplicable

そして、ある時代や国の決定は、別の時代や国にとっては不思議なものである。

Yet the people of any given age and country no more suspect any difficulty in it, than if it were a subject on which mankind had always been agreed.

suspect (感じる) [動] have an idea or impression of the existence, presence, or truth of (something) without certain proof

agree (合意する) [動] have the same opinion about something

しかし、どの時代、どの国の人々も、人類が常に合意してきた問題であるかのように、そこに何の困難も感じていない。

The rules which obtain among themselves appear to them self-evident and self-justifying.

obtain (ある) [動] be in force or effect

self-evident (自明) [形] not needing to be demonstrated or explained

self-justifying (自己正当化) [形] justifying oneself or itself

彼らの間にあるルールは、彼らには自明で、自己正当化されているように見える。

This all but universal illusion is one of the examples of the magical influence of custom, which is not only, as the proverb says, a second nature, but is continually mistaken for the first.

all but (ほとんど) [副] very nearly

universal (普遍的な) [形] of, affecting, or done by all people or things in the world or in a particular group; general

illusion (幻想) [名] a false or misleading perception of reality

example (例) [名] a thing characteristic of its kind or illustrating a general rule

magical (魔法の) [形] relating to, using, or resembling magic

influence (影響) [名] the capacity to have an effect on the character, development, or behavior of someone or something, or the effect itself

custom (習慣) [名] a settled or regular tendency or practice

proverb (諺) [名] a short, well-known pithy saying, stating a general truth or piece of advice

continually (常に) [副] without interruption; continuously

このほとんど普遍的な幻想は、諺にもあるように第二の天性であるだけでなく、常に第一の天性と間違われる習慣の魔法の影響の一例である。

The effect of custom, in preventing any misgiving respecting the rules of conduct which mankind impose on one another, is all the more complete because the subject is one on which it is not generally considered necessary that reasons should be given, either by one person to others, or by each to himself.

effect (効果) [名] a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause

respect (尊重) [動] have due regard for the feelings, wishes, rights, or traditions of

misgiving (不安) [名] a feeling of doubt or worry about something

consider (考える) [動] think carefully about (something), typically before making a decision

give (与える) [動] freely transfer the possession of (something) to (someone)

reason (理由) [名] a cause, explanation, or justification for an action or event

himself (自分自身) [代] used to refer to a male person or animal previously mentioned as the object of a verb or preposition when he is the subject of the same clause

習慣の効果は、人類が互いに課す行動規範を尊重することへの不安を防ぐことにおいて、より完全なものである。なぜなら、この主題は、一般的に、ある人が他の人に、あるいは各人が自分自身に理由を与える必要があるとは考えられていないからである。

People are accustomed to believe, and have been encouraged in the belief by some who aspire to the character of philosophers, that their feelings, on subjects of this nature, are better than reasons, and render reasons unnecessary.

be accustomed to (慣れている) [動] be used to something

believe (信じる) [動] accept that (something) is true, especially without proof

encourage (奨励する) [動] give support, courage, or hope to (someone)

philosopher (哲学者) [名] a person who studies or writes about philosophy

character (性格) [名] the mental and moral qualities distinctive to an individual

aspire (熱望する) [動] direct one's hopes or ambitions toward achieving something

reason (理性) [名] the power of the mind to think, understand, and form judgments by a process of logic

unnecessary (不要) [形] not needed or wanted

人々は、この種の主題に関する自分の感情は理性よりも優れており、理性を不要にすると信じることに慣れており、哲学者の性格を熱望する一部の人たちによってその信念を奨励されてきた。

The practical principle which guides them to their opinions on the regulation of human conduct, is the feeling in each person's mind that everybody should be required to act as he, and those with whom he sympathises, would like them to act.

guide (導く) [動] show the way to someone or something

regulation (規制) [名] an official rule or law that says how something should be done

human conduct (人間の行動) [名] the way that someone behaves

principle (原則) [名] a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior or for a chain of reasoning

mind (心) [名] the element of a person that enables them to be aware of the world and their experiences, to think, and to feel; the faculty of consciousness and thought

act (行動する) [動] do something

sympathise (共感する) [動] feel or express sympathy

like (~したい) [動] feel a liking for

人間の行動の規制に関する彼らの意見を導く実践的な原則は、誰もが自分や共感する人が行動してほしいと思うように行動することを要求されるべきだという各人の心の中の感情である。

No one, indeed, acknowledges to himself that his standard of judgment is his own liking;

No one (誰も) [名] not a single person

indeed (実際) [副] really; truly; in fact

acknowledge (認める) [動] recognize the existence or truth of

standard (基準) [名] something used as a measure, norm, or model in comparative evaluations

judgment (判断) [名] the ability to make considered decisions or come to sensible conclusions

liking (好み) [名] a feeling of regard or fondness

実際、自分の判断基準が自分の好みであることを認める人はいない。

but an opinion on a point of conduct, not supported by reasons, can only count as one person's preference;

point (点) [名] a particular place, especially one with an established purpose

support (裏付ける) [動] give assistance to, or be in favor of

preference (好み) [名] a greater liking for one alternative over another or others

しかし、理由に裏付けされていない行動に関する意見は、一人の人の好みとしてしか数えられない。

and if the reasons, when given, are a mere appeal to a similar preference felt by other people, it is still only many people's liking instead of one.

given (示された) [動] to present or provide

feel (感じる) [動] to experience a particular emotion or sensation

appeal (訴え) [名] a serious or urgent request, typically one made to the public

similar (同様の) [形] having a likeness or resemblance, especially in a general way

many (多くの) [形] a large number of

still (依然として) [副] even now or at this time; yet

only (にすぎない) [副] and no more than; solely

そして、理由が示されたとしても、それが他の人々が感じている同様の好みへの単なる訴えであるならば、それは依然として一人ではなく多くの人々の好みにすぎない。

To an ordinary man, however, his own preference, thus supported, is not only a perfectly satisfactory reason, but the only one he generally has for any of his notions of morality, taste, or propriety, which are not expressly written in his religious creed;

ordinary (普通の) [形] normal or usual

perfectly (完全に) [副] in a manner or to a degree that is flawless or faultless

satisfactory (満足のいく) [形] fulfilling expectations or needs; acceptable

morality (道徳) [名] principles concerning the distinction between right and wrong or good and bad behavior

taste (趣味) [名] the ability to discern what is of good quality or of a high aesthetic standard

propriety (礼儀作法) [名] the standard of what is socially acceptable or proper

religious (宗教的) [形] relating to or believing in a religion

creed (信条) [名] a set of beliefs or principles that guide one's behavior

しかし、普通の人にとって、このように支持された自分の好みは、完全に満足のいく理由であるだけでなく、自分の宗教的信条に明示的に書かれていない道徳、趣味、または礼儀作法の概念に対して一般的に持っている唯一の理由である。

and his chief guide in the interpretation even of that.

and (そして) [接] used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time

chief (主な) [形] most important

guide (指針) [名] a person who shows the way to others, especially one employed to show tourists around a place

interpretation (解釈) [名] the action of explaining the meaning of something

そして、その解釈においてさえ、彼の主な指針である。

Men's opinions, accordingly, on what is laudable or blamable, are affected by all the multifarious causes which influence their wishes in regard to the conduct of others, and which are as numerous as those which determine their wishes on any other subject.

Men's opinions (人々の意見) [名] the views of people

accordingly (したがって) [副] as a result

laudable (賞賛に値する) [形] worthy of praise

blamable (非難に値する) [形] deserving of blame

affected (影響を受ける) [動] to be influenced by something

all the multifarious causes (あらゆる多種多様な原因) [名] all the various reasons

wishes (希望) [名] a desire or hope for something

regard (に関して) [名] a feeling of respect

numerous (多い) [形] many

determine (決定する) [動] to decide or settle something

したがって、何が賞賛に値するか、非難に値するかについての人々の意見は、他人の行動に関して彼らの希望に影響を与えるあらゆる多種多様な原因によって影響を受け、それは他の主題に関する彼らの希望を決定する原因と同じくらい多い。

Sometimes their reason—at other times their prejudices or superstitions: often their social affections, not seldom their anti-social ones, their envy or jealousy, their arrogance or contemptuousness: but most commonly, their desires or fears for themselves—their legitimate or illegitimate self-interest.

sometimes (時には) [副] on some occasions or in some cases

prejudice (偏見) [名] a preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience

superstition (迷信) [名] a belief or notion, not based on reason or knowledge, in or of the ominous significance of a particular thing, circumstance, occurrence, proceeding, or the like

often (しばしば) [副] frequently; many times

affection (愛情) [名] a feeling of liking and caring for someone or something

anti-social (反社会的) [形] not wanting the company of others

envy (羨望) [名] a feeling of discontented or resentful longing aroused by someone else's possessions, qualities, or luck

jealousy (嫉妬) [名] a feeling of resentment against someone because of that person's rivalry, success, or advantages

arrogance (傲慢さ) [名] the quality of being arrogant

contemptuousness (軽蔑) [名] the quality of being contemptuous

commonly (一般的に) [副] usually; in most cases

desire (欲望) [名] a strong feeling of wanting to have something or wishing for something to happen

legitimate (正当な) [形] in accordance with the law or with established and approved custom or practice

illegitimate (不当な) [形] not in accordance with the law or with established and approved custom or practice

self-interest (自己利益) [名] one's personal interest or advantage

時には彼らの理性、また時には彼らの偏見や迷信、しばしば彼らの社会的愛情、まれに彼らの反社会的愛情、彼らの羨望や嫉妬、彼らの傲慢さや軽蔑、しかし最も一般的には、彼ら自身の欲望や恐怖、彼らの正当または不当な自己利益である。

Wherever there is an ascendant class, a large portion of the morality of the country emanates from its class interests, and its feelings of class superiority.

ascendant class (支配階級) [名] the social class that is the most powerful

class interest (階級の利益) [名] the interests of a particular social class

class superiority (階級優越) [名] the superiority of one social class over another

支配階級があるところではどこでも、その国の道徳の大部分はその階級の利益と階級優越の感情から生じている。

The morality between Spartans and Helots, between planters and negroes, between princes and subjects, between nobles and roturiers, between men and women, has been for the most part the creation of these class interests and feelings: and the sentiments thus generated, react in turn upon the moral feelings of the members of the ascendant class, in their relations among themselves.

between (間の) [前] in the space or interval that separates two places, people, or objects

Spartan (スパルタ人) [名] a citizen of the ancient Greek city-state of Sparta

Helot (ヘロット) [名] a member of the lowest social class in ancient Sparta

planter (農園主) [名] a person who owns or manages a plantation

negro (黒人) [名] a member of a dark-skinned group of peoples originally native to Africa south of the Sahara

prince (君主) [名] a male member of a royal family other than the king

noble (貴族) [名] a person of noble rank or birth

roturier (平民) [名] a commoner

man (男性) [名] an adult male human being

woman (女性) [名] an adult female human being

for the most part (ほとんどの場合) [副] usually; in most cases

creation (産物) [名] the act of bringing something into existence

generate (生み出す) [動] to cause to be or to come into existence

react (反応する) [動] to act in response to something

ascendant (支配階級) [名] a person who is a member of a family or group that is becoming more important or powerful

moral (道徳的) [形] concerned with the principles of right and wrong behavior

in turn (順番に) [副] one after the other; in succession

relation (関係) [名] the state of being connected or related

スパルタ人とヘロット、農園主と黒人、君主と臣民、貴族と平民、男性と女性の間の道徳は、ほとんどの場合、これらの階級の利益と感情の産物であり、こうして生み出された感情は、支配階級のメンバーの道徳的感情に、彼ら自身の関係の中で、順番に反応する。

Where, on the other hand, a class, formerly ascendant, has lost its ascendancy, or where its ascendancy is unpopular, the prevailing moral sentiments frequently bear the impress of an impatient dislike of superiority.

on the other hand (一方で) [副] from a different perspective

formerly (かつて) [副] in the past

ascendancy (支配力) [名] the state of being powerful or dominant

unpopular (不人気な) [形] not liked by many people

frequently (しばしば) [副] often; many times

bear (帯びる) [動] have or show a quality or characteristic

impatient (焦燥感) [形] lacking patience

dislike (嫌悪) [名] a feeling of not liking someone or something

superiority (優越性) [名] the state of being better than someone or something else

一方、かつて支配階級だった階級がその支配力を失った場合、あるいはその支配力が不人気な場合、支配的な道徳感情はしばしば優越性に対する焦燥感を帯びる。

Another grand determining principle of the rules of conduct, both in act and forbearance, which have been enforced by law or opinion, has been the servility of mankind towards the supposed preferences or aversions of their temporal masters, or of their gods.

Another (もう一つの) [形] an additional one

grand (大きな) [形] of major significance or importance

determining (決定する) [動] to decide or settle something

act (行為) [名] something that is done

forbearance (忍耐) [名] the quality of being patient and tolerant

enforce (強制する) [動] to compel observance of or compliance with

servility (卑屈さ) [名] the quality of being servile

temporal (現世の) [形] relating to worldly as opposed to spiritual affairs

god (神) [名] a superhuman being or spirit worshiped as having power over nature or human fortunes; a deity

行為と忍耐の両方において、法律や世論によって強制されてきた行動規範のもう一つの大きな決定原理は、現世の主人や神々の好みや嫌悪感に対する人間の卑屈さである。

This servility, though essentially selfish, is not hypocrisy;

essentially (本質的に) [副] in essence; in the main

selfish (利己的) [形] concerned chiefly with one's own interests, benefits, welfare, etc., regardless of others

hypocrisy (偽善) [名] the practice of claiming to have moral standards or beliefs to which one's own behavior does not conform; pretense

この卑屈さは本質的には利己的だが、偽善ではない。

it gives rise to perfectly genuine sentiments of abhorrence;

give rise to (引き起こす) [動] cause to happen or exist

genuine (本物の) [形] real; not counterfeit

abhorrence (嫌悪感) [名] a feeling of intense dislike

それは嫌悪感の全く本物の感情を引き起こす。

it made men burn magicians and heretics.

make (させる) [動] cause to happen

burn (焼き殺す) [動] be on fire

magician (魔術師) [名] a person with magical powers

heretic (異端者) [名] a person believing in or practicing religious heresy

それは人々に魔術師や異端者を焼き殺させた。

Among so many baser influences, the general and obvious interests of society have of course had a share, and a large one, in the direction of the moral sentiments: less, however, as a matter of reason, and on their own account, than as a consequence of the sympathies and antipathies which grew out of them: and sympathies and antipathies which had little or nothing to do with the interests of society, have made themselves felt in the establishment of moralities with quite as great force.

so many (非常に多くの) [限] a large number of

baser (卑劣な) [形] of low moral character

obvious (明白) [形] easily perceived or understood; clear, self-evident, or apparent

share (役割) [名] a part or portion of a whole

large (大きな) [形] of considerable or relatively great size, extent, or capacity

direction (方向性) [名] the course along which someone or something moves or is intended to move

less (少ない) [限] a smaller amount of

matter (問題) [名] a subject or situation that is being dealt with or considered

own (それ自体の) [形] belonging to (the person or thing mentioned)

account (理由) [名] a statement of the reasons for or causes of an event or action

consequence (結果) [名] a result or effect of an action or condition

sympathy (共感) [名] feelings of pity and sorrow for someone else's misfortune

antipathy (反感) [名] a strong feeling of dislike

force (力) [名] strength or energy exerted or brought to bear

非常に多くの卑劣な影響の中で、社会の一般的で明白な利益は、もちろん道徳的感情の方向性において、大きな役割を果たしてきた。しかし、理性の問題として、またそれ自体の理由としてではなく、それらから生じた共感と反感の結果としてである。そして、社会の利益とはほとんど関係のない共感と反感は、道徳の確立において、かなり大きな力で自らを感じさせてきた。

The likings and dislikings of society, or of some powerful portion of it, are thus the main thing which has practically determined the rules laid down for general observance, under the penalties of law or opinion.

powerful (強力な) [形] having great power or strength

portion (一部) [名] a part of a whole

main (主な) [形] most important

lay down (定める) [動] to give up

observance (遵守) [名] the practice of following a law, rule, or custom

このように、社会、あるいはその一部の強力な部分の好き嫌いが、法律や世論の罰則の下で、一般に守られるべきルールを事実上決定してきた主な要因である。

And in general, those who have been in advance of society in thought and feeling have left this condition of things unassailed in principle, however they may have come into conflict with it in some of its details.

in advance of (先を行く) [前] ahead of

leave (残す) [動] go away from a place

unassailed (無傷の) [形] not attacked or criticized

come into conflict with (衝突する) [動] be in opposition to

そして一般的に、思想や感情において社会の先を行く人々は、細部においてはそれと衝突することがあるかもしれないが、原則としてこの状況を無傷のままにしてきた。

They have occupied themselves rather in inquiring what things society ought to like or dislike, than in questioning whether its likings or dislikings should be a law to individuals.

occupy oneself (専念する) [動] to be busy with something

inquire (問う) [動] to ask about something

like (好き) [動] to find agreeable, enjoyable, or satisfactory

dislike (嫌い) [動] to find disagreeable, unpleasant, or unsatisfactory

彼らは、社会の好き嫌いが個人にとっての法律であるべきかどうかを問うよりも、社会が何を好き嫌いすべきかを問うことに専念してきた。

They preferred endeavouring to alter the feelings of mankind on the particular points on which they were themselves heretical, rather than make common cause in defence of freedom, with heretics generally.

endeavour (努力する) [動] try hard to do or achieve something

alter (変える) [動] make or become different

particular (特定の) [形] used to refer to a specific person, thing, or situation that is being discussed

heretical (異端の) [形] believing or following religious or political doctrines that are not generally or officially accepted

freedom (自由) [名] the power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint

cause (目的) [名] a person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or condition

彼らは、一般に異端者と自由を守るために共通の目的を達成するよりも、自分たちが異端である特定の点について人類の感情を変えようと努力することを好んだ。

The only case in which the higher ground has been taken on principle and maintained with consistency, by any but an individual here and there, is that of religious belief: a case instructive in many ways, and not least so as forming a most striking instance of the fallibility of what is called the moral sense: for the odium theologicum, in a sincere bigot, is one of the most unequivocal cases of moral feeling.

higher ground (高尚な立場) [名] a position of moral or intellectual superiority

religious belief (宗教的信念) [名] a strong belief in a supernatural power or powers that control human destiny; a personal set or institutionalized system of religious attitudes, beliefs, and practices

instructive (示唆に富む) [形] providing useful information or knowledge

moral sense (道徳的感覚) [名] the ability to distinguish right from wrong

odium theologicum (神学的憎悪) [名] hatred of a person or group on the basis of their religious beliefs

moral feeling (道徳的感情) [名] a feeling of right and wrong

原則として高尚な立場がとられ、あちこちの個人を除いて一貫して維持されている唯一のケースは、宗教的信念のケースである。これは多くの点で示唆に富むケースであり、とりわけ道徳的感覚と呼ばれるものの誤謬の最も顕著な例を形成している。誠実な偏屈者にとって、神学的憎悪は道徳的感情の最も明白なケースの一つである。

Those who first broke the yoke of what called itself the Universal Church, were in general as little willing to permit difference of religious opinion as that church itself.

first (最初に) [副] before all others; earliest

break (打ち破る) [動] cause to come apart by force

yoke (くびき) [名] a wooden beam normally used between a pair of oxen or other animals that enables them to pull together

Universal Church (普遍的教会) [名] the church that includes all Christians

little (少し) [形] small in size, amount, or degree

willing (喜んで) [形] ready, eager, or prepared to do something

permit (許す) [動] allow to do something

difference (相違) [名] the state or fact of being unlike or dissimilar

自らを普遍的教会と呼ぶもののくびきを最初に打ち破った人々は、一般的にその教会自体と同じくらい宗教的意見の相違を許すことに消極的だった。

But when the heat of the conflict was over, without giving a complete victory to any party, and each church or sect was reduced to limit its hopes to retaining possession of the ground it already occupied;

heat (熱) [名] the quality or state of being hot

conflict (紛争) [名] a state of opposition or hostility between persons or ideas or interests

be over (終わる) [動] to be finished or completed

church (教会) [名] a building used for public Christian worship

sect (宗派) [名] a group of people with somewhat different religious beliefs (typically regarded as heretical) from those of a larger group to which they belong

reduce (制限する) [動] to make smaller or less in amount, degree, or size

hope (希望) [名] a feeling of expectation and desire for something to happen

retain (保持する) [動] to keep or continue to have

possession (所有権) [名] the state of having, owning, or controlling something

ground (土地) [名] the solid surface of the earth

occupy (占領する) [動] to take up or fill a space or time

しかし、紛争の熱が冷め、いずれの党にも完全な勝利を与えることなく、各教会や宗派はすでに占領している土地の所有権を保持するという希望を制限することになった。

minorities, seeing that they had no chance of becoming majorities, were under the necessity of pleading to those whom they could not convert, for permission to differ.

minority (少数派) [名] the smaller number or part

see (悟る) [動] to understand or become aware of

have no chance (可能性がないこと) [動] to be impossible

convert (改宗させる) [動] to change from one religion, belief, or opinion to another

plead (求める) [動] to make an urgent and emotional request

permission (許可) [名] the action of officially allowing someone to do, use, or have something

differ (異議を唱える) [動] to be unlike or dissimilar

少数派は、多数派になる可能性がないことを悟り、改宗させることのできない人々に異議を唱える許可を求める必要に迫られた。

It is accordingly on this battle-field, almost solely, that the rights of the individual against society have been asserted on broad grounds of principle, and the claim of society to exercise authority over dissentients, openly controverted.

battle-field (戦場) [名] a place where a battle is fought

almost solely (ほとんど唯一) [副] to the exclusion of all others

assert (主張する) [動] state a fact or belief confidently and forcefully

broad ground (広い根拠) [名] a wide range of reasons or facts

claim (主張) [名] an assertion of the truth of something

dissentient (反対者) [名] a person who opposes or disagrees with something

openly (公然と) [副] in a frank and honest manner

controvert (論争する) [動] argue about something; dispute

したがって、この戦場でのみ、社会に対する個人の権利が原則の広い根拠に基づいて主張され、反対者に対して権限を行使するという社会の主張が公然と論争されている。

The great writers to whom the world owes what religious liberty it possesses, have mostly asserted freedom of conscience as an indefeasible right, and denied absolutely that a human being is accountable to others for his religious belief.

world (世界) [名] the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on

owe (負う) [動] have a debt or obligation

writer (作家) [名] a person who has written a book or who writes books as a job

conscience (良心) [名] a person's moral sense of right and wrong, viewed as acting as a guide to one's behavior

deny (否定する) [動] state that one refuses to admit the truth or existence of

absolutely (絶対に) [副] without any doubt

belief (信念) [名] an acceptance that a statement is true or that something exists

世界が宗教的自由を享受していることに恩恵を被っている偉大な作家たちは、ほとんどが良心の自由を不可侵の権利として主張し、人間が自分の宗教的信念について他人に責任を負うことを絶対に否定している。

Yet so natural to mankind is intolerance in whatever they really care about, that religious freedom has hardly anywhere been practically realised, except where religious indifference, which dislikes to have its peace disturbed by theological quarrels, has added its weight to the scale.

natural (自然な) [形] existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind

intolerance (不寛容) [名] unwillingness to accept views, beliefs, or behaviour that differ from one's own

care about (大切にする) [動] feel love or affection for

religious freedom (宗教的自由) [名] the right of people to practice their religion without interference from the state

hardly anywhere (ほとんどどこにも) [副] almost never

realise (実現する) [動] achieve or make real

except (除いて) [前] not including; other than

religious indifference (宗教的無関心) [名] a lack of interest in or concern for religion

dislike (嫌う) [動] feel distaste for or hostility toward

peace (平和) [名] a state of tranquility or quiet

disturb (乱す) [動] interfere with the peace or quiet of

theological (神学の) [形] of or relating to theology

quarrel (論争) [名] an angry argument or disagreement

add (増す) [動] join (something) to something else so as to increase the size, amount, or degree

weight (重み) [名] the amount that a person or thing weighs

scale (規模) [名] the relative size or extent of something

しかし、人類にとって本当に大切なことには不寛容であることが自然なことなので、宗教的自由は、神学論争によって平和が乱されることを嫌う宗教的無関心がその重みを増した場所を除いて、ほとんどどこでも実際には実現されていない。

In the minds of almost all religious persons, even in the most tolerant countries, the duty of toleration is admitted with tacit reserves.

even (でさえ) [副] to an extreme degree

tolerant (寛容な) [形] showing willingness to allow the existence of opinions or behavior that one does not necessarily agree with

tacit (暗黙の) [形] understood or implied without being stated

reserve (留保) [名] a qualification or exception

最も寛容な国でさえ、ほとんどすべての宗教的な人々の心の中で、寛容の義務は暗黙の留保を伴って認められている。

One person will bear with dissent in matters of church government, but not of dogma;

One person (ある人) [名] an unspecified person

bear with (認める) [動] to tolerate or accept something

dissent (異議) [名] the expression of disagreement with a prevailing or official opinion

church government (教会政治) [名] the system of government of a church

dogma (教義) [名] a principle or set of principles laid down by an authority as incontrovertibly true

ある人は教会政治の問題では異議を認めるが、教義では認めない。

another can tolerate everybody, short of a Papist or a Unitarian;

another (別の人) [名] a different person

tolerate (許容する) [動] allow the existence, occurrence, or practice of (something that one does not necessarily like or agree with) without interference

everybody (誰でも) [名] every person

short of (以外) [前] not having enough of something

Papist (カトリック教徒) [名] a member of the Roman Catholic Church

Unitarian (ユニテリアン教徒) [名] a member of a Christian denomination that rejects the doctrine of the Trinity

別の人は、カトリック教徒やユニテリアン教徒以外は誰でも許容できる。

another, every one who believes in revealed religion;

every one (誰でも) [名] each person

revealed religion (啓示宗教) [名] a religion founded on the basis of divine revelation

別の人は、啓示宗教を信じる人なら誰でも許容できる。

a few extend their charity a little further, but stop at the belief in a God and in a future state.

extend (広げる) [動] make or become longer or wider

charity (慈悲) [名] the voluntary giving of help, typically in the form of money, to those in need

stop (止める) [動] cease to happen or exist

future (来世) [名] the time that is still to come

少数の人は、慈悲をもう少し広げるが、神と来世を信じることまでで止める。

Wherever the sentiment of the majority is still genuine and intense, it is found to have abated little of its claim to be obeyed.

genuine (純粋な) [形] real; true

intense (強烈な) [形] very great or extreme

obey (従う) [動] act in accordance with the command, direction, or request of (a person or a law); comply with

多数派の感情が依然として純粋で強烈であるところでは、従うべきだという主張はほとんど弱まっていないことがわかる。

In England, from the peculiar circumstances of our political history, though the yoke of opinion is perhaps heavier, that of law is lighter, than in most other countries of Europe;

peculiar (特殊な) [形] strange or odd

circumstance (事情) [名] a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action

political history (政治史) [名] the study of the past in terms of politics

perhaps (おそらく) [副] used to express uncertainty or possibility

heavier (重い) [形] of great weight

lighter (軽い) [形] of little weight

イギリスでは、政治史の特殊な事情から、世論のくびきはおそらくヨーロッパの他のほとんどの国よりも重いが、法律のくびきは軽い。

and there is considerable jealousy of direct interference, by the legislative or the executive power, with private conduct;

direct (直接的な) [形] without an intermediary

interference (干渉) [名] the action of interfering or the state of being interfered with

legislative (立法権) [名] the power to make laws

executive (執行権) [名] the power to put laws into effect

private (私的な) [形] belonging to or for the use of one particular person or group of people only

そして、立法権や執行権による私的な行為への直接的な干渉に対してかなりの嫉妬がある。

not so much from any just regard for the independence of the individual, as from the still subsisting habit of looking on the government as representing an opposite interest to the public.

not so much (それほど~ない) [副] to a lesser extent

just (正当な) [形] based on or behaving according to what is morally right and fair

public (国民) [名] the people of a country or area as a whole

opposite (相反する) [形] being the other of a pair of things of a contrasting nature or quality

それは、個人の独立に対する正当な配慮からというよりは、政府を国民とは相反する利害を代表するものと見なす習慣がまだ残っていることによる。

The majority have not yet learnt to feel the power of the government their power, or its opinions their opinions.

learn (学ぶ) [動] gain knowledge or skills

power (力) [名] the ability to do something or act in a particular way

多数派は、政府の力を自分たちの力、あるいは政府の意見を自分たちの意見だと感じるようには、まだなっていない。

When they do so, individual liberty will probably be as much exposed to invasion from the government, as it already is from public opinion.

do so (そうする) [動] do the same thing

individual liberty (個人の自由) [名] the freedom of the individual to do what he wishes

probably (おそらく) [副] almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell

be exposed to (さらされる) [動] be subjected to an action or influence

invasion (侵害) [名] an unwelcome intrusion into another's domain

public opinion (世論) [名] the beliefs or views of the majority of the people

そうなれば、個人の自由は、すでに世論からの侵害にさらされているように、政府からの侵害にもさらされることになるだろう。

But, as yet, there is a considerable amount of feeling ready to be called forth against any attempt of the law to control individuals in things in which they have not hitherto been accustomed to be controlled by it;

as yet (今のところ) [副] up to this time; until now

considerable (かなりの) [形] large in amount or extent

amount (量) [名] a quantity of something

ready (準備が整っている) [形] in a state of readiness

be called forth (起こる) [動] to be caused to appear or come out

attempt (試み) [名] an act of trying to do something

hitherto (これまで) [副] up to this time; until now

しかし、今のところ、これまで法律によって統制されることに慣れていなかった事柄において、法律が個人を統制しようとするいかなる試みに対しても、かなりの反発が起こる準備が整っている。

and this with very little discrimination as to whether the matter is, or is not, within the legitimate sphere of legal control;

within (以内) [前] inside the limits of

sphere (範囲) [名] the extent of someone's knowledge, interest, or influence

legal (法的な) [形] of or relating to the law

そして、その問題が法的な統制の正当な範囲内にあるかどうかについては、ほとんど区別されていない。

insomuch that the feeling, highly salutary on the whole, is perhaps quite as often misplaced as well grounded in the particular instances of its application.

insomuch that (そのため) [接] to such a degree or extent that

salutary (有益な) [形] beneficial

whole (全体) [名] all of something

quite as often (同じくらい頻繁に) [副] to the same extent or degree

misplaced (誤った位置に置かれている) [形] in an inappropriate or wrong place

grounded (根拠づけられている) [形] having a good reason or cause

particular (個々の) [形] relating to a single person, thing, or instance

instance (事例) [名] an example or occurrence of something

そのため、全体として非常に有益なこの感情は、その適用の個々の事例において、おそらく適切に根拠づけられているのと同じくらい頻繁に誤った位置に置かれている。

There is, in fact, no recognised principle by which the propriety or impropriety of government interference is customarily tested.

There is (~がある) [動] to be present

in fact (実際) [副] used to introduce a further fact or piece of information

no recognised principle (認められた原則はない) [名] a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behaviour or for a chain of reasoning

by which (~によって) [前] used to indicate the means by which something is done or achieved

propriety (適否) [名] the state or quality of being proper or suitable

impropriety (不適当) [名] the state or quality of being improper or unsuitable

government interference (政府の干渉) [名] the action of interfering or the state of being interfered with

customarily (慣例的に) [副] according to custom or usage

tested (検証される) [動] to be subjected to a test or examination

実際、政府の干渉の適否を慣例的に検証するための認められた原則はない。

People decide according to their personal preferences.

decide (判断する) [動] reach, make, or come to a decision about something

personal (個人的な) [形] of or concerning a particular person

人々は個人的な好みによって判断する。

Some, whenever they see any good to be done, or evil to be remedied, would willingly instigate the government to undertake the business;

some (ある人) [名] an unspecified number or amount of people or things

see (見る) [動] perceive with the eyes

good (善い) [形] to be desired or approved of

evil (悪) [名] something that is harmful or undesirable

remedy (正す) [動] to put right or correct

willingly (喜んで) [副] with a glad or happy attitude

instigate (仕向ける) [動] to cause to happen or be done

undertake (行う) [動] to take on or assume responsibility for

ある人は、何か善いことをしたり、悪を正したりするのを見ると、喜んで政府にその仕事をさせようとする。

while others prefer to bear almost any amount of social evil, rather than add one to the departments of human interests amenable to governmental control.

bear (耐える) [動] to accept or tolerate

add (追加する) [動] to join or combine two or more things together

department (部門) [名] a division of a large organization

amenable (従う) [形] willing to be controlled or influenced

governmental (政府の) [形] relating to a government or the action of governing

一方、他の人は、政府の管理に従う人間の利益の部門に1つを追加するよりも、ほとんどどんな量の社会的悪にも耐えることを好む。

And men range themselves on one or the other side in any particular case, according to this general direction of their sentiments;

range (置く) [動] to be included in a group or category

one (一方) [名] the number 1

other (他方) [名] the remaining one of two or more things

side (側) [名] a position to the left or right of an object, place, or central point

case (場合) [名] an instance of a situation; an example

そして、人々は、この感情の一般的な方向性に従って、特定の場合にはどちらかの側に自分を置く。

or according to the degree of interest which they feel in the particular thing which it is proposed that the government should do, or according to the belief they entertain that the government would, or would not, do it in the manner they prefer;

according to (応じて) [前] as stated or reported by

degree (度合い) [名] the amount, level, or extent to which something happens or is present

propose (提案する) [動] to suggest (something) for consideration or discussion

do (行う) [動] to perform or execute

manner (方法) [名] a way in which something is done or happens

prefer (好む) [動] to like (someone or something) better than another or others

あるいは、政府が行うべきだと提案されている特定の事柄に対して感じている関心の度合いに応じて、あるいは政府が自分たちが好む方法でそれをするだろう、あるいはしないという信念に応じて。

but very rarely on account of any opinion to which they consistently adhere, as to what things are fit to be done by a government.

very rarely (めったにない) [副] not often; infrequently

on account of (のために) [前] because of

consistently (一貫して) [副] in a way that is always the same

adhere (従う) [動] stick fast to a surface or substance

しかし、政府が行うのに適切な事柄に関して、彼らが一貫して従う意見のためにそうすることはめったにない。

And it seems to me that in consequence of this absence of rule or principle, one side is at present as often wrong as the other;

absence (欠如) [名] the state of not being present

one side (一方の側) [名] one of the two parts of something that are opposite each other

present (現在) [名] the time that is happening now

そして、私には、この規則や原則の欠如の結果として、一方の側は現在、もう一方の側と同じくらい間違っているように思われる。

the interference of government is, with about equal frequency, improperly invoked and improperly condemned.

improperly (不適切に) [副] in an inappropriate manner

invoke (要求する) [動] call on (a deity or spirit) in prayer, as a witness, or for inspiration

condemn (非難する) [動] express complete disapproval of; censure strongly

政府の干渉は、ほぼ同じ頻度で、不適切に要求され、不適切に非難されている。

The object of this Essay is to assert one very simple principle, as entitled to govern absolutely the dealings of society with the individual in the way of compulsion and control, whether the means used be physical force in the form of legal penalties, or the moral coercion of public opinion.

absolutely (絶対的に) [副] in a way that is complete and without exception

compulsion (強制) [名] the action or state of forcing or being forced to do something

physical (物理的) [形] relating to the body as opposed to the mind

legal (法的) [形] relating to or characteristic of the law or lawyers

coercion (強制) [名] the action or practice of persuading someone to do something by using force or threats

この論文の目的は、使用される手段が法的罰則という形での物理的強制であろうと、世論の道徳的強制であろうと、強制と統制の方法で個人と社会との取引を絶対的に支配する権利があるとして、一つの非常に単純な原則を主張することである。

That principle is, that the sole end for which mankind are warranted, individually or collectively, in interfering with the liberty of action of any of their number, is self-protection.

individually (個別に) [副] by or for one person

collectively (集団的に) [副] by or for a number of people

self-protection (自己防衛) [名] the act of protecting oneself

その原則とは、人類が個別にまたは集団的に、その数のいずれかの行動の自由を妨害することを正当化される唯一の目的は、自己防衛であるということである。

That the only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilised community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others.

rightfully (正当に) [副] in a just or fair way

prevent (防止する) [動] stop from happening or arising

文明社会のどの構成員に対しても、その意志に反して権力を正当に行使できる唯一の目的は、他人への危害を防止することである。

His own good, either physical or moral, is not a sufficient warrant.

good (善) [名] that which is morally right

sufficient (十分な) [形] as much or as many as required

warrant (根拠) [名] a justification or authorization

彼自身の善は、肉体的であれ道徳的であれ、十分な根拠ではない。

He cannot rightfully be compelled to do or forbear because it will be better for him to do so, because it will make him happier, because, in the opinions of others, to do so would be wise, or even right.

do or forbear (そうすることや控えること) [名] do something or refrain from doing something

better (より良い) [形] of a more excellent or effective type or quality

happier (より幸せ) [形] more happy

wise (賢明) [形] having or showing experience, knowledge, and good judgment

彼がそうすることが彼にとってより良いことであるとか、彼をより幸せにするとか、他人の意見ではそうすることが賢明であるとか、あるいは正しいことであるからといって、彼がそうすることや控えることを正当に強制することはできない。

These are good reasons for remonstrating with him, or reasoning with him, or persuading him, or entreating him, but not for compelling him, or visiting him with any evil in case he do otherwise.

remonstrate (抗議する) [動] to express an objection or complaint

reason (議論する) [動] to talk or write about something in a logical and sensible way

persuade (説得する) [動] to cause someone to do or believe something by giving them good reasons

entreat (懇願する) [動] to ask someone in a very serious and urgent way to do something

visit (なす) [動] to go to a place

これらは彼に抗議したり、彼と議論したり、彼を説得したり、彼に懇願したりする良い理由であるが、彼を強制したり、彼がそうしなかった場合に彼に悪事をなしたりするための理由ではない。

To justify that, the conduct from which it is desired to deter him must be calculated to produce evil to some one else.

justify (正当化する) [動] show or prove to be right or reasonable

deter (阻止する) [動] prevent or discourage from doing something

produce (生み出す) [動] make or create something

それを正当化するには、彼を阻止したい行動が他の誰かに悪をもたらすように計算されなければならない。

The only part of the conduct of any one, for which he is amenable to society, is that which concerns others.

only (唯一の) [形] being the only one

part (部分) [名] a piece of something

concern (関係する) [動] be about or connected with

誰かの行動の中で、その人が社会に対して責任を負う唯一の部分は、他人に関係する部分である。

In the part which merely concerns himself, his independence is, of right, absolute.

independence (独立性) [名] the quality or state of being independent

absolute (絶対的) [形] not qualified or diminished in any way; total

単に自分自身に関係する部分では、彼の独立性は、権利上、絶対的である。

Over himself, over his own body and mind, the individual is sovereign.

body (身体) [名] the physical structure, including the bones, flesh and organs, of a person or an animal

sovereign (主権者) [名] a supreme ruler, especially a monarch

自分自身に対して、自分の身体と精神に対して、個人は主権者である。

It is, perhaps, hardly necessary to say that this doctrine is meant to apply only to human beings in the maturity of their faculties.

apply (適用する) [動] make use of something

human being (人間) [名] a man, woman, or child of the species Homo sapiens

maturity (成熟) [名] the state of being fully developed

faculty (能力) [名] an inherent mental or physical power

この教義は、能力が成熟した人間にのみ適用されることを意図していることは、おそらく言う必要はほとんどないだろう。

We are not speaking of children, or of young persons below the age which the law may fix as that of manhood or womanhood.

speak of (話す) [動] talk about

child (子供) [名] a young human being below the age of puberty or below the legal age of majority

young (若い) [形] having lived or existed for only a short time

below (未満) [前] lower in position, rank, or value than

age (年齢) [名] the number of years that a person has lived or a thing has existed

fix (定める) [動] decide or settle in advance

manhood (成人) [名] the state or period of being an adult male human being

womanhood (成人) [名] the state or period of being an adult female human being

私たちは子供や、法律が成人として定める年齢に達していない若者について話しているわけではない。

Those who are still in a state to require being taken care of by others, must be protected against their own actions as well as against external injury.

those (人) [名] the people or things that are referred to

still (まだ) [副] even now or even then

state (状態) [名] the particular condition that someone or something is in at a specific time

be taken care of (世話をされる) [動] be looked after

others (他人) [名] people in general apart from oneself

must (しなければならない) [助] be obliged to; be required to

be protected (守られる) [動] be guarded or defended

as well as (だけでなく) [接] in addition to; also

injury (傷害) [名] physical or mental harm or damage

まだ他人の世話が必要な状態にある人は、外傷だけでなく自分の行動からも守られなければならない。

For the same reason, we may leave out of consideration those backward states of society in which the race itself may be considered as in its nonage.

for the same reason (同じ理由で) [句] because of the same reason

leave out of consideration (考慮から外す) [句] not consider

backward (後進的な) [形] less advanced than others in a particular area

race (人類) [名] a group of people who share the same language, history, characteristics, etc.

be considered as (見なされる) [句] be regarded as

nonage (未成年) [名] the state of being under the legal age

同じ理由で、人類そのものが未成年と見なされるような後進的な社会の状態は考慮から外してよい。

The early difficulties in the way of spontaneous progress are so great, that there is seldom any choice of means for overcoming them;

early (初期の) [形] happening or done before the usual or expected time

way (道) [名] a method, style, or manner of doing something

spontaneous (自発的) [形] performed or occurring as a result of a sudden inner impulse and without premeditation

great (大きい) [形] of major significance or importance

overcome (克服する) [動] to successfully deal with or gain control over (a problem or difficulty)

choice (選択肢) [名] the right or possibility of choosing

自発的進歩の道における初期の困難は非常に大きく、それを克服するための手段の選択肢はほとんどない。

and a ruler full of the spirit of improvement is warranted in the use of any expedients that will attain an end, perhaps otherwise unattainable.

spirit (精神) [名] the nonphysical part of a person that is the seat of emotions and character; the soul

improvement (改善) [名] an addition or change that makes something better

end (目的) [名] the final part of something

unattainable (達成できない) [形] not able to be achieved or reached

そして、改善の精神に満ちた支配者は、おそらく他の方法では達成できない目的を達成するためのあらゆる手段の使用を保証されている。

Despotism is a legitimate mode of government in dealing with barbarians, provided the end be their improvement, and the means justified by actually effecting that end.

barbarian (野蛮人) [名] a member of a people regarded as primitive and uncivilized

effect (達成) [動] to cause to come into being

専制政治は、目的が彼らの改善であり、その目的を実際に達成することによって正当化される手段であるならば、野蛮人に対処する上で正当な統治形態である。

Liberty, as a principle, has no application to any state of things anterior to the time when mankind have become capable of being improved by free and equal discussion.

free (自由な) [形] not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes

equal (平等な) [形] the same in quantity, size, degree, or value

discussion (議論) [名] a conversation or debate about a particular topic

自由は、原則として、人類が自由で平等な議論によって改善されるようになる以前のいかなる状況にも適用されない。

Until then, there is nothing for them but implicit obedience to an Akbar or a Charlemagne, if they are so fortunate as to find one.

until then (それまでは) [副] up to that time

nothing (何も) [名] not anything; no single thing

implicit (暗黙の) [形] implied though not directly expressed

obedience (服従) [名] the quality or state of being obedient

Akbar (アクバル) [名] the third Mughal emperor

Charlemagne (シャルルマーニュ) [名] King of the Franks from 768 and Emperor of the Romans from 800

それまでは、彼らが幸運にもアクバルやシャルルマーニュを見つけることができたとしても、彼らには暗黙の服従以外に何もできない。

But as soon as mankind have attained the capacity of being guided to their own improvement by conviction or persuasion (a period long since reached in all nations with whom we need here concern ourselves), compulsion, either in the direct form or in that of pains and penalties for non-compliance, is no longer admissible as a means to their own good, and justifiable only for the security of others.

capacity (能力) [名] the ability to do something

conviction (確信) [名] a firmly held belief or opinion

persuasion (説得) [名] the action of persuading someone to do or believe something

period (期間) [名] a length or portion of time

reach (到達する) [動] arrive at a destination

concern (関心を持つ) [動] relate to or be about

form (形) [名] the visible shape or configuration of something

pain (苦痛) [名] highly unpleasant physical sensation caused by illness or injury

non-compliance (従わない) [名] failure to obey a law, rule, or instruction

admissible (認められる) [形] able to be accepted

しかし、人類が確信や説得によって自らの改善に導かれる能力を獲得するとすぐに(ここで私たちが関心を持つ必要のあるすべての国で長い間到達した期間)、直接的な形であれ、従わない場合の苦痛や罰の形であれ、強制はもはや彼ら自身の利益のための手段として認められず、他人の安全のためにのみ正当化される。

It is proper to state that I forego any advantage which could be derived to my argument from the idea of abstract right, as a thing independent of utility.

forego (放棄する) [動] go without

advantage (利点) [名] a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favourable or superior position

derive (引き出す) [動] obtain something from a specified source

argument (議論) [名] a statement or series of statements for or against something

abstract (抽象的な) [形] existing in thought or as an idea but not having a physical or concrete existence

utility (功利) [名] the state of being useful, profitable, or beneficial

私が、功利とは独立したものとしての抽象的権利という考えから私の議論に引き出されるあらゆる利点を放棄することを述べるのは適切である。

I regard utility as the ultimate appeal on all ethical questions;

regard (見なす) [動] consider or think of in a specified way

ultimate (最終的な) [形] being or happening at the end of a process; final

私は功利をすべての倫理的問題に対する最終的な訴えと見なしている。

but it must be utility in the largest sense, grounded on the permanent interests of man as a progressive being.

largest (最も広い) [形] of great size or extent

ground (基づく) [動] to base or establish on a particular principle or reason

しかし、それは進歩的な存在としての人間の永続的な利益に基づいた、最も広い意味での功利でなければならない。

Those interests, I contend, authorise the subjection of individual spontaneity to external control, only in respect to those actions of each, which concern the interest of other people.

contend (主張する) [動] assert or maintain as a fact

authorise (認める) [動] give official permission for

subjection (服従) [名] the state of being under the control of another person or group

spontaneity (自発性) [名] the quality of being spontaneous

external (外部) [形] belonging to or forming the outer surface or structure of something

respect (関係) [名] a particular aspect, point, or detail

私が主張するのは、これらの利益は、他人の利益に関係するそれぞれの行動に関してのみ、個人の自発性を外部からの統制に服従させることを認めるということである。

If any one does an act hurtful to others, there is a primâ facie case for punishing him, by law, or, where legal penalties are not safely applicable, by general disapprobation.

anyone (誰か) [代] some person

hurtful (有害な) [形] causing pain or damage

punish (罰する) [動] inflict a penalty or sanction on (someone) as retribution for an offense

applicable (適用できる) [形] capable of being applied

disapprobation (不承認) [名] strong disapproval

誰かが他人に害を与える行為をした場合、法律によって、または法的罰則が安全に適用できない場合は一般的な不承認によって、その人を罰するための一応の事件がある。

There are also many positive acts for the benefit of others, which he may rightfully be compelled to perform;

There are (ある) [動] exist

positive (積極的な) [形] expressing approval or agreement

benefit (利益) [名] an advantage or profit gained from something

which (それを) [関] used to refer to something previously mentioned

may (かもしれない) [助] expressing possibility

be compelled to (行うことを強制される) [動] be forced to do something

perform (行う) [動] carry out or accomplish an action

他人の利益のための多くの積極的な行為もあり、彼はそれを正当に行うことを強制されるかもしれない。

such as, to give evidence in a court of justice;

such as (例えば) [接] for example

give evidence (証言する) [動] to provide testimony or evidence in a court of law

court of justice (裁判所) [名] a court of law

例えば、裁判所で証言することである。

to bear his fair share in the common defence, or in any other joint work necessary to the interest of the society of which he enjoys the protection;

bear (負う) [動] to carry or support

fair share (公正な負担) [名] a just portion

common defence (共通の防衛) [名] the act of defending something that is shared by a group of people

any other (他の) [限] some other; some more

joint work (共同作業) [名] work that is done by two or more people together

necessary (必要な) [形] required; essential

共通の防衛、または彼が保護を受けている社会の利益に必要な他の共同作業において、彼の公正な負担を負うことである。

and to perform certain acts of individual beneficence, such as saving a fellow-creature's life, or interposing to protect the defenceless against ill-usage, things which whenever it is obviously a man's duty to do, he may rightfully be made responsible to society for not doing.

beneficence (慈善) [名] the quality of being kind or helpful

save (救う) [動] make or keep safe or rescue from harm, risk, or loss

life (命) [名] the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death or a state of livi...

interpose (介入する) [動] insert between two things or parts

defenceless (無防備な) [形] without protection or defence

ill-usage (虐待) [名] bad or cruel treatment

そして、仲間の命を救ったり、無防備な人を虐待から守るために介入するなど、個人の慈善行為を行うことである。これは、明らかに人間の義務である場合にはいつでも、それを行わないことで社会に対して責任を負わされる可能性がある。

A person may cause evil to others not only by his actions but by his inaction, and in either case he is justly accountable to them for the injury.

cause (引き起こす) [動] make something happen

inaction (怠慢) [名] lack of action

人は自分の行動だけでなく、自分の怠慢によっても他人に悪をもたらす可能性があり、どちらの場合もその損害について正当に責任を負う。

The latter case, it is true, requires a much more cautious exercise of compulsion than the former.

latter (後者) [形] the second of two things mentioned

cautious (慎重な) [形] careful about avoiding potential problems or dangers

確かに、後者の場合は前者よりもはるかに慎重な強制の行使が必要である。

To make any one answerable for doing evil to others, is the rule;

answerable (責任) [形] responsible

do (働く) [動] perform, execute, or accomplish

other (他人) [名] a person other than oneself

rule (原則) [名] a principle or regulation governing conduct, action, procedure, arrangement, etc.

他人に悪事を働いた者に責任を負わせるのが原則である。

to make him answerable for not preventing evil, is, comparatively speaking, the exception.

preventing (防ぐ) [動] keep from happening or arising

comparatively (比較的) [副] in a way that shows the similarities and differences between two or more things

speaking (言えば) [動] say something

悪事を防がなかった者に責任を負わせるのは、比較的言えば例外である。

Yet there are many cases clear enough and grave enough to justify that exception.

Yet (しかし) [接] but; nevertheless; still; however

case (ケース) [名] an instance of something occurring; an example of something

clear (明確な) [形] easy to understand; intelligible

enough (十分な) [形] as much or as many as required

grave (重大な) [形] very serious or important

しかし、その例外を正当化するのに十分に明確で重大なケースはたくさんある。

In all things which regard the external relations of the individual, he is de jure amenable to those whose interests are concerned, and if need be, to society as their protector.

de jure (法的に) [形] by right; by law

amenable (従うべき) [形] open and responsive to suggestion or correction

concerned (関係のある) [形] worried or unhappy about something

protector (保護者) [名] a person or thing that protects someone or something

個人の外部関係に関するすべての事柄において、個人は利害関係のある人々に対して、また必要であれば彼らの保護者としての社会に対して、法的に従うべきである。

There are often good reasons for not holding him to the responsibility;

hold (負わせる) [動] to have or keep in a certain position

responsibility (責任) [名] the state or fact of having a duty to deal with something or of having control over someone

彼に責任を負わせないための正当な理由はしばしばある。

but these reasons must arise from the special expediencies of the case:

arise (生じる) [動] come into existence or prominence

case (事件) [名] an occurrence of something

しかし、これらの理由は、その事件の特別な都合から生じなければならない。

either because it is a kind of case in which he is on the whole likely to act better, when left to his own discretion, than when controlled in any way in which society have it in their power to control him;

either (どちらか) [接] used to introduce the first of two or more alternatives

kind (種類) [名] a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic

likely (可能性が高い) [形] having a high probability

discretion (裁量) [名] the freedom to decide what should be done in a particular situation

control (制御) [動] determine the behavior or supervise the running of

それは、社会が彼を制御する権限を持つ方法で制御される場合よりも、彼自身の裁量に任された場合に、彼が全体としてより良い行動をとる可能性が高い種類の事件であるためである。

or because the attempt to exercise control would produce other evils, greater than those which it would prevent.

produce (生じる) [動] cause to happen or exist

greater (より大きい) [形] larger in size, amount, or degree

あるいは、制御を行おうとすると、防ぐことができるものよりも大きな他の害が生じるためである。

When such reasons as these preclude the enforcement of responsibility, the conscience of the agent himself should step into the vacant judgment seat, and protect those interests of others which have no external protection;

preclude (妨げる) [動] prevent from happening; make impossible

enforcement (履行) [名] the act of ensuring that something is done

agent (行為者) [名] a person who does something

step into (座る) [動] take on a role or position

vacant (空席) [形] not filled or occupied

judgment seat (裁判官席) [名] the seat occupied by a judge in a court of law

protect (保護する) [動] keep safe from harm or injury

このような理由で責任の履行が妨げられる場合は、行為者自身の良心が空席の裁判官席に座り、外部からの保護を受けていない他人の利益を保護するべきである。

judging himself all the more rigidly, because the case does not admit of his being made accountable to the judgment of his fellow-creatures.

judge (判断する) [動] form an opinion about (something or someone)

rigidly (厳しく) [副] in a rigid manner

fellow-creature (仲間) [名] a person or animal

彼は、仲間の判断に責任を負わされることを認めていないために、自分自身をより厳しく判断する。

But there is a sphere of action in which society, as distinguished from the individual, has, if any, only an indirect interest;

sphere (領域) [名] a field of activity or influence

distinguish (区別する) [動] recognize or treat as different

しかし、個人とは区別される社会が、もしあるとしても、間接的な関心しか持たない行動領域がある。

comprehending all that portion of a person's life and conduct which affects only himself, or if it also affects others, only with their free, voluntary, and undeceived consent and participation.

comprehend (理解する) [動] to understand something

affect (影響を与える) [動] to have an effect on

only (のみ) [副] and no one or nothing more or else

voluntary (自発的な) [形] done, given, or acting of one's own free will

undeceived (欺かれていない) [形] not deceived

participation (参加) [名] the action of taking part in something

自分だけに影響を与える、あるいは他人にも影響を与える場合は、その人の自由で自発的かつ欺かれていない同意と参加によってのみ、その人の生活と行動のすべての部分を理解することである。

When I say only himself, I mean directly, and in the first instance: for whatever affects himself, may affect others through himself;

himself (自分) [代] he or him

directly (直接的に) [副] without changing direction or stopping

whatever (何であれ) [代] no matter what

through (通して) [前] from one end or side to the other of

自分だけと言うのは、直接的に、そして第一にという意味である。なぜなら、自分自身に影響を与えるものは何であれ、自分を通して他人に影響を与える可能性があるからである。

and the objection which may be grounded on this contingency, will receive consideration in the sequel.

be grounded on (根ざしている) [動] be based on

contingency (偶然性) [名] the state of being contingent

receive (考慮される) [動] be given, presented with, or paid

sequel (続編) [名] a published, broadcast, or recorded work that continues the story or develops the theme of an earlier one

そして、この偶然性に根ざしているかもしれない異議は、続編で考慮されるだろう。

This, then, is the appropriate region of human liberty.

this (これ) [代] the person or thing that is close to you or that you are talking about

これが人間の自由の適切な領域である。

It comprises, first, the inward domain of consciousness;

comprise (含む) [動] be made up of

inward (内なる) [形] directed or proceeding toward the inside

domain (領域) [名] an area of territory owned or controlled by a ruler or government

それは、第一に、意識の内なる領域を含んでいる。

demanding liberty of conscience, in the most comprehensive sense;

demand (要求する) [動] ask authoritatively or urgently for something

最も包括的な意味での良心の自由を要求する。

liberty of thought and feeling;

思想と感情の自由。

absolute freedom of opinion and sentiment on all subjects, practical or speculative, scientific, moral, or theological.

speculative (思索的) [形] involving or based on conjecture rather than knowledge

scientific (科学的) [形] based on or characterized by the methods and principles of science

実践的、思索的、科学的、道徳的、神学的を問わず、あらゆる主題に関する意見と感情の絶対的自由。

The liberty of expressing and publishing opinions may seem to fall under a different principle, since it belongs to that part of the conduct of an individual which concerns other people;

express (表明する) [動] to put into words or give expression to

publish (公表する) [動] to make generally known

fall under (従う) [動] to be included in or classified under

other (他者) [名] a person or thing that is different or distinct from oneself or itself

意見を表明し、公表する自由は、個人の行動のうち他者に関係する部分に属するので、別の原則に従うように思われるかもしれない。

but, being almost of as much importance as the liberty of thought itself, and resting in great part on the same reasons, is practically inseparable from it.

inseparable (切り離せない) [形] unable to be separated or treated separately

しかし、思想の自由そのものとほぼ同じくらい重要であり、大部分が同じ理由に基づいているので、事実上、思想の自由と切り離すことはできない。

Secondly, the principle requires liberty of tastes and pursuits;

secondly (第二に) [副] in the second place

pursuit (追求) [名] the action of following or pursuing someone or something

第二に、この原理は趣味と追求の自由を要求する。

of framing the plan of our life to suit our own character;

frame (立てる) [動] to put together the parts of

plan (設計) [名] a detailed proposal for doing or achieving something

life (人生) [名] the period of time during which a person is alive

suit (合う) [動] be right or appropriate for

自分の性格に合った人生設計を立てること。

of doing as we like, subject to such consequences as may follow:

do as one likes (自分の好きなように行動する) [動] do what one wants

subject to (従う) [動] be affected by or vulnerable to

自分の好きなように行動し、その結果に従うこと。

without impediment from our fellow-creatures, so long as what we do does not harm them, even though they should think our conduct foolish, perverse, or wrong.

without impediment (妨害を受けることなく) [名] without being prevented or hindered

fellow-creatures (他人) [名] a person or thing that is similar to another

so long as (限り) [接] on the condition that; provided that

harm (害を与える) [動] cause damage to

foolish (愚かな) [形] lacking good sense or judgment

perverse (ひねくれた) [形] deliberately deviating from what is considered right or normal

私たちの行動が他人に害を与えない限り、他人が私たちの行動を愚かで、ひねくれていて、間違っていると思っていても、他人からの妨害を受けることなく。

Thirdly, from this liberty of each individual, follows the liberty, within the same limits, of combination among individuals;

thirdly (第三に) [副] in the third place

combination (結合) [名] the act of combining or the state of being combined

follow (続く) [動] to go after someone or something

第三に、各個人のこの自由から、同じ限界内で、個人間の結合の自由が続く。

freedom to unite, for any purpose not involving harm to others:

unite (団結する) [動] join or combine to form a whole

purpose (目的) [名] the intention to do something

harm (害) [名] physical or mental damage or injury

他人に害を与えない目的であれば、団結する自由。

the persons combining being supposed to be of full age, and not forced or deceived.

combine (団結する) [動] join or merge

full age (成人) [名] the age at which a person is considered to be an adult

force (強制する) [動] make someone do something against their will

deceive (騙す) [動] cause someone to believe something that is not true

団結する人は成人であり、強制されたり騙されたりしていないと仮定される。

No society in which these liberties are not, on the whole, respected, is free, whatever may be its form of government;

これらの自由が全体として尊重されていない社会は、その統治形態がどうであれ、自由ではない。

and none is completely free in which they do not exist absolute and unqualified.

none (どれも~ない) [代] not one; not any

completely (完全に) [副] totally; absolutely

unqualified (無条件の) [形] not limited or restricted in any way

そして、それらが絶対的かつ無条件に存在しない社会は、完全に自由ではない。

The only freedom which deserves the name, is that of pursuing our own good in our own way, so long as we do not attempt to deprive others of theirs, or impede their efforts to obtain it.

deserve (値する) [動] be worthy of

name (名) [名] a word or set of words using which a person is referred to

pursue (追求する) [動] follow or chase after

deprive (奪う) [動] take away or withhold something from

自由の名に値する唯一の自由は、他人の自由を奪ったり、他人が自由を得ようとする努力を妨害したりしない限り、自分のやり方で自分の利益を追求する自由である。

Each is the proper guardian of his own health, whether bodily, or mental and spiritual.

guardian (守護者) [名] a person who looks after someone or something

health (健康) [名] the condition of being sound in body, mind, or spirit; freedom from physical disease or pain

bodily (身体的) [形] of or relating to a person's body

mental (精神的) [形] of or relating to the mind

spiritual (霊的) [形] of, relating to, or affecting the human spirit or soul as opposed to material or physical things

身体的、精神的、霊的を問わず、各自が自分の健康の適切な守護者である。

Mankind are greater gainers by suffering each other to live as seems good to themselves, than by compelling each to live as seems good to the rest.

suffer (許容する) [動] allow or admit

each other (お互い) [代] used to express a reciprocal relationship between two or more people

live (生きる) [動] be alive

人類は、各自が他の人々にとって良いと思われるように生きることを強制するよりも、各自が自分にとって良いと思われるように生きることを許容することによって、より大きな利益を得る。

Though this doctrine is anything but new, and, to some persons, may have the air of a truism, there is no doctrine which stands more directly opposed to the general tendency of existing opinion and practice.

truism (自明のこと) [名] a statement that is so obviously true that it is hardly worth mentioning

この教義は決して新しいものではなく、一部の人にとっては自明のことのように思われるかもしれないが、現存する意見や慣習の一般的な傾向にこれほど直接的に反対する教義はない。

Society has expended fully as much effort in the attempt (according to its lights) to compel people to conform to its notions of personal, as of social excellence.

expend (費やす) [動] spend or use up

conform (従う) [動] comply with rules, standards, or laws

excellence (卓越性) [名] the quality of being outstanding or extremely good

社会は、人々を社会的卓越性と同様に個人的な卓越性に関する概念に従わせるように強制する試みに、(その光に従って)十分な努力を費やしてきた。

The ancient commonwealths thought themselves entitled to practise, and the ancient philosophers countenanced, the regulation of every part of private conduct by public authority, on the ground that the State had a deep interest in the whole bodily and mental discipline of every one of its citizens;

commonwealth (共和国) [名] a state in which the supreme power is held by the people

practise (実施する) [動] perform or work at, especially as a profession

countenance (容認する) [動] to allow or accept

private conduct (私的行為) [名] the way in which a person behaves in their personal life

State (国家) [名] a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory

citizen (市民) [名] a person who lives in a particular city, town, or country

discipline (訓練) [名] the practice of training people to obey rules or a code of behaviour

古代の共和国は、国家が市民一人一人の身体的・精神的訓練全体に深い関心を持っているという理由で、公権力による私的行為のあらゆる部分の規制を実施する権利があると考え、古代の哲学者たちはそれを容認していた。

a mode of thinking which may have been admissible in small republics surrounded by powerful enemies, in constant peril of being subverted by foreign attack or internal commotion, and to which even a short interval of relaxed energy and self-command might so easily be fatal, that they could not afford to wait for the salutary permanent effects of freedom.

mode of thinking (考え方) [名] a way of thinking

admissible (許容できる) [形] able to be allowed or accepted

small republic (小共和国) [名] a small country that is governed by a president

powerful enemy (強力な敵) [名] an enemy that is strong

constant peril (絶えず危険) [名] a danger that is always present

foreign attack (外国からの攻撃) [名] an attack from another country

internal commotion (内部の騒動) [名] a disturbance or disorder within a country

short interval (短時間) [名] a brief period of time

relaxed energy (緩んだエネルギー) [名] energy that is not being used

self-command (自制心) [名] the ability to control oneself

easily (簡単に) [副] without difficulty

fatal (致命的) [形] causing death

afford to wait (待つ余裕) [動] to be able to wait

salutary permanent effects (有益な永続的効果) [名] the beneficial long-term effects

強力な敵に囲まれ、外国からの攻撃や内部の騒動によって転覆される危険に常にさらされている小共和国では、許容できる考え方だったかもしれないが、短時間でもエネルギーや自制心が緩むと簡単に致命傷を負いかねず、自由の有益な永続的効果を待つ余裕がなかった。

In the modern world, the greater size of political communities, and above all, the separation between spiritual and temporal authority (which placed the direction of men's consciences in other hands than those which controlled their worldly affairs), prevented so great an interference by law in the details of private life;

modern world (現代) [名] the time period from the end of the Middle Ages to the present

political community (政治共同体) [名] a group of people who live in the same place and are governed by the same laws

size (規模) [名] the extent or magnitude of something

above all (何よりも) [副] more than anything else

separation (分離) [名] the action of dividing or being divided

spiritual (精神的) [形] relating to or affecting the human spirit or soul as opposed to material or physical things

worldly (世俗的) [形] relating to this world; secular

affair (事柄) [名] a matter or concern

private life (私生活) [名] the part of a person's life that is not connected with their work or public duties

現代では、政治共同体の規模が大きくなり、何よりも精神的権威と世俗的権威の分離(人間の良心の方向性を世俗的な事柄を支配する者とは別の者の手に委ねた)によって、私生活の細部に法律が干渉することがあまりなくなった。

but the engines of moral repression have been wielded more strenuously against divergence from the reigning opinion in self-regarding, than even in social matters;

engine (エンジン) [名] a machine that provides power for a vehicle or other machine

repression (抑圧) [名] the action of subduing someone or something by force

wield (振るう) [動] hold and use (a weapon or tool)

divergence (逸脱) [名] the process or state of diverging

reigning (支配的な) [形] having supreme power or authority

しかし、道徳的抑圧のエンジンは、社会的事柄よりも、自己に関する支配的な意見からの逸脱に対してより精力的に振るわれてきた。

religion, the most powerful of the elements which have entered into the formation of moral feeling, having almost always been governed either by the ambition of a hierarchy, seeking control over every department of human conduct, or by the spirit of Puritanism.

religion (宗教) [名] the belief in and worship of a god or gods

element (要素) [名] a part or aspect of something abstract

almost always (ほとんど常に) [副] very frequently

ambition (野心) [名] a strong desire to achieve something

hierarchy (階層) [名] a system or organization in which people or things are arranged in order of importance

seek (求める) [動] try to obtain or achieve

Puritanism (ピューリタニズム) [名] the beliefs and practices of Puritans

道徳的感情の形成に加わった要素の中で最も強力な宗教は、ほとんど常に、人間の行動のあらゆる部門を支配しようとする階層の野心か、ピューリタニズムの精神によって支配されてきた。

And some of those modern reformers who have placed themselves in strongest opposition to the religions of the past, have been noway behind either churches or sects in their assertion of the right of spiritual domination:

place oneself in (身を置く) [動] to put oneself in a situation or position

opposition (反対) [名] the action of opposing something

past (過去) [名] the time before the present

modern (現代の) [形] of or relating to the present time

reformer (改革者) [名] a person who brings about a change

domination (支配) [名] the exercise of power or authority

そして、過去の宗教に最も強く反対してきた現代の改革者の中には、精神的支配権を主張する点で、教会や宗派に決して遅れをとっていない者もいる。

M. Comte, in particular, whose social system, as unfolded in his Traité de Politique Positive, aims at establishing (though by moral more than by legal appliances) a despotism of society over the individual, surpassing anything contemplated in the political ideal of the most rigid disciplinarian among the ancient philosophers.

M. Comte (コント氏) [名] Auguste Comte, a French philosopher

social system (社会システム) [名] the set of social institutions and their relations to each other

Traité de Politique Positive (実証政治論) [名] a book by Auguste Comte

aim at (を目指す) [動] to have as a purpose or intention

establishing (確立) [動] to make or form something

surpassing (凌駕する) [動] to be greater or better than

political ideal (政治的理想) [名] a perfect or ideal state of government

disciplinarian (規律主義者) [名] a person who believes in or practices firm discipline

ancient philosophers (古代哲学者) [名] a philosopher who lived in ancient times

特に、コント氏の社会システムは、彼の「実証政治論」で展開されているように、古代哲学者の中で最も厳格な規律主義者の政治的理想に想定されているものを凌駕する、個人に対する社会の専制政治の確立(法的手段よりも道徳的手段による)を目指している。

Apart from the peculiar tenets of individual thinkers, there is also in the world at large an increasing inclination to stretch unduly the powers of society over the individual, both by the force of opinion and even by that of legislation: and as the tendency of all the changes taking place in the world is to strengthen society, and diminish the power of the individual, this encroachment is not one of the evils which tend spontaneously to disappear, but, on the contrary, to grow more and more formidable.

apart from (とは別に) [前] not including; other than

individual (個々の) [形] single; separate

peculiar (独特の) [形] strange; unusual

tenet (信条) [名] a principle or belief that is generally accepted as true

at large (一般に) [副] in general; as a whole

stretch (拡大する) [動] to extend or reach out

unduly (過度に) [副] to an excessive degree; too much

legislation (立法) [名] the process of making or enacting laws

strengthen (強化する) [動] to make or become stronger

diminish (弱める) [動] to make or become smaller or less

spontaneously (自然に) [副] in a natural or unplanned way

disappear (消滅する) [動] to cease to exist or be visible

contrary (逆に) [形] opposite in nature, direction, or meaning

個々の思想家の独特の信条とは別に、世間一般にも、世論の力によっても、立法の力によっても、個人に対する社会の力を過度に拡大しようとする傾向が強まっている。そして、世界で起こっているすべての変化の傾向は、社会を強化し、個人の力を弱めることであるため、この侵害は、自然に消滅する傾向にある悪の一つではなく、逆に、ますます恐ろしいものになる。

The disposition of mankind, whether as rulers or as fellow-citizens to impose their own opinions and inclinations as a rule of conduct on others, is so energetically supported by some of the best and by some of the worst feelings incident to human nature, that it is hardly ever kept under restraint by anything but want of power;

disposition (気質) [名] a person's inherent qualities of mind and character

fellow-citizen (同胞) [名] a person who is a citizen of the same country as another

rule of conduct (行動規範) [名] a rule or principle governing behavior

energetically (強力に) [副] in a forceful, vigorous, or determined manner

best (最良) [形] of the most excellent or desirable type or quality

worst (最悪) [形] of the poorest quality or the most unpleasant type

incident (内在する) [形] likely to happen or occur

human nature (人間性) [名] the general psychological characteristics, feelings, and behavioral traits of humankind, regarded as shared by all humans

hardly ever (ほとんどない) [副] almost never

want of power (権力の欠如) [名] a lack of power or authority

支配者としてであれ、同胞としてであれ、自分の意見や傾向を他人の行動規範として押し付けようとする人間の気質は、人間性に内在する最良の感情と最悪の感情の一部によって非常に強力に支えられているため、権力の欠如以外に抑制されることはほとんどない。

and as the power is not declining, but growing, unless a strong barrier of moral conviction can be raised against the mischief, we must expect, in the present circumstances of the world, to see it increase.

decline (衰退する) [動] become smaller, fewer, or less

grow (増大する) [動] become larger or greater over a period of time

barrier (障壁) [名] something that prevents or hinders

mischief (悪意) [名] behavior that is intended to cause trouble

expect (覚悟する) [動] regard as likely to happen

increase (増大する) [動] become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree

そして、権力が衰退するのではなく、増大しているので、道徳的信念の強い障壁を悪意に対して築くことができなければ、世界の現状では、それが増大するのを目にすることを覚悟しなければならない。

It will be convenient for the argument, if, instead of at once entering upon the general thesis, we confine ourselves in the first instance to a single branch of it, on which the principle here stated is, if not fully, yet to a certain point, recognised by the current opinions.

convenient (便利な) [形] easy to use or deal with

general thesis (一般論) [名] a general statement or proposition

first instance (最初) [名] the first occurrence of something

single branch (一分野) [名] a single part of a larger group

fully (完全に) [副] to the greatest extent or degree

certain point (ある程度) [名] a particular place, time, or situation

current opinion (現在の世論) [名] the opinion of the majority of people at a particular time

議論のためには、すぐに一般論に入るのではなく、まず最初に、ここで述べられている原則が、完全にではないにしても、ある程度までは、現在の世論に認められている、その一分野に限定しておく方が便利だろう。

This one branch is the Liberty of Thought: from which it is impossible to separate the cognate liberty of speaking and of writing.

branch (分野) [名] a subdivision of a main body

Liberty of Thought (思想の自由) [名] the freedom to think and express one's thoughts

separate (切り離す) [動] to make or keep apart

cognate (同類) [形] having the same linguistic derivation

この一分野とは思想の自由であり、そこからは、話すことと書くことの同類の自由を切り離すことはできない。

Although these liberties, to some considerable amount, form part of the political morality of all countries which profess religious toleration and free institutions, the grounds, both philosophical and practical, on which they rest, are perhaps not so familiar to the general mind, nor so thoroughly appreciated by many even of the leaders of opinion, as might have been expected.

form (形成する) [動] to make or shape something

profess (標榜する) [動] to claim to have a quality or skill that you do not really have

ground (根拠) [名] a reason or cause for something

rest (依拠する) [動] to be based on or supported by

familiar (馴染みがある) [形] well known or easily recognized

appreciate (理解する) [動] to recognize the full worth of

leader (指導者) [名] the person who leads or commands a group, organization, or country

expect (予想する) [動] to regard something as likely to happen or be the case

これらの自由は、かなりの程度まで、宗教的寛容と自由な制度を標榜するすべての国の政治道徳の一部を形成しているが、それらが依拠している哲学的、実践的根拠は、おそらく一般の人々にはあまり馴染みがなく、また、予想されていたように、世論の指導者の多くにさえ十分に理解されていない。

Those grounds, when rightly understood, are of much wider application than to only one division of the subject, and a thorough consideration of this part of the question will be found the best introduction to the remainder.

rightly (正しく) [副] in a just, good, or proper manner

understand (理解する) [動] perceive the intended meaning of words, language, or a speaker

application (適用) [名] the act of putting something into operation

division (一部) [名] the action of separating something into parts, or the state of being divided

consideration (考察) [名] careful thought, especially about the possible effects of an action

remainder (残り) [名] the part that is left over after other parts have been removed

これらの根拠は、正しく理解されれば、主題の一部にのみ適用されるよりもはるかに広く適用されるものであり、問題のこの部分を徹底的に考察することが、残りの部分への最良の導入となるだろう。

Those to whom nothing which I am about to say will be new, may therefore, I hope, excuse me, if on a subject which for now three centuries has been so often discussed, I venture on one discussion more.

be about to (しようとしている) [助] be on the point of doing something

excuse (許す) [動] to forgive someone for something

for now (今のところ) [副] at the present time; now

three centuries (三世紀) [名] a period of 300 years

so often (何度も) [副] many times

discussed (議論された) [動] to talk about something with another person or group of people

venture (試みる) [動] to do something new, dangerous, or exciting

私がこれから述べることは、何も目新しいことではないだろうが、三世紀にもわたって何度も議論されてきたこの問題について、もう一度議論を試みることを許してもらえるだろう。

CHAPTER II: OF THE LIBERTY OF THOUGHT AND DISCUSSION.

CHAPTER II (第二章) [名] the second chapter

第二章: 思想と議論の自由について

The time, it is to be hoped, is gone by, when any defence would be necessary of the “liberty of the press” as one of the securities against corrupt or tyrannical government.

hope (期待する) [動] want something to happen or be the case

be gone by (過ぎ去る) [動] pass by

press (出版) [名] newspapers and magazines considered collectively

corrupt (腐敗した) [形] having or showing a willingness to act dishonestly in return for money or personal gain

tyrannical (暴政) [形] exercising power in a cruel or arbitrary way

腐敗した政府や暴政に対する保障の一つとして「出版の自由」を擁護する必要があった時代は、もう過ぎ去ったと期待したい。

No argument, we may suppose, can now be needed, against permitting a legislature or an executive, not identified in interest with the people, to prescribe opinions to them, and determine what doctrines or what arguments they shall be allowed to hear.

legislature (立法府) [名] the legislative branch of a government

executive (行政府) [名] the branch of government that is responsible for carrying out the laws

people (国民) [名] the inhabitants of a country or area

prescribe (押し付ける) [動] to lay down or impose authoritatively

国民の利益を代表していない立法府や行政府が、国民に意見を押し付けたり、どのような教義や議論を聞くことができるかを決定することを許すことに反対する議論は、今や必要ないと考えられるかもしれない。

This aspect of the question, besides, has been so often and so triumphantly enforced by preceding writers, that it need not be specially insisted on in this place.

aspect (側面) [名] a particular part or feature of something

besides (その上) [副] as well as; also; in addition to

so often (あまりにも頻繁に) [副] very often

so triumphantly (あまりにも勝ち誇ったように) [副] in a triumphant manner

enforced (強調されてきた) [動] to make or cause to be done

preceding (先行する) [形] coming before in time

writers (著者たち) [名] a person who has written something

need not (する必要はない) [助] not have to

specially (特別に) [副] in a special way

insisted (主張する必要はない) [動] to demand or assert something forcefully

その上、この問題のこの側面は、先行する著者たちによってあまりにも頻繁に、そしてあまりにも勝ち誇ったように強調されてきたので、この場所で特別に主張する必要はない。

Though the law of England, on the subject of the press, is as servile to this day as it was in the time of the Tudors, there is little danger of its being actually put in force against political discussion, except during some temporary panic, when fear of insurrection drives ministers and judges from their propriety;

Tudors (チューダー朝) [名] the royal house of England from 1485 to 1603

today (今日) [名] the present day

danger (危険) [名] the possibility of something bad happening

actually (実際に) [副] in fact

put in force (施行される) [動] to make something start to be used or obeyed

panic (パニック) [名] a sudden uncontrollable anxiety

insurrection (反乱) [名] a violent uprising against an authority or government

drive (遠ざける) [動] to cause someone or something to move in a specified way

minister (大臣) [名] a person appointed by a state leader to head a ministry

judge (裁判官) [名] a public official who decides cases in a court of law

出版に関するイギリスの法律は、今日でもチューダー朝の時代と同じように卑屈なものだが、反乱の恐怖が大臣や裁判官を正気から遠ざける一時的なパニックの時期を除いて、政治的議論に対して実際に施行される危険はほとんどない。

and, speaking generally, it is not, in constitutional countries, to be apprehended that the government, whether completely responsible to the people or not, will often attempt to control the expression of opinion, except when in doing so it makes itself the organ of the general intolerance of the public.

responsible (責任を負っている) [形] having a duty to deal with something or having control over someone

control (統制する) [動] to have power over someone or something

そして、一般的に言えば、立憲主義の国では、政府が国民に対して完全に責任を負っているかどうかにかかわらず、政府が国民の一般的な不寛容の機関となる場合を除いて、政府がしばしば意見表明を統制しようとすることは考えられない。

Let us suppose, therefore, that the government is entirely at one with the people, and never thinks of exerting any power of coercion unless in agreement with what it conceives to be their voice.

suppose (仮定する) [動] assume that something is the case on the basis of evidence or probability but without proof or certain knowledge

entirely (完全に) [副] completely; totally

think of (考える) [動] direct one's mind toward someone or something; use one's mind actively to form connected ideas

exert (行使する) [動] apply or bring to bear

したがって、政府は国民と完全に一体であり、国民の声と考えるものに同意しない限り、いかなる強制力も行使しようとはしないと仮定しよう。

But I deny the right of the people to exercise such coercion, either by themselves or by their government.

しかし、私は、人々が自らまたは政府によってそのような強制を行使する権利を否定する。

The power itself is illegitimate.

その権力自体が非合法である。

The best government has no more title to it than the worst.

no more (同じ) [限] not any more

title (権利) [名] a right to or claim on something

最良の政府も最悪の政府も、それに対する権利は同じである。

It is as noxious, or more noxious, when exerted in accordance with public opinion, than when in or opposition to it.

世論に従って行使される場合、世論に反対する場合よりも有害である。

If all mankind minus one, were of one opinion, and only one person were of the contrary opinion, mankind would be no more justified in silencing that one person, than he, if he had the power, would be justified in silencing mankind.

minus (除く) [前] with the subtraction of

contrary (反対) [形] opposite in nature or character

silence (黙らせる) [動] make or become silent

一人を除く全人類が同じ意見で、一人だけが反対意見だったとしても、人類がその一人を黙らせることは、その一人が権力を持っていたとして人類を黙らせることが正当化されるのと同じくらい正当化されない。

Were an opinion a personal possession of no value except to the owner;

personal (個人の) [形] of or concerning one's private life, relationships, and emotions rather than matters connected with one's public or professional career

value (価値) [名] the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something

owner (所有者) [名] a person who owns something

意見が所有者以外には価値のない個人の所有物であるならば、

if to be obstructed in the enjoyment of it were simply a private injury, it would make some difference whether the injury was inflicted only on a few persons or on many.

be obstructed (妨害される) [動] be blocked or hindered

enjoyment (享受) [名] the state or process of taking delight or pleasure in something

simply (単に) [副] in a simple manner

inflicted (与えられる) [動] cause (something unpleasant or painful) to be suffered by someone or something

few (少数の) [形] a small number of

その享受を妨害されることが単に私的な損害であるならば、その損害が少数の人にのみ与えられるのか、多くの人に与えられるのかには、多少の違いがあるだろう。

But the peculiar evil of silencing the expression of an opinion is, that it is robbing the human race;

expression (表明) [名] the action of making known one's thoughts or feelings

rob (奪う) [動] take something away from someone by force

human race (人類) [名] all human beings

しかし、意見の表明を黙らせることの独特の悪は、それが人類を奪っていることである。

posterity as well as the existing generation;

posterity (後世) [名] all future generations

existing (現存する) [形] in existence; real

後世も現存する世代もである。

those who dissent from the opinion, still more than those who hold it.

dissent (反対する) [動] disagree with a decision or opinion

hold (支持する) [動] to have or keep in one's possession

その意見に反対する人々は、それを支持する人々よりもさらに多い。

If the opinion is right, they are deprived of the opportunity of exchanging error for truth: if wrong, they lose, what is almost as great a benefit, the clearer perception and livelier impression of truth, produced by its collision with error.

opportunity (機会) [名] a time or set of circumstances that makes it possible to do something

exchange (交換する) [動] give and receive (something) in return for something else

error (誤り) [名] a mistake

truth (真実) [名] the quality or state of being true

clearer (より明確な) [形] more easy to understand

perception (認識) [名] the ability to see, hear, or become aware of something through the senses

livelier (より生き生きとした) [形] more lively

impression (印象) [名] an idea, feeling, or opinion about something or someone, especially one formed without conscious thought or on the basis of little evidence

その意見が正しければ、彼らは誤りを真実と交換する機会を奪われる。間違っていれば、彼らは、真実と誤りの衝突によって生み出される、真実のより明確な認識とより生き生きとした印象という、ほとんど同じくらい大きな利益を失う。

It is necessary to consider separately these two hypotheses, each of which has a distinct branch of the argument corresponding to it.

separately (別々に) [副] not together

hypothesis (仮説) [名] a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation

branch (分岐) [名] a division or subdivision of something

これらの2つの仮説を別々に検討する必要があり、それぞれに対応する議論の異なる分岐がある。

We can never be sure that the opinion we are endeavouring to stifle is a false opinion;

stifle (抑圧する) [動] prevent the development, growth, or spread of

false (誤った) [形] not true or correct

私たちが抑圧しようとしている意見が誤った意見であるとは決して確信できない。

and if we were sure, stifling it would be an evil still.

be sure (確信する) [動] to be certain about something

そして、もし確信していたとしても、それを抑圧することは依然として悪である。

First: the opinion which it is attempted to suppress by authority may possibly be true.

suppress (抑圧する) [動] forcibly put an end to

第一に、権力によって抑圧しようとしている意見は、おそらく真実である。

Those who desire to suppress it, of course deny its truth;

それを抑圧したい人は、もちろんその真実を否定する。

but they are not infallible.

but (しかし) [接] on the contrary; rather

not (わけではない) [副] a word that is used to say that something is not true or does not exist

infallible (絶対に正しい) [形] incapable of making mistakes or being wrong

しかし、彼らは絶対に正しいわけではない。

They have no authority to decide the question for all mankind, and exclude every other person from the means of judging.

exclude (排除する) [動] shut or keep out

judging (判断) [名] the ability to make considered decisions or come to sensible conclusions

彼らには、すべての人類のために問題を決定し、他のすべての人を判断の手段から排除する権限はない。

To refuse a hearing to an opinion, because they are sure that it is false, is to assume that their certainty is the same thing as absolute certainty.

refuse (拒否する) [動] express unwillingness to do or accept something

hearing (聴取) [名] the ability to hear

certainty (確信) [名] the state of being certain

意見を聞くことを拒否することは、彼らがそれが間違っていると確信しているからであり、彼らの確信が絶対的な確信と同じであると仮定することだ。

All silencing of discussion is an assumption of infallibility.

assumption (仮定) [名] a thing that is accepted as true or as certain to happen, without proof

infallibility (絶対に正しい) [名] the quality of being infallible; the inability to be wrong

議論を沈黙させることはすべて、絶対に正しいという仮定である。

Its condemnation may be allowed to rest on this common argument, not the worse for being common.

condemnation (非難) [名] the expression of very strong disapproval

rest (委ねる) [動] be based on

common (一般的) [形] happening, done, or used often; ordinary

その非難は、この一般的な議論に委ねられるかもしれないが、一般的であることが悪いわけではない。

Unfortunately for the good sense of mankind, the fact of their fallibility is far from carrying the weight in their practical judgment, which is always allowed to it in theory;

Unfortunately (不幸なことに) [副] in an unlucky way

good sense (良識) [名] the ability to make sensible decisions

fallibility (誤謬の可能性) [名] the liability to be mistaken or erroneous

fact (事実) [名] something that is known or proved to be true

carry the weight (重みを担う) [動] to be the most important part of something

practical judgment (実践的判断) [名] the ability to make good decisions based on experience and knowledge

always (常に) [副] at all times; on all occasions

人類の良識にとって不幸なことに、彼らの誤謬の可能性という事実は、理論上は常に許されている彼らの実践的判断において、重みを担うには程遠い。

for while every one well knows himself to be fallible, few think it necessary to take any precautions against their own fallibility, or admit the supposition that any opinion, of which they feel very certain, may be one of the examples of the error to which they acknowledge themselves to be liable.

for (なぜなら) [接] because

while (一方で) [接] at the same time that

well (よく) [副] to a high standard

know (知っている) [動] be aware of

oneself (自分) [名] a person's own self

be fallible (誤りうる) [動] capable of making a mistake

take (講じる) [動] carry out

any (いずれかの) [限] one, some, or all indiscriminately of whatever quantity

one's own (自分の) [限] belonging to or connected with the person or thing mentioned

fallibility (誤り) [名] the liability to err

or (または) [接] used to connect alternatives

the (その) [限] used to point forward to a following qualifying or defining clause or phrase

supposition (仮定) [名] an uncertain belief

that (という) [接] used to introduce a statement or hypothesis

of (の) [前] used to indicate a particular thing previously mentioned

they (彼ら) [代] used to refer to two or more people or things previously mentioned or easily identified

very (非常に) [副] to a great degree

certain (確信している) [形] having or showing confidence and certainty

be (である) [動] exist or occur

to (に対して) [前] in opposition to

themselves (自分) [代] a person's own self

to (に) [前] used to indicate a destination

誰もが自分は誤りうることをよく知っているが、自分の誤りに対して予防策を講じる必要があると考えたり、自分が非常に確信している意見が、自分が犯しやすいと認めている誤りの一例であるかもしれないという仮定を認める人はほとんどいない。

Absolute princes, or others who are accustomed to unlimited deference, usually feel this complete confidence in their own opinions on nearly all subjects.

unlimited (無制限の) [形] without any limit

deference (敬意) [名] a way of behaving that shows that you respect someone or something

usually (通常) [副] under normal conditions

confidence (自信) [名] a feeling or belief that you can do something well or succeed at something

絶対君主や無制限の敬意に慣れている人は、通常、ほとんどすべての主題について自分の意見にこの完全な自信を感じている。

People more happily situated, who sometimes hear their opinions disputed, and are not wholly unused to be set right when they are wrong, place the same unbounded reliance only on such of their opinions as are shared by all who surround them, or to whom they habitually defer: for in proportion to a man's want of confidence in his own solitary judgment, does he usually repose, with implicit trust, on the infallibility of “the world” in general.

more happily situated (より幸運な立場にある) [形] in a more fortunate position

sometimes (時々) [副] occasionally, at times

hear (耳にする) [動] perceive with the ear

disputed (論争になっている) [形] argued about

wholly (全く) [副] completely, entirely

unused (慣れていない) [形] not used or experienced before

set right (正される) [動] to correct or make right

unbounded (無制限の) [形] having no limits or boundaries

reliance (信頼) [名] dependence on or trust in someone or something

surround (取り巻く) [動] to be around something on all sides

defer (従う) [動] to give in to the wishes or opinions of someone else

want (欠如) [名] a lack or deficiency of something

solitary (孤独な) [形] done or existing alone

proportion (比例) [名] a relationship in which one quantity is equal to a fraction of another

trust (信頼) [名] a firm belief in the reliability, truth, or ability of someone or something

repose (休息) [動] to lie or be at rest

より幸運な立場にある人々は、自分の意見が論争になっているのを耳にしたり、間違っているときに正されることに全く慣れていないわけではないが、自分を取り巻くすべての人や、自分が習慣的に従っている人が共有している意見だけに、同じように無制限の信頼を置いている。なぜなら、人は自分の孤独な判断に自信がないほど、一般に「世界」の絶対性に暗黙の信頼を置いて休息するからである。

And the world, to each individual, means the part of it with which he comes in contact;

come in contact (接触する) [動] to be in direct physical connection with something

そして、世界とは、各個人にとって、自分が接触する部分を意味する。

his party, his sect, his church, his class of society:

彼の党、彼の宗派、彼の教会、彼の社会階級である。

the man may be called, by comparison, almost liberal and large-minded to whom it means anything so comprehensive as his own country or his own age.

call (呼ぶ) [動] to give a name to

comparison (比較) [名] the act of comparing two or more things

liberal (リベラル) [形] willing to respect or accept behavior or opinions different from one's own; open to new ideas

large-minded (心が広い) [形] tolerant of the ideas and behavior of others

comprehensive (包括的) [形] covering or including much; inclusive

比較すると、自分の国や自分の年齢のように包括的なものを意味する人は、ほとんどリベラルで心が広いと言えるかもしれない。

Nor is his faith in this collective authority at all shaken by his being aware that other ages, countries, sects, churches, classes, and parties have thought, and even now think, the exact reverse.

faith (信仰) [名] a strong belief in the doctrines of a religion, based on spiritual conviction rather than proof

shake (揺るがない) [動] to move or cause to move up and down or from side to side

party (政党) [名] a political organization that seeks to influence government policy, typically by nominating their own candidates and trying to seat them in political office

reverse (正反対) [名] a complete change of direction, position, or course

また、他の時代、国、宗派、教会、階級、政党が正反対のことを考え、今も考えていることを知っていても、この集団的権威に対する彼の信仰は全く揺るがない。

He devolves upon his own world the responsibility of being in the right against the dissentient worlds of other people;

devolve (委ねる) [動] pass on or delegate to another

dissentient (反対する) [形] disagreeing

彼は、他の人々の反対する世界に対して正しいことをする責任を自分の世界に委ねている。

and it never troubles him that mere accident has decided which of these numerous worlds is the object of his reliance, and that the same causes which make him a Churchman in London, would have made him a Buddhist or a Confucian in Pekin.

mere (単なる) [形] that is the only thing mentioned

accident (偶然) [名] something that happens without anyone planning it

numerous (無数の) [形] very many

Churchman (教会員) [名] a member of a Christian church

London (ロンドン) [名] the capital city of England

Buddhist (仏教徒) [名] a follower of the religion of Buddhism

Confucian (儒教徒) [名] a follower of the religion of Confucianism

Pekin (北京) [名] the capital city of China

そして、単なる偶然がこれらの無数の世界のうちどれが彼の信頼の対象であるかを決定し、彼をロンドンで教会員にしたのと同じ原因が彼を北京で仏教徒や儒教徒にしたであろうことは、彼を悩ますことは決してない。

Yet it is as evident in itself as any amount of argument can make it, that ages are no more infallible than individuals;

evident (明らか) [形] easy to understand or see

しかし、どんなに議論を重ねても、時代は個人と同じように絶対に正しいわけではないことは明らかである。

every age having held many opinions which subsequent ages have deemed not only false but absurd;

every age (どの時代も) [名] all the time that has ever existed

subsequent (その後の) [形] coming after something in time; following

deem (みなす) [動] to regard or consider in a specified way

absurd (不条理) [形] wildly unreasonable, illogical, or inappropriate

どの時代も、その後の時代が誤りであるだけでなく不条理であるとみなした多くの意見を抱いてきた。

and it is as certain that many opinions, now general, will be rejected by future ages, as it is that many, once general, are rejected by the present.

reject (拒絶する) [動] refuse to consider or agree to

そして、現在一般的な多くの意見が未来の時代に拒絶されることは、かつて一般的だった多くの意見が現在に拒絶されることと同じくらい確実である。

The objection likely to be made to this argument, would probably take some such form as the following.

objection (異議) [名] an expression or feeling of disapproval

be likely to (~するであろう) [助] be expected to; be probable to

take (とる) [動] to get into a specified state or condition

この議論に対してなされるであろう異議は、おそらく次のような形をとるだろう。

There is no greater assumption of infallibility in forbidding the propagation of error, than in any other thing which is done by public authority on its own judgment and responsibility.

There is no greater assumption of infallibility in forbidding the propagation of error (誤りの伝播を禁じることにおいて、絶対無謬性を仮定することはできない) [名] the act of preventing the spread of something

own judgment (自らの判断) [名] the ability to make considered decisions or come to sensible conclusions

誤りの伝播を禁じることにおいて、公権力が自らの判断と責任において行う他のいかなることよりも、絶対無謬性を仮定することはできない。

Judgment is given to men that they may use it.

use (行使する) [動] convert to one's own purposes or for one's own ends

判断力は、人がそれを行使するために与えられる。

Because it may be used erroneously, are men to be told that they ought not to use it at all?

be used (行使される) [動] be put into operation or effect

erroneously (誤って) [副] in an incorrect manner

at all (全く) [副] to the slightest extent or degree; in any way; in the least

誤って行使されるかもしれないからといって、人はそれを全く行使するべきではないと言われるのだろうか?

To prohibit what they think pernicious, is not claiming exemption from error, but fulfilling the duty incumbent on them, although fallible, of acting on their conscientious conviction.

prohibit (禁止する) [動] formally or legally forbid

pernicious (有害な) [形] causing great or serious harm

claim (主張する) [動] state or assert that something is the case, typically without providing evidence or proof

exemption (免除) [名] the action of freeing or being freed from an obligation or liability imposed on others

fulfill (果たす) [動] bring to completion or reality

incumbent (課せられた) [形] necessary for (someone) as a duty or responsibility

conscientious (良心的な) [形] (of a person) wishing to do what is right, especially to do one's work or duty well and thoroughly

彼らが有害と考えるものを禁止することは、誤りからの免除を主張することではなく、誤りがあるかもしれないが、彼らの良心的な確信に基づいて行動するという、彼らに課せられた義務を果たすことである。

If we were never to act on our opinions, because those opinions may be wrong, we should leave all our interests uncared for, and all our duties unperformed.

act on (に基づいて行動する) [動] to do something because of something else

leave (ままにする) [動] to go away from a place or person

uncared for (無視する) [形] not receiving enough care or attention

もし私たちが自分の意見に基づいて行動することがなければ、その意見が間違っているかもしれないから、私たちは自分の利益をすべて無視し、義務をすべて果たさないままにすることになる。

An objection which applies to all conduct, can be no valid objection to any conduct in particular.

apply (当てはまる) [動] be relevant or appropriate

valid (有効な) [形] having legal force or effect

すべての行為に当てはまる異議は、特にどの行為に対しても有効な異議とはなり得ない。

It is the duty of governments, and of individuals, to form the truest opinions they can;

政府や個人が、できる限り真実の意見を形成することは義務である。

to form them carefully, and never impose them upon others unless they are quite sure of being right.

carefully (注意深く) [副] taking care to avoid damage or mistakes

unless (~でない限り) [接] except if; only if

quite (かなり) [副] to a certain extent; moderately

sure (確信する) [形] having or showing confidence and certainty

注意深く意見を形成し、正しいと確信が持てない限り、決して他人に押し付けないことである。

But when they are sure (such reasoners may say), it is not conscientiousness but cowardice to shrink from acting on their opinions, and allow doctrines which they honestly think dangerous to the welfare of mankind, either in this life or in another, to be scattered abroad without restraint, because other people, in less enlightened times, have persecuted opinions now believed to be true.

conscientiousness (良心) [名] the quality of being conscientious

cowardice (臆病) [名] lack of courage or determination

shrink from (避ける) [動] to be unwilling to do something

allow (許す) [動] to give permission for something to happen

welfare (福祉) [名] the health, happiness, and fortunes of a person or group

this life (この人生) [名] the present life

abroad (海外) [副] in or to a foreign country or countries

enlightened (啓蒙された) [形] having or showing a rational, modern, and well-informed outlook

persecute (迫害する) [動] to treat someone or something in a cruel or harmful way, especially because of their race, religion, sex, or political beliefs

true (真実) [形] in accordance with fact or reality

しかし、彼らが確信しているとき(そのような推論者は言うかもしれない)、彼らの意見に基づいて行動することを避け、彼らが正直に人類の福祉に危険であると考える教義を、この人生でも別の人生でも、制約なく海外に散らばらせることは、良心ではなく臆病である、なぜなら、他の人々は、あまり啓蒙されていない時代に、現在真実であると信じられている意見を迫害してきたからである。

Let us take care, it may be said, not to make the same mistake: but governments and nations have made mistakes in other things, which are not denied to be fit subjects for the exercise of authority: they have laid on bad taxes, made unjust wars.

take care (気を付ける) [動] be careful or cautious

make a mistake (過ちを犯す) [動] do something wrong

lay on (かける) [動] put something on top of something else

unjust (不当な) [形] not just or fair

war (戦争) [名] a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state

同じ過ちを犯さないように気をつけよう、と言われるかもしれないが、政府や国家は、権力の行使に適した対象であることは否定できない他の事柄で過ちを犯してきた。彼らは不当な税金をかけ、不当な戦争をしてきた。

Ought we therefore to lay on no taxes, and, under whatever provocation, make no wars?

ought (べき) [助] should

lay on (課す) [動] to put or place on

tax (税金) [名] a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions

provocation (挑発) [名] the action of provoking someone or something

だからといって、私たちは税金を課さず、どんな挑発を受けても戦争をしないべきだろうか?

Men, and governments, must act to the best of their ability.

ability (能力) [名] the power or capacity to perform or achieve something

人間も政府も、能力の限りを尽くして行動しなければならない。

There is no such thing as absolute certainty, but there is assurance sufficient for the purposes of human life.

absolute certainty (絶対的な確実性) [名] the state of being absolutely certain

human life (人間の生活) [名] the life of a human being

絶対的な確実性というものはないが、人間の生活の目的のためには十分な確実性がある。

We may, and must, assume our opinion to be true for the guidance of our own conduct: and it is assuming no more when we forbid bad men to pervert society by the propagation of opinions which we regard as false and pernicious.

assume (仮定する) [動] suppose to be the case, without proof

guidance (指針) [名] advice or information intended to resolve a problem or difficulty, especially as given by someone in authority

forbid (禁じる) [動] order (someone) not to do something

pervert (堕落させる) [動] cause to change from good to bad

false (偽り) [形] not according with truth or fact; incorrect

私たちは、自分の行動の指針とするために、自分の意見が正しいと仮定することができるし、またそうしなければならない。そして、私たちが偽りであり有害であると考える意見を広めることで、悪人が社会を堕落させることを禁じる時、それはもはや仮定ではない。

I answer that it is assuming very much more.

answer (答える) [動] say or write something to reply to a question, letter, or criticism

私は、それはもっと多くのことを仮定していると答える。

There is the greatest difference between presuming an opinion to be true, because, with every opportunity for contesting it, it has not been refuted, and assuming its truth for the purpose of not permitting its refutation.

presume (推定する) [動] suppose that something is the case on the basis of probability

contest (異議を唱える) [動] compete for or attempt to win

refute (反駁する) [動] prove or show to be false or erroneous

ある意見が真実であると推定すること、つまり、その意見に異議を唱える機会があるにもかかわらず、それが反駁されていないから真実であると推定すること、と、その意見の反駁を許さないためにその真実性を仮定することの間には、最大の違いがある。

Complete liberty of contradicting and disproving our opinion, is the very condition which justifies us in assuming its truth for purposes of action;

complete liberty (完全な自由) [名] the power or scope to act as one pleases

contradict (反論する) [動] deny the truth of (a statement) by asserting the opposite

disprove (反証する) [動] prove to be false or erroneous

私たちの意見に反論し、反証する完全な自由は、行動の目的のためにその真実性を仮定することを正当化するまさにその条件である。

and on no other terms can a being with human faculties have any rational assurance of being right.

on no other terms (他のいかなる条件においても) [句] under no other circumstances

human (人間の) [形] of or relating to humankind

rational (合理的な) [形] based on or acting on reason or logic

assurance (保証) [名] a positive declaration intended to give confidence; a promise

そして、他のいかなる条件においても、人間の能力を持つ存在は、正しいことの合理的な保証を得ることはできない。

When we consider either the history of opinion, or the ordinary conduct of human life, to what is it to be ascribed that the one and the other are no worse than they are?

ordinary (通常の) [形] with no special or distinctive features; normal or commonplace

worse (より悪い) [形] of poorer quality or a lower standard; less good or desirable

ascribe (起因する) [動] regard something as being caused by (someone or something)

私たちが意見の歴史や人間の生活の通常の行為を考えるとき、どちらもそれ以上悪くないのは、何に起因するのだろうか?

Not certainly to the inherent force of the human understanding;

certainly (確かに) [副] without doubt

inherent (固有の) [形] belonging to a person or thing as a permanent and inseparable quality

understanding (理解力) [名] the ability to understand something

確かに人間の理解力の固有の力ではない。

for, on any matter not self-evident, there are ninety-nine persons totally incapable of judging of it, for one who is capable;

on (について) [前] about

ninety-nine (九十九) [数] the number 99

totally (全く) [副] completely

incapable (できない) [形] unable to do something

who (人) [代] that which; the person that

is (いる) [動] exist

capable (できる) [形] having the ability to do something

なぜなら、自明でない事柄については、それを判断できる人が一人いるに対して、全く判断できない人が九十九人いるからである。

and the capacity of the hundredth person is only comparative;

hundredth (百人目) [形] coming after ninety-nine others in a series

comparative (比較的) [形] involving or making a comparison

そして、百人目の人の能力は比較的なものである。

for the majority of the eminent men of every past generation held many opinions now known to be erroneous, and did or approved numerous things which no one will now justify.

majority (大多数) [名] the greater part or number

eminent (著名な) [形] well-known and respected

hold (持つ) [動] have or possess

now (現在) [副] at the present time

know (知る) [動] be aware of through observation, inquiry, or information

erroneous (誤った) [形] wrong; incorrect

approve (承認する) [動] officially agree to or accept something

numerous (多くの) [形] great in number; many

過去のあらゆる世代の著名人の大多数は、現在では誤りであることが判明している多くの意見を持ち、現在では誰も正当化できない多くのことを行ったり、承認したりしたからである。

Why is it, then, that there is on the whole a preponderance among mankind of rational opinions and rational conduct?

preponderance (優勢) [名] a superiority in weight, power, importance, or strength

では、なぜ人類の間には全体として合理的な意見や合理的な行動が優勢なのだろうか。

If there really is this preponderance—which there must be, unless human affairs are, and have always been, in an almost desperate state—it is owing to a quality of the human mind, the source of everything respectable in man either as an intellectual or as a moral being, namely, that his errors are corrigible.

there must be (あるに違いない) [動] be certain or inevitable

human affairs (人間の営み) [名] the activities of human beings

desperate (絶望的な) [形] having lost all hope

quality (性質) [名] the standard of something as measured against other things of a similar kind; the degree of excellence of something

human mind (人間の精神) [名] the human consciousness that originates in the brain and is manifested especially in thought, perception, emotion, will, memory, and imagination

source (源泉) [名] a place, person, or thing from which something comes or can be obtained

respectable (尊敬すべき) [形] worthy of respect

intellectual (知的) [形] of or relating to the intellect or its use

being (存在) [名] the quality or state of having existence

corrigible (是正可能) [形] able to be corrected

もし本当にこの優勢があるならば、それは人間の精神の性質、つまり知的存在としても道徳的存在としても人間の尊敬すべきすべてのものの源泉である、人間の誤りは是正可能であるということに起因している。

He is capable of rectifying his mistakes, by discussion and experience.

be capable of (できる) [動] have the ability or quality necessary to do or achieve something

rectify (正す) [動] make or become straight, level, or correct

mistake (過ち) [名] an action or judgment that is misguided or wrong

experience (経験) [名] practical contact with and observation of facts or events

人間は議論と経験によって自分の過ちを正すことができる。

Not by experience alone.

alone (だけ) [形] having no one else present

経験だけでではない。

There must be discussion, to show how experience is to be interpreted.

interpret (解釈する) [動] explain the meaning of

経験をどのように解釈すべきかを示すために議論が必要である。

Wrong opinions and practices gradually yield to fact and argument: but facts and arguments, to produce any effect on the mind, must be brought before it.

gradually (徐々に) [副] slowly, over a period of time

yield (是正される) [動] to produce or give

before (前に) [前] earlier than; in front of

誤った意見や慣行は、事実や議論によって徐々に是正されるが、事実や議論が精神に何らかの影響を与えるためには、その前に提示されなければならない。

Very few facts are able to tell their own story, without comments to bring out their meaning.

tell (語る) [動] communicate with words

story (物語) [名] a tale about a series of events, true or fictional

bring out (明らかにする) [動] to make something more noticeable or prominent

meaning (意味) [名] what is meant by a word, text, concept, or action

事実の意味を明らかにするコメントなしに、事実が自ら語ることができることはほとんどない。

The whole strength and value, then, of human judgment, depending on the one property, that it can be set right when it is wrong, reliance can be placed on it only when the means of setting it right are kept constantly at hand.

strength (強み) [名] the quality or state of being physically strong

property (性質) [名] a thing or things belonging to someone; possessions collectively

constantly (常に) [副] continuously over a period of time; always

hand (手元) [名] the end of the arm beyond the wrist, including the palm, fingers, and thumb

人間の判断力の強みと価値は、間違ったときに正すことができるという一つの性質に依存しているので、それを正す手段が常に手元にあるときにのみ、それに頼ることができる。

In the case of any person whose judgment is really deserving of confidence, how has it become so?

confidence (信頼) [名] the feeling or belief that one can have faith in or rely on someone or something

判断力が本当に信頼に値する人の場合には、どのようにしてそうなったのだろうか。

Because he has kept his mind open to criticism of his opinions and conduct.

keep one's mind open (心を開く) [動] be willing to consider new ideas; be unprejudiced

それは、彼が自分の意見や行動に対する批判に対して心を開いてきたからである。

Because it has been his practice to listen to all that could be said against him;

listen to (耳を傾ける) [動] give one's attention to a sound or action

all that (すべてのこと) [名] the whole of something

be said (言われる) [動] express (something) in words

彼は、自分に対して言われる可能性のあるすべてのことに耳を傾けることを習慣にしてきたからである。

to profit by as much of it as was just, and expound to himself, and upon occasion to others, the fallacy of what was fallacious.

profit (利益を得る) [動] make a financial gain

much (多く) [形] a large amount or number

expound (説明する) [動] present and explain (a theory or idea) systematically and in detail

occasion (時) [名] a particular time

fallacy (誤謬) [名] a mistaken belief, especially one based on unsound argument

正当なものから利益を得て、自分自身に、また時には他人に、誤謬の誤謬を説明する。

Because he has felt, that the only way in which a human being can make some approach to knowing the whole of a subject, is by hearing what can be said about it by persons of every variety of opinion, and studying all modes in which it can be looked at by every character of mind.

make some approach (近づく) [動] to come near or nearer

knowing (知る) [動] to be aware of

hear (聞く) [動] to be aware of a sound

say (言う) [動] to express (something) in words

study (研究する) [動] to read and understand something

人間が主題の全体を知ることに近づくことができる唯一の方法は、あらゆる意見の人々がそれについて言うことができることを聞き、あらゆる精神の性格によって見ることができるすべてのモードを研究することであると感じたからである。

No wise man ever acquired his wisdom in any mode but this;

wisdom (知恵) [名] the quality of having experience, knowledge, and good judgment; the quality of being wise

acquire (身につける) [動] to gain or get as one's own

賢者は誰もこれ以外の方法で知恵を身につけたことはない。

nor is it in the nature of human intellect to become wise in any other manner.

intellect (知性) [名] the ability to think, reason, and learn

人間の知性には、他の方法で賢くなるという性質はない。

The steady habit of correcting and completing his own opinion by collating it with those of others, so far from causing doubt and hesitation in carrying it into practice, is the only stable foundation for a just reliance on it: for, being cognisant of all that can, at least obviously, be said against him, and having taken up his position against all gainsayers—knowing that he has sought for objections and difficulties, instead of avoiding them, and has shut out no light which can be thrown upon the subject from any quarter—he has a right to think his judgment better than that of any person, or any multitude, who have not gone through a similar process.

habit (習慣) [名] a settled or regular tendency or practice

correct (訂正する) [動] to make or set right

complete (完成させる) [動] to bring to an end

collate (照合する) [動] to collect and combine (texts, information, or sets of figures) in order to compare them

doubt (疑い) [名] a feeling of uncertainty or lack of conviction

hesitation (躊躇) [名] the action of pausing or hesitating before saying or doing something

foundation (基盤) [名] the basis on which something is founded or built

cognisant (認識する) [形] having knowledge or being aware of

obviously (明らかに) [副] in a way that is easily seen or understood

take up (とる) [動] to adopt or assume (a position, attitude, or course of action)

gainsayer (反対者) [名] a person who denies or contradicts something

avoid (避ける) [動] to keep away from or refrain from doing

shut out (遮断する) [動] to exclude or prevent from entering

throw (投げかける) [動] to cause to move or be propelled through the air with a rapid, forceful motion

subject (問題) [名] a matter or topic that is being discussed, studied, or dealt with

quarter (方面) [名] a point of the compass

process (プロセス) [名] a series of actions or steps taken in order to achieve a particular end

自分の意見を他人の意見と照合して訂正し完成させるという着実な習慣は、それを実践する上で疑いや躊躇を引き起こすどころか、それを正当に信頼するための唯一の安定した基盤である。なぜなら、少なくとも明らかに、自分に対して言われる可能性のあるすべてのことを認識し、すべての反対者に対して自分の立場をとった上で、反対や困難を避けるのではなく、それらを求め、どの方面からもその問題に投げかけられる光を遮断していないことを知っているので、彼は自分の判断が、同様のプロセスを経ていない人や集団の判断よりも優れていると考えることができる権利がある。

It is not too much to require that what the wisest of mankind, those who are best entitled to trust their own judgment, find necessary to warrant their relying on it, should be submitted to by that miscellaneous collection of a few wise and many foolish individuals, called the public.

wisest (最も賢い) [形] having or showing great wisdom or knowledge

entitled (資格のある) [形] having a right to do or have something

warrant (正当化する) [動] justify or necessitate

rely (頼る) [動] depend on with full trust or confidence

submit (提出する) [動] present for consideration, discussion, or judgment

miscellaneous (雑多な) [形] consisting of a variety of things

collection (集団) [名] an assembly of people or things

public (公衆) [名] the people as a whole

人類の最も賢い者、自分の判断を信頼する資格のある者が、それに頼ることを正当化するために必要だと考えることを、公衆と呼ばれる少数の賢い者と多数の愚かな個人の雑多な集団に提出することを要求するのは、過大なことではない。

The most intolerant of churches, the Roman Catholic Church, even at the canonisation of a saint, admits, and listens patiently to, a “devil's advocate.”

intolerant (不寛容な) [形] not tolerant of views, beliefs, or behavior that differ from one's own

Roman Catholic Church (ローマ・カトリック教会) [名] the Christian church that has the pope as its head

saint (聖人) [名] a person acknowledged as holy or virtuous and typically regarded as being in heaven after death

canonisation (列聖) [名] the official admission of a deceased person into the canon of saints

listen (耳を傾ける) [動] give one's attention to a sound

patiently (辛抱強く) [副] in a patient manner

最も不寛容な教会であるローマ・カトリック教会でさえ、聖人の列聖の際には「悪魔の代弁者」を認め、辛抱強く耳を傾ける。

The holiest of men, it appears, cannot be admitted to posthumous honours, until all that the devil could say against him is known and weighed.

holiest (最も神聖な) [形] dedicated to God or to some religious purpose; consecrated

posthumous (死後の) [形] happening, awarded, or published after the death of the originator

honour (栄誉) [名] high respect; great esteem

devil (悪魔) [名] the supreme spirit of evil; Satan

weigh (重視する) [動] have a specified weight

最も神聖な人は、悪魔が彼に対して言うことができるすべてのことが知られ、重視されるまで、死後の栄誉を認められないらしい。

If even the Newtonian philosophy were not permitted to be questioned, mankind could not feel as complete assurance of its truth as they now do.

Newtonian philosophy (ニュートン哲学) [名] the philosophy of Isaac Newton

be permitted (許される) [動] be allowed to do something

assurance (確信) [名] a statement or promise that gives someone confidence

ニュートン哲学でさえ疑問を抱くことを許されなかったら、人類は今のようにその真理を完全に確信することはできなかっただろう。

The beliefs which we have most warrant for, have no safeguard to rest on, but a standing invitation to the whole world to prove them unfounded.

safeguard (安全策) [名] a measure taken to guard against possible danger, error, or failure

rest on (頼る) [動] depend on

invitation (招待) [名] a request to come to an event

prove (証明する) [動] to show that something is true or correct

unfounded (根拠のない) [形] having no basis or foundation

私たちが最も正当性を持つ信念は、頼るべき安全策を持たず、むしろ全世界にそれらが根拠のないものであることを証明するよう常に招待している。

If the challenge is not accepted, or is accepted and the attempt fails, we are far enough from certainty still;

challenge (挑戦) [名] a call to take part in a contest or competition

accept (受け入れる) [動] to agree to take or receive something offered

fail (失敗する) [動] to be unsuccessful in achieving a goal

その挑戦が受け入れられないか、受け入れられても試みが失敗すれば、私たちは依然として確実性からは程遠い。

but we have done the best that the existing state of human reason admits of;

do (尽くす) [動] perform or carry out

best (最善) [名] the most excellent or desirable thing or part

しかし、私たちは人間の理性の現状が認める限り最善を尽くした。

we have neglected nothing that could give the truth a chance of reaching us:

neglect (怠る) [動] fail to care for properly

reach (届く) [動] stretch out so as to touch or grasp something

私たちは真理が私たちに届く機会を与えうるものを何も怠っていない。

if the lists are kept open, we may hope that if there be a better truth, it will be found when the human mind is capable of receiving it;

list (リスト) [名] a series of names, items, or categories

keep open (公開する) [動] to make available to the public

be found (発見される) [動] to be discovered or noticed

もしリストが公開されれば、より良い真理があれば、人間の精神がそれを受け取ることができる時に発見されることを期待できる。

and in the meantime we may rely on having attained such approach to truth, as is possible in our own day.

in the meantime (それまでは) [副] during the period of time between two events

rely on (信頼する) [動] depend on

as is possible (可能な限り) [副] to the extent or degree that is possible

そしてそれまでは、私たちは現代において可能な限り真理に近づいたと信頼してよい。

This is the amount of certainty attainable by a fallible being, and this the sole way of attaining it.

attainable (達成可能な) [形] capable of being achieved

fallible (誤りうる) [形] capable of making a mistake

sole (唯一の) [形] being the only one

これが誤りうる存在によって達成可能な確実性の量であり、これがそれを達成する唯一の方法である。

Strange it is, that men should admit the validity of the arguments for free discussion, but object to their being “pushed to an extreme;”

Strange (奇妙な) [形] unusual or surprising in a way that is unsettling or hard to understand

validity (正当性) [名] the quality of being logically or factually sound

object (反対する) [動] to express opposition to or disapproval of something

push (推し進める) [動] to move or cause to move into a specified position or state

extreme (極端な) [形] very great in degree; very intense

奇妙なことに、人々は自由な議論のための議論の正当性を認めながらも、それが「極端に推し進められること」に反対する。

not seeing that unless the reasons are good for an extreme case, they are not good for any case.

極端な場合に理由が正当でなければ、どんな場合にも正当ではないことがわからない。

Strange that they should imagine that they are not assuming infallibility, when they acknowledge that there should be free discussion on all subjects which can possibly be doubtful, but think that some particular principle or doctrine should be forbidden to be questioned because it is so certain, that is, because they are certain that it is certain.

free discussion (自由な議論) [名] a discussion that is not restricted by any rules or regulations

forbidden (禁じられた) [形] not allowed or permitted

certain (確実な) [形] known or proved to be true

疑わしいと思われるすべての主題について自由な議論があるべきだと認めながらも、ある特定の原理や教義は非常に確実であるために、つまりそれが確実であると確信しているために、疑問を抱くことを禁じるべきだと考えるとき、彼らは自分が絶対無謬性を仮定していないと想像するというのは奇妙なことだ。

To call any proposition certain, while there is any one who would deny its certainty if permitted, but who is not permitted, is to assume that we ourselves, and those who agree with us, are the judges of certainty, and judges without hearing the other side.

permitted (許される) [動] to allow or let

ourselves (私たち自身) [代] we or us

agree (同意する) [動] to have the same opinion about something

hearing (聞く) [動] to be told or informed about something

other side (反対側) [名] the opposite side

許されるならその確実性を否定する人がいても、許されない人がいれば、どんな命題も確実であると呼ぶことは、私たち自身と私たちに同意する人が確実性の裁判官であり、反対側の意見を聞かずに裁判官であると仮定することだ。

In the present age—which has been described as “destitute of faith, but terrified at scepticism”—in which people feel sure, not so much that their opinions are true, as that they should not know what to do without them—the claims of an opinion to be protected from public attack are rested not so much on its truth, as on its importance to society.

present age (現代) [名] the period of time that is happening now

destitute (欠ける) [形] extremely poor

terrified (恐れる) [動] be very frightened or scared

scepticism (懐疑主義) [名] a philosophical doctrine that denies the possibility of knowledge

public (公) [形] of or concerning the people as a whole

attack (攻撃) [名] an aggressive and violent act against a person or place

rest (基づく) [動] be based on or founded on

信仰に欠けるが、懐疑主義を恐れている」と表現される現代では、人々は自分の意見が真実であるというよりも、自分の意見がなければどうしたらいいかわからないという確信を持っているため、公の攻撃から守られるべき意見の主張は、その真実性よりも社会にとっての重要性に基づいている。

There are, it is alleged, certain beliefs, so useful, not to say indispensable to well-being, that it is as much the duty of governments to uphold those beliefs, as to protect any other of the interests of society.

it is alleged (主張されている) [動] assert without proof or before proving

certain (特定の) [形] a particular one that is being referred to

so useful (非常に有用な) [形] having a practical purpose or use

not to say (どころか) [接] to say nothing of

well-being (福祉) [名] the state of being comfortable, healthy, or happy

it is as much the duty of governments to uphold those beliefs, as to protect any other of the interests of society (それらの信念を支持することは、社会の他の利益を保護することと同じくらい政府の義務である) [名] the work or task that a person or group of people is required or expected to do

uphold (支持する) [動] maintain or defend

福祉に不可欠であるどころか、非常に有用な特定の信念があり、それらの信念を支持することは、社会の他の利益を保護することと同じくらい政府の義務であると主張されている。

In a case of such necessity, and so directly in the line of their duty, something less than infallibility may, it is maintained, warrant, and even bind, governments, to act on their own opinion, confirmed by the general opinion of mankind.

maintain (主張する) [動] to keep in good condition

warrant (保証する) [動] to guarantee

bind (拘束する) [動] to tie up or fasten

そのような必要性があり、彼らの義務に直接関係している場合には、絶対無謬性よりも小さい何かが、政府が人類の一般的な意見によって確認された自分たちの意見に基づいて行動することを保証し、拘束することさえあると主張されている。

It is also often argued, and still oftener thought, that none but bad men would desire to weaken these salutary beliefs;

argue (議論する) [動] exchange diverging or opposite views, typically in a heated or angry way

often (よく) [副] many times; frequently

bad (悪い) [形] of poor quality or a low standard

weaken (弱める) [動] make or become weaker in power, resolve, or effect

また、悪人以外はこれらの有益な信念を弱めることを望まないだろうとよく議論され、さらによく考えられている。

and there can be nothing wrong, it is thought, in restraining bad men, and prohibiting what only such men would wish to practise.

restrain (抑制する) [動] to hold back from doing something

practise (実践する) [動] to regularly or frequently do something

そして、悪人を抑制し、そのような人だけが実践したいと思うことを禁止することには何の問題もないと考えられている。

This mode of thinking makes the justification of restraints on discussion not a question of the truth of doctrines, but of their usefulness;

justification (正当化) [名] the action of showing something to be right or reasonable

usefulness (有用性) [名] the quality of being useful

この考え方は、議論の制約の正当化を教義の真理の問題ではなく、その有用性の問題にする。

and flatters itself by that means to escape the responsibility of claiming to be an infallible judge of opinions.

flatter (おだてる) [動] to praise someone too much, often in a way that is not sincere

そして、その手段によって、意見の絶対無謬の裁判官であると主張する責任から逃れようとしている。

But those who thus satisfy themselves, do not perceive that the assumption of infallibility is merely shifted from one point to another.

satisfy (満足させる) [動] meet the expectations, needs, or desires of

perceive (気づく) [動] become aware or conscious of

merely (単に) [副] only; no more than

shift (移行する) [動] change from one thing to another

しかし、このように自分を満足させる人々は、絶対無謬の仮定が単に一点から別の点に移行しただけであることに気づいていない。

The usefulness of an opinion is itself matter of opinion: as disputable, as open to discussion, and requiring discussion as much, as the opinion itself.

disputable (議論の余地がある) [形] open to question or debate

意見の有用性はそれ自体が意見の問題であり、意見そのものと同じように議論の余地があり、議論の対象となり、議論を必要とする。

There is the same need of an infallible judge of opinions to decide an opinion to be noxious, as to decide it to be false, unless the opinion condemned has full opportunity of defending itself.

defend (守る) [動] resist an attack made on (someone or something); protect from harm or danger

ある意見が有害であると判断するためには、その意見が偽であると判断するのと同じように、絶対無謬の意見の裁判官が必要である。

And it will not do to say that the heretic may be allowed to maintain the utility or harmlessness of his opinion, though forbidden to maintain its truth.

harmlessness (無害性) [名] the state of being harmless

そして、異端者が自分の意見の真実を主張することは禁じられているが、その有用性や無害性を主張することは許されると言うことはできない。

The truth of an opinion is part of its utility.

意見の真理はその有用性の一部である。

If we would know whether or not it is desirable that a proposition should be believed, is it possible to exclude the consideration of whether or not it is true?

desirable (望ましい) [形] worth having or doing

exclude (除外する) [動] to keep or leave out

consideration (考慮) [名] thinking about the possible effects of an action

ある命題が信じられることが望ましいかどうかを知りたい場合、それが真実かどうかの考慮を除外することは可能だろうか?

In the opinion, not of bad men, but of the best men, no belief which is contrary to truth can be really useful: and can you prevent such men from urging that plea, when they are charged with culpability for denying some doctrine which they are told is useful, but which they believe to be false?

useful (有用) [形] able to be used for a particular purpose or in a particular way

urge (主張する) [動] force or impel in a specified direction

plea (主張) [名] a statement by or on behalf of a defendant or prisoner, stating guilt or innocence in response to a charge, offering an excuse for the offense charged, or seeking a reduction in the penalty

charge (問う) [動] accuse (someone) of (something)

culpability (責任) [名] the state or fact of having done something wrong

悪人ではなく善人の意見では、真理に反する信念は本当に有用なものではない。そして、そのような人々が、有用であると言われているが偽であると信じている教義を否定したことで責任を問われた場合、その主張を主張するのを阻止できるだろうか?

Those who are on the side of received opinions, never fail to take all possible advantage of this plea;

be on the side of (側にいる) [動] to support or be in favor of someone or something

receive (受け入れる) [動] to be given, presented with, or paid something

take advantage of (利用する) [動] to use something or someone in a way that is not fair or honest

plea (嘆願) [名] a request for help or mercy

受け入れられた意見の側にいる人々は、この嘆願を最大限に利用することを決して怠らない。

you do not find them handling the question of utility as if it could be completely abstracted from that of truth:

handle (扱う) [動] deal with or manage

彼らが有用性の問題を真理の問題から完全に抽象化できるかのように扱っているのを見かけることはない。

on the contrary, it is, above all, because their doctrine is “the truth,” that the knowledge or the belief of it is held to be so indispensable.

on the contrary (それどころか) [副] used to introduce a statement that contrasts with or seems to contradict something that has been said previously

knowledge (知識) [名] information, understanding, and skills that you gain through education or experience

それどころか、何よりも彼らの教義が「真理」であるために、その知識や信念が不可欠であるとされている。

There can be no fair discussion of the question of usefulness, when an argument so vital may be employed on one side, but not on the other.

There can be no (ありえない) [句] it is impossible that

fair (公正な) [形] just or impartial

when (状況では) [接] at or during the time that

so (非常に) [副] to a great extent

vital (重要な) [形] absolutely necessary or important

may be employed (展開され) [動] be used or utilized

on one side (一方では) [句] on the one hand

but not on the other (他方ではそうではない) [句] but not on the other hand

一方では非常に重要な議論が展開され、他方ではそうではないという状況では、有用性の問題について公正な議論をすることはできない。

And in point of fact, when law or public feeling do not permit the truth of an opinion to be disputed, they are just as little tolerant of a denial of its usefulness.

in point of fact (実際のところ) [副] in reality; in fact

public feeling (世論) [名] the general opinion of the people

disputed (異議を唱える) [動] argue about (something)

そして実際のところ、法律や世論がある意見の真理に異議を唱えることを許さないとき、その有用性を否定することも同様に許さない。

The utmost they allow is an extenuation of its absolute necessity, or of the positive guilt of rejecting it.

utmost (最大限) [形] of the highest or greatest degree, amount, or intensity

extenuation (軽減) [名] the act of making something less severe or intense

reject (拒否する) [動] to refuse to accept, consider, or use something

彼らが許す最大限のことは、その絶対的必要性やそれを拒否することの積極的な罪の軽減である。

In order more fully to illustrate the mischief of denying a hearing to opinions because we, in our own judgment, have condemned them, it will be desirable to fix down the discussion to a concrete case;

deny (拒否する) [動] refuse to accept that something is true or that it exists

illustrate (説明する) [動] make clear by using examples or comparisons

mischief (害) [名] playful misbehavior or troublemaking

fix down (固定する) [動] to make something stable or secure

concrete (具体的な) [形] existing in a material or physical form; real

私たちが自分の判断で意見を非難したという理由で、意見を聞くことを拒否することの害をより完全に説明するためには、議論を具体的な事例に固定することが望ましい。

and I choose, by preference, the cases which are least favourable to me—in which the argument against freedom of opinion, both on the score of truth and on that of utility, is considered the strongest.

choose (選ぶ) [動] pick out or select from a number of alternatives

favourable (有利) [形] giving an advantage to someone or something

そして私は、私にとって最も不利な事例を優先的に選ぶことにする。それは、真理と有用性の両方の観点から、意見の自由に反対する議論が最も強力だと考えられるものである。

Let the opinions impugned be the belief in a God and in a future state, or any of the commonly received doctrines of morality.

impugn (非難する) [動] to challenge as false or questionable

非難される意見を、神や来世への信仰、あるいは一般に受け入れられている道徳の教義のいずれかとしよう。

To fight the battle on such ground, gives a great advantage to an unfair antagonist;

fight (戦う) [動] take part in a violent confrontation

battle (戦い) [名] a violent confrontation between two or more armed groups

unfair (不公平な) [形] not just or impartial

antagonist (敵) [名] a person who actively opposes or is hostile to someone or something

そのような場所で戦うことは、不公平な敵に大きなアドバンテージを与える。

since he will be sure to say (and many who have no desire to be unfair will say it internally), Are these the doctrines which you do not deem sufficiently certain to be taken under the protection of law?

since (なぜなら) [接] for the reason that; because

be sure to (必ず) [副] without fail; certainly

have no desire to (望まない) [動] not want to do something

unfair (不公平) [形] not just or fair; unjust

internally (心の中で) [副] on the inside; inwardly

these (これら) [代] the things mentioned before

deem (考える) [動] regard or consider in a specified way

sufficiently (十分に) [副] to the required degree or extent

be taken under (受ける) [動] be subjected to

なぜなら、彼は必ずこう言うだろうからだ(そして、不公平を望まない多くの人が心の中でこう言うだろう)。これらは、あなたが法律の保護を受けるのに十分に確実だとは考えていない教義なのか?

Is the belief in a God one of the opinions, to feel sure of which, you hold to be assuming infallibility?

feel sure (確信する) [動] to be certain about something

hold (思う) [動] to have or keep in the mind

神への信仰は、あなたが絶対無謬性を仮定していると思う意見の一つなのか?

But I must be permitted to observe, that it is not the feeling sure of a doctrine (be it what it may) which I call an assumption of infallibility.

observe (指摘する) [動] notice or perceive

しかし、私が絶対無謬性の仮定と呼んでいるのは、教義(それが何であれ)を確信していることではないことを指摘しておかなければならない。

It is the undertaking to decide that question for others, without allowing them to hear what can be said on the contrary side.

それは、反対側で何が言えるかを聞かずに、他人のためにその問題を決定する試みである。

And I denounce and reprobate this pretension not the less, if put forth on the side of my most solemn convictions.

denounce (非難する) [動] publicly declare to be wrong or evil

reprobate (非難する) [動] express strong disapproval of

pretension (主張) [名] a claim to something

solemn (厳粛な) [形] formal and dignified

そして、私の最も厳粛な信念の側に置かれたとしても、私はこの主張を非難し、非難する。

However positive any one's persuasion may be, not only of the falsity, but of the pernicious consequences—not only of the pernicious consequences, but (to adopt expressions which I altogether condemn) the immorality and impiety of an opinion;

positive (確信がある) [形] having or showing a good opinion of someone or something

falsity (虚偽) [名] the state of being untrue

immorality (不道徳) [名] the state or quality of being immoral

impiety (不敬虔) [名] the state or quality of being impious

どんなに確信があっても、虚偽だけでなく、有害な結果、有害な結果だけでなく、(私が全く非難する表現を採用すれば)不道徳で不敬虔な意見であっても、

yet if, in pursuance of that private judgment, though backed by the public judgment of his country or his contemporaries, he prevents the opinion from being heard in its defence, he assumes infallibility.

private judgment (私的判断) [名] a judgment that is not made by a public authority

public judgment (公的判断) [名] a judgment that is made by a public authority

contemporary (同時代人) [名] a person living at the same time as another

prevent (妨げる) [動] to keep from happening

それでも、その私的判断を追求する中で、彼の国や同時代人の公的判断に支えられているにもかかわらず、彼はその意見がその弁護で聞かれるのを妨げるなら、彼は絶対無謬性を仮定する。

And so far from the assumption being less objectionable or less dangerous because the opinion is called immoral or impious, this is the case of all others in which it is most fatal.

so far from (どころか) [副] to a great extent; very much

less (あまり) [形] not as much or as many as

objectionable (好ましくない) [形] causing disapproval or dislike

immoral (不道徳な) [形] not conforming to accepted standards of morality

impious (不敬虔な) [形] lacking piety or reverence for God

そして、その意見が不道徳または不敬虔であると呼ばれるので、その仮定があまり好ましくない、またはあまり危険ではないというところまでは、これはそれが最も致命的である他のすべての場合である。

These are exactly the occasions on which the men of one generation commit those dreadful mistakes, which excite the astonishment and horror of posterity.

occasion (機会) [名] a particular time or event

commit (犯す) [動] do or perform

excite (呼び起こす) [動] cause to feel strong emotions

astonishment (驚き) [名] a feeling of great surprise or wonder

horror (恐怖) [名] an intense feeling of fear, shock, or disgust

これらはまさに、一世代の人々が恐ろしい過ちを犯し、後世の驚きと恐怖を呼び起こす機会である。

It is among such that we find the instances memorable in history, when the arm of the law has been employed to root out the best men and the noblest doctrines;

among (の中で) [前] in the middle of

instance (例) [名] an example or single occurrence of something

memorable (記憶に残る) [形] worth remembering or easily remembered

arm (腕) [名] an upper limb

root out (根絶する) [動] to destroy or get rid of something completely

noble (高貴な) [形] belonging to a high social class

歴史上記憶に残る例は、法律の腕が最高の人間と最も高貴な教義を根絶するために使われたときである。

with deplorable success as to the men, though some of the doctrines have survived to be (as if in mockery) invoked, in defence of similar conduct towards those who dissent from them, or from their received interpretation.

with deplorable success (悲惨な成功を収めた) [句] with a very bad result

as to (に関して) [前] on the subject of; with regard to

men (男性) [名] an adult male human being

though (しかし) [接] despite the fact that; although

some of (いくつかの) [限] an unspecified number or amount of

doctrines (教義) [名] a belief or set of beliefs held and taught by a church, political party, or other group

have survived (生き残った) [動] continue to live or exist

to be (であるために) [他] used before a verb to indicate that the verb is in the infinitive

as if (まるで) [接] used to introduce a clause that expresses a possibility or wish

in mockery (嘲笑) [名] words or behavior that are intended to make fun of someone or something in a cruel way

invoked (呼び出された) [動] call on (a deity or spirit) in prayer, as a witness, or for inspiration

in defence of (擁護するために) [句] in support of

towards (に対して) [前] in the direction of

from (から) [前] used to indicate a starting point

them (それら) [代] the people or things previously mentioned or easily identified

their (それらの) [限] belonging to or connected with the people or things previously mentioned or easily identified

received (受け取った) [動] be given, presented with, or paid

教義のいくつかは、それら、またはそれらの受け取った解釈に反対する人々に対する同様の行為を擁護するために(嘲笑のように)呼び出されるために生き残ったが、男性に関しては悲惨な成功を収めた。

Mankind can hardly be too often reminded that there was once a man named Socrates, between whom and the legal authorities and public opinion of his time, there took place a memorable collision.

too often (あまりにも頻繁に) [副] more often than is usual or desirable

remind (思い出す) [動] cause (someone) to remember something

once (かつて) [副] at some time in the past

Socrates (ソクラテス) [名] a Greek philosopher

between whom and (~と~の間に) [前] in the space separating two places, people, or objects

legal authorities (法当局) [名] the body of law or the system of courts of justice

take place (起こる) [動] happen

collision (衝突) [名] an instance of one moving object or person striking violently against another

人類は、かつてソクラテスという名の男がいたことを思い出すことはほとんどできない。彼と当時の法当局と世論の間には、記憶に残る衝突が起こった。

Born in an age and country abounding in individual greatness, this man has been handed down to us by those who best knew both him and the age, as the most virtuous man in it;

abound (満ちる) [動] be plentiful or extremely common

greatness (偉大さ) [名] the quality of being great

hand down (伝える) [動] pass on from one generation to another

virtuous (高潔な) [形] having or showing high moral standards

個人の偉大さに満ちた時代と国に生まれたこの男は、彼とその時代を最もよく知る人々によって、その中で最も高潔な男として私たちに伝えられてきた。

while we know him as the head and prototype of all subsequent teachers of virtue, the source equally of the lofty inspiration of Plato and the judicious utilitarianism of Aristotle, “i maëstri di color che sanno,” the two headsprings of ethical as of all other philosophy.

head (頭) [名] the upper or front part of the human body, or the front or upper part of the body of an animal, typically separated from the rest of the body by a neck, and containing the brain, eyes, ears, nose, and...

prototype (原型) [名] a first, typical or preliminary model of something, especially a machine, from which other forms are developed or copied

virtue (美徳) [名] behaviour showing high moral standards

teacher (教師) [名] a person who teaches, especially in a school

equally (等しく) [副] in a way that is fair and just

lofty (高尚な) [形] of great importance or value

inspiration (インスピレーション) [名] the process of being mentally stimulated to do or feel something, especially to do something creative

Plato (プラトン) [名] a Greek philosopher and mathematician, student of Socrates, writer of philosophical dialogues, and founder of the Academy in Athens where Aristotle studied

judicious (賢明な) [形] having or showing good judgment or sense

utilitarianism (功利主義) [名] the doctrine that actions are right if they are useful or for the benefit of a majority

Aristotle (アリストテレス) [名] a Greek philosopher and polymath during the Classical period in Ancient Greece

i maëstri di color che sanno (i maëstri di color che sanno) [名] the masters of those who know

two (2つの) [形] one more than one

headspring (源泉) [名] a place, person, or thing from which something comes or can be obtained

ethical (倫理的な) [形] relating to moral principles or the branch of knowledge dealing with these

philosophy (哲学) [名] the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence, especially when considered as an academic discipline

私たちは彼を、その後のすべての美徳の教師の頭であり原型であり、プラトンの高尚なインスピレーションとアリストテレスの賢明な功利主義の源泉であり、「i maëstri di color che sanno」、他のすべての哲学と同様に倫理の2つの源泉であることを知っている。

This acknowledged master of all the eminent thinkers who have since lived—whose fame, still growing after more than two thousand years, all but outweighs the whole remainder of the names which make his native city illustrious—was put to death by his countrymen, after a judicial conviction, for impiety and immorality.

master (師匠) [名] a skilled practitioner of a particular art or activity

fame (名声) [名] the state of being known or talked about by many people

two thousand years (2000年) [名] a period of time equal to 2000 years

outweigh (凌駕する) [動] be greater in weight, value, or importance than (something else)

native city (故郷) [名] the city where one was born

illustrious (輝かせる) [形] well known and respected

put to death (死刑に処する) [動] kill someone as a punishment

countryman (同胞) [名] a person from one's own country

judicial (司法上の) [形] of, by, or appropriate to a court of law or to the administration of justice

conviction (有罪判決) [名] a formal declaration that someone is guilty of a crime

以来生きてきたすべての著名な思想家のこの認められた師匠は、その名声は2000年以上経った今もなお成長しており、彼の故郷を輝かせる残りのすべての名声を凌駕しているが、不敬虔と不道徳を理由に司法上の有罪判決を受けた後、同胞によって死刑に処せられた。

Impiety, in denying the gods recognised by the State;

不敬虔、国家に認められた神々を否定すること。

indeed his accuser asserted (see the “Apologia”) that he believed in no gods at all.

accuser (告発者) [名] a person who makes a formal accusation against someone

Apologia (謝罪) [名] a formal written defense of one's opinions or conduct

実際、彼の告発者は、彼が神を全く信じていないと主張した(「謝罪」を参照)。

Immorality, in being, by his doctrines and instructions, a “corruptor of youth.”

instruction (指示) [名] a direction or order

corruptor (堕落者) [名] a person who causes someone or something to become dishonest, immoral, or illegal

不道徳、彼の教義と指示によって、「若者の堕落者」であること。

Of these charges the tribunal, there is every ground for believing, honestly found him guilty, and condemned the man who probably of all then born had deserved best of mankind, to be put to death as a criminal.

charge (告訴) [名] an accusation of a crime

tribunal (裁判所) [名] a court of justice

honestly (正直に) [副] in a fair and just way

guilty (有罪) [形] having committed a crime

condemn (処する) [動] to express strong disapproval of

criminal (犯罪者) [名] a person who has committed a crime

これらの告訴について、裁判所は、彼が有罪であると正直に認めたと信じるに足るあらゆる根拠があり、おそらく当時生まれたすべての人の中で人類に最もふさわしい人物を犯罪者として死刑に処した。

To pass from this to the only other instance of judicial iniquity, the mention of which, after the condemnation of Socrates, would not be an anticlimax: the event which took place on Calvary rather more than eighteen hundred years ago.

pass (移行する) [動] move from one place to another

judicial (司法の) [形] of or relating to a court of law or the administration of justice

iniquity (不正) [名] injustice or unfairness

mention (言及) [名] a reference to something

anticlimax (反クライマックス) [名] a disappointing end to an exciting series of events

Calvary (カルバリー) [名] the hill outside Jerusalem where Jesus was crucified

rather more than (1800年以上前) [名] a little more than

ago (前に) [副] earlier in time

ソクラテスの有罪判決の後で、このことから司法の不正の唯一の他の例に移行することは、反クライマックスではないだろう。それは、1800年以上前にカルバリーで起こった出来事である。

The man who left on the memory of those who witnessed his life and conversation, such an impression of his moral grandeur, that eighteen subsequent centuries have done homage to him as the Almighty in person, was ignominiously put to death, as what?

conversation (会話) [名] informal talk between two or more people

memory (記憶) [名] the retention of information over time

witness (目撃する) [動] see (an event) happen

grandeur (壮大さ) [名] splendor and impressiveness in appearance, style, or manner

eighteen (18) [数] the cardinal number occurring after seventeen and before nineteen, represented in Roman numerals by XVIII

century (世紀) [名] a period of one hundred years

homage (敬意) [名] special honor or respect shown publicly

Almighty (全能者) [名] God

ignominiously (恥ずべき) [副] in a way that causes public disgrace or shame

彼の人生と会話を目撃した人々の記憶に残った男は、彼の道徳的な壮大さの印象を残し、その後の18世紀は彼を全能者として敬意を表したが、何として恥ずべき死を遂げたのか?

As a blasphemer.

blasphemer (冒涜者) [名] a person who speaks disrespectfully about God or something holy

冒涜者として。

Men did not merely mistake their benefactor;

mistake (間違える) [動] to be wrong about something

benefactor (恩人) [名] a person who gives money or other help to a person or organization

人々は単に恩人を間違えただけではない。

they mistook him for the exact contrary of what he was, and treated him as that prodigy of impiety, which they themselves are now held to be, for their treatment of him.

mistake (勘違いする) [動] to understand or interpret wrongly

treat (扱う) [動] to act or behave toward or in connection with

prodigy (天才) [名] a person endowed with exceptional qualities or abilities

treatment (扱い) [名] the action or manner of treating someone or something

人々は彼を彼とは正反対のものと勘違いし、彼を不敬虔の天才として扱ったが、彼ら自身が今や彼の扱いのためにそうであると考えられている。

The feelings with which mankind now regard these lamentable transactions, especially the later of the two, render them extremely unjust in their judgment of the unhappy actors.

lamentable (嘆かわしい) [形] deserving strong disapproval

transaction (出来事) [名] an event or action that takes place

render (なっている) [動] cause to be or become

unhappy (不幸な) [形] not happy or fortunate

actor (行為者) [名] a person who acts

人類が今これらの嘆かわしい出来事、特に2つの後者をどのように見ているかによって、不幸な行為者に対する判断が非常に不公平になっている。

These were, to all appearance, not bad men—not worse than men commonly are, but rather the contrary;

to all appearance (見たところ) [副] as far as one can see

commonly (普通に) [副] usually; generally

rather (むしろ) [副] to a certain extent; somewhat

これらは、見たところ、悪い人間ではなく、普通の人間よりも悪くはなく、むしろその逆だった。

men who possessed in a full, or somewhat more than a full measure, the religious, moral, and patriotic feelings of their time and people:

full (十分な) [形] having the greatest amount or extent possible

measure (程度) [名] the extent, size, or amount of something

patriotic (愛国的) [形] having or showing love for or devotion to one's country

彼らの時代と人々の宗教的、道徳的、愛国的な感情を十分に、あるいはそれ以上に持っていた人々である。

the very kind of men who, in all times, our own included, have every chance of passing through life blameless and respected.

all times (いつの時代にも) [名] every moment

our own (私たちの時代) [名] the present time

have every chance (あらゆる機会がある) [動] be very likely to

pass through (通過する) [動] go through or across

blameless (非難されることなく) [形] free from blame or guilt

respected (尊敬される) [形] held in high esteem

いつの時代にも、私たちの時代も含めて、非難されることなく尊敬されて人生を送る可能性のある人々である。

The high-priest who rent his garments when the words were pronounced, which, according to all the ideas of his country, constituted the blackest guilt, was in all probability quite as sincere in his horror and indignation, as the generality of respectable and pious men now are in the religious and moral sentiments they profess;

high-priest (大祭司) [名] a chief priest

rent (貸す) [動] pay someone for the use of something

garment (衣服) [名] an item of clothing

word (言葉) [名] a unit of language

pronounce (発する) [動] say something clearly

constitute (構成する) [動] be a part of

black (黒い) [形] of the color intermediate between white and gray, due to the absence of or complete absorption of light

guilt (罪) [名] the fact or state of having committed an offense

probability (恐らく) [名] the extent to which something is probable; the likelihood of something happening or being the case

sincere (誠実) [形] free from pretense or deceit; proceeding from genuine feelings

indignation (憤慨) [名] anger or annoyance provoked by what is perceived as unfair treatment

pious (敬虔) [形] devoutly religious

generality (一般性) [名] the quality or state of being general

profess (公言する) [動] openly declare that one has a particular feeling or opinion

彼の国のすべての考えによれば、最も黒い罪を構成する言葉が発せられたときに衣服を貸した大祭司は、恐らく、尊敬すべき敬虔な人々の一般性が現在彼らが公言する宗教的および道徳的感情にあるように、彼の恐怖と憤慨において全く誠実であった。

and most of those who now shudder at his conduct, if they had lived in his time, and been born Jews, would have acted precisely as he did.

shudder (震え上がる) [動] tremble or shiver

Jew (ユダヤ人) [名] a member of the people and cultural community whose traditional religion is Judaism and who trace their origins through the ancient Hebrew people of Israel

そして、彼の行動に震え上がっている人のほとんどは、もし彼の時代に生きていて、ユダヤ人として生まれていたら、彼がしたのと全く同じように行動しただろう。

Orthodox Christians who are tempted to think that those who stoned to death the first martyrs must have been worse men than they themselves are, ought to remember that one of those persecutors was Saint Paul.

Orthodox Christians (正統派キリスト教徒) [名] a member of the Eastern Orthodox Church

tempted (考えたくなる) [動] to be attracted to something

martyrs (殉教者) [名] a person who is killed because of their religious or other beliefs

stone (石) [名] a hard solid nonmetallic mineral matter of which rock is made, especially as a building material

death (死) [名] the end of all life

worse (悪い) [形] of a lower standard or quality

ought to (すべきである) [助] used to express a duty or obligation

remember (思い出す) [動] to have or keep in the memory

persecutors (迫害者) [名] a person who treats someone cruelly or unfairly, especially because of their race, religion, or beliefs

Saint Paul (聖パウロ) [名] an apostle of Christianity who was converted from Judaism

最初の殉教者を石で打ち殺した人々は、自分たちよりも悪い人間だったに違いないと考えたくなる正統派キリスト教徒は、その迫害者の一人が聖パウロだったことを思い出すべきである。

Let us add one more example, the most striking of all, if the impressiveness of an error is measured by the wisdom and virtue of him who falls into it.

striking (印象的な) [形] attracting attention by reason of being unusual, extreme, or prominent

impressiveness (印象) [名] the quality of being impressive

誤りの印象がそれに陥った人の知恵と美徳によって測られるならば、もう1つ、最も印象的な例を追加しよう。

If ever any one, possessed of power, had grounds for thinking himself the best and most enlightened among his cotemporaries, it was the Emperor Marcus Aurelius.

best (最も優れた) [形] of the highest quality

Emperor (皇帝) [名] the ruler of an empire

Marcus Aurelius (マルクス・アウレリウス) [名] Roman emperor and Stoic philosopher

権力を持つ者が、自分を同時代人の中で最も優れ、最も啓蒙されたと考えるのに根拠があったとすれば、それは皇帝マルクス・アウレリウスだった。

Absolute monarch of the whole civilised world, he preserved through life not only the most unblemished justice, but what was less to be expected from his Stoical breeding, the tenderest heart.

absolute monarch (絶対君主) [名] a monarch with unlimited power

civilised world (文明世界) [名] the world of people who live in a civilized way

unblemished (非の打ちどころのない) [形] without any flaws or defects

justice (正義) [名] the quality of being just; fairness

stoical (ストア派の) [形] showing little or no emotion

breeding (育ち) [名] the way in which someone is brought up

tender (優しい) [形] expressing gentleness and warmth

文明世界全体の絶対君主である彼は、生涯を通じて最も非の打ちどころのない正義を守っただけでなく、ストア派の育ちからはあまり期待できない、最も優しい心を守った。

The few failings which are attributed to him, were all on the side of indulgence: while his writings, the highest ethical product of the ancient mind, differ scarcely perceptibly, if they differ at all, from the most characteristic teachings of Christ.

attribute (起因する) [動] regard something as being caused by

failing (失敗) [名] a lack of success

indulgence (耽溺) [名] the action or fact of indulging

writing (著作) [名] a book or other written material

highest (最高の) [形] of the greatest vertical extent

product (作品) [名] an article or substance that is manufactured or refined for sale

scarcely (ほとんど~ない) [副] only just; barely

perceptibly (区別がつく) [副] in a way that is noticeable or easily seen or understood

differ (異なる) [動] be unlike or dissimilar

characteristic (特徴的な) [形] a feature or quality belonging typically to a person, place, or thing and serving to identify it

teaching (教え) [名] the action of teaching; education

彼に起因するいくつかの失敗は、すべて耽溺の側にあったが、古代人の精神の最高の倫理的作品である彼の著作は、キリストの最も特徴的な教えとほとんど区別がつかない。

This man, a better Christian in all but the dogmatic sense of the word, than almost any of the ostensibly Christian sovereigns who have since reigned, persecuted Christianity.

Christian (キリスト教徒) [名] a person who adheres to Christianity

dogmatic (独断的な) [形] inclined to lay down principles as incontrovertibly true

since (以来) [副] from a particular time in the past until now

reign (君臨する) [動] hold royal office; be a monarch

Christianity (キリスト教) [名] the religion based on the person and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth

この人は、言葉の独断的な意味を除いて、それ以来君臨してきたほとんどすべてのキリスト教徒の君主よりも優れたキリスト教徒であり、キリスト教を迫害した。

Placed at the summit of all the previous attainments of humanity, with an open, unfettered intellect, and a character which led him of himself to embody in his moral writings the Christian ideal, he yet failed to see that Christianity was to be a good and not an evil to the world, with his duties to which he was so deeply penetrated.

summit (頂点) [名] the highest point of a mountain

humanity (人類) [名] all human beings collectively

open (開かれた) [形] not closed or blocked

unfettered (束縛されない) [形] not controlled or restricted

lead (導く) [動] to show the way to someone or something

embody (具現化する) [動] to give a concrete form to an idea, quality, or feeling

ideal (理想) [名] a person or thing regarded as perfect

開かれた、束縛されない知性と、彼自身の道徳的著作にキリスト教の理想を具現化するように導いた性格を持ち、人類のこれまでのすべての成果の頂点に立った彼は、キリスト教が世界にとって善であり悪ではないことを理解することができず、彼の義務は深く浸透していた。

Existing society he knew to be in a deplorable state.

deplorable (悲惨な) [形] deserving strong condemnation

彼は現存する社会が悲惨な状態にあることを知っていた。

But such as it was, he saw, or thought he saw, that it was held together, and prevented from being worse, by belief and reverence of the received divinities.

such as it was (それがそうであったように) [句] used to introduce a description of something

hold together (結びつく) [動] be or remain united or connected

reverence (畏敬) [名] a feeling or attitude of deep respect tinged with awe

divinity (神) [名] the state or quality of being divine

しかし、彼は、それが受け入れられた神々への信仰と畏敬の念によって、それが結びつき、悪化するのを防いでいるのを見た、あるいは見たと思った。

As a ruler of mankind, he deemed it his duty not to suffer society to fall in pieces;

fall in pieces (ばらばらになる) [動] break into pieces

人類の支配者として、彼は社会がばらばらにならないようにすることが自分の義務だと考えた。

and saw not how, if its existing ties were removed, any others could be formed which could again knit it together.

tie (結びつき) [名] a bond or connection between people or things

remove (取り除く) [動] take away or off

knit (結びつける) [動] make by knitting

together (一緒に) [副] with or in proximity to another person or thing

そして、もし既存の結びつきが取り除かれたら、再びそれを結びつけることができる他のものがどのように形成されるかを見なかった。

The new religion openly aimed at dissolving these ties: unless, therefore, it was his duty to adopt that religion, it seemed to be his duty to put it down.

aim (目指す) [動] to direct or point at a target

dissolve (解消する) [動] to cause to disappear or come to an end

adopt (採用する) [動] to take up and use as one's own

put down (抑圧する) [動] to suppress or subdue by force

新しい宗教は公然とこれらの結びつきを解消することを目指していた。それゆえ、その宗教を採用することが彼の義務でない限り、それを抑圧することが彼の義務であるように思われた。

Inasmuch then as the theology of Christianity did not appear to him true or of divine origin;

Inasmuch (inasmuch) [接] to the extent or degree that

theology (神学) [名] the study of religious beliefs

divine (神) [形] of or relating to a god

origin (由来) [名] the point or place where something begins, arises, or is derived

キリスト教の神学が彼には真実であるとも神に由来するものとも思えなかったからである。

inasmuch as this strange history of a crucified God was not credible to him, and a system which purported to rest entirely upon a foundation to him so wholly unbelievable, could not be foreseen by him to be that renovating agency which, after all abatements, it has in fact proved to be;

inasmuch as (~である限り) [接] to the extent or degree that

crucified (十字架にかけられた) [動] past tense of crucify

credible (信じがたい) [形] able to be believed; convincing

system (体系) [名] a set of things working together as parts of a mechanism or an interconnecting network; a complex whole

foundation (土台) [名] the lowest and supporting layer of a building or other structure

unbelievable (信じがたい) [形] too extraordinary or improbable to be believed

foresee (予見する) [動] be aware of beforehand

renovating (革新的な) [形] making new or as if new again

agency (機関) [名] a business or organization providing a particular service

abatement (軽減) [名] a reduction in the amount of something

十字架にかけられた神というこの奇妙な歴史は彼には信じがたいものであり、彼にとって全く信じがたい土台の上に完全に依拠していると称する体系は、彼には、結局のところ、それが実際にそうであることが証明されたような革新的な機関であるとは予見できなかったからである。

the gentlest and most amiable of philosophers and rulers, under a solemn sense of duty, authorised the persecution of Christianity.

gentle (穏やか) [形] not rough or violent; mild, moderate, or slight

amiable (愛すべき) [形] having or showing a friendly and pleasant manner

persecution (迫害) [名] hostility and ill-treatment, especially because of race or political or religious beliefs

最も穏やかで愛すべき哲学者や支配者たちは、厳粛な義務感のもと、キリスト教の迫害を認めたのである。

To my mind this is one of the most tragical facts in all history.

to my mind (私の考えでは) [句] in my opinion

私の考えでは、これは歴史上最も悲劇的な事実の一つである。

It is a bitter thought, how different a thing the Christianity of the world might have been, if the Christian faith had been adopted as the religion of the empire under the auspices of Marcus Aurelius instead of those of Constantine.

Christian faith (キリスト教信仰) [名] the faith of Christians

empire (帝国) [名] a group of countries or states under the control of one ruler

auspices (庇護) [名] patronage or support

Constantine (コンスタンティヌス) [名] Roman emperor who adopted Christianity

キリスト教信仰がコンスタンティヌスではなくマルクス・アウレリウスの庇護のもとで帝国の宗教として採用されていたら、世界のキリスト教はどれほど違ったものになっていただろうかと考えると、苦い思いがする。

But it would be equally unjust to him and false to truth, to deny, that no one plea which can be urged for punishing anti-Christian teaching, was wanting to Marcus Aurelius for punishing, as he did, the propagation of Christianity.

anti-Christian (反キリスト教) [形] opposed to Christianity

propagation (布教) [名] the action of spreading something, especially an idea, theory, or knowledge

しかし、反キリスト教の教えを罰するために主張できる弁解が、マルクス・アウレリウスがキリスト教の布教を罰するために必要だったことを否定することは、彼にとっても不公平であり、真実に反することになるだろう。

No Christian more firmly believes that Atheism is false, and tends to the dissolution of society, than Marcus Aurelius believed the same things of Christianity; he who, of all men then living, might have been thought the most capable of appreciating it.

Atheism (無神論) [名] the doctrine or belief that there is no God

living (生きている) [形] having life

マルクス・アウレリウスがキリスト教について同じことを信じていたように、無神論が偽りであり、社会の解体につながると信じているキリスト教徒はいない。当時生きていたすべての人の中で、彼はそれを最も理解できる人物だったかもしれない。

Unless any one who approves of punishment for the promulgation of opinions, flatters himself that he is a wiser and better man than Marcus Aurelius—more deeply versed in the wisdom of his time, more elevated in his intellect above it—more earnest in his search for truth, or more single-minded in his devotion to it when found;—let him abstain from that assumption of the joint infallibility of himself and the multitude, which the great Antoninus made with so unfortunate a result.

approve (認める) [動] have or express a favorable opinion of

punishment (処罰) [名] the infliction or imposition of a penalty as retribution for an offense

promulgation (公布) [名] the official announcement of a new law or ordinance

wiser (賢い) [形] having or showing experience, knowledge, and good judgment

deeply (深く) [副] to a great extent

versed (精通) [形] having a comprehensive knowledge of or skill in

earnest (熱心) [形] very serious or urgent

search (探求) [名] an act of searching for something

devotion (専念) [名] love, loyalty, or enthusiasm for a person, activity, or cause

multitude (大衆) [名] a large number of people

joint (絶対) [形] shared by or common to two or more people or things

abstain (控える) [動] restrain oneself from doing or enjoying something

unfortunate (不幸な) [形] having or marked by bad luck

result (結果) [名] a consequence, effect, or outcome of something

意見の公布に対する処罰を認める人が、自分はマルクス・アウレリウスよりも賢く、優れた人間であり、当時の知恵に精通し、知性においても優れ、真理の探求に熱心であり、真理を発見したときにはそれに専念する心が強いと自負しているのでなければ、偉大なアントニヌスが不幸な結果をもたらした、自分と大衆が絶対に間違っていないという仮定を控えるべきである。

Aware of the impossibility of defending the use of punishment for restraining irreligious opinions, by any argument which will not justify Marcus Antoninus, the enemies of religious freedom, when hard pressed, occasionally accept this consequence, and say, with Dr. Johnson, that the persecutors of Christianity were in the right;

be aware of (知っている) [動] to know about something

impossibility (不可能) [名] the state of being impossible

defend (擁護する) [動] to protect someone or something from attack or criticism

irreligious (非宗教的) [形] not religious

Marcus Antoninus (マルクス・アントニヌス) [名] Roman emperor from 161 to 180

hard pressed (強く迫られる) [形] in a difficult situation

occasionally (時折) [副] sometimes

Dr. Johnson (ジョンソン博士) [名] an English writer who made important contributions to English literature as a poet, playwright, essayist, moralist, literary critic, biographer, editor, and lexicographer

persecutor (迫害者) [名] a person who treats someone cruelly or unfairly, especially because of their race, religion, or beliefs

宗教的自由の敵であるマルクス・アントニヌスを正当化しない議論によって、非宗教的意見を抑制するための処罰の使用を擁護することが不可能であることを知っている彼らは、強く迫られると、時折この結果を受け入れて、ジョンソン博士と一緒に、キリスト教の迫害者は正しかったと言う。

that persecution is an ordeal through which truth ought to pass, and always passes successfully, legal penalties being, in the end, powerless against truth, though sometimes beneficially effective against mischievous errors.

pass (通過する) [動] move or cause to move in a specified direction

successfully (首尾よく) [副] in a way that achieves a desired result

powerless (無力な) [形] lacking the power to perform

mischievous (悪意のある) [形] causing or intending to cause harm or trouble in a playful or humorous way

迫害は真理が通過すべき試練であり、常に首尾よく通過するものであり、法的制裁は、時には悪意のある誤りに対して有益に効果があるものの、最終的には真理に対して無力である。

This is a form of the argument for religious intolerance, sufficiently remarkable not to be passed without notice.

form (形態) [名] the shape, visual appearance, or configuration of something

remarkable (注目に値する) [形] worthy of attention; striking

これは宗教的不寛容に対する議論の一形態であり、見過ごすことのできないほど注目に値する。

A theory which maintains that truth may justifiably be persecuted because persecution cannot possibly do it any harm, cannot be charged with being intentionally hostile to the reception of new truths;

charge (非難する) [動] to accuse someone of a crime or something wrong

intentionally (意図的に) [副] done on purpose; deliberate

hostile (敵対的) [形] unfriendly; opposed

reception (受容) [名] the action or process of receiving something sent, given, or transmitted

迫害は真理に害を及ぼすことはあり得ないので、真理は正当に迫害されるべきであると主張する理論は、新しい真理の受容に対して意図的に敵対的であると非難することはできない。

but we cannot commend the generosity of its dealing with the persons to whom mankind are indebted for them.

be indebted to (負っている) [動] to be under obligation to someone for something

generosity (寛大さ) [名] the quality of being kind and generous

commend (賞賛する) [動] to express approval of someone or something

しかし、人類が真理を負っている人々に対するその扱いの寛大さを賞賛することはできない。

To discover to the world something which deeply concerns it, and of which it was previously ignorant;

discover (発見する) [動] find out or notice something for the first time

previously (これまで) [副] before; earlier

ignorant (知らなかった) [形] lacking knowledge or awareness in general

世界に深く関わっているが、これまで知らなかったことを発見すること。

to prove to it that it had been mistaken on some vital point of temporal or spiritual interest, is as important a service as a human being can render to his fellow-creatures, and in certain cases, as in those of the early Christians and of the Reformers, those who think with Dr. Johnson believe it to have been the most precious gift which could be bestowed on mankind.

世界に深く関わっているが、これまで知らなかったことを発見すること。世界が時間的または精神的関心の重要な点で誤解していたことを証明することは、人間が仲間の生き物に与えることができるのと同じくらい重要な奉仕であり、場合によっては、初期のキリスト教徒や改革者の場合のように、ジョンソン博士と考える人々は、それが人類に授けられた最も貴重な贈り物であったと信じている。

That the authors of such splendid benefits should be requited by martyrdom;

author (作者) [名] a person who writes books

splendid (素晴らしい) [形] very impressive or very good

martyrdom (殉教) [名] the death or suffering of a martyr

そのような素晴らしい恩恵の作者たちが殉教によって報われるべきであること。

that their reward should be to be dealt with as the vilest of criminals, is not, upon this theory, a deplorable error and misfortune, for which humanity should mourn in sackcloth and ashes, but the normal and justifiable state of things.

reward (報酬) [名] a thing given in recognition of one's service, effort, or achievement

deal with (扱う) [動] take action with regard to

misfortune (不幸) [名] bad luck

mourn (嘆く) [動] feel or show deep sorrow or regret for

sackcloth (粗布) [名] a coarse cloth made of flax or hemp

ashes (灰) [名] the powdery residue left after the burning of a substance

normal (正常な) [形] conforming to a standard; usual, typical, or expected

彼らの報酬が最も卑劣な犯罪者として扱われるべきであることは、この理論によれば、人類が粗布と灰の中で嘆くべき悲惨な誤りであり不幸ではなく、正常で正当な事態である。

The propounder of a new truth, according to this doctrine, should stand, as stood, in the legislation of the Locrians, the proposer of a new law, with a halter round his neck, to be instantly tightened if the public assembly did not, on hearing his reasons, then and there adopt his proposition.

propounder (提唱者) [名] a person who puts forward a new idea or theory

stand (立つ) [動] be in or move into a position in which you put your weight on your feet but not on your knees

Locrians (ロクリス人) [名] an ancient Greek tribe that inhabited the central and eastern parts of Locris

proposer (提案者) [名] a person who puts forward a plan or suggestion

halter (縄) [名] a rope or strap that fits around the head of an animal and is used to lead or tie it

neck (首) [名] the part of a person's or animal's body that connects the head to the rest of the body

instantly (即座に) [副] immediately; at once

tighten (締め付ける) [動] to make or become tighter

public assembly (公会) [名] a meeting of people for a public purpose

proposition (提案) [名] a statement or plan that is put forward for consideration or discussion

この教義によれば、新しい真理の提唱者は、ロクリス人の立法において、新しい法律の提案者が首に縄を巻いて立っていたように、公会が彼の理由を聞いてその場で彼の提案を採用しなければ、即座に締め付けられるべきである。

People who defend this mode of treating benefactors, cannot be supposed to set much value on the benefit;

set much value on (重視する) [動] regard as important

恩人に対するこの扱い方を擁護する人々は、恩恵をあまり重視していないと考えられる。

and I believe this view of the subject is mostly confined to the sort of persons who think that new truths may have been desirable once, but that we have had enough of them now.

mostly (ほとんど) [副] as regards the greater part or number

confine (限る) [動] keep or restrict someone or something within certain limits

sort (種類) [名] a category of things or people having similar characteristics

そして、この主題に対するこの見方は、新しい真理はかつては望ましかったかもしれないが、今では十分に持っていると考える人々に限られていると思う。

But, indeed, the dictum that truth always triumphs over persecution, is one of those pleasant falsehoods which men repeat after one another till they pass into commonplaces, but which all experience refutes.

triumph (打ち勝つ) [動] to be victorious or successful

dictum (格言) [名] a short statement that expresses a general truth or principle

commonplace (常識) [名] something that is ordinary or usual

refute (否定する) [動] to prove or show to be false or wrong

しかし、実際、真理は常に迫害に打ち勝つという格言は、人々が次から次へと繰り返して常識になるまで繰り返す、しかしすべての経験が否定する、心地よい偽りの1つである。

History teems with instances of truth put down by persecution.

teem with (溢れている) [動] be full of

put down (抑圧された) [動] to suppress or crush

歴史は迫害によって真理が抑圧された事例で溢れている。

If not suppressed for ever, it may be thrown back for centuries.

for ever (永遠に) [副] for all time

throw back (後退させる) [動] cause to move or go back

永遠に抑圧されなければ、何世紀も後退させられるかもしれない。

To speak only of religious opinions: the Reformation broke out at least twenty times before Luther, and was put down.

speak (話す) [動] to say something

Reformation (宗教改革) [名] the 16th-century religious and political movement in Europe that began as an attempt to reform the Catholic Church and resulted in the establishment of Protestant churches

break out (勃発する) [動] to start suddenly

Luther (ルター) [名] a German theologian and religious reformer

put down (鎮圧する) [動] to suppress or quell

宗教的意見だけを言えば、宗教改革はルター以前に少なくとも20回勃発し、鎮圧された。

Arnold of Brescia was put down.

Arnold of Brescia (ブレシアのアーノルド) [名] an Italian religious reformer

ブレシアのアーノルドは鎮圧された。

Fra Dolcino was put down.

Fra Dolcino (フラ・ドルチーノ) [名] a 14th-century Italian preacher

put down (鎮圧される) [動] to bring to an end by force

フラ・ドルチーノは鎮圧された。

Savonarola was put down.

サヴォナローラは鎮圧された。

The Albigeois were put down.

Albigeois (アルビジョワ派) [名] a member of a Christian sect that flourished in southern France in the 12th and 13th centuries

アルビジョワ派は鎮圧された。

The Vaudois were put down.

Vaudois (ヴァルド派) [名] a member of a Christian sect that originated in the 12th century in southern France

ヴァルド派は鎮圧された。

The Lollards were put down.

Lollards (ロラード派) [名] a religious movement that existed from the mid-14th century to the English Reformation

ロラード派は鎮圧された。

The Hussites were put down.

Hussites (フス派) [名] a Christian movement following the teachings of Jan Hus

フス派は鎮圧された。

Even after the era of Luther, wherever persecution was persisted in, it was successful.

era (時代) [名] a period of time in which events occur

persist (続く) [動] continue firmly or obstinately in a course of action in spite of difficulty or opposition

successful (成功した) [形] accomplishing an aim or purpose

ルターの時代の後でさえ、迫害が続いたところではどこでも、それは成功した。

In Spain, Italy, Flanders, the Austrian empire, Protestantism was rooted out;

Spain (スペイン) [名] a country on Europe’s Iberian Peninsula, includes 17 autonomous regions with diverse geography and cultures

Italy (イタリア) [名] a country in southern Europe

Flanders (フランドル) [名] the northern part of Belgium

Austrian empire (オーストリア帝国) [名] a former monarchy and great power that ruled over much of central Europe for centuries

Protestantism (プロテスタント) [名] a major branch of Christianity that originated in the Reformation of the 16th century

スペイン、イタリア、フランドル、オーストリア帝国では、プロテスタントは根絶された。

and, most likely, would have been so in England, had Queen Mary lived, or Queen Elizabeth died.

Queen Mary (メアリー女王) [名] the queen of England from 1553 to 1558

Queen Elizabeth (エリザベス女王) [名] the queen of England from 1558 to 1603

そして、メアリー女王が生きていたり、エリザベス女王が死んでいたら、イギリスでもそうだっただろう。

Persecution has always succeeded, save where the heretics were too strong a party to be effectually persecuted.

save (除いて) [前] except for

effectually (効果的に) [副] in such a manner as to produce a desired effect

異端者が効果的に迫害するにはあまりにも強力な党派だった場合を除いて、迫害は常に成功してきた。

No reasonable person can doubt that Christianity might have been extirpated in the Roman Empire.

reasonable (合理的な) [形] based on or acting on reason or good judgment

doubt (疑う) [動] feel uncertain about

might have been (かもしれない) [助] a possibility in the past

extirpated (根絶された) [動] to destroy or remove completely

Roman Empire (ローマ帝国) [名] the ancient empire centered on the city of Rome

キリスト教がローマ帝国で根絶されたかもしれないことを疑う合理的な人はいない。

It spread, and became predominant, because the persecutions were only occasional, lasting but a short time, and separated by long intervals of almost undisturbed propagandism.

spread (広まる) [動] become more widely known or distributed

occasional (たまに) [形] happening or done infrequently and irregularly

last (続く) [動] continue or be able to continue for a specified period of time

short (短い) [形] having little length or duration

separate (置く) [動] keep or move apart

long (長い) [形] having a great distance or duration from end to end

interval (間隔) [名] an intervening time or space

undisturbed (妨害されない) [形] not interrupted or interfered with

propaganda (宣伝) [名] information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view

それが広まり、優勢になったのは、迫害がたまにしか起こらず、短時間しか続かず、ほとんど妨害されない宣伝活動の長い間隔を置いて行われたからである。

It is a piece of idle sentimentality that truth, merely as truth, has any inherent power denied to error, of prevailing against the dungeon and the stake.

dungeon (牢獄) [名] a dark, damp underground prison cell

stake (火刑) [名] a wooden post to which a person is tied before being burned to death as a punishment

真理は、単に真理であるというだけで、誤謬には否定された、牢獄や火刑に打ち勝つ内在的な力を持っているというのは、怠惰な感傷にすぎない。

Men are not more zealous for truth than they often are for error, and a sufficient application of legal or even of social penalties will generally succeed in stopping the propagation of either.

be zealous for (熱心である) [動] to be eager or enthusiastic about something

error (誤謬) [名] a mistake or inaccuracy

人は真理に対して熱心である以上に誤謬に対して熱心であることが多く、法的あるいは社会的制裁を十分に適用すれば、どちらの伝播も阻止することに成功することが多い。

The real advantage which truth has, consists in this, that when an opinion is true, it may be extinguished once, twice, or many times, but in the course of ages there will generally be found persons to rediscover it, until some one of its reappearances falls on a time when from favourable circumstances it escapes persecution until it has made such head as to withstand all subsequent attempts to suppress it.

consist (ある) [動] be composed or made up of

extinguish (消滅する) [動] cause to stop burning or shining

once (一度) [副] on one occasion or for one time only

twice (二度) [副] two times

many times (何度も) [副] on many occasions

course (長い年月) [名] the passing of time

rediscover (再発見する) [動] discover again

reappearances (再現) [名] the action of reappearing

one (いずれか) [代] used to refer to a person or thing previously mentioned or easily identified

escape (免れる) [動] get free from or avoid

withstand (耐えうる) [動] resist successfully

真理が持つ真の利点は、ある意見が真実である場合、それが一度、二度、あるいは何度も消滅するかもしれないが、長い年月の間には、それを再発見する人々が一般的に現れ、その再現のいずれかが、好都合な状況から迫害を免れ、その後のあらゆる抑圧の試みに耐えうるまでになるまで続くということにある。

It will be said, that we do not now put to death the introducers of new opinions: we are not like our fathers who slew the prophets, we even build sepulchres to them.

put to death (殺す) [動] kill

introducer (提唱者) [名] a person who introduces something

father (父祖) [名] a man who has a child

kill (殺す) [動] cause the death of

build (建てる) [動] construct

sepulchre (墓) [名] a place of burial

我々はもはや新しい意見の提唱者を殺すことはない、我々は預言者を殺した父祖とは違い、彼らのために墓を建てるとさえ言われるだろう。

It is true we no longer put heretics to death;

no longer (もはや) [副] not anymore

確かに、我々はもはや異端者を死刑に処することはない。

and the amount of penal infliction which modern feeling would probably tolerate, even against the most obnoxious opinions, is not sufficient to extirpate them.

penal infliction (刑罰) [名] a punishment imposed on a person who has been found guilty of a crime

even (さえ) [副] used to emphasize the more extreme of two things

obnoxious (不快な) [形] extremely unpleasant

extirpate (根絶させる) [動] to destroy or remove completely

そして、現代人の感情がおそらく許容するであろう刑罰の量は、最も不快な意見に対してでさえ、それらを根絶させるのに十分ではない。

But let us not flatter ourselves that we are yet free from the stain even of legal persecution.

let (~しよう) [動] allow or permit

flatter (自惚れる) [動] to praise or compliment someone too much

stain (汚点) [名] a mark left on something by a dirty substance

しかし、我々が法的な迫害の汚点からさえもまだ自由であると自惚れてはならない。

Penalties for opinion, or at least for its expression, still exist by law;

意見に対する、あるいは少なくともその表明に対する刑罰は、依然として法律によって存在している。

and their enforcement is not, even in these times, so unexampled as to make it at all incredible that they may some day be revived in full force.

even in these times (この時代でさえ) [副] in spite of the present circumstances

unexampled (例外的) [形] having no precedent or parallel

incredible (信じられない) [形] too extraordinary or improbable to be believed

some day (いつか) [副] at some unspecified time in the future

full force (完全な力) [名] the whole strength or power of something

そして、その執行は、この時代でさえ、それらがいつか完全な力で復活するかもしれないことを全く信じられないほどに例外的ではない。

In the year 1857, at the summer assizes of the county of Cornwall, an unfortunate man, said to be of unexceptionable conduct in all relations of life, was sentenced to twenty-one months' imprisonment, for uttering, and writing on a gate, some offensive words concerning Christianity.

In the year 1857 (1857年) [名] the year 1857

Cornwall (コーンウォール) [名] a county in England

unexceptionable (非の打ちどころのない) [形] not open to objection or criticism

twenty-one months (21ヶ月) [名] a period of twenty-one months

imprisonment (懲役) [名] the state of being imprisoned

1857年、コーンウォール郡の夏の巡回裁判で、人生のあらゆる関係において非の打ちどころのない行動をとったと言われる不幸な男が、キリスト教に関するいくつかの不快な言葉を発し、門に書いたことで、21ヶ月の懲役を宣告された。

Within a month of the same time, at the Old Bailey, two persons, on two separate occasions, were rejected as jurymen, and one of them grossly insulted by the judge and by one of the counsel, because they honestly declared that they had no theological belief;

Within a month (1ヶ月以内に) [名] in less than a month

the Old Bailey (オールド・ベイリー) [名] a court in London

two persons (2人の人物) [名] two people

two separate occasions (2つの別々の機会) [名] two different times

rejected (拒否された) [動] not accepted

jurymen (陪審員) [名] a member of a jury

one of them (そのうちの1人) [名] one of the two people

grossly insulted (ひどく侮辱された) [動] insulted very much

the judge (裁判官) [名] a person who decides cases in a court of law

one of the counsel (弁護士の1人) [名] one of the lawyers

honestly declared (正直に宣言した) [動] said truthfully

theological belief (神学的信念) [名] a belief about religion

同じ時期から1ヶ月以内に、オールド・ベイリーで2人の人物が2つの別々の機会に陪審員として拒否され、そのうちの1人は、神学的信念がないと正直に宣言したために、裁判官と弁護士の1人からひどく侮辱された。

and a third, a foreigner, for the same reason, was denied justice against a thief.

third (3人目) [名] the ordinal number of three

foreigner (外国人) [名] a person from a foreign country

thief (泥棒) [名] a person who steals

そして3人目は外国人で、同じ理由で泥棒に対する正義を否定された。

This refusal of redress took place in virtue of the legal doctrine, that no person can be allowed to give evidence in a court of justice, who does not profess belief in a God (any god is sufficient) and in a future state;

refusal (拒否) [名] an act of refusing

legal doctrine (法理論) [名] a theory or a set of theories of law

この救済の拒否は、神(どんな神でも十分である)と未来の状態を信じないと公言する者は、裁判所で証言することを許されないという法理論に基づいて行われた。

which is equivalent to declaring such persons to be outlaws, excluded from the protection of the tribunals;

declare (宣言する) [動] to make a formal statement about something

outlaw (無法者) [名] a person who has broken the law

これは、そのような人物を法の保護から除外された無法者と宣言することと同じである。

who may not only be robbed or assaulted with impunity, if no one but themselves, or persons of similar opinions, be present, but any one else may be robbed or assaulted with impunity, if the proof of the fact depends on their evidence.

rob (強盗する) [動] take property unlawfully from a person or place by force or threat of force

assault (暴行する) [動] make a physical or verbal attack on

impunity (免責) [名] exemption from punishment or freedom from the injurious consequences of an action

present (いる) [形] existing or available now

proof (証明) [名] evidence or argument establishing a fact or the truth of a statement

evidence (証拠) [名] the available body of facts or information indicating whether a belief or proposition is true or valid

彼ら自身や似たような意見の持ち主以外に誰もいない場合には、彼らは罰せられずに強盗や暴行を受けることになるだけでなく、事実の証明が彼らの証言に依存している場合には、他の誰もが罰せられずに強盗や暴行を受けることになる。

The assumption on which this is grounded, is that the oath is worthless, of a person who does not believe in a future state;

oath (誓い) [名] a solemn promise, often invoking a divine witness, regarding one's future action or behavior

worthless (無価値) [形] having no real value or use

これが根拠としているのは、未来の状態を信じない人の誓いは無価値であるという仮定である。

a proposition which betokens much ignorance of history in those who assent to it (since it is historically true that a large proportion of infidels in all ages have been persons of distinguished integrity and honour);

betoken (示す) [動] be a sign of; indicate

ignorance (無知) [名] lack of knowledge or information

assent (同意) [動] express approval or agreement

infidel (不信仰者) [名] a person who does not believe in religion or who adheres to a religion other than one's own

distinguished (高潔な) [形] marked by eminence, distinction, or excellence

integrity (誠実) [名] the quality of being honest and having strong moral principles

これに同意する人々の歴史に対する無知を示す命題である(なぜなら、あらゆる時代の不信仰者の大部分が、高潔で名誉ある人物であったことは歴史的に真実だからである)。

and would be maintained by no one who had the smallest conception how many of the persons in greatest repute with the world, both for virtues and for attainments, are well known, at least to their intimates, to be unbelievers.

virtue (徳) [名] behavior showing high moral standards

attainment (功績) [名] the action or fact of achieving something

unbeliever (信仰心がない人) [名] a person who does not believe in a particular religion

intimate (親しい友人) [名] a very close friend

そして、徳と功績の両面で世界で最も名声のある人物の多くが、少なくとも親しい友人には、信仰心がないとよく知られていることを知っている人は、誰もこの命題を支持しないだろう。

The rule, besides, is suicidal, and cuts away its own foundation.

suicidal (自滅的) [形] likely to cause one's own death

cut away (切り崩す) [動] to remove something by cutting it

その上、この規則は自滅的で、自らの基盤を切り崩すものである。

Under pretence that atheists must be liars, it admits the testimony of all atheists who are willing to lie, and rejects only those who brave the obloquy of publicly confessing a detested creed rather than affirm a falsehood.

atheist (無神論者) [名] a person who does not believe in the existence of a god or any gods

liar (嘘つき) [名] a person who has lied

testimony (証言) [名] a statement or declaration of fact or opinion given under oath by a witness

obloquy (非難) [名] strong public criticism or disapproval

publicly (公に) [副] in a way that is known or seen by many people

confess (告白する) [動] to admit or state that you have done something wrong, such as committing a crime

detested (嫌悪される) [形] hated or disliked intensely

affirm (肯定する) [動] to state something as a fact

falsehood (偽り) [名] something that is not true

無神論者は嘘つきに違いないという口実のもと、嘘をつくことをいとわない無神論者の証言はすべて認め、偽りを肯定するよりも、嫌悪される信条を公に告白するという非難に耐える者だけを拒絶する。

A rule thus self-convicted of absurdity so far as regards its professed purpose, can be kept in force only as a badge of hatred, a relic of persecution;

absurdity (不条理) [名] the quality or state of being ridiculous or wildly unreasonable

hatred (憎しみ) [名] intense dislike

このように、自ら公言する目的に関して不条理を認めた規則は、憎しみの象徴、迫害の名残としてのみ効力を持ち続けることができる。

a persecution, too, having the peculiarity, that the qualification for undergoing it, is the being clearly proved not to deserve it.

qualification (資格) [名] a quality or accomplishment that makes someone suitable for a job or position

undergo (受ける) [動] experience or be subjected to

clearly (明確に) [副] in a way that is easy to understand

迫害もまた、それを受ける資格が、それに値しないことが明確に証明されているという特異性を持っている。

The rule, and the theory it implies, are hardly less insulting to believers than to infidels.

insulting (侮辱的) [形] causing someone to feel angry or upset

believer (信者) [名] a person who believes in a particular religion

この規則とそれが暗示する理論は、信者にとって異教徒にとってと同じくらい侮辱的である。

For if he who does not believe in a future state, necessarily lies, it follows that they who do believe are only prevented from lying, if prevented they are, by the fear of hell.

future state (来世) [名] the state of existence after death

lie (嘘をつく) [動] make an untrue statement with deliberate intent to deceive; utter an untruth

なぜなら、来世を信じない人が必然的に嘘をつくならば、信じる人は地獄の恐怖によってのみ嘘をつくことを阻止されることになるからである。

We will not do the authors and abettors of the rule the injury of supposing, that the conception which they have formed of Christian virtue is drawn from their own consciousness.

author (著者) [名] the writer of a book, article, or report

abettor (教唆者) [名] a person who encourages or assists another in a crime

injury (侮辱) [名] an act that damages or hurts

conception (概念) [名] an idea or understanding of something

consciousness (意識) [名] the state of being aware of and responsive to one's surroundings

私たちは、この規則の著者や教唆者たちがキリスト教の美徳について形成した概念が彼ら自身の意識から引き出されていると仮定するような侮辱はしない。

These, indeed, are but rags and remnants of persecution, and may be thought to be not so much an indication of the wish to persecute, as an example of that very frequent infirmity of English minds, which makes them take a preposterous pleasure in the assertion of a bad principle, when they are no longer bad enough to desire to carry it really into practice.

indeed (確かに) [副] used to emphasize a statement or response confirming something already suggested

rag (ぼろきれ) [名] a piece of old cloth, especially one torn from a larger piece

remnant (残骸) [名] a small remaining part of something

indication (表れ) [名] a sign or suggestion of something

wish (願望) [名] a strong feeling of wanting to have something or wishing for something to happen

infirmity (弱さ) [名] physical or mental weakness

English (イギリス人) [名] a person from England

take (感じる) [動] experience or feel (an emotion)

assertion (主張) [名] a confident and forceful statement of fact or belief

これらは、確かに、迫害のぼろきれや残骸に過ぎず、迫害したいという願望の表れというよりも、イギリス人の精神によくある弱さの一例と考えられる。イギリス人は、もはやそれを実際に実行したいとは思わないほど悪くはないのに、悪い原則を主張することに馬鹿げた喜びを感じている。

But unhappily there is no security in the state of the public mind, that the suspension of worse forms of legal persecution, which has lasted for about the space of a generation, will continue.

unhappily (不幸なことに) [副] in an unhappy way

public mind (国民の精神状態) [名] the state of the mind of the public

suspension (停止) [名] the temporary stopping of something

しかし、不幸なことに、約一世代にわたって続いたより悪質な形態の法的迫害の停止が続くという保証は、国民の精神状態にはない。

In this age the quiet surface of routine is as often ruffled by attempts to resuscitate past evils, as to introduce new benefits.

this age (この時代) [名] the present time

quiet (静かな) [形] making little or no noise

surface (表面) [名] the top or outside layer of something

routine (日常) [名] a sequence of actions regularly followed

ruffle (乱す) [動] disturb the smoothness or flatness of

resuscitate (蘇らせる) [動] restore to life or consciousness

introduce (導入する) [動] bring into use or operation

この時代には、過去の悪を蘇らせようとする試みによって、日常の静かな表面が乱されることがよくある。

What is boasted of at the present time as the revival of religion, is always, in narrow and uncultivated minds, at least as much the revival of bigotry;

boast (自慢する) [動] speak too proudly about oneself or one's achievements

present time (現在) [名] the time that is happening now

revival (復興) [名] the restoration of something after it has been lost, destroyed, or discontinued

narrow (狭い) [形] of small width

uncultivated (未開の) [形] not cultivated

bigotry (偏見) [名] intolerance of other people's beliefs, especially religious beliefs

現在、宗教の復興として自慢されていることは、狭く未開の精神においては、常に少なくとも偏見の復興である。

and where there is the strong permanent leaven of intolerance in the feelings of a people, which at all times abides in the middle classes of this country, it needs but little to provoke them into actively persecuting those whom they have never ceased to think proper objects of persecution.

where (どこ) [副] in or to what place or position

there is (ある) [動] to exist

strong (強い) [形] having great power or force

leaven (酵母) [名] a substance that causes fermentation

at all times (常に) [副] on every occasion

abide (存在する) [動] to accept or act in accordance with

middle class (中産階級) [名] the social group between the upper and working classes

need (必要とする) [動] to require (something) because it is essential or very important

provoke (刺激する) [動] to cause to do or feel something, especially by arousing anger in

actively (積極的に) [副] in a way that involves or requires action

proper (適切な) [形] truly or strictly so called

そして、この国の中産階級に常に存在する、人々の感情の中に不寛容の強い永続的な酵母があるところでは、彼らが迫害の適切な対象と考えることを決してやめなかった人々を積極的に迫害するように彼らを刺激するのにほとんど必要としない。

For it is this—it is the opinions men entertain, and the feelings they cherish, respecting those who disown the beliefs they deem important, which makes this country not a place of mental freedom.

it is this (それはこれである) [代] the thing that is being discussed

entertain (抱く) [動] to hold in the mind

cherish (大切にする) [動] to hold something dear

respect (尊重する) [動] to have due regard for the feelings, wishes, rights, or traditions of

place (場所) [名] a particular position or point in space

なぜなら、この国を精神的自由の場所ではなくしているのは、人々が抱く意見であり、彼らが大切だと考える信念を否定する人々を尊重する気持ちだからである。

For a long time past, the chief mischief of the legal penalties is that they strengthen the social stigma.

For a long time past (長い間) [名] a long period of time

mischief (害悪) [名] trouble or damage caused by someone or something

strengthen (強める) [動] make or become stronger

stigma (偏見) [名] a mark of disgrace associated with a particular circumstance, quality, or person

長い間、法的刑罰の主な害悪は、社会的偏見を強めることであった。

It is that stigma which is really effective, and so effective is it that the profession of opinions which are under the ban of society is much less common in England, than is, in many other countries, the avowal of those which incur risk of judicial punishment.

effective (効果的な) [形] producing a desired or intended result

profession (表明) [名] a public declaration of faith

ban (禁止) [名] an official or legal prohibition

risk (リスク) [名] a situation involving exposure to danger

本当に効果があるのはその偏見であり、それは非常に効果的であるため、社会の禁止下にある意見の表明は、他の多くの国々で司法的処罰のリスクを被る意見の表明よりも、イギリスでははるかに一般的ではない。

In respect to all persons but those whose pecuniary circumstances make them independent of the good will of other people, opinion, on this subject, is as efficacious as law;

respect (に関して) [名] a feeling of deep admiration for someone or something elicited by their abilities, qualities or achievements

good will (善意) [名] a kindly feeling of approval and support

efficacious (効果的である) [形] producing the desired or intended effect

金銭的状況によって他人の善意に依存しない人々を除くすべての人々に関して、この問題に関する意見は法律と同じくらい効果的である。

men might as well be imprisoned, as excluded from the means of earning their bread.

as well (ましかもしれない) [副] to the same degree or extent

be imprisoned (投獄される) [動] put or keep in prison

bread (パン) [名] a food made of flour and water, mixed together and baked

人々は、パンを稼ぐ手段から排除されるくらいなら、投獄された方がましかもしれない。

Those whose bread is already secured, and who desire no favours from men in power, or from bodies of men, or from the public, have nothing to fear from the open avowal of any opinions, but to be ill-thought of and ill-spoken of, and this it ought not to require a very heroic mould to enable them to bear.

secure (確保する) [動] to make safe or certain

favour (恩恵) [名] an act of kindness or goodwill

body (団体) [名] a group of people who work together

fear (恐れる) [動] to be afraid of something

open (公然と) [形] not hidden or secret

avowal (表明) [名] a statement or declaration

ill-thought (悪く思われる) [形] not well thought of

ill-spoken (悪く言われる) [形] not well spoken of

heroic (英雄的な) [形] having or showing courage or bravery

mould (型) [名] a hollow container into which liquid is poured to make a solid shape

すでにパンが確保されていて、権力者や団体、あるいは公衆からの恩恵を望まない人々は、どんな意見を公然と表明しても、悪く思われたり、悪く言われたりすること以外に恐れることはないが、これに耐えるために、それほど英雄的な型を必要とするべきではない。

There is no room for any appeal ad misericordiam in behalf of such persons.

There is no room for (余地はない) [句] there is no possibility of

appeal (訴える) [動] make an urgent and emotional request

ad misericordiam (情に) [句] to pity

behalf (ために) [名] the interest of another person

そのような人々のために、情に訴える余地はない。

But though we do not now inflict so much evil on those who think differently from us, as it was formerly our custom to do, it may be that we do ourselves as much evil as ever by our treatment of them.

inflict (与える) [動] cause (something unpleasant or painful) to be suffered by someone or something

differently (違う) [副] in a different way

しかし、私たちは以前のように、自分たちとは違う考えを持つ人々にそれほど多くの悪を与えることはしないが、彼らに対する扱いによって、私たち自身にこれまでと同じくらい多くの悪を与えているのかもしれない。

Socrates was put to death, but the Socratic philosophy rose like the sun in heaven, and spread its illumination over the whole intellectual firmament.

put to death (死刑に処せられる) [動] to be killed as a punishment

rise (昇る) [動] to go up

sun (太陽) [名] the star that is the source of light and heat for the Earth's solar system

heaven (天) [名] the sky

spread (広げる) [動] to stretch out over a wide area

illumination (光) [名] the action or fact of illuminating or being illuminated

firmament (天空) [名] the sky, especially when viewed as a vault or arch

ソクラテスは死刑に処せられたが、ソクラテス哲学は天の太陽のように昇り、その光を全知的世界の天空に広げた。

Christians were cast to the lions, but the Christian church grew up a stately and spreading tree, overtopping the older and less vigorous growths, and stifling them by its shade.

cast (投げ込む) [動] throw forcefully

lion (ライオン) [名] a large carnivorous mammal of the cat family

grow up (成長する) [動] become an adult

stately (堂々とした) [形] dignified and impressive in appearance or manner

spread (広がる) [動] stretch out over a wide area

tree (木) [名] a woody perennial plant typically having a main stem or trunk

overtop (覆う) [動] be higher than

old (古い) [形] having lived for a long time

vigorous (活力のある) [形] strong and forceful in action or movement

growth (成長) [名] the process of increasing in size

shade (陰) [名] comparative darkness and coolness caused by shelter from direct sunlight

キリスト教徒はライオンに投げ込まれたが、キリスト教会は堂々とした広がる木に成長し、古くて活力の少ない成長を覆い、その陰で彼らを窒息させた。

Our merely social intolerance kills no one, roots out no opinions, but induces men to disguise them, or to abstain from any active effort for their diffusion.

disguise (偽装する) [動] change the appearance or nature of something in order to hide its true identity

diffusion (普及) [名] the spreading of something more widely

私たちの単なる社会的不寛容は誰も殺さず、意見を根絶やしにすることもないが、人々に意見を偽装させたり、意見を広めるための積極的な努力を控えさせたりする。

With us, heretical opinions do not perceptibly gain, or even lose, ground in each decade or generation;

with us (私たちにとって) [前] in our opinion

gain (増える) [動] increase in amount, value, or importance

lose (減る) [動] decrease in amount, value, or importance

私たちにとって、異端の意見は、10年や世代ごとに目に見えて増えたり減ったりすることはなく、

they never blaze out far and wide, but continue to smoulder in the narrow circles of thinking and studious persons among whom they originate, without ever lighting up the general affairs of mankind with either a true or a deceptive light.

blaze (燃え広がる) [動] burn brightly

far and wide (広く) [副] over a large area

smoulder (くすぶる) [動] burn slowly with smoke but no flame

circle (輪) [名] a round shape

thinking (思考) [名] the process of using your mind to consider something

studious (研究熱心な) [形] spending a lot of time studying

light (光) [名] the natural agent that stimulates sight and makes things visible

決して広く燃え広がることはなく、真実の光でも偽りの光でも人類の一般的な事柄を照らすことはなく、それらが生まれた思考と研究熱心な人々の狭い輪の中でくすぶり続ける。

And thus is kept up a state of things very satisfactory to some minds, because, without the unpleasant process of fining or imprisoning anybody, it maintains all prevailing opinions outwardly undisturbed, while it does not absolutely interdict the exercise of reason by dissentients afflicted with the malady of thought.

keep up (維持する) [動] maintain or continue

state of things (状態) [名] the way things are

unpleasant (不愉快な) [形] not pleasant

fine (罰金) [名] a sum of money that you have to pay as a punishment

imprison (投獄する) [動] put or keep in prison

outwardly (外見上) [副] on the outside

undisturbed (乱さずに) [形] not disturbed

interdict (禁止する) [動] officially or legally prohibit

afflicted (苦しむ) [動] cause pain or suffering to

thought (思考) [名] the action or process of thinking

そして、こうして、ある種の精神にとって非常に満足のいく状態が維持されるのである。なぜなら、誰かに罰金や投獄をするという不愉快な手続きをせずに、すべての支配的な意見を外見上は乱さずに維持し、同時に、思考の病に苦しむ反対者による理性の行使を絶対に禁止しないからである。

A convenient plan for having peace in the intellectual world, and keeping all things going on therein very much as they do already.

keep (維持する) [動] cause to continue; maintain

go on (起こる) [動] continue without stopping

already (これまで通り) [副] before or previously

知的世界に平和をもたらし、その中で起こっていることをすべてこれまで通りに維持するための便利な計画である。

But the price paid for this sort of intellectual pacification, is the sacrifice of the entire moral courage of the human mind.

price (代償) [名] the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something

pay (支払う) [動] give (someone) money that is owed or due

pacification (平和) [名] the action of pacifying or the state of being pacified

sacrifice (犠牲) [名] an act of giving up something valued for the sake of something else considered to be of greater value or importance

entire (全体) [形] with no part left out; whole

courage (勇気) [名] the ability to do something that frightens one

しかし、この種の知的平和のために支払われる代償は、人間の精神の道徳的勇気全体の犠牲である。

A state of things in which a large portion of the most active and inquiring intellects find it advisable to keep the genuine principles and grounds of their convictions within their own breasts, and attempt, in what they address to the public, to fit as much as they can of their own conclusions to premises which they have internally renounced, cannot send forth the open, fearless characters, and logical, consistent intellects who once adorned the thinking world.

active (活発な) [形] doing or involving a lot of things

inquiring (探究心のある) [形] asking questions

advisable (賢明な) [形] wise or sensible

breast (胸) [名] the front of a person's body between the neck and the stomach

fit (適合させる) [動] to be the right size or shape

premise (前提) [名] a statement or proposition from which another is inferred or follows as a conclusion

renounce (放棄する) [動] to give up something

send forth (送り出す) [動] to produce or cause to come out

fearless (恐れを知らない) [形] not afraid

logical (論理的) [形] based on or using reason or logic

consistent (一貫した) [形] not changing or varying

adorn (彩る) [動] to decorate or embellish

thinking world (思考界) [名] the world of thought

最も活発で探究心のある知性の大部分が、自分の信念の本物の原理と根拠を自分の胸の中に留めておくことを賢明と考え、公衆に向けて語る言葉の中で、自分の結論をできるだけ内心では放棄している前提に適合させようとする状況では、かつて思考界を彩った、オープンで恐れを知らない性格や論理的で一貫した知性を送り出すことはできない。

The sort of men who can be looked for under it, are either mere conformers to commonplace, or time-servers for truth, whose arguments on all great subjects are meant for their hearers, and are not those which have convinced themselves.

look for (期待する) [動] hope to find or get

sort of (一種の) [名] a kind or type of something

under (下で) [前] below or beneath something

conformer (適合者) [名] a person who conforms to something

time-server (日和見主義者) [名] a person who changes their opinions or behavior according to what is popular or advantageous at the time

hearer (聞き手) [名] a person who hears something

convince (納得させる) [動] cause (someone) to believe firmly in the truth of something

その下で期待できる人間は、ありきたりなことへの単なる適合者か、真理のための日和見主義者であり、あらゆる偉大な主題に関する議論は聞き手のためのものであり、自分自身を納得させたものではない。

Those who avoid this alternative, do so by narrowing their thoughts and interest to things which can be spoken of without venturing within the region of principles, that is, to small practical matters, which would come right of themselves, if but the minds of mankind were strengthened and enlarged, and which will never be made effectually right until then: while that which would strengthen and enlarge men's minds, free and daring speculation on the highest subjects, is abandoned.

alternative (選択肢) [名] one of two or more available possibilities

narrow (狭める) [動] make or become less wide

speak (語る) [動] say words out loud

venture (足を踏み入れる) [動] go somewhere or do something that is new, dangerous, or exciting

region (領域) [名] an area of land

enlarge (拡大する) [動] make or become bigger or more extensive

effectively (効果的に) [副] in such a manner as to achieve a desired result

abandon (放棄する) [動] give up completely

この選択肢を避ける人は、自分の考えや関心を、原理の領域に足を踏み入れずに語ることができる事柄、つまり、人類の精神が強化され、拡大されれば、それ自体で正しくなるような小さな実践的な事柄に狭めることでそうするが、それまでは決して効果的に正しくなることはないだろう。一方で、人間の精神を強化し、拡大するであろう、最高の主題に関する自由で大胆な思索は放棄される。

Those in whose eyes this reticence on the part of heretics is no evil, should consider in the first place, that in consequence of it there is never any fair and thorough discussion of heretical opinions;

reticence (沈黙) [名] the quality of being reserved or uncommunicative in speech or manner

first place (第一に) [名] the position of highest importance or honor

thorough (徹底的な) [形] complete with regard to every detail; not superficial or partial

異端者の側のこの沈黙を悪と見ない人は、まず第一に、その結果として異端の意見について公正で徹底的な議論が決して行われないことを考慮すべきである。

and that such of them as could not stand such a discussion, though they may be prevented from spreading, do not disappear.

stand (耐える) [動] be in a position or attitude in which you put your weight on your feet but not on your knees

そして、そのような議論に耐えられないような意見は、広まるのを防ぐことはできても、消滅することはない。

But it is not the minds of heretics that are deteriorated most, by the ban placed on all inquiry which does not end in the orthodox conclusions.

inquiry (探求) [名] an act of asking a question in order to know something

conclusion (結論) [名] the end or finish of something

deteriorate (悪化する) [動] become progressively worse

しかし、正統な結論に至らないあらゆる探求を禁止することで、最も悪化するのは異端者の精神ではない。

The greatest harm done is to those who are not heretics, and whose whole mental development is cramped, and their reason cowed, by the fear of heresy.

greatest (最も大きな) [形] of major significance or importance

done (与えられる) [動] to make, produce, or create

whose (~の) [関] of whom or which

whole (全体の) [形] all of; entire

cramped (妨げられる) [動] to confine or restrict

cowed (萎縮している) [動] to intimidate or subdue by filling with fear

最も大きな害は、異端者ではなく、異端の恐怖によって精神的発達が妨げられ、理性が萎縮している人々に対してである。

Who can compute what the world loses in the multitude of promising intellects combined with timid characters, who dare not follow out any bold, vigorous, independent train of thought, lest it should land them in something which would admit of being considered irreligious or immoral?

compute (計算する) [動] determine by mathematical means

promising (有望な) [形] likely to develop in a positive way

timid (臆病な) [形] showing a lack of courage or confidence

dare (敢えて) [動] have the courage to do something new or dangerous

follow (たどる) [動] go after someone or something

bold (大胆な) [形] showing a willingness to take risks or to do something new or dangerous

vigorous (精力的な) [形] strong, energetic, and forceful

train (流れ) [名] a series of connected ideas, events, etc.

land (たどり着く) [動] arrive at a place

大胆で精力的で独立した思考の流れをたどることを敢えてせず、それが非宗教的または非道徳的と見なされることを認めるような何かにたどり着かないようにする、臆病な性格と有望な知性の組み合わせによって、世界がどれだけ失うかを誰が計算できるだろうか?

Among them we may occasionally see some man of deep conscientiousness, and subtle and refined understanding, who spends a life in sophisticating with an intellect which he cannot silence, and exhausts the resources of ingenuity in attempting to reconcile the promptings of his conscience and reason with orthodoxy, which yet he does not, perhaps, to the end succeed in doing.

deep (深い) [形] having a specified measurement from top to bottom

subtle (繊細な) [形] so delicate or precise as to be difficult to analyze or describe

refined (洗練された) [形] having a high degree of polish or refinement

spend (過ごす) [動] pass or occupy (time) in a specified way

sophisticating (巧みに操る) [動] make more complex or sophisticated

exhaust (使い果たす) [動] use up or consume entirely

ingenuity (創意工夫) [名] the quality of being clever, original, and inventive

reconcile (調和させる) [動] make or become friendly after an argument or disagreement

prompting (促し) [名] the action of prompting someone to do something

orthodoxy (正統性) [名] conformity to what is generally or traditionally accepted as right or true; established and approved doctrine or belief

その中には、深い良心と繊細で洗練された理解力を持つ人が時折見られ、沈黙させることのできない知性を巧みに操って人生を過ごし、良心と理性の促しを正統性と調和させようとして創意工夫の資源を使い果たしてしまうが、それでもおそらく最後まで成功することはできない。

No one can be a great thinker who does not recognise, that as a thinker it is his first duty to follow his intellect to whatever conclusions it may lead.

思想家として、どんな結論に至ろうとも自分の知性に従うことが第一の義務であることを認めない人は、偉大な思想家になることはできない。

Truth gains more even by the errors of one who, with due study and preparation, thinks for himself, than by the true opinions of those who only hold them because they do not suffer themselves to think.

gain (得る) [動] obtain or win something

due (十分な) [形] proper or appropriate

study (研究) [名] the devotion of time and attention to gaining knowledge especially by means of books

preparation (準備) [名] the action or process of making ready or being made ready for use or consideration

hold (保持する) [動] keep or retain in one's possession

真理は、十分な研究と準備を重ねて自分で考える人の誤りによって、考えることを許さないために真理を保持しているだけの人の真理よりも、より多くを得る。

Not that it is solely, or chiefly, to form great thinkers, that freedom of thinking is required.

solely (だけ) [副] not involving anyone or anything else

chiefly (主に) [副] more than anything else

form (育成) [動] bring into existence

思想の自由が必要なのは、偉大な思想家を育成するためだけ、あるいは主にそのためというわけではない。

On the contrary, it is as much, and even more indispensable, to enable average human beings to attain the mental stature which they are capable of.

average (平均的な) [形] constituting the result obtained by adding together several quantities and then dividing this total by the number of quantities

attain (遂げる) [動] succeed in achieving something

stature (成長) [名] the height of a person or thing

それどころか、平均的な人間が自分の能力に応じた精神的成長を遂げるためにも、それと同じくらい、あるいはそれ以上に不可欠なものである。

There have been, and may again be, great individual thinkers, in a general atmosphere of mental slavery.

There have been (存在し) [動] to have existed

atmosphere (雰囲気) [名] the mood or tone of a place or situation

slavery (奴隷制) [名] the state of being a slave

精神的奴隷制の一般的な雰囲気の中で、偉大な個々の思想家が存在し、また存在するかもしれない。

But there never has been, nor ever will be, in that atmosphere, an intellectually active people.

intellectually (知的に) [副] in an intelligent manner

しかし、そのような雰囲気の中で、知的に活発な人々が存在したことも、存在することもないだろう。

Where any people has made a temporary approach to such a character, it has been because the dread of heterodox speculation was for a time suspended.

make an approach (近づく) [動] to come near or nearer in space or time

temporary (一時的) [形] lasting for only a short time

dread (恐怖) [名] a feeling of great fear or anxiety

heterodox (異端) [形] not conforming to what is generally or traditionally accepted as right or true; unorthodox

人々がそのような性格に一時的に近づいた場合、それは異端の思索に対する恐怖が一時的に中断されたためである。

Where there is a tacit convention that principles are not to be disputed;

dispute (議論する) [動] argue about something; discuss something heatedly

convention (慣習) [名] a way in which something is usually done or made or a way of behaving that is generally accepted as right or true

原則は議論されるべきではないという暗黙の慣習がある場合、

where the discussion of the greatest questions which can occupy humanity is considered to be closed, we cannot hope to find that generally high scale of mental activity which has made some periods of history so remarkable.

closed (閉じられた) [形] not open

high (高い) [形] of great vertical extent

mental (精神的な) [形] relating to the mind

activity (活動) [名] a thing that a person or group does or has done

人類を占領しうる最大の疑問についての議論が閉じられたと考えられる場合、歴史のある時期を非常に注目に値するものにした、一般的に高い精神活動の規模を見つけることは期待できない。

Never when controversy avoided the subjects which are large and important enough to kindle enthusiasm, was the mind of a people stirred up from its foundations, and the impulse given which raised even persons of the most ordinary intellect to something of the dignity of thinking beings.

kindle (燃やす) [動] set on fire or catch fire

enthusiasm (熱意) [名] intense and eager enjoyment, interest, or approval

stir up (かき立てる) [動] to cause to be active or excited

impulse (衝動) [名] a sudden strong and unreflective urge or desire to act

raise (引き上げる) [動] move or cause to move to a higher position

dignity (尊厳) [名] the state or quality of being worthy of honor or respect

論争が熱意を燃やすのに十分大きくて重要な主題を避けたとき、人々の心がその基礎からかき立てられ、最も普通の知性を持つ人々でさえ考える存在の尊厳の何かに引き上げた衝動が与えられることは決してなかった。

Of such we have had an example in the condition of Europe during the times immediately following the Reformation;

Europe (ヨーロッパ) [名] a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere

そのような例として、宗教改革直後のヨーロッパの状況がある。

another, though limited to the Continent and to a more cultivated class, in the speculative movement of the latter half of the eighteenth century;

cultivated (教養のある) [形] having a high standard of education and knowledge

limited (限定される) [動] restrict the size or extent of

eighteenth century (18世紀) [名] the period from 1701 to 1800

speculative (思弁的) [形] involving a high risk of loss

movement (運動) [名] a group of people working together to advance their shared political, social, or artistic ideas

別の例としては、大陸とより教養のある階級に限定されるが、18世紀後半の思弁的運動がある。

and a third, of still briefer duration, in the intellectual fermentation of Germany during the Goethian and Fichtean period.

brief (短い) [形] short in duration

duration (期間) [名] the length of time that something continues

fermentation (発酵) [名] the chemical breakdown of a substance by bacteria, yeasts, or other microorganisms, typically involving effervescence and the giving off of heat

Germany (ドイツ) [名] a country in Europe

Goethian (ゲーテ) [形] of or relating to the German writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

Fichtean (フィヒテ) [形] of or relating to the German philosopher Johann Gottlieb Fichte

そして3つ目は、さらに短い期間だが、ゲーテとフィヒテの時代におけるドイツの知的発酵である。

These periods differed widely in the particular opinions which they developed;

widely (大きく) [副] to a great extent

develop (展開する) [動] grow or cause to grow and become more mature, advanced, or elaborate

これらの時期は、それぞれが展開した個々の思想において大きく異なっていた。

but were alike in this, that during all three the yoke of authority was broken.

alike (似ている) [形] having a similar appearance or qualities

during (間に) [前] in or throughout the course of

three (3つ) [数] the number 3

break (打ち砕く) [動] separate into pieces as a result of impact or force

しかし、この3つの時期に共通していることは、権威のくびきが打ち砕かれたことである。

In each, an old mental despotism had been thrown off, and no new one had yet taken its place.

throw off (打倒する) [動] to get rid of something that is unpleasant or unwanted

take the place of (取って代わる) [動] to be used or accepted instead of something else

いずれの時期にも、古い精神的専制が打倒され、まだ新しい専制が取って代わっていない。

The impulse given at these three periods has made Europe what it now is.

make (作る) [動] cause to exist or come about

これらの3つの時期に与えられた衝動が、ヨーロッパを現在の姿にしたのである。

Every single improvement which has taken place either in the human mind or in institutions, may be traced distinctly to one or other of them.

every single (あらゆる) [形] each and every

improvement (進歩) [名] an increase in the quality or value of something

trace (たどる) [動] follow the course or development of

distinctly (明確に) [副] in a clear and definite way

人間の精神や制度に起こったあらゆる進歩は、そのいずれかに明確にたどることができる。

Appearances have for some time indicated that all three impulses are well-nigh spent;

appearance (外観) [名] the way that someone or something looks

for some time (しばらく前から) [名] a period of time

indicate (示す) [動] be a sign of; be an indication of

well-nigh (ほとんど) [副] very nearly; almost

spend (尽きる) [動] use up; consume

しばらく前から、3つの衝動はすべてほとんど尽きてしまったように見える。

and we can expect no fresh start, until we again assert our mental freedom.

expect (期待する) [動] regard something as likely to happen

fresh (新たな) [形] recently produced or harvested

start (スタート) [名] the beginning of something

そして、私たちが再び精神的自由を主張するまで、新たなスタートは期待できない。

Let us now pass to the second division of the argument, and dismissing the supposition that any of the received opinions may be false, let us assume them to be true, and examine into the worth of the manner in which they are likely to be held, when their truth is not freely and openly canvassed.

pass to (移る) [動] move from one place to another

dismiss (捨てる) [動] send away; cause to leave

examine (調べる) [動] inspect closely and thoroughly

likely (ありそう) [形] probable; having a good chance of being or happening

freely (自由に) [副] without restriction or limitation

canvass (議論する) [動] discuss thoroughly

さて、議論の第二部に移り、受け入れられた意見のいずれかが間違っているかもしれないという仮定を捨てて、それらが真実であると仮定し、その真実が自由に公然と議論されない場合に、それらがどのように保持されるかについて調べてみよう。

However unwillingly a person who has a strong opinion may admit the possibility that his opinion may be false, he ought to be moved by the consideration that however true it may be, if it is not fully, frequently, and fearlessly discussed, it will be held as a dead dogma, not a living truth.

unwillingly (不本意ながら) [副] in a reluctant manner

possibility (可能性) [名] the state or fact of being possible

fearlessly (恐れずに) [副] without fear

dead (死んだ) [形] no longer alive

強い意見を持つ人は、自分の意見が間違っている可能性を認めたくないものだが、どんなに真実であっても、十分に、頻繁に、恐れずに議論しなければ、生きた真実ではなく、死んだ教義として保持されることになるという考慮によって動かされるべきである。

There is a class of persons (happily not quite so numerous as formerly) who think it enough if a person assents undoubtingly to what they think true, though he has no knowledge whatever of the grounds of the opinion, and could not make a tenable defence of it against the most superficial objections.

undoubtingly (疑いなく) [副] without any doubt

tenable (擁護できる) [形] able to be maintained or defended against attack or objection

superficial (表面的) [形] of or relating to the surface

ある種の人々は(幸いにも以前ほど多くはないが)、自分の意見の根拠を全く知らないし、最も表面的な異議に対してもそれを擁護することができないのに、自分が正しいと思うことに疑いなく同意すれば十分だと思っている。

Such persons, if they can once get their creed taught from authority, naturally think that no good, and some harm, comes of its being allowed to be questioned.

such (そのような) [形] of the type previously mentioned

naturally (当然のことながら) [副] in a way that is expected or normal

no good (何の利益にもならず) [名] not good or beneficial

some harm (害になる) [名] something that causes damage or injury

come of (~になる) [動] to be the result of something

question (疑う) [動] to express doubt about something

そのような人々は、いったん権威から信条を教わることができれば、当然のことながら、それを疑うことを許すことは、何の利益にもならず、害になると考えるようになる。

Where their influence prevails, they make it nearly impossible for the received opinion to be rejected wisely and considerately, though it may still be rejected rashly and ignorantly;

prevail (強い) [動] prove more powerful

wisely (賢明に) [副] in a wise manner

considerately (思慮深く) [副] in a considerate manner

rejected (拒絶される) [動] refuse to consider or agree to

rashly (無謀に) [副] in a rash manner

ignorantly (無知に) [副] in an ignorant manner

彼らの影響力が強いところでは、受け入れられた意見が賢明に、また思慮深く拒絶されることはほとんど不可能になるが、それでも無謀に、また無知に拒絶されることはある。

for to shut out discussion entirely is seldom possible, and when it once gets in, beliefs not grounded on conviction are apt to give way before the slightest semblance of an argument.

shut out (締め出す) [動] prevent from entering

possible (できる) [形] able to be done; able to happen

get in (始まる) [動] enter or go into

apt (~しがちである) [形] likely to do something

give way (屈する) [動] yield to pressure, force, or persuasion

slightest (わずかな) [形] very small in degree; inconsiderable

semblance (類似性) [名] the outward appearance or apparent form of something, especially when it is deceptive

議論を完全に締め出すことなどめったにできないし、一度議論が始まると、確信に基づかない信念は、議論のわずかな類似性にも屈してしまうものである。

Waiving, however, this possibility—assuming that the true opinion abides in the mind, but abides as a prejudice, a belief independent of, and proof against, argument—this is not the way in which truth ought to be held by a rational being.

waive (放棄する) [動] refrain from insisting on or using

abide (宿る) [動] accept or act in accordance with

independent (無関係の) [形] not connected with or influenced by another person or thing

しかし、この可能性を放棄して、真の意見が心の中に宿っているが、偏見、議論とは無関係の信念、議論に反する証拠として宿っていると仮定すると、これは合理的な存在が真理を保持するべき方法ではない。

This is not knowing the truth.

これは真実を知らないことである。

Truth, thus held, is but one superstition the more, accidentally clinging to the words which enunciate a truth.

cling (しがみつく) [動] hold on tightly

enunciate (表明する) [動] pronounce clearly

このように保持された真理は、真理を表明する言葉に偶然しがみついた、もう一つの迷信にすぎない。

If the intellect and judgment of mankind ought to be cultivated, a thing which Protestants at least do not deny, on what can these faculties be more appropriately exercised by any one, than on the things which concern him so much that it is considered necessary for him to hold opinions on them?

be cultivated (養われる) [動] be trained or developed

Protestant (プロテスタント教徒) [名] a member of one of the Churches of Western Christendom that separated from the Roman Catholic Church during the Reformation

be exercised (行使される) [動] be used or put into effect

人類の知性と判断力を養うべきであるならば、プロテスタント教徒が少なくとも否定しない事柄であるが、これらの能力は、自分にとって非常に重要であり、それについて意見を持つことが必要と考えられる事柄よりも、何に対してより適切に行使できるだろうか?

If the cultivation of the understanding consists in one thing more than in another, it is surely in learning the grounds of one's own opinions.

cultivation (養成) [名] the process of improving the quality of something

consist in (集中する) [動] to be contained in or formed of

one thing (一つのこと) [名] a single thing

another (他の事柄) [名] an additional thing

surely (確かに) [副] without doubt

理解力の養成が他の事柄よりも一つのことに集中するならば、それは確かに自分の意見の根拠を学ぶことである。

Whatever people believe, on subjects on which it is of the first importance to believe rightly, they ought to be able to defend against at least the common objections.

ought to (べきである) [助] used to express duty or moral obligation

defend (弁護する) [動] to protect from harm or danger

common (一般的な) [形] of or relating to the community as a whole

人々が何を信じていようとも、正しく信じることが最も重要である事柄については、少なくとも一般的な異議に対しては弁護できるべきである。

But, some one may say, “Let them be taught the grounds of their opinions.

しかし、ある人はこう言うかもしれない、「彼らに意見の根拠を教えればいい。

It does not follow that opinions must be merely parroted because they are never heard controverted.

parrot (オウム) [名] a kind of bird

意見が論争されたことがないからといって、意見がただオウム返しにされるべきであるというわけではない。

Persons who learn geometry do not simply commit the theorems to memory, but understand and learn likewise the demonstrations;

geometry (幾何学) [名] a branch of mathematics that deals with the properties and relations of points, lines, surfaces, solids, and higher dimensional analogues

theorem (定理) [名] a general proposition not self-evident but proved by a chain of reasoning; a truth established by means of accepted truths

demonstration (証明) [名] a proof of a statement

幾何学を学ぶ人は、単に定理を記憶するだけでなく、同様に証明を理解し、学ぶ。

and it would be absurd to say that they remain ignorant of the grounds of geometrical truths, because they never hear any one deny, and attempt to disprove them.”

geometrical (幾何学的) [形] of or relating to geometry

そして、誰も否定したり、反証しようとするのを聞いたことがないために、彼らが幾何学的真理の根拠を知らないままであると言うのはばかげているだろう。」

Undoubtedly: and such teaching suffices on a subject like mathematics, where there is nothing at all to be said on the wrong side of the question.

Undoubtedly (疑いなく) [副] without doubt

suffice (十分である) [動] be enough or adequate

subject (科目) [名] a topic or area of study

mathematics (数学) [名] the study of the measurement, properties, and relationships of quantities and sets, using numbers and symbols

疑いなく、そのような教えは数学のような科目では十分であり、そこでは問題の間違った側面について言うべきことは何もない。

The peculiarity of the evidence of mathematical truths is, that all the argument is on one side.

peculiarity (特異性) [名] the quality or state of being peculiar

mathematical (数学的) [形] of or relating to mathematics

数学的真理の証拠の特異性は、すべての議論が一方の側にあることである。

There are no objections, and no answers to objections.

answer (回答) [名] a spoken or written reply or response to a question

異議も異議に対する回答もない。

But on every subject on which difference of opinion is possible, the truth depends on a balance to be struck between two sets of conflicting reasons.

difference of opinion (意見の相違) [名] a situation in which people have different ideas about something

depend on (かかっている) [動] be controlled or determined by

balance (バランス) [名] an even distribution of weight or amount

strike (見つける) [動] to come upon suddenly or unexpectedly

conflicting (相反する) [形] being in opposition or disagreement

しかし、意見の相違がありうるあらゆる問題において、真理は二つの相反する理由の間のバランスにかかっている。

Even in natural philosophy, there is always some other explanation possible of the same facts;

natural philosophy (自然哲学) [名] the study of nature and the physical universe that was dominant before the development of modern science

explanation (説明) [名] a statement that makes something clear

possible (可能) [形] able to be done or achieved

自然哲学においてさえ、同じ事実について常に他の説明が可能である。

some geocentric theory instead of heliocentric, some phlogiston instead of oxygen;

geocentric theory (地動説) [名] the theory that the earth is the center of the universe

instead of (の代わりに) [前] as an alternative to

heliocentric (天動説) [形] having or relating to the sun as center

phlogiston (フロギストン) [名] a hypothetical substance once thought to be a volatile constituent of all combustible substances

oxygen (酸素) [名] a gas that makes up about 20 percent of the earth's atmosphere

地動説の代わりに天動説、酸素の代わりにフロギストンなどである。

and it has to be shown why that other theory cannot be the true one:

そして、なぜその他の理論が真実でないのかを示さなければならない。

and until this is shown, and until we know how it is shown, we do not understand the grounds of our opinion.

until (まで) [接] up to (the point in time or the event mentioned)

show (示す) [動] to make visible or noticeable

そして、これが示されるまで、また、それがどのように示されるかを知るまで、私たちは自分の意見の根拠を理解していない。

But when we turn to subjects infinitely more complicated, to morals, religion, politics, social relations, and the business of life, three-fourths of the arguments for every disputed opinion consist in dispelling the appearances which favour some opinion different from it.

turn to (移る) [動] change direction

infinitely (無限に) [副] to an unlimited extent

complicated (複雑な) [形] consisting of many interconnecting parts or elements; intricate

morals (道徳) [名] a lesson that can be derived from a story or event

politics (政治) [名] the activities associated with the governance of a country or other area, especially the debate or conflict among individuals or parties having or hoping to achieve power

social relations (社会関係) [名] the interactions and relationships between and among individuals and groups

business (営み) [名] a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade

three-fourths (4分の3) [名] a fraction equal to three divided by four

disputed (論争のある) [形] questioned or challenged as being incorrect or doubtful

consist in (にある) [動] be composed or made up of

dispelling (払拭する) [動] cause to disappear

appearances (見かけ) [名] the way that someone or something looks or seems

favour (支持する) [動] regard with approval

しかし、無限に複雑な主題、道徳、宗教、政治、社会関係、人生の営みなどになると、論争のある意見に対する議論の4分の3は、それとは異なる意見を支持する見かけを払拭することにある。

The greatest orator, save one, of antiquity, has left it on record that he always studied his adversary's case with as great, if not with still greater, intensity than even his own.

orator (雄弁家) [名] a person who makes speeches

antiquity (古代) [名] the ancient world

record (記録) [名] a permanent account of something

adversary (敵対者) [名] an enemy or opponent

case (主張) [名] a statement of facts and reasons

intensity (熱心) [名] the quality of being intense

古代最大の雄弁家は、自分自身の主張よりも、敵対者の主張を常に熱心に研究していたことを記録に残している。

What Cicero practised as the means of forensic success, requires to be imitated by all who study any subject in order to arrive at the truth.

Cicero (キケロ) [名] a Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, philosopher and orator

forensic (法廷の) [形] relating to or used in a court of law

imitate (真似する) [動] follow as a model or example

arrive (到達する) [動] reach a destination

キケロが法廷で成功するための手段として実践したことは、真理に到達するためにあらゆる主題を研究するすべての人が真似する必要がある。

He who knows only his own side of the case, knows little of that.

case (事情) [名] a particular situation or event

自分の側の事情しか知らない人は、その事情についてほとんど知らない。

His reasons may be good, and no one may have been able to refute them.

be able to (できる) [助] have the ability to

彼の理由は正しいかもしれないし、誰もそれを否定できないかもしれない。

But if he is equally unable to refute the reasons on the opposite side;

be unable to (できない) [動] not have the skill or knowledge to do something

opposite (反対側) [形] facing or going in the opposite direction

しかし、彼が反対側の理由を同様に否定できない場合、

if he does not so much as know what they are, he has no ground for preferring either opinion.

if (もし) [接] on the condition or supposition that; in the event that

do (する) [動] perform an action

not (ない) [副] a word that describes a negative

so much as (あまり) [副] to a great extent; very much

what (何) [代] used to ask for information specifying something

are (である) [動] exist or occur in a place or with a person

he (彼) [代] used to refer to a man, boy, or male animal previously mentioned or easily identified

has (持っている) [動] possess, own, or hold

no (ない) [副] a word that describes a negative

for (のために) [前] used to indicate the object, aim, or purpose of an action or event

preferring (好む) [動] like (someone or something) better than another or others

either (どちらも) [限] used to refer to one or the other of two people or things

彼がそれらが何であるかをあまり知らない場合、彼はどちらの意見も好む根拠がない。

The rational position for him would be suspension of judgment, and unless he contents himself with that, he is either led by authority, or adopts, like the generality of the world, the side to which he feels most inclination.

content (満足する) [動] to be happy with something

彼にとって合理的な立場は判断を保留することであり、彼がそれに満足しない限り、彼は権威に導かれるか、世界の一般性のように、彼が最も傾向を感じる側を採用する。

Nor is it enough that he should hear the arguments of adversaries from his own teachers, presented as they state them, and accompanied by what they offer as refutations.

Nor (また) [接] and not; also not

accompany (伴う) [動] go with or follow as a companion or consequence

refutation (反論) [名] the action of proving a statement or theory to be wrong or false

また、彼が自分の教師から敵対者の議論を聞き、彼らが述べたように提示され、反論として提供するものと一緒に提示されるだけでは十分ではない。

That is not the way to do justice to the arguments, or bring them into real contact with his own mind.

do justice to (正当に扱う) [動] to treat someone or something fairly

bring into (接触させる) [動] to cause to come into a place or situation

contact (接触) [名] the state of physical touching or connection

それは議論を正当に扱ったり、自分の心と実際に接触させる方法ではない。

He must be able to hear them from persons who actually believe them;

彼は実際にそれらを信じている人からそれらを聞くことができなければならない。

who defend them in earnest, and do their very utmost for them.

earnest (真剣な) [形] showing a deep sincerity or seriousness

do one's utmost (最善を尽くす) [動] do the best one can

彼らを真剣に擁護し、彼らのために最善を尽くす人々から。

He must know them in their most plausible and persuasive form;

plausible (もっともらしい) [形] appearing worthy of belief

persuasive (説得力のある) [形] good at persuading people

彼はそれらを最ももっともらしく説得力のある形で知っていなければならない。

he must feel the whole force of the difficulty which the true view of the subject has to encounter and dispose of;

whole (全) [形] complete; entire

encounter (直面する) [動] to meet or come across (someone or something)

dispose of (処理する) [動] to get rid of (something)

彼は、主題の真の見解が直面し、処理しなければならない困難の全力を感じる必要がある。

else he will never really possess himself of the portion of truth which meets and removes that difficulty.

else (さもなければ) [接] if not; otherwise

meet (直面する) [動] come together with someone or something

さもなければ、彼はその困難に直面し、取り除く真理の部分を本当に自分のものにすることはできない。

Ninety-nine in a hundred of what are called educated men are in this condition;

hundred (100) [名] the number 100

educated (教育を受けた) [形] having had an education

いわゆる教育を受けた男性の100人に99人がこの状態にある。

even of those who can argue fluently for their opinions.

even (さえも) [副] to a greater extent than usual

fluently (流暢に) [副] in a smooth, easy, and rapid way

自分の意見を流暢に議論できる人でさえも。

Their conclusion may be true, but it might be false for anything they know:

彼らの結論は真実かもしれないが、彼らが知る限りでは偽りかもしれない。

they have never thrown themselves into the mental position of those who think differently from them, and considered what such persons may have to say;

throw oneself into (身を置く) [動] to become involved in something

mental position (精神的な立場) [名] the state of mind of a person

think differently (違う考えを持つ) [動] to have a different opinion

have to say (言うべきこと) [動] to be obliged to say something

彼らは自分とは違う考えを持つ人の精神的な立場に身を置き、そのような人が何を言うべきかを考えたことがない。

and consequently they do not, in any proper sense of the word, know the doctrine which they themselves profess.

consequently (結果として) [副] as a result

do not (ない) [助] negation

proper (正しい) [形] correct

その結果、彼らは言葉の正しい意味で、自分たちが公言している教義を知らない。

They do not know those parts of it which explain and justify the remainder;

explain (説明する) [動] make (something) clear or easy to understand

彼らは残りの部分を説明して正当化する部分を知らない。

the considerations which show that a fact which seemingly conflicts with another is reconcilable with it, or that, of two apparently strong reasons, one and not the other ought to be preferred.

seemingly (一見) [副] apparently but not really

conflict (相反する) [動] be incompatible or at variance with

reconcilable (相容れる) [形] able to be made compatible or consistent

apparently (一見) [副] seemingly but not really

strong (強固な) [形] having the power to move heavy weights or perform other physically demanding tasks

prefer (優先する) [動] like (one thing or person) better than another or others; tend to choose

一見相反する事実がそれと相容れること、あるいは二つの一見強固な理由のうち、一方が他方よりも優先されるべきであることを示す考察である。

All that part of the truth which turns the scale, and decides the judgment of a completely informed mind, they are strangers to;

turn the scale (天秤を傾ける) [動] to be the deciding factor

informed (情報通の) [形] having or showing knowledge of many subjects

stranger (馴染みがない) [名] a person whom one does not know

天秤を傾け、完全に情報通の人の判断を決定する真実のすべての部分は、彼らには馴染みがない。

nor is it ever really known, but to those who have attended equally and impartially to both sides, and endeavoured to see the reasons of both in the strongest light.

attend (出席する) [動] be present at an event or place

impartially (公平に) [副] in a way that is fair and just

both (両方) [限] the two people or things that have just been mentioned

両方の側に平等に公平に出席し、両方の理由を最も強い光の中で見ようと努力した人以外には、それは決して本当には知られていない。

So essential is this discipline to a real understanding of moral and human subjects, that if opponents of all important truths do not exist, it is indispensable to imagine them, and supply them with the strongest arguments which the most skilful devil's advocate can conjure up.

essential (不可欠) [形] absolutely necessary; extremely important

human (人間的) [形] of, relating to, or characteristic of humankind or human beings

opponent (反対者) [名] a person who opposes something or someone

imagine (想像する) [動] form a mental image or concept of

supply (提供する) [動] make available for use; provide

skilful (巧みな) [形] having or showing skill

devil's advocate (悪魔の代弁者) [名] a person who expresses a contentious opinion in order to provoke debate or test the strength of the opposing arguments

conjure up (思いつく) [動] cause to appear as if by magic

この訓練は道徳的および人間的対象を真に理解するために非常に重要であるため、すべての重要な真理の反対者が存在しない場合、それらを想像し、最も巧みな悪魔の代弁者が思いつくことができる最も強力な議論を彼らに提供することが不可欠である。

To abate the force of these considerations, an enemy of free discussion may be supposed to say, that there is no necessity for mankind in general to know and understand all that can be said against or for their opinions by philosophers and theologians.

abate (弱める) [動] reduce in amount, degree, or intensity

theologian (神学者) [名] a person who is an expert in theology

これらの考察の力を弱めるために、自由な議論の敵は、哲学者や神学者によって彼らの意見に反対または賛成して言われることができるすべてを一般の人類が知り理解する必要はないと述べるかもしれない。

That it is not needful for common men to be able to expose all the misstatements or fallacies of an ingenious opponent.

expose (暴露) [動] make (something) visible, known, or vulnerable

一般人が巧妙な敵対者のすべての虚偽や誤謬を暴露できる必要はないこと。

That it is enough if there is always somebody capable of answering them, so that nothing likely to mislead uninstructed persons remains unrefuted.

somebody (誰か) [名] some person

mislead (誤解させる) [動] cause (someone) to have a wrong idea or impression about something

uninstructed (無知な) [形] lacking knowledge or information

unrefuted (反論されない) [形] not disproved or contradicted

常に誰かがそれらに答えることができれば十分であり、無知な人を誤解させる可能性のあるものが反論されないまま残らないようにすること。

That simple minds, having been taught the obvious grounds of the truths inculcated on them, may trust to authority for the rest, and being aware that they have neither knowledge nor talent to resolve every difficulty which can be raised, may repose in the assurance that all those which have been raised have been or can be answered, by those who are specially trained to the task.

simple mind (単純な精神) [名] a person who is not very intelligent

teach (教える) [動] to impart knowledge to or instruct (someone) as to how to do something

talent (才能) [名] a natural ability to be good at something, especially without being taught

resolve (解決) [動] to find a solution to (a problem, difficulty, etc.)

raise (提起) [動] to bring up or introduce (a question, topic, etc.) for discussion

task (任務) [名] a piece of work that has been given to someone, especially as part of a job or course of study

単純な精神は、彼らに教え込まれた真理の明白な根拠を教えられた後、残りの部分を権威に信頼し、提起される可能性のあるあらゆる困難を解決するための知識も才能もないことを自覚し、提起されたすべての問題は、その任務のために特別に訓練された人々によって答えられたか、答えられることができるという確信の中で休むことができる。

Conceding to this view of the subject the utmost that can be claimed for it by those most easily satisfied with the amount of understanding of truth which ought to accompany the belief of it;

view (見解) [名] a particular way of considering or regarding something; an attitude or opinion

satisfied (満足する) [動] pleased with something

真理の理解の程度に最も簡単に満足する人々によって、その信念に伴うべき真理の理解の程度に最も簡単に満足する人々によって、その主張の最大限を認めること。

even so, the argument for free discussion is no way weakened.

even so (それでも) [副] in spite of that; nevertheless

no way (決して) [副] not at all; in no way

weaken (弱まる) [動] become less strong or intense

それでも、自由な議論のための議論は決して弱まらない。

For even this doctrine acknowledges that mankind ought to have a rational assurance that all objections have been satisfactorily answered;

ought to (~するべきである) [助] used to express a moral obligation or a strong recommendation

have (持つ) [動] to possess, own, or hold

satisfactorily (満足に) [副] in a way that is good enough or acceptable

この教義でさえ、人類はすべての異議が満足に答えられたという合理的な保証を持つべきであると認めているからである。

and how are they to be answered if that which requires to be answered is not spoken?

そして、答えを必要とするものが話されないならば、どのように答えられるべきか?

or how can the answer be known to be satisfactory, if the objectors have no opportunity of showing that it is unsatisfactory?

objector (反対者) [名] a person who objects to something

satisfactory (満足できる) [形] good enough to fulfill a need or requirement

answer (答え) [名] a reply to a question or request

あるいは、反対者が満足できないことを示す機会がない場合、どのようにして答えが満足できるものであると知ることができるか?

If not the public, at least the philosophers and theologians who are to resolve the difficulties, must make themselves familiar with those difficulties in their most puzzling form;

resolve (解決する) [動] find a solution to

familiar (精通する) [形] well known or well understood

puzzling (困惑する) [形] causing confusion or difficulty in understanding

一般の人々でなければ、少なくとも困難を解決しようとする哲学者や神学者は、最も困惑する形でそれらの困難に精通しなければならない。

and this cannot be accomplished unless they are freely stated, and placed in the most advantageous light which they admit of.

be stated (述べられる) [動] to express something in words

be placed (置かれる) [動] to put something in a particular position or place

most advantageous (最も有利な) [形] giving the best chance of success

そして、それらが自由に述べられ、認められる最も有利な光の中に置かれない限り、これは達成できない。

The Catholic Church has its own way of dealing with this embarrassing problem.

Catholic Church (カトリック教会) [名] the Christian church that has been the decisive spiritual force in the history of Western civilization

deal with (対処する) [動] take action in order to resolve a situation

embarrassing (厄介な) [形] causing one to feel awkward, self-conscious, or ashamed

problem (問題) [名] a question raised for inquiry, consideration, or solution

カトリック教会はこの厄介な問題に対処する独自の方法を持っている。

It makes a broad separation between those who can be permitted to receive its doctrines on conviction, and those who must accept them on trust.

can (できる) [助] be able to

それは、信念に基づいてその教義を受け取ることを許される者と、信頼に基づいてそれを受け入れなければならない者とを大きく分けている。

Neither, indeed, are allowed any choice as to what they will accept;

neither (どちらも) [限] not either

実際、どちらも受け入れるものに関して選択の余地はない。

but the clergy, such at least as can be fully confided in, may admissibly and meritoriously make themselves acquainted with the arguments of opponents, in order to answer them, and may, therefore, read heretical books;

clergy (聖職者) [名] a person ordained for religious duties

at least (少なくとも) [副] not less than; as much as

confide in (信頼する) [動] to have trust in; to rely on

admissibly (許容される) [副] in a way that is allowed or acceptable

meritoriously (功績を認められる) [副] in a way that deserves praise or reward

make oneself acquainted with (精通する) [動] to become familiar with something

book (本) [名] a written or printed work consisting of pages bound together between two covers

しかし、少なくとも完全に信頼できる聖職者は、反対者の議論に答えるために、許容され、功績を認められて、反対者の議論に精通することができ、したがって、異端の本を読むことができる。

the laity, not unless by special permission, hard to be obtained.

laity (信徒) [名] all of the people who are not members of the clergy

special (特別な) [形] better or otherwise different from what is usual or common

hard (難しい) [形] not easy; requiring much effort

信徒は、特別な許可がない限り、入手するのは難しい。

This discipline recognises a knowledge of the enemy's case as beneficial to the teachers, but finds means, consistent with this, of denying it to the rest of the world: thus giving to the élite more mental culture, though not more mental freedom, than it allows to the mass.

beneficial (有益な) [形] favourable or advantageous

consistent (一致する) [形] in agreement or harmony with

élite (エリート) [名] a group or class of people seen as having the highest status

more (より多くの) [形] a greater or additional amount or degree

culture (文化) [名] the customs, arts, social institutions, and achievements of a particular nation, people, or other social group

mass (大衆) [名] the majority of the people as contrasted with a special class of privileged individuals

この規律は、敵のケースの知識が教師にとって有益であると認めているが、これと一致して、世界の他の人々にそれを否定する手段を見つけている。こうして、エリートには、大衆に許されるよりも多くの精神的自由を与えるわけではないが、より多くの精神的文化を与えている。

By this device it succeeds in obtaining the kind of mental superiority which its purposes require;

device (仕掛け) [名] a piece of equipment made for a particular purpose

この仕掛けによって、その目的に必要な精神的優位性を獲得することに成功している。

for though culture without freedom never made a large and liberal mind, it can make a clever nisi prius advocate of a cause.

clever (賢い) [形] having or showing an ability to learn and understand things quickly and easily

nisi prius (ニシ・プリウス) [名] a trial by jury

advocate (擁護者) [名] a person who publicly supports or recommends a particular cause or policy

自由のない文化は決して大きくてリベラルな精神を作り出すことはなかったが、それは原因の賢いニシ・プリウスの擁護者を作り出すことができるからである。

But in countries professing Protestantism, this resource is denied;

しかし、プロテスタントを公言する国では、この資源は否定されている。

since Protestants hold, at least in theory, that the responsibility for the choice of a religion must be borne by each for himself, and cannot be thrown off upon teachers.

borne (負う) [動] to carry or support

プロテスタントは、少なくとも理論的には、宗教の選択に対する責任は各自が負わなければならず、教師に転嫁することはできないと主張しているからである。

Besides, in the present state of the world, it is practically impossible that writings which are read by the instructed can be kept from the uninstructed.

present state (現状) [名] the current situation

impossible (不可能) [形] not possible

writing (文章) [名] a text that is written

instructed (教育を受けた) [形] having received education

uninstructed (教育を受けていない) [形] not having received education

その上、世界の現状では、教育を受けた人が読む文章を教育を受けていない人から遠ざけておくことは事実上不可能である。

If the teachers of mankind are to be cognisant of all that they ought to know, everything must be free to be written and published without restraint.

everything (あらゆること) [名] all that exists

write (書く) [動] mark (letters, words, or other symbols) on a surface, typically paper, with a pen, pencil, or similar implement

publish (出版する) [動] prepare and issue (a book, journal, piece of music, or other work) for public sale or distribution

人類の教師が知るべきことをすべて知っていなければならないのであれば、あらゆることを自由に書いて、制約なく出版できなければならない。

If, however, the mischievous operation of the absence of free discussion, when the received opinions are true, were confined to leaving men ignorant of the grounds of those opinions, it might be thought that this, if an intellectual, is no moral evil, and does not affect the worth of the opinions, regarded in their influence on the character.

operation (作用) [名] the way in which something works or functions

confine (限定される) [動] to keep or restrict someone or something within certain limits

worth (価値) [名] the quality that makes something desirable or valuable

しかし、もし、自由な議論の欠如による有害な作用が、受け入れられた意見が真実である場合に、人々をそうした意見の根拠について無知なままにすることに限定されるならば、これは知的なものであれば道徳的な悪ではなく、人格に及ぼす影響という観点から見た意見の価値に影響を与えないと考えられるかもしれない。

The fact, however, is, that not only the grounds of the opinion are forgotten in the absence of discussion, but too often the meaning of the opinion itself.

しかし、事実は、議論がなければ意見の根拠が忘れられるだけでなく、あまりにもしばしば意見そのものの意味が忘れられてしまうということである。

The words which convey it, cease to suggest ideas, or suggest only a small portion of those they were originally employed to communicate.

convey (伝達する) [動] to make known; to communicate

cease (止める) [動] to come or bring to an end

suggest (示唆する) [動] to mention or introduce as a possibility

originally (元々) [副] in or at the beginning

communicate (伝える) [動] to share or exchange information, news, or ideas

それを伝達する言葉は、考えを示唆しなくなり、あるいは元々伝えるために使われていた考えのごく一部しか示唆しなくなる。

Instead of a vivid conception and a living belief, there remain only a few phrases retained by rote;

vivid (鮮明な) [形] producing powerful feelings or strong, clear images in the mind

living (生きた) [形] not dead

phrase (フレーズ) [名] a small group of words forming a unit

retain (記憶する) [動] keep in the mind

rote (機械的に) [名] a habitual or mechanical performance of an established procedure

鮮明な概念や生きた信念の代わりに、ただ機械的に記憶された数少ないフレーズが残るだけである。

or, if any part, the shell and husk only of the meaning is retained, the finer essence being lost.

shell (殻) [名] the hard outer covering of an animal or plant

husk (外皮) [名] the dry outer covering of some fruits or seeds

retain (残る) [動] keep or continue to have

finer (より精妙な) [形] of high quality

essence (本質) [名] the intrinsic nature or indispensable quality of something

あるいは、もし何か残っているとしても、意味の殻や外皮だけが残り、より精妙な本質は失われている。

The great chapter in human history which this fact occupies and fills, cannot be too earnestly studied and meditated on.

fill (満たす) [動] make or become full

human history (人間の歴史) [名] the history of humanity

earnestly (熱心に) [副] in a serious and sincere way

meditate (熟考する) [動] think deeply about something

この事実が占め、満たしている人間の歴史の偉大な章は、どれだけ熱心に研究し、熟考してもしすぎることはない。

It is illustrated in the experience of almost all ethical doctrines and religious creeds.

illustrate (示す) [動] to show or make clear by using examples, charts, etc.

それは、ほとんどすべての倫理的教義や宗教的信条の経験に示されている。

They are all full of meaning and vitality to those who originate them, and to the direct disciples of the originators.

originate (創始する) [動] to come into existence or from a specified source

disciple (弟子) [名] a follower of a teacher or leader

vitality (活力) [名] the state of being strong and active; energy

それらはすべて、それらを創始した人々や創始者の直弟子たちにとっては意味と活力に満ちている。

Their meaning continues to be felt in undiminished strength, and is perhaps brought out into even fuller consciousness, so long as the struggle lasts to give the doctrine or creed an ascendency over other creeds.

continue (続く) [動] persist in an activity or process

ascendency (優勢) [名] the state of being higher or more important than others

その意味は衰えることなく感じられ続け、その教義や信条を他の信条よりも優勢にするための闘争が続く限り、おそらくさらに完全な意識へと引き出される。

At last it either prevails, and becomes the general opinion, or its progress stops;

at last (ついに) [副] after a long time

ついにそれは勝利して一般的な意見になるか、あるいはその進歩が止まる。

it keeps possession of the ground it has gained, but ceases to spread further.

keep possession of (保持する) [動] to continue to have or to hold

gain (獲得する) [動] to get or to win

cease (なくなる) [動] to come or to bring to an end

それは獲得した地盤を保持するが、それ以上広がることはなくなる。

When either of these results has become apparent, controversy on the subject flags, and gradually dies away.

either (いずれか) [限] one or the other of two people or things

apparent (明らか) [形] able to be seen or understood

flag (衰える) [動] to become less strong or less active

gradually (次第に) [副] slowly and steadily

die away (消滅する) [動] to become gradually weaker or less until it disappears

これらの結果のいずれかが明らかになると、その問題をめぐる論争は衰え、次第に消滅していく。

The doctrine has taken its place, if not as a received opinion, as one of the admitted sects or divisions of opinion:

take its place (その地位を占める) [動] to be in a particular position or situation

received opinion (受け入れられた意見) [名] an opinion that is generally or widely accepted

admitted (認められた) [形] allowed to enter or join

その教義は、受け入れられた意見としてではないにしても、認められた宗派や意見の分派の一つとして、その地位を占めてきた。

those who hold it have generally inherited, not adopted it;

inherit (継承する) [動] receive (money, property, or a title) as an heir at the death of the previous holder

それを保持している人々は、一般的にそれを継承しており、採用していない。

and conversion from one of these doctrines to another, being now an exceptional fact, occupies little place in the thoughts of their professors.

conversion (改宗) [名] the act of changing from one religion, belief, or opinion to another

exceptional (例外的な) [形] unusual; not typical

professor (信奉者) [名] a teacher of the highest rank in a college or university

そして、これらの教義の一つから別の教義への改宗は、今では例外的な事実であり、その信奉者の思想の中でほとんど場所を占めていない。

Instead of being, as at first, constantly on the alert either to defend themselves against the world, or to bring the world over to them, they have subsided into acquiescence, and neither listen, when they can help it, to arguments against their creed, nor trouble dissentients (if there be such) with arguments in its favour.

on the alert (警戒している) [形] watchful and prepared to deal with danger or a difficult situation

bring (引き寄せる) [動] cause to come to a place

over (~の側に) [前] to a place on the other side of something

subside (黙認する) [動] become less intense or violent

acquiescence (黙認) [名] the reluctant acceptance of something without protest

neither (~も~もない) [接] used before the first of two or more alternatives (the second being introduced by "nor") to indicate that they are each untrue or each do not happen

help (助ける) [動] make it easier for (someone) to do something by sharing work or providing information or emotional support

it (それ) [代] used to refer to a thing previously mentioned or easily identified

nor (また~もない) [接] used before the second of two or more alternatives (the first being introduced by "neither") to indicate that they are each untrue or each do not happen

trouble (困らせる) [動] cause distress, annoyance, or difficulty to

there be (いたとしても) [動] exist

with (~で) [前] accompanied by

in favor (賛成する) [形] approving of or supporting something

彼らは、最初のように、世界に対して自分たちを守るか、世界を自分たちの側に引き寄せるか、どちらかのために常に警戒しているのではなく、黙認し、自分たちの信条に反する議論を聞かないようにし、また、反対者(もしいたとしても)をその信条に賛成する議論で困らせないようにしている。

From this time may usually be dated the decline in the living power of the doctrine.

from this time (この時期から) [名] from the time of this event

date (始まった) [動] have its origins in a particular time

decline (衰退) [名] a gradual and continuous loss of strength, numbers, or value

living power (生きた力) [名] the power of something that is alive

この時期から、教義の生きた力の衰退が始まったと見ることができる。

We often hear the teachers of all creeds lamenting the difficulty of keeping up in the minds of believers a lively apprehension of the truth which they nominally recognise, so that it may penetrate the feelings, and acquire a real mastery over the conduct.

difficulty (難しさ) [名] the state or condition of being difficult

nominally (名目上) [副] in name only

recognise (認める) [動] to be aware of the existence or truth of

mastery (支配) [名] complete knowledge or command of something

あらゆる信条の教師たちが、信者の心の中で、彼らが名目上は認めている真理を生き生きと理解し続けることの難しさを嘆き、それが感情に浸透し、行動を真に支配することができるようにするのをよく耳にする。

No such difficulty is complained of while the creed is still fighting for its existence: even the weaker combatants then know and feel what they are fighting for, and the difference between it and other doctrines;

complain (訴える) [動] express dissatisfaction or annoyance about something

combatant (戦闘員) [名] a person who takes part in a fight or war

信条がまだその存在のために戦っている間は、そのような困難は訴えられない。弱い戦闘員でさえ、彼らが何のために戦っているのか、そしてそれと他の教義との違いを知り、感じている。

and in that period of every creed's existence, not a few persons may be found, who have realised its fundamental principles in all the forms of thought, have weighed and considered them in all their important bearings, and have experienced the full effect on the character, which belief in that creed ought to produce in a mind thoroughly imbued with it.

weigh (比較考量する) [動] to think carefully about something before making a decision

consider (考慮する) [動] to think carefully about something

bearing (関係) [名] the way in which someone or something behaves or is treated

experience (経験する) [動] to have something happen to you

imbue (染める) [動] to fill or inspire someone or something with a feeling or quality

そして、あらゆる信条が存在するその時代には、その根本原理をあらゆる思考形態で理解し、あらゆる重要な関係においてそれらを比較考量し、その信条を信じることが、その信条に完全に染まった精神に生み出すべき性格への完全な影響を経験した人が少なくないことが分かる。

But when it has come to be a hereditary creed, and to be received passively, not actively—when the mind is no longer compelled, in the same degree as at first, to exercise its vital powers on the questions which its belief presents to it, there is a progressive tendency to forget all of the belief except the formularies, or to give it a dull and torpid assent, as if accepting it on trust dispensed with the necessity of realising it in consciousness, or testing it by personal experience;

hereditary (世襲の) [形] passed down from parent to child

passively (受動的に) [副] in a passive manner

actively (能動的に) [副] in an active manner

forget (忘れる) [動] to not be able to remember something

dull (鈍い) [形] lacking interest or excitement

torpid (無気力な) [形] lacking energy or vitality

dispense with (省く) [動] to do without something

しかし、それが世襲の信条となり、能動的にではなく受動的に受け入れられるようになると、精神はもはや最初と同じ程度に、その信念が提示する問題に対してその活力を行使することを強制されなくなると、定式を除いて信念のすべてを忘れたり、それを意識の中で実現したり、個人的な経験によってテストしたりする必要性を省いて、信頼して受け入れるかのように、鈍く無気力な同意を与えたりする傾向が進む。

until it almost ceases to connect itself at all with the inner life of the human being.

connect (関係がある) [動] be related or linked

inner (内面の) [形] situated inside

ついには、人間の内面の生活とはほとんど関係がなくなるまでになる。

Then are seen the cases, so frequent in this age of the world as almost to form the majority, in which the creed remains as it were outside the mind, encrusting and petrifying it against all other influences addressed to the higher parts of our nature;

frequent (頻繁な) [形] happening often

encrust (覆う) [動] to cover with a crust or layer

petrify (石化する) [動] to turn into stone

address (向ける) [動] to direct one's attention to

すると、この世界の時代にはほとんど過半数を形成するほど頻繁に見られ、信条は精神の外側にあるかのように残り、私たちの性質のより高い部分に向けられた他のすべての影響に対してそれを覆い、石化させてしまう。

manifesting its power by not suffering any fresh and living conviction to get in, but itself doing nothing for the mind or heart, except standing sentinel over them to keep them vacant.

manifest (明らかにする) [動] to show or make clear

get in (入り込む) [動] to enter or go into

do nothing (何もしない) [動] to not do anything

heart (心) [名] the organ in a person's or animal's body that pumps blood around the body

stand (務める) [動] to be in a position in which you put your weight on your feet but not on your knees

sentinel (見張り役) [名] a soldier or guard whose job is to stand and watch for danger

keep (保つ) [動] to continue to have, do, or be something

新鮮で生きた確信が入り込むのを許さないことでその力を明らかにするが、心や心のために何もせず、それらを空にしておくために見張り役を務める以外には何もしない。

To what an extent doctrines intrinsically fitted to make the deepest impression upon the mind may remain in it as dead beliefs, without being ever realised in the imagination, the feelings, or the understanding, is exemplified by the manner in which the majority of believers hold the doctrines of Christianity.

To what an extent (どの程度まで) [名] the size or amount of something

intrinsically (本質的に) [副] in an essential or fundamental way

fitted (適した) [動] be of the right shape and size

make the deepest impression (最も深い印象を与える) [動] have a strong effect on someone or something

dead beliefs (死んだ信念) [名] a belief that is no longer held by anyone

ever realised (実現されることなく) [動] be made real or happen

imagination (想像力) [名] the ability to form new images and ideas in the mind

feelings (感情) [名] an emotional state or reaction

exemplified (例示されている) [動] be an example of

the manner in which (方法) [名] the way that something is done

the majority of (大多数の) [名] more than half of a group

believers (信者) [名] someone who believes in a particular religion

hold the doctrines (教義を保持する) [動] believe in a particular set of beliefs

本質的に精神に最も深い印象を与えるのに適した教義が、想像力、感情、理解の中で実現されることなく、死んだ信念としてそこに残りうる程度は、信者の大多数がキリスト教の教義を保持する方法によって例示されている。

By Christianity I here mean what is accounted such by all churches and sects—the maxims and precepts contained in the New Testament.

maxim (格言) [名] a short, pithy statement expressing a general truth or rule of conduct

precept (教訓) [名] a general rule intended to regulate behavior or thought

New Testament (新約聖書) [名] the second part of the Christian Bible

ここでキリスト教とは、すべての教会や宗派でそうみなされているもの、つまり新約聖書に含まれる格言や教訓を意味する。

These are considered sacred, and accepted as laws, by all professing Christians.

sacred (神聖な) [形] connected with God or a god and so deserving special respect

これらは神聖なものとされ、キリスト教を信じるすべての人々によって法として受け入れられている。

Yet it is scarcely too much to say that not one Christian in a thousand guides or tests his individual conduct by reference to those laws.

too much (過言) [名] an excessive or exaggerated amount

thousand (千) [名] the number 1000

test (試す) [動] try out or assess the quality of something

reference (照らす) [名] the action of mentioning or alluding to something

しかし、千人に一人のキリスト教徒も、これらの法に照らして自分の行動を導いたり、試したりしていないと言っても過言ではない。

The standard to which he does refer it, is the custom of his nation, his class, or his religious profession.

refer (照らし合わせる) [動] mention or allude to

profession (職業) [名] a paid occupation, especially one that involves prolonged training and a formal qualification

彼が実際に照らし合わせる基準は、彼の国の習慣、彼の階級、または彼の宗教的職業である。

He has thus, on the one hand, a collection of ethical maxims, which he believes to have been vouchsafed to him by infallible wisdom as rules for his government;

collection (集まり) [名] a gathering of things

こうして彼は、一方では、彼の統治のための規則として絶対的な知恵によって彼に授けられたと信じている倫理的な格言の集まりを持っている。

and on the other, a set of every-day judgments and practices, which go a certain length with some of those maxims, not so great a length with others, stand in direct opposition to some, and are, on the whole, a compromise between the Christian creed and the interests and suggestions of worldly life.

on the other (他方では) [副] on the other hand

set (集まり) [名] a collection of things

every-day (日常的な) [形] happening or used every day

go a certain length (ある程度一致する) [動] to be similar or have something in common

not so great a length (そこまで一致せず) [動] to be different or have nothing in common

stand in direct opposition (正反対である) [動] to be completely different or opposite

on the whole (全体として) [副] considering everything

compromise (妥協) [名] an agreement or settlement of a dispute that is reached by each side making concessions

Christian (キリスト教の) [形] of, relating to, or professing Christianity

worldly (世俗的な) [形] of or concerned with this world and its affairs as opposed to a future life or to spiritual things

そして他方では、日常的な判断や実践の集まりがあり、それらの格言のいくつかとはある程度一致し、他のものとはそこまで一致せず、いくつかとは正反対であり、全体として、キリスト教の信条と世俗的な生活の関心や示唆との間の妥協である。

To the first of these standards he gives his homage;

give (表す) [動] to express or show

これらの基準の最初のものに彼は敬意を表する。

to the other his real allegiance.

allegiance (忠誠) [名] loyalty or commitment of a subordinate to a superior or of an individual to a group or cause

もう一方の基準には彼は真の忠誠を誓う。

All Christians believe that the blessed are the poor and humble, and those who are ill-used by the world;

blessed (祝福された) [形] having received a blessing

poor (貧しい) [形] lacking sufficient money to live at a standard considered comfortable or normal in a society

humble (謙虚な) [形] having or showing a modest or low estimate of one's own importance

ill-used (虐げられた) [形] treated badly or unfairly

すべてのキリスト教徒は、祝福されたのは貧しく謙虚な人々であり、世間から虐げられた人々であると信じている。

that it is easier for a camel to pass through the eye of a needle than for a rich man to enter the kingdom of heaven;

camel (ラクダ) [名] a large, long-necked ungulate mammal that lives in the desert

eye (穴) [名] the organ of vision

needle (針) [名] a small, thin, sharp piece of metal with a point at one end and a hole for thread at the other

rich (金持ち) [形] having a great deal of money or assets

enter (入る) [動] go or come in

kingdom (天国) [名] a country, state, or territory ruled by a king or queen

金持ちが天国に入るよりも、ラクダが針の穴を通る方が簡単である。

that they should judge not, lest they be judged;

lest (ないように) [接] to avoid the risk of; for fear that

裁かれないように、裁いてはならない。

that they should swear not at all;

swear (誓う) [動] make a solemn promise or statement of fact

誓ってはならない。

that they should love their neighbour as themselves;

love (愛する) [動] feel a deep or constant affection for

neighbour (隣人) [名] a person who lives next door or near you

隣人を自分自身のように愛さなければならない。

that if one take their cloak, they should give him their coat also;

take (奪う) [動] to get into one's possession by force, threat, or the like

cloak (上着) [名] a loose outer garment

coat (下着) [名] a garment worn on the upper part of the body

誰かが上着を奪ったら、下着も与えなければならない。

that they should take no thought for the morrow;

take no thought (考えてはならない) [動] not to think about something

morrow (明日) [名] the next day

明日のことを考えてはならない。

that if they would be perfect, they should sell all that they have and give it to the poor.

would (だろう) [助] used to express a desire, request, or willingness

be (なる) [動] exist or occur in a specified state or condition

perfect (完全な) [形] having all the required or desirable elements, qualities, or characteristics; as good as it is possible to be

should (べきだ) [助] used to express obligation, duty, or correctness, typically when criticizing someone's actions

sell (売る) [動] give or hand over (something) in exchange for money

完全になりたければ、持っているものをすべて売り、貧しい人に与えなければならない。

They are not insincere when they say that they believe these things.

彼らはこれらのことを信じていると言うとき、不誠実ではない。

They do believe them, as people believe what they have always heard lauded and never discussed.

lauded (賞賛される) [動] to praise or commend highly

彼らは、人々がいつも賞賛され、議論されたことがないことを信じるように、それらを信じている。

But in the sense of that living belief which regulates conduct, they believe these doctrines just up to the point to which it is usual to act upon them.

regulate (規制する) [動] control or supervise by means of rules and regulations

act upon (に基づいて行動する) [動] to take action in accordance with something

usual (普通) [形] commonly or regularly occurring or done

しかし、行動を規制する生きた信念という意味では、彼らはこれらの教義を、それに基づいて行動するのが普通であるところまで信じている。

The doctrines in their integrity are serviceable to pelt adversaries with;

serviceable (役立つ) [形] able to be used

pelt (攻撃する) [動] strike repeatedly with blows or missiles

adversary (敵) [名] a person who is opposed to or hostile to someone or something

教義は、その完全性において、敵を攻撃するのに役立つ。

and it is understood that they are to be put forward (when possible) as the reasons for whatever people do that they think laudable.

be understood (理解される) [動] be known or recognized

put forward (提示される) [動] to present or propose something for consideration or discussion

そして、人々が賞賛に値すると思うことを何であれ、その理由として(可能な限り)提示されるべきであることは理解されている。

But any one who reminded them that the maxims require an infinity of things which they never even think of doing, would gain nothing but to be classed among those very unpopular characters who affect to be better than other people.

infinity (無限) [名] the state or quality of being infinite

think of (行おうとも思わない) [動] have in mind as a goal or purpose

be classed among (分類される) [動] be included in a particular group

unpopular (人気のない) [形] not liked or popular

character (キャラクター) [名] a person in a novel, play, or movie

affect (振る舞う) [動] have an effect on

しかし、格言には彼らが行おうとも思わない無限のことが要求されていることを思い出させる人は、他の人よりも優れているように振る舞う非常に人気のないキャラクターに分類される以外に何も得られない。

The doctrines have no hold on ordinary believers—are not a power in their minds.

hold (拘束する) [動] to have and keep in one's possession

教義は普通の信者を拘束するものではなく、彼らの心の中の力ではない。

They have a habitual respect for the sound of them, but no feeling which spreads from the words to the things signified, and forces the mind to take them in, and make them conform to the formula.

have a habitual respect for (習慣的な敬意を抱く) [動] to have a feeling of deep admiration for someone or something

sound (響き) [名] the sensation produced by stimulation of the organs of hearing by vibrations transmitted through the air or other medium

force (強いる) [動] to make someone or something do something, especially by using or threatening to use violence

take in (取り込む) [動] to understand or absorb something

彼らは教義の響きに対して習慣的な敬意を抱いているが、言葉から意味される事柄へと広がり、心をそれらを取り込み、公式に従わせるような感情はない。

Whenever conduct is concerned, they look round for Mr. A and B to direct them how far to go in obeying Christ.

be concerned (問題になる) [動] be about or connected with

look round (探し回る) [動] look in all directions

Mr. (氏) [名] a title used before a man's surname

direct (指示する) [動] control the operations of

Christ (キリスト) [名] the central figure of Christianity

行動が問題になるたびに、彼らはキリストに従うためにどこまで行けばよいかを指示してくれるA氏やB氏を探し回る。

Now we may be well assured that the case was not thus, but far otherwise, with the early Christians.

初期のキリスト教徒はそうではなく、むしろそうではないと確信できる。

Had it been thus, Christianity never would have expanded from an obscure sect of the despised Hebrews into the religion of the Roman empire.

expand (拡大する) [動] become or make larger or more extensive

obscure (無名の) [形] not discovered or known about; uncertain

もしそうであったら、キリスト教は軽蔑されたヘブライ人の無名の宗派からローマ帝国の宗教へと拡大することはなかっただろう。

When their enemies said, “See how these Christians love one another” (a remark not likely to be made by anybody now), they assuredly had a much livelier feeling of the meaning of their creed than they have ever had since.

one another (互いに) [代] each other

彼らの敵が「このキリスト教徒たちがいかに互いに愛し合っているかを見よ」と言ったとき(今では誰も言わない言葉だが)、彼らは確かにそれ以来ずっと持っていたよりも、自分たちの信条の意味をはるかに生き生きと感じていた。

And to this cause, probably, it is chiefly owing that Christianity now makes so little progress in extending its domain, and after eighteen centuries, is still nearly confined to Europeans and the descendants of Europeans.

make progress (進歩する) [動] to improve or develop

extend (拡大する) [動] to make or become longer, wider, or larger

eighteen centuries (18世紀) [名] a period of 1800 years

European (ヨーロッパ人) [名] a person from Europe

descendant (子孫) [名] a person who is descended from a particular ancestor

そして、この原因のために、おそらく、キリスト教が現在その領域を拡大する上でほとんど進歩せず、18世紀後も、依然としてヨーロッパ人とヨーロッパ人の子孫にほぼ限定されていることが主な原因である。

Even with the strictly religious, who are much in earnest about their doctrines, and attach a greater amount of meaning to many of them than people in general, it commonly happens that the part which is thus comparatively active in their minds is that which was made by Calvin, or Knox, or some such person much nearer in character to themselves.

Even with (でさえ) [前] in addition to; also including

strictly (厳格に) [副] in a way that is exact or accurate

Calvin (カルヴァン) [名] a French theologian and pastor during the Protestant Reformation

Knox (ノックス) [名] a Scottish minister, theologian, and writer who was a leader of the Protestant Reformation and is considered the founder of the Presbyterian Church of Scotland

much (ずっと) [副] to a great extent; a lot

nearer (近い) [形] a short distance away

厳格に宗教的な人でさえ、自分の教義に真剣に取り組んでおり、一般の人々よりも多くの教義に大きな意味を置いているが、彼らの心の中で比較的活発な部分は、カルヴァンやノックス、あるいは自分たちの性格にずっと近いそのような人物によって作られた部分であることがよくある。

The sayings of Christ coexist passively in their minds, producing hardly any effect beyond what is caused by mere listening to words so amiable and bland.

saying (言葉) [名] something that is said

coexist (共存する) [動] exist together or at the same time

beyond (以外) [前] on or to the further side of

bland (当たり障りのない) [形] lacking strong features or characteristics

キリストの言葉は彼らの心の中で受動的に共存しており、愛想がよく当たり障りのない言葉を聞くだけで生じる効果以外にはほとんど効果がない。

There are many reasons, doubtless, why doctrines which are the badge of a sect retain more of their vitality than those common to all recognised sects, and why more pains are taken by teachers to keep their meaning alive;

doubtless (疑いなく) [副] without doubt

badge (象徴) [名] a small piece of metal, plastic, or cloth with a design or words on it, which is worn on a person's clothes to show that they belong to a particular group or organization

pain (苦労) [名] a feeling of great discomfort or suffering caused by illness or injury

alive (生き生きと) [形] living or having life

疑いなく、多くの理由があるが、なぜ宗派の象徴である教義が、すべての認められた宗派に共通する教義よりも活力を保っているのか、また、なぜ教師がその意味を生き生きと保つためにもっと苦労するのか、

but one reason certainly is, that the peculiar doctrines are more questioned, and have to be oftener defended against open gainsayers.

one reason (1つの理由) [名] a particular cause or explanation

question (疑問視する) [動] have doubts about

have to (しなければならない) [助] be obliged to

しかし、1つの理由は確かに、独特の教義はより疑問視され、公然と反対する人々に対してより頻繁に擁護されなければならないということである。

Both teachers and learners go to sleep at their post, as soon as there is no enemy in the field.

learner (学習者) [名] a person who is learning something

go to sleep (眠り込む) [動] fall asleep

post (持ち場) [名] a job or position

field (戦場) [名] an area of open land, especially one planted with crops or pasture

教師も学習者も、戦場に敵がいなくなるとすぐに、自分の持ち場で眠り込んでしまう。

The same thing holds true, generally speaking, of all traditional doctrines—those of prudence and knowledge of life, as well as of morals or religion.

hold true (当てはまる) [動] be correct or valid

generally speaking (一般的に言えば) [副] usually; on the whole

traditional (伝統的な) [形] of or relating to tradition; handed down from generation to generation

prudence (慎重さ) [名] the quality of being careful and sensible

一般的に言えば、すべての伝統的な教義、つまり道徳や宗教だけでなく、人生の慎重さや知識に関する教義にも同じことが当てはまる。

All languages and literatures are full of general observations on life, both as to what it is, and how to conduct oneself in it;

language (言語) [名] the system of communication used by a particular community or country

literature (文学) [名] written works, especially those considered of superior or lasting artistic merit

full of (満ちている) [形] having a lot of something

conduct oneself (振る舞う) [動] behave in a specified way

すべての言語と文学は、人生とは何か、また人生の中でどのように振る舞うべきかについて、人生に関する一般的な観察に満ちている。

observations which everybody knows, which everybody repeats, or hears with acquiescence, which are received as truisms, yet of which most people first truly learn the meaning, when experience, generally of a painful kind, has made it a reality to them.

repeat (繰り返す) [動] say or do something again

first (初めて) [副] before any other person or thing in time, space, or importance

truly (真に) [副] in a truthful manner

painful (苦痛を伴う) [形] causing or likely to cause pain

reality (現実) [名] the state of things as they actually exist, as opposed to an idealistic or notional idea of them

誰もが知っている観察、誰もが繰り返す観察、あるいは黙って聞く観察、自明の理として受け取られる観察、しかしほとんどの人がその意味を初めて真に学ぶのは、一般的に苦痛を伴う経験がそれを現実のものにしたときである。

How often, when smarting under some unforeseen misfortune or disappointment, does a person call to mind some proverb or common saying, familiar to him all his life, the meaning of which, if he had ever before felt it as he does now, would have saved him from the calamity.

smart (苛まれる) [動] to feel a sharp pain

unforeseen (予期せぬ) [形] not anticipated or expected

disappointment (失望) [名] the feeling of being unhappy because something that you hoped for or expected did not happen

proverb (ことわざ) [名] a short, well-known saying that states a general truth or piece of advice

common saying (慣用句) [名] a phrase or expression that has a meaning that is different from the literal meaning of the words

familiar (慣れ親しんだ) [形] well known

calamity (災難) [名] a serious event that causes a lot of damage or kills a lot of people

予期せぬ不幸や失望に苛まれているとき、人はどれほど頻繁に、生涯にわたって慣れ親しんだことわざや慣用句を思い出すだろうか。その意味を、もし今のように感じていたら、その災難から救われていただろうに。

There are indeed reasons for this, other than the absence of discussion: there are many truths of which the full meaning cannot be realised, until personal experience has brought it home.

bring home (実感する) [動] to make someone realize the full force or significance of something

議論がないこと以外にも、これには確かに理由がある。個人的な経験がそれを実感するまで、その完全な意味を理解できない真理はたくさんある。

But much more of the meaning even of these would have been understood, and what was understood would have been far more deeply impressed on the mind, if the man had been accustomed to hear it argued pro and con by people who did understand it.

much more (もっと) [形] a great deal more

would have been understood (理解されただろう) [動] to perceive the intended meaning of words, language, or a speaker

what was understood (理解されたこと) [名] the thing that was understood

would have been impressed (刻み込まれていただろう) [動] to affect deeply or strongly

しかし、もしその人がそれを理解している人々によって賛否両論が議論されるのを聞くことに慣れていたら、これらの意味の多くが理解され、理解されたことははるかに深く心に刻み込まれていただろう。

The fatal tendency of mankind to leave off thinking about a thing when it is no longer doubtful, is the cause of half their errors.

leave off (やめる) [動] stop doing something

doubtful (疑わしい) [形] questionable as to truth, fact, or credibility

half (半分) [名] one of two equal parts into which something is or can be divided

error (過ち) [名] something that is not correct or accurate

もはや疑わしくなくなった事柄について考えるのをやめてしまうという人類の致命的な傾向は、彼らの過ちの半分の原因である。

A contemporary author has well spoken of “the deep slumber of a decided opinion.”

contemporary (現代の) [形] living or occurring at the same time

well (うまく) [副] in a good manner

slumber (眠り) [名] a light sleep

ある現代の作家は「決まった意見の深い眠り」についてうまく語っている。

But what! (it may be asked)

ask (尋ねる) [動] say something in order to obtain an answer or some information

しかし、何だ!(と尋ねられるかもしれない)

Is the absence of unanimity an indispensable condition of true knowledge?

unanimity (全会一致) [名] the state of being in complete agreement

全会一致の欠如は真の知識の不可欠な条件なのか?

Is it necessary that some part of mankind should persist in error, to enable any to realise the truth?

realise (理解する) [動] become fully aware of

人類の一部が誤りを犯し続けることが、真実を理解するために必要なのか?

Does a belief cease to be real and vital as soon as it is generally received—and is a proposition never thoroughly understood and felt unless some doubt of it remains?

real (現実の) [形] not imaginary; having objective existence

vital (活発な) [形] full of energy and life

as soon as (すぐに) [接] at the moment that; when

thoroughly (完全に) [副] completely; fully

信念は一般に受け入れられるとすぐに現実的で活発でなくなるのか? そして、命題は、それについて何らかの疑いが残っていない限り、完全に理解され、感じられることはないのか?

As soon as mankind have unanimously accepted a truth, does the truth perish within them?

unanimously (全会一致で) [副] with the agreement of all people involved

perish (滅びる) [動] die or be destroyed

人類が真実を全会一致で受け入れるとすぐに、真実は彼らの中で滅びるのか?

The highest aim and best result of improved intelligence, it has hitherto been thought, is to unite mankind more and more in the acknowledgment of all important truths: and does the intelligence only last as long as it has not achieved its object?

aim (目標) [名] a purpose or intention

improved (向上した) [形] made or become better

unite (団結させる) [動] join or combine

acknowledgment (認めること) [名] the action of recognizing the existence or truth of something

achieve (達成する) [動] reach or attain a desired objective

これまでのところ、知性の向上の最高の目標と最良の結果は、すべての重要な真理を認めることで人類をますます団結させることだと考えられてきたが、知性はその目的を達成するまでは続くだけなのか?

Do the fruits of conquest perish by the very completeness of the victory?

fruit (成果) [名] the result or outcome of an action or effort

victory (勝利) [名] an act of defeating an enemy or opponent in a battle, game, or other competition

征服の成果は勝利の完全性によって滅びるのか?

I affirm no such thing.

affirm (断言する) [動] state something as a fact

no such thing (そのようなこと) [名] not that thing

私はそのようなことを断言しない。

As mankind improve, the number of doctrines which are no longer disputed or doubted will be constantly on the increase: and the well-being of mankind may almost be measured by the number and gravity of the truths which have reached the point of being uncontested.

improve (進歩する) [動] become better

number (数) [名] a quantity of something

dispute (論争) [名] a disagreement between people or groups

increase (増加) [名] the action of becoming greater or more numerous

measure (測定) [動] find out the size, amount, or degree of something

gravity (重要性) [名] the importance or seriousness of something

uncontested (争われない) [形] not challenged or disputed

人類が進歩するにつれて、もはや論争も疑問も抱かれない教義の数は絶えず増加するだろうし、人類の福祉は、争われない段階に達した真理の数と重要性によってほぼ測定できるかもしれない。

The cessation, on one question after another, of serious controversy, is one of the necessary incidents of the consolidation of opinion;

cessation (停止) [名] the stopping of an activity

one question after another (次から次へと問題が起こる) [名] a series of questions

serious controversy (深刻な論争) [名] a heated discussion about a topic

consolidation of opinion (意見の統一) [名] the process of coming to an agreement on an issue

次から次へと問題が起こり、深刻な論争が起こらなくなることは、意見の統一に必要な出来事の1つである。

a consolidation as salutary in the case of true opinions, as it is dangerous and noxious when the opinions are erroneous.

consolidation (統合) [名] the act of combining into one whole

noxious (有害な) [形] harmful, poisonous, or injurious

意見が正しい場合には有益な統合であり、意見が間違っている場合には危険で有害な統合である。

But though this gradual narrowing of the bounds of diversity of opinion is necessary in both senses of the term, being at once inevitable and indispensable, we are not therefore obliged to conclude that all its consequences must be beneficial.

diversity (多様性) [名] the state of being diverse

boundary (境界) [名] a line that marks the limits of an area

term (言葉) [名] a word or phrase used to describe a thing or to express a concept, especially in a particular kind of language or branch of knowledge

inevitable (避けられない) [形] certain to happen; unavoidable

obliged (義務づけられる) [動] make (someone) legally or morally bound to an action or course of action

conclude (結論づける) [動] bring (something) to an end

しかし、意見の多様性の境界がこのように徐々に狭まっていくことは、その言葉の両方の意味で必要であり、避けられず、不可欠なものであるが、だからといって、その結果がすべて有益であると結論づける必要はない。

The loss of so important an aid to the intelligent and living apprehension of a truth, as is afforded by the necessity of explaining it to, or defending it against, opponents, though not sufficient to outweigh, is no trifling drawback from, the benefit of its universal recognition.

loss (損失) [名] the fact or process of losing something or someone

aid (助け) [名] help, typically of a practical nature

intelligent (理解する) [形] having or showing intelligence, especially of a high level

living (生かす) [動] be alive

apprehension (不安) [名] fear or worry about something that might happen

explaining (説明する) [動] make (something) clear or easy to understand

defending (守る) [動] resist an attack made on (someone or something); protect from harm or danger

opponents (反対者) [名] a person who opposes something or someone

drawback (欠点) [名] a feature that makes something less good or less likely to succeed

真理を理解し、生かすために、反対者に説明したり、反対者から守ったりする必要性によって得られる重要な助けを失うことは、その普遍的な認識の利益を凌駕するほどではないが、決して些細な欠点ではない。

Where this advantage can no longer be had, I confess I should like to see the teachers of mankind endeavouring to provide a substitute for it;

no longer (もはや~ない) [副] not any more

provide (提供する) [動] make available for use; supply

substitute (代用品) [名] a person or thing acting or serving in place of another

この利点がもはや得られないところでは、私は人類の教師たちがその代用品を提供しようと努力しているのを見たいと思っていることを告白する。

some contrivance for making the difficulties of the question as present to the learner's consciousness, as if they were pressed upon him by a dissentient champion, eager for his conversion.

pressed (迫る) [動] to urge or force someone to do something

dissentient (反対派) [名] a person who disagrees with something

champion (チャンピオン) [名] a person who has won a competition or contest

eager (熱望する) [形] wanting to do or have something very much

問題の難しさを、まるで彼の改心を熱望する反対派のチャンピオンに迫られているかのように、学習者の意識に提示するための工夫である。

But instead of seeking contrivances for this purpose, they have lost those they formerly had.

contrivance (工夫) [名] a device or scheme

しかし、この目的のための工夫を求める代わりに、彼らは以前に持っていたものを失ってしまった。

The Socratic dialectics, so magnificently exemplified in the dialogues of Plato, were a contrivance of this description.

Socratic (ソクラテス) [形] of or relating to Socrates or his philosophy

dialectics (弁証法) [名] a method of investigating the truth of opinions or beliefs

magnificently (見事な) [副] in a magnificent manner

description (説明) [名] a statement or account giving the characteristics of someone or something

プラトンの対話篇に見事な例示があるソクラテスの対話法は、この説明の工夫であった。

They were essentially a negative discussion of the great questions of philosophy and life, directed with consummate skill to the purpose of convincing any one who had merely adopted the commonplaces of received opinion, that he did not understand the subject—that he as yet attached no definite meaning to the doctrines he professed;

negative (否定的) [形] expressing denial or refusal

consummate (完璧な) [形] complete or perfect in every way

skill (技術) [名] the ability to do something well; expertise

attach (与える) [動] fasten or join (something) to something else

definite (明確な) [形] clearly stated or decided; not vague or doubtful

それらは本質的に哲学と人生の偉大な問題についての否定的な議論であり、単に受け取った意見の常識を採用しただけの人に、彼がその主題を理解していないこと、彼がまだ彼が公言した教義に明確な意味を与えていないことを納得させる目的のために、完璧な技術をもって導かれた。

in order that, becoming aware of his ignorance, he might be put in the way to attain a stable belief, resting on a clear apprehension both of the meaning of doctrines and of their evidence.

become aware of (気づく) [動] to start to understand or notice something

stable (安定した) [形] not likely to change or fail

rest on (基づく) [動] to be based on or supported by something

apprehension (理解) [名] the ability to understand something

彼の無知に気づき、教義の意味とその証拠の両方を明確に理解した上で、安定した信念を獲得する道に彼を導くためである。

The school disputations of the middle ages had a somewhat similar object.

middle ages (中世) [名] the period of European history extending from about 500 to 1400–1500 ce

school (学校) [名] an institution for educating children

disputation (論争) [名] a debate or argument

中世の学校での論争も、やや似たような目的があった。

They were intended to make sure that the pupil understood his own opinion, and (by necessary correlation) the opinion opposed to it, and could enforce the grounds of the one and confute those of the other.

make sure (確認する) [動] to be certain about something

pupil (生徒) [名] a person who is studying at a school

oppose (反対する) [動] to be against something

enforce (強化する) [動] to make sure that something is done or happens

confute (論駁する) [動] to prove that something is wrong

それらは、生徒が自分の意見を理解し、(必然的な相関関係によって)それに反対する意見を理解し、一方の根拠を強化し、他方の根拠を論駁できるようにすることを目的としていた。

These last-mentioned contests had indeed the incurable defect, that the premises appealed to were taken from authority, not from reason;

last-mentioned (最後に言及した) [形] most recently mentioned

contest (論争) [名] an event in which people or teams compete against each other

incurable (不治の) [形] not able to be cured

defect (欠陥) [名] a fault or imperfection

これらの最後に言及した論争は、確かに不治の欠陥を持っていた、それは前提が理性からではなく権威から取られたことである。

and, as a discipline to the mind, they were in every respect inferior to the powerful dialectics which formed the intellects of the “Socratici viri”:

inferior (劣っている) [形] lower in rank, status, or quality

Socratici viri (ソクラテス的人間) [名] a person who is like Socrates in their ability to think and reason

そして、精神の訓練として、それらはあらゆる点で「ソクラテス的人間」の知性を形成した強力な弁証法に劣っていた。

but the modern mind owes far more to both than it is generally willing to admit, and the present modes of education contain nothing which in the smallest degree supplies the place either of the one or of the other.

present (現在の) [形] existing or happening now

education (教育) [名] the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at a school or university

contain (含む) [動] have or hold within itself

supply (代わる) [動] provide or replace

しかし、現代人の精神は、一般的に認められているよりもはるかに多くのものを両者に負っており、現在の教育方法には、どちらの場所にも少しも代わるものはない。

A person who derives all his instruction from teachers or books, even if he escape the besetting temptation of contenting himself with cram, is under no compulsion to hear both sides;

derive (得る) [動] receive or obtain something from a specified source

instruction (指導) [名] the action of teaching; education

temptation (誘惑) [名] a desire to do something, especially something wrong or unwise

cram (詰め込む) [動] pack something or a lot of things tightly into a small space

under no compulsion (義務はない) [句] not forced or obliged to do something

both sides (両方の意見) [句] two opposing opinions or groups

教師や本からすべての指導を受けている人は、詰め込みで満足するという誘惑から逃れたとしても、両方の意見を聞く義務はない。

accordingly it is far from a frequent accomplishment, even among thinkers, to know both sides;

accomplishment (達成) [名] the successful achievement of a task

したがって、思想家の間でも、両方の側面を知ることは、頻繁に達成されることではない。

and the weakest part of what everybody says in defence of his opinion, is what he intends as a reply to antagonists.

reply (返答) [名] a verbal or written answer

そして、誰もが自分の意見を擁護するために言うことの最も弱い部分は、敵対者への返答として意図していることである。

It is the fashion of the present time to disparage negative logic—that which points out weaknesses in theory or errors in practice, without establishing positive truths.

logic (論理) [名] the science of reasoning

disparage (軽視する) [動] regard or represent as being of little worth

positive (肯定的) [形] expressing or implying affirmation or acceptance

否定的な論理、つまり、肯定的な真理を確立することなく、理論の弱点や実践の誤りを指摘する論理を軽視することが、現代の流行である。

Such negative criticism would indeed be poor enough as an ultimate result;

そのような否定的な批判は、確かに最終的な結果としては十分に貧弱なものであろう。

but as a means to attaining any positive knowledge or conviction worthy the name, it cannot be valued too highly;

attain (得る) [動] to reach or achieve a goal

worthy (値する) [形] having qualities or abilities that deserve to be admired or respected

highly (高く) [副] to a great degree or extent

しかし、その名に値する肯定的な知識や確信を得るための手段としては、高く評価しすぎることはない。

and until people are again systematically trained to it, there will be few great thinkers, and a low general average of intellect, in any but the mathematical and physical departments of speculation.

again (再び) [副] once more; another time

systematically (体系的に) [副] in a systematic manner

train (訓練する) [動] teach a particular skill or type of behavior

low (低い) [形] of little height

general (平均値) [形] involving or affecting all or most people, places, or things

average (平均値) [名] a number expressing the central or typical value in a set of data, in particular the mode, median, or (most commonly) the mean, which is calculated by dividing the sum of the values in the set by thei...

そして、人々が再び体系的に訓練されるまでは、数学的・物理的な思索部門を除いて、偉大な思想家はほとんどおらず、知性の平均値も低いままだろう。

On any other subject no one's opinions deserve the name of knowledge, except so far as he has either had forced upon him by others, or gone through of himself, the same mental process which would have been required of him in carrying on an active controversy with opponents.

so far as (範囲) [接] to the extent or degree that

go through (経験する) [動] experience or endure (something)

mental process (精神的プロセス) [名] a series of thoughts and feelings that happen in your mind

carry on (続ける) [動] continue doing something

他のどんな主題においても、反対者と活発な論争を続ける際に必要とされるであろう精神的プロセスを、他人から押し付けられたか、自ら経験した範囲を除いて、誰の意見も知識と呼ぶに値しない。

That, therefore, which when absent, it is so indispensable, but so difficult, to create, how worse than absurd is it to forego, when spontaneously offering itself!

absent (欠けている) [形] not present

difficult (難しい) [形] not easy; requiring much effort

spontaneously (自発的に) [副] without being forced or caused by others

offering (現れる) [動] present as a gift

absurd (不条理な) [形] ridiculously incongruous or inappropriate

だから、それが欠けているときには、それを生み出すことがとても不可欠だがとても難しいのに、自発的に現れたときにそれを放棄することは、いかに不条理よりも悪いことか!

If there are any persons who contest a received opinion, or who will do so if law or opinion will let them, let us thank them for it, open our minds to listen to them, and rejoice that there is some one to do for us what we otherwise ought, if we have any regard for either the certainty or the vitality of our convictions, to do with much greater labour for ourselves.

let (許す) [動] to allow to

thank (感謝する) [動] to express gratitude to

open (開く) [動] to move a door or window so as to leave a space allowing access and vision

rejoice (喜ぶ) [動] to feel or show great joy or delight

labour (労力) [名] work, especially hard physical work

受け入れられた意見に異議を唱える人や、法律や世論が許せばそうする人がいたら、その人たちに感謝し、心を開いて耳を傾け、自分の信念の確実性や活力に少しでも関心があるなら、自分たちでもっと労力をかけてやるべきことを代わりにやってくれる人がいることを喜ぼう。

It still remains to speak of one of the principal causes which make diversity of opinion advantageous, and will continue to do so until mankind shall have entered a stage of intellectual advancement which at present seems at an incalculable distance.

principal (主な) [形] most important

advantageous (有利な) [形] favourable

advancement (進歩) [名] the process of improving or developing

incalculable (計り知れない) [形] too great or too many to be calculated

distance (距離) [名] the space between two points

意見の多様性を有利にする主な原因の1つについて話すことがまだ残っており、人類が現在では計り知れないほど遠くにあるように思われる知的進歩の段階に入るまでは、そうし続けるだろう。

We have hitherto considered only two possibilities: that the received opinion may be false, and some other opinion, consequently, true;

hitherto (これまでのところ) [副] until now; up until the present

some (他の) [限] an unspecified amount or number of

これまでのところ、私たちは2つの可能性だけを考えてきた。受け入れられた意見が間違っている可能性と、その結果として他の意見が正しい可能性である。

or that, the received opinion being true, a conflict with the opposite error is essential to a clear apprehension and deep feeling of its truth.

あるいは、受け入れられた意見が正しい場合、その真理を明確に理解し、深く感じるために、反対の誤りとの衝突が不可欠であるということである。

But there is a commoner case than either of these;

commoner (ありふれた) [形] more common

しかし、これらよりももっとありふれたケースがある。

when the conflicting doctrines, instead of being one true and the other false, share the truth between them;

share (共有する) [動] have or use something at the same time as someone else

相反する教義が、一方が真実で他方が偽りであるのではなく、真実を共有している場合である。

and the nonconforming opinion is needed to supply the remainder of the truth, of which the received doctrine embodies only a part.

nonconforming (非適合の) [形] not conforming to or in accordance with something

supply (供給する) [動] provide or furnish with something

embody (体現する) [動] give a tangible or visible form to

そして、受け入れられた教義が真理の一部しか体現していないため、残りの真理を供給するためには、非適合の意見が必要である。

Popular opinions, on subjects not palpable to sense, are often true, but seldom or never the whole truth.

popular opinion (世論) [名] the opinion of the majority of the general public

subject (事柄) [名] the topic of a conversation or discussion

palpable (理解できる) [形] able to be touched or felt

sense (感覚) [名] a faculty by which the body perceives an external stimulus; one of the faculties of sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch

感覚的に理解できない事柄に関する世論は、しばしば真実であるが、全体の真実であることはめったにない。

They are a part of the truth;

それらは真理の一部である。

sometimes a greater, sometimes a smaller part, but exaggerated, distorted, and disjoined from the truths by which they ought to be accompanied and limited.

smaller (より小さい) [形] less large or important

exaggerated (誇張された) [形] represented as being larger, greater, better, or worse than it really is

distorted (歪められた) [形] pulled or twisted out of shape

disjoined (切り離された) [形] separated or disconnected

時にはより大きく、時にはより小さな部分であるが、誇張され、歪められ、真理から切り離されている。

Heretical opinions, on the other hand, are generally some of these suppressed and neglected truths, bursting the bonds which kept them down, and either seeking reconciliation with the truth contained in the common opinion, or fronting it as enemies, and setting themselves up, with similar exclusiveness, as the whole truth.

suppressed (抑圧された) [形] forcibly put an end to

neglected (無視された) [形] you have not paid enough attention to someone or something

burst (破る) [動] break or cause to break suddenly and violently

bond (束縛) [名] something that ties people together

reconciliation (和解) [名] the restoration of friendly relations

front (立ち向かう) [動] face

set up (打ち立てる) [動] establish

exclusiveness (排他性) [名] the quality of excluding or not admitting other things

一方、異端の意見は、一般的に、これらの抑圧され無視された真理の一部であり、それらを抑えつけていた束縛を破り、一般的な意見に含まれる真理との和解を求めるか、敵としてそれに立ち向かい、同様に排他的に、全体の真理として自分自身を打ち立てようとする。

The latter case is hitherto the most frequent, as, in the human mind, one-sidedness has always been the rule, and many-sidedness the exception.

one-sidedness (一方的) [名] the quality or state of being one-sided

many-sidedness (多面的) [名] the quality or state of being many-sided

後者のケースは、これまでのところ最も頻繁に起こっている。人間の心の中では、一方的な見方が常にルールであり、多面的な見方が例外である。

Hence, even in revolutions of opinion, one part of the truth usually sets while another rises.

hence (したがって) [副] for this reason; therefore

revolution (革命) [名] a forcible overthrow of a government or social order in favor of a new system

set (沈む) [動] go below the horizon

rise (台頭する) [動] go up

したがって、意見の革命においてさえ、真理の一部は通常、別の部分が台頭する間に沈む。

Even progress, which ought to superadd, for the most part only substitutes one partial and incomplete truth for another;

superadd (付け加える) [動] add to something already existing

substitute (置き換える) [動] use instead of another

partial (部分的な) [形] not complete or total

incomplete (不完全な) [形] not complete

進歩でさえ、ほとんどの場合、部分的で不完全な真理を別の真理に置き換えるだけである。

improvement consisting chiefly in this, that the new fragment of truth is more wanted, more adapted to the needs of the time, than that which it displaces.

fragment (断片) [名] a small part broken or separated off from something

want (求める) [動] feel a need or a wish for

adapt (適応する) [動] make or become suitable for a new use or purpose

need (ニーズ) [名] a requirement for something

改善は主に、真理の新しい断片が、それが置き換えるものよりも、より求められ、時代のニーズに適応していることにある。

Such being the partial character of prevailing opinions, even when resting on a true foundation;

partial (偏った) [形] biased; not impartial

真実の基礎に基づいている場合でさえ、それが一般的な意見の偏った性質である。

every opinion which embodies somewhat of the portion of truth which the common opinion omits, ought to be considered precious, with whatever amount of error and confusion that truth may be blended.

every (すべての) [形] each and all of a group

omit (省略する) [動] leave out or exclude

precious (貴重な) [形] of great value or worth

一般的な意見が省略している真理の部分をある程度具体化した意見はすべて、真理がどれほど多くの誤りや混乱と混ざり合っていようとも、貴重なものと考えるべきである。

No sober judge of human affairs will feel bound to be indignant because those who force on our notice truths which we should otherwise have overlooked, overlook some of those which we see.

sober (冷静な) [形] not affected by alcohol

feel bound to (~せざるを得ない) [動] feel obliged to

indignant (憤慨する) [形] feeling or showing anger or annoyance at something unfair or unreasonable

notice (気づく) [動] become aware of

overlook (見落とす) [動] fail to notice or consider

人間の営みを冷静に判断できる人なら、私たちが気づかなかった真実を私たちに押し付ける人が、私たちが目にしている真実の一部を見落としているからといって、憤慨することはない。

Rather, he will think that so long as popular truth is one-sided, it is more desirable than otherwise that unpopular truth should have one-sided asserters too;

one-sided (一面的) [形] involving only one side

unpopular (一般に受け入れられていない) [形] not liked or approved of by most people

asserter (主張者) [名] a person who makes a statement or claim

むしろ、一般に受け入れられている真理が一面的である限り、そうでない場合よりも、一般に受け入れられていない真理にも一面的な主張者がいることが望ましいと考えるだろう。

such being usually the most energetic, and the most likely to compel reluctant attention to the fragment of wisdom which they proclaim as if it were the whole.

being (人) [名] a living person

energetic (精力的) [形] having or showing energy

most (最も) [形] to the highest degree; very

likely (可能性) [形] probable

reluctant (しぶしぶ) [形] unwilling and hesitant; disinclined

attention (注意) [名] the regarding of someone or something as interesting or important

proclaim (宣言する) [動] announce officially or publicly

そのような人はたいてい最も精力的で、まるで全体であるかのように宣言する知恵の断片に、しぶしぶ注意を向けさせる可能性が最も高い。

Thus, in the eighteenth century, when nearly all the instructed, and all those of the uninstructed who were led by them, were lost in admiration of what is called civilisation, and of the marvels of modern science, literature, and philosophy, and while greatly overrating the amount of unlikeness between the men of modern and those of ancient times, indulged the belief that the whole of the difference was in their own favour;

civilisation (文明) [名] the stage of human social and cultural development and organisation that is considered most advanced

modern science (近代科学) [名] the science of the modern era

greatly (大いに) [副] to a great extent

overrate (過大評価する) [動] have too high an opinion of

indulge (耽る) [動] allow oneself to enjoy the pleasure of

このように、18世紀には、教養のある人々のほとんどすべてと、彼らに率いられた教養のない人々のすべてが、文明と呼ばれるものや、近代科学、文学、哲学の驚異に憧れ、現代人と古代人の間の相違点を過大評価し、その相違点のすべてが自分たちに有利に働いているという信念に耽っていた。

with what a salutary shock did the paradoxes of Rousseau explode like bombshells in the midst, dislocating the compact mass of one-sided opinion, and forcing its elements to recombine in a better form and with additional ingredients.

with what a salutary shock (どれほど有益な衝撃を与えたことか) [句] how much of a beneficial shock

Rousseau (ルソー) [名] a Genevan philosopher, writer, and composer of the 18th century

paradox (パラドックス) [名] a statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth

explode (爆発する) [動] burst or cause to burst suddenly and violently, as from internal pressure

bombshell (爆弾) [名] a piece of news that is very surprising or shocking

midst (真っ只中) [名] the middle part or point

dislocate (解体する) [動] put out of place

compact mass (固まり) [名] a large amount of something in a small space

one-sided (一面的な) [形] having or occurring on one side only

recombine (再結合する) [動] combine again or in a different way

additional (新たな) [形] added, extra, or supplementary

ingredient (要素) [名] one of the parts or elements of which something is composed or made

ルソーのパラドックスは、その真っ只中に爆弾のように爆発し、一面的な意見の固まりを解体し、その要素をより良い形で、また新たな要素を加えて再結合させ、どれほど有益な衝撃を与えたことか。

Not that the current opinions were on the whole farther from the truth than Rousseau's were;

current (当時の) [形] belonging to the present time

当時の世論が全体としてルソーの意見よりも真実から遠かったわけではない。

on the contrary, they were nearer to it;

near (近い) [形] not far away in space or time

それどころか、真実に近かった。

they contained more of positive truth, and very much less of error.

肯定的な真理が多く含まれ、誤りは非常に少なかった。

Nevertheless there lay in Rousseau's doctrine, and has floated down the stream of opinion along with it, a considerable amount of exactly those truths which the popular opinion wanted;

Nevertheless (それにもかかわらず) [副] in spite of that; notwithstanding; all the same

lie (ある) [動] be in a specified state or condition

float (浮かび上がる) [動] move slowly and smoothly through the air or on the surface of a liquid

stream (流れ) [名] a flow of water in a channel

それにもかかわらず、ルソーの教義には、世論が求めていた真理がかなりの量含まれていて、それとともに世論の流れに浮かび上がってきた。

and these are the deposit which was left behind when the flood subsided.

flood (洪水) [名] an overflowing of a large amount of water beyond its normal confines, especially over what is normally dry land

deposit (堆積物) [名] a sum of money paid into a bank account

そして、これらは洪水が引いた後に残された堆積物である。

The superior worth of simplicity of life, the enervating and demoralising effect of the trammels and hypocrisies of artificial society, are ideas which have never been entirely absent from cultivated minds since Rousseau wrote;

superior (優れた) [形] higher in rank, status, or quality

simplicity (単純さ) [名] the quality or condition of being easy to understand or do

enervating (衰弱させる) [形] making someone feel weak or lacking in energy

demoralising (堕落させる) [形] causing a severe loss in morale

trammels (束縛) [名] something that confines or restrains

hypocrisies (偽善) [名] the practice of claiming to have moral standards or beliefs to which one's own behavior does not conform

artificial (人工的な) [形] made or produced by human beings rather than occurring naturally

wrote (書いた) [動] mark (letters, words, or other symbols) on a surface, typically paper, with a pen, pencil, or similar implement

生活の単純さの優れた価値、人工的な社会の束縛や偽善の衰弱させ、堕落させる効果は、ルソーが書いて以来、教養ある人々の心から完全に消えたことがない考えである。

and they will in time produce their due effect, though at present needing to be asserted as much as ever, and to be asserted by deeds, for words, on this subject, have nearly exhausted their power.

at present (現在) [名] the time now

as much as ever (これまで以上に) [副] more than ever

deed (行動) [名] an action that is performed intentionally

そして、それらはやがて正当な効果を生み出すだろうが、現在ではこれまで以上に主張する必要があり、この問題に関する言葉はほとんど力を使い果たしてしまったので、行動によって主張する必要がある。

In politics, again, it is almost a commonplace, that a party of order or stability, and a party of progress or reform, are both necessary elements of a healthy state of political life;

order (秩序) [名] a state in which the laws and rules regulating public behavior are observed and obeyed by the members of a society

stability (安定) [名] the state of being stable

reform (改革) [名] the action or process of reforming something

healthy (健全な) [形] in a good condition; functioning properly

政治においても、秩序や安定の党と進歩や改革の党の両方が健全な政治生活の要素であることは、ほとんど常識である。

until the one or the other shall have so enlarged its mental grasp as to be a party equally of order and of progress, knowing and distinguishing what is fit to be preserved from what ought to be swept away.

grasp (把握) [名] a firm hold or grip

preserve (保存する) [動] maintain in its original state or in good condition

sweep (一掃する) [動] clean or clear (an area) by brushing or wiping

どちらかが精神的な把握を拡大して、秩序と進歩の党となり、何が保存に適しているか、何が一掃されるべきかを知り、区別できるようになるまでである。

Each of these modes of thinking derives its utility from the deficiencies of the other;

deficiency (欠陥) [名] a lack or shortage

これらの考え方のそれぞれは、他の考え方の欠陥からその有用性を引き出している。

but it is in a great measure the opposition of the other that keeps each within the limits of reason and sanity.

sanity (正気) [名] the state of having a healthy mind

しかし、それぞれを理性と正気の範囲内に保っているのは、大部分が他方の反対である。

Unless opinions favourable to democracy and to aristocracy, to property and to equality, to co-operation and to competition, to luxury and to abstinence, to sociality and individuality, to liberty and discipline, and all the other standing antagonisms of practical life, are expressed with equal freedom, and enforced and defended with equal talent and energy, there is no chance of both elements obtaining their due;

democracy (民主主義) [名] a system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state

aristocracy (貴族主義) [名] a government or state ruled by an aristocracy

equality (平等) [名] the state of being equal, especially in status, rights, and opportunities

co-operation (協調) [名] the action or process of working together to the same end

competition (競争) [名] the activity or condition of competing

luxury (贅沢) [名] the state of great comfort and extravagant living

abstinence (禁欲) [名] the practice of abstaining from something, especially alcohol

sociality (社会性) [名] the state or quality of being sociable

antagonism (対立) [名] active hostility or opposition

expressed (表明される) [動] convey (a thought or feeling) in words or by gestures and conduct

enforced (強制される) [動] compel observance of or compliance with (a law, rule, or obligation)

defended (擁護される) [動] speak or write in favor of (an action or person); advocate

obtaining (得る) [動] gain or secure (something) by effort

民主主義と貴族主義、財産と平等、協調と競争、贅沢と禁欲、社会性と個性、自由と規律、そして実生活の他のあらゆる対立に好意的な意見が、平等な自由をもって表明され、平等な才能とエネルギーをもって強制され、擁護されない限り、両方の要素が正当な評価を得る可能性はない。

one scale is sure to go up and the other down.

scale (天秤) [名] a device for measuring weight or mass

go up (上がる) [動] move from a lower to a higher position

other (もう一方) [形] used to refer to a different person or thing from the one already mentioned

down (下がる) [動] move from a higher to a lower position

一方の天秤は必ず上がり、もう一方は下がる。

Truth, in the great practical concerns of life, is so much a question of the reconciling and combining of opposites, that very few have minds sufficiently capacious and impartial to make the adjustment with an approach to correctness, and it has to be made by the rough process of a struggle between combatants fighting under hostile banners.

concern (関心事) [名] a matter that involves someone or something and that is important to them

opposite (正反対) [名] a person or thing that is the opposite of or very different from another

approach (近づく) [動] to come near or nearer in space or time

make (行う) [動] to cause to happen or exist

rough (荒々しい) [形] having an uneven or irregular surface

hostile (敵対する) [形] unfriendly or aggressive

banner (旗) [名] a strip of cloth with a design or slogan on it, used as a symbol or as an advertisement

人生の偉大な実践的関心事において、真理は正反対のものを調和させ、組み合わせることの問題であるため、正しさに近づくように調整を行うのに十分な容量と公平さを備えた精神を持つ人はほとんどいない。そして、それは敵対する旗の下で戦う戦闘員間の闘争という荒々しいプロセスによって行われなければならない。

On any of the great open questions just enumerated, if either of the two opinions has a better claim than the other, not merely to be tolerated, but to be encouraged and countenanced, it is the one which happens at the particular time and place to be in a minority.

on any of (いずれかについて) [前] about or concerning

the great open questions (未解決の大きな問題) [名] a question that has not been answered

just enumerated (たった今列挙した) [動] to count or list one by one

if either of (もしどちらかが) [接] in the event that

the two opinions (二つの意見) [名] a view or judgment formed about something, not necessarily based on fact or knowledge

has a better claim (より優れた主張を持っている) [動] to state or assert that something is the case or that you have a right to something

than the other (他方よりも) [接] used to introduce the second element in a comparison

not merely to be tolerated (単に容認されるだけでなく) [動] to allow the existence, occurrence, or practice of (something that one does not necessarily like or agree with) without interference

but to be encouraged (奨励されるべきであるという点で) [動] to give support, courage, or hope to (someone)

and countenanced (支持される) [動] to approve or support

it is the one (それは) [代] used to refer to a thing previously mentioned or easily identified

which happens (であるものである) [動] to take place or occur

at the particular time (特定の時間) [名] a specific point in time

and place (場所) [名] a particular position or point in space

to be in a minority (少数派である) [名] the smaller number or part of a group or total

たった今列挙した未解決の大きな問題のいずれかについて、もし二つの意見のどちらかが、単に容認されるだけでなく、奨励され、支持されるべきであるという点で、他方よりも優れた主張を持っているとすれば、それは特定の時間と場所で少数派であるものである。

That is the opinion which, for the time being, represents the neglected interests, the side of human well-being which is in danger of obtaining less than its share.

for the time being (当面) [副] for now; temporarily

それは、当面、無視された利益、つまり人間の福祉の側面を代表する意見であり、その分け前よりも少なくなってしまう危険性がある。

I am aware that there is not, in this country, any intolerance of differences of opinion on most of these topics.

be aware (知っている) [動] have knowledge or information about

there is not (ない) [動] not exist

in this country (この国では) [名] in the country that is being discussed

any intolerance (不寛容) [名] the quality of being intolerant

of opinion (意見) [名] a view or judgment formed about something, not necessarily based on fact or knowledge

on most of these topics (これらの話題のほとんどについて) [名] on the majority of the topics that are being discussed

私は、この国では、これらの話題のほとんどについて意見の相違に対する不寛容がないことを知っている。

They are adduced to show, by admitted and multiplied examples, the universality of the fact, that only through diversity of opinion is there, in the existing state of human intellect, a chance of fair-play to all sides of the truth.

adduce (示す) [動] cite as evidence or proof

multiply (増やす) [動] to increase in number

universality (普遍性) [名] the quality of being universal

existing (現状) [形] in existence or operation at the present time

chance (機会) [名] a possibility of something happening

fair-play (公正) [名] just or honorable treatment

それらは、認められた多数の例によって、事実の普遍性を示している。つまり、人間の知性の現状では、意見の多様性を通してのみ、真理のあらゆる側面に対して公正な機会が存在する。

When there are persons to be found, who form an exception to the apparent unanimity of the world on any subject, even if the world is in the right, it is always probable that dissentients have something worth hearing to say for themselves, and that truth would lose something by their silence.

form an exception (例外をなす) [動] to be different from the usual or normal

apparent unanimity (見かけ上の全会一致) [名] a situation in which everyone seems to agree about something

on any subject (どんな主題に関しても) [名] the topic of a discussion or conversation

even if (たとえ) [接] despite the fact that

in the right (正しい) [形] morally good, justified, or acceptable

it is always probable (ありうる) [動] to be likely or possible

dissentients (反対者) [名] a person who disagrees with something

have something worth hearing (聞く価値のある何かがあり) [動] to be interesting or important enough to be listened to

by their silence (彼らが沈黙することで) [名] the absence of sound or noise

どんな主題に関しても、世界の見かけ上の全会一致に例外をなす人々が見つかったとき、たとえ世界が正しいとしても、反対者には聞く価値のある何かがあり、彼らが沈黙することで真理は何か失われるだろうということは常にありうる。

It may be objected, “But some received principles, especially on the highest and most vital subjects, are more than half-truths.

object (異論がある) [動] express or feel disapproval of or opposition to

especially (特に) [副] used to single out one person, thing, or situation over all others

more than (半分以上の) [限] to a greater extent than

half-truth (半分以上の真実) [名] a statement that is only partly true

異論があるかもしれない。「しかし、特に最も高く、最も重要な主題に関するいくつかの受け入れられた原則は、半分以上の真実である。

The Christian morality, for instance, is the whole truth on that subject, and if any one teaches a morality which varies from it, he is wholly in error.”

vary (異なる) [動] be different from one another

例えば、キリスト教の道徳はその主題に関する完全な真理であり、もし誰かがそれとは異なる道徳を教えるなら、彼は完全に間違っている。」

As this is of all cases the most important in practice, none can be fitter to test the general maxim.

all (すべての) [限] the whole amount of

test (テストする) [動] to examine or try out

これはすべての事例の中で実際に最も重要であるため、一般的な格言をテストするのにこれ以上適したものはない。

But before pronouncing what Christian morality is or is not, it would be desirable to decide what is meant by Christian morality.

pronounce (発言する) [動] make a statement

decide (決める) [動] come to a decision about something

しかし、キリスト教の道徳が何であるか、何でないかを発言する前に、キリスト教の道徳とは何かを決めることが望ましいだろう。

If it means the morality of the New Testament, I wonder that any one who derives his knowledge of this from the book itself, can suppose that it was announced, or intended, as a complete doctrine of morals.

suppose (考える) [動] think or assume that something is true or probable

announce (発表する) [動] make a public and typically formal statement about a fact, occurrence, or intention

intend (意図する) [動] have as one's purpose or intention

もしそれが新約聖書の道徳を意味するなら、私は、この知識を本そのものから得た人が、それが道徳の完全な教義として発表された、あるいは意図されたと考えることができるのだろうかと思う。

The Gospel always refers to a pre-existing morality, and confines its precepts to the particulars in which that morality was to be corrected, or superseded by a wider and higher;

Gospel (福音書) [名] the teachings of Jesus Christ

refer to (言及する) [動] mention or allude to

pre-existing (既存の) [形] existing or available before a particular time

particular (細目) [名] an individual fact or item

福音書は常に既存の道徳に言及しており、その教訓をその道徳がより広くより高い道徳によって訂正されるか、取って代わられるべき細目に限定している。

expressing itself, moreover, in terms most general, often impossible to be interpreted literally, and possessing rather the impressiveness of poetry or eloquence than the precision of legislation.

literally (文字通りに) [副] in a literal manner or sense; exactly

poetry (詩) [名] literary work in which the expression of feelings and ideas is given intensity by the use of distinctive style and rhythm

eloquence (雄弁) [名] fluent or persuasive speaking or writing

precision (正確さ) [名] the quality or state of being precise; exactness

legislation (法律) [名] the action of legislating; the process of making or enacting laws

その上、最も一般的な言葉で表現されており、文字通りに解釈することがしばしば不可能であり、法律の正確さよりも詩や雄弁の印象を強く持っている。

To extract from it a body of ethical doctrine, has ever been possible without eking it out from the Old Testament, that is, from a system elaborate indeed, but in many respects barbarous, and intended only for a barbarous people.

extract (抽出する) [動] to remove or take out

body (集合体) [名] a collection of things or people

Old Testament (旧約聖書) [名] the first part of the Christian Bible

elaborate (精巧な) [形] very complicated or detailed

barbaric (野蛮な) [形] uncivilized and savage

そこから倫理的教義の集合体を抽出することは、旧約聖書から、つまり、確かに精巧ではあるが、多くの点で野蛮で、野蛮な人々だけを対象とした体系からそれを補完することなしに可能だった。

St. Paul, a declared enemy to this Judaical mode of interpreting the doctrine and filling up the scheme of his Master, equally assumes a pre-existing morality, namely, that of the Greeks and Romans;

St. Paul (聖パウロ) [名] a Christian apostle and missionary

Judaical (ユダヤ教の) [形] of or relating to Judaism or the Jews

fill up (補完する) [動] to make or become full

scheme (計画) [名] a plan or program of action

equally (同様に) [副] in the same way or to the same degree

namely (つまり) [副] that is to say; in other words

Greeks (ギリシャ人) [名] a native or inhabitant of Greece

Romans (ローマ人) [名] a native or inhabitant of Rome

教義を解釈し、師の計画を補完するこのユダヤ教的な方法に公然と敵対する聖パウロも、同様に既存の道徳、つまりギリシャ人とローマ人の道徳を前提としている。

and his advice to Christians is in a great measure a system of accommodation to that;

advice (忠告) [名] an opinion or recommendation offered as a guide to action, conduct, or procedure

measure (大いに) [名] a step or action taken to achieve a purpose

そして、キリスト教徒への彼の忠告は、大いにそれに適応する体系である。

even to the extent of giving an apparent sanction to slavery.

even to the extent of (~の程度まで) [句] to the point of

sanction (認める) [名] a penalty for disobeying a law or rule

奴隷制を明らかに認めるほどに。

What is called Christian, but should rather be termed theological, morality, was not the work of Christ or the Apostles, but is of much later origin, having been gradually built up by the Catholic church of the first five centuries, and though not implicitly adopted by moderns and Protestants, has been much less modified by them than might have been expected.

Apostles (使徒) [名] a special messenger of God

work (仕事) [名] an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result

build up (構築する) [動] to construct or create something

five (5) [数] the number 5

Catholic (カトリック) [形] of or relating to the Roman Catholic Church

implicitly (暗黙のうちに) [副] in a way that is not directly expressed

キリスト教と呼ばれるが、むしろ神学的な道徳と呼ばれるべきものは、キリストや使徒たちの仕事ではなく、最初の5世紀のカトリック教会によって徐々に構築され、現代人やプロテスタントによって暗黙のうちに採用されたわけではないが、彼らによって予想よりもはるかに少なく修正された、ずっと後の起源のものである。

For the most part, indeed, they have contented themselves with cutting off the additions which had been made to it in the middle ages, each sect supplying the place by fresh additions, adapted to its own character and tendencies.

cut off (切り捨てる) [動] remove by cutting

addition (付け加え) [名] something added

adapt (合わせる) [動] make suitable for a new use or purpose; modify

実際、彼らはほとんどの場合、中世に付け加えられたものを切り捨てることで満足しており、各宗派は独自の性格や傾向に合わせて新鮮な付け加えによってその場所を提供している。

That mankind owe a great debt to this morality, and to its early teachers, I should be the last person to deny;

debt (恩恵) [名] something, typically money, that is owed or due

last (以外には) [形] coming after all others in time or order; final

人類がこの道徳とその初期の教師に大きな恩恵を受けていることを否定する人は私以外にはいないだろう。

but I do not scruple to say of it, that it is, in many important points, incomplete and one-sided, and that unless ideas and feelings, not sanctioned by it, had contributed to the formation of European life and character, human affairs would have been in a worse condition than they now are.

scruple (ためらう) [動] be reluctant to do something because of moral considerations

unless (~でなければ) [接] except if (something happens or is true)

contribute (貢献する) [動] give or supply in order to help achieve or improve something

しかし、私はそれについて、多くの重要な点で不完全で一方的であり、それによって認められていない思想や感情がヨーロッパの生活や性格の形成に貢献していなければ、人間の状況は今よりも悪くなっていただろうと言うことをためらわない。

Christian morality (so called) has all the characters of a reaction;

reaction (反動) [名] a response to a stimulus or event

キリスト教の道徳(いわゆる)は反動のすべての性格を持っている。

it is, in great part, a protest against Paganism.

in great part (大部分が) [副] to a large extent

protest (抗議) [名] a statement or action expressing disapproval of or objection to something

Paganism (異教) [名] a religion other than one of the main world religions

それは、大部分が異教に対する抗議である。

Its ideal is negative rather than positive;

その理想は肯定的というよりは否定的である。

passive rather than active;

passive (受動的) [形] not active or energetic

能動的というよりは受動的である。

Innocence rather than Nobleness; Abstinence from Evil, rather than energetic Pursuit of Good: in its precepts (as has been well said) “thou shalt not” predominates unduly over “thou shalt.”

innocence (無垢さ) [名] the state of being not guilty of a crime or other wrong

nobleness (高貴さ) [名] the quality of being noble

energetic (精力的な) [形] having or showing great energy or activity

thou shalt not (汝なすべからず) [動] you shall not

thou shalt (汝なすべし) [動] you shall

高貴さよりも無垢さ、善の精力的な追求よりも悪の禁欲、その戒律では(よく言われているように)「汝なすべからず」が「汝なすべし」よりも過度に優勢である。

In its horror of sensuality, it made an idol of asceticism, which has been gradually compromised away into one of legality.

sensuality (官能主義) [名] the enjoyment of physical, especially sexual, pleasures

idol (偶像) [名] an object of extreme devotion

asceticism (禁欲主義) [名] the doctrine that one can achieve a high spiritual and moral state by practicing self-denial, self-mortification, and meditation

compromise (妥協する) [動] settle a dispute by each side making concessions

legality (合法性) [名] the quality or state of being legal

官能主義を恐れて、禁欲主義を偶像化したが、それは次第に妥協して合法主義の偶像となった。

It holds out the hope of heaven and the threat of hell, as the appointed and appropriate motives to a virtuous life: in this falling far below the best of the ancients, and doing what lies in it to give to human morality an essentially selfish character, by disconnecting each man's feelings of duty from the interests of his fellow-creatures, except so far as a self-interested inducement is offered to him for consulting them.

hold out (提示する) [動] to offer or give something to someone

heaven (天国) [名] the place where God lives, and where good people are believed to go after they die

threat (脅威) [名] a statement or action that shows that you are going to cause harm to someone or something

fall (下回る) [動] to move or come down from a higher to a lower level

ancient (古代) [形] belonging to the very distant past

disconnect (切り離す) [動] to break the connection between two or more things

feeling (感覚) [名] a physical sensation

fellow (仲間) [名] a person who is in the same situation as you

creature (生き物) [名] a living being

offer (提供する) [動] to give or make available something to someone

consult (相談する) [動] to seek information or advice from someone

キリスト教は、天国の希望と地獄の脅威を、高潔な人生への定められた適切な動機として提示しているが、この点で古代人の最善の考えをはるかに下回っており、各人の義務感を仲間の利益から切り離すことで、人間の道徳に本質的に利己的な性格を与えるためにできることを行っている。

It is essentially a doctrine of passive obedience;

それは本質的に受動的服従の教義である。

it inculcates submission to all authorities found established;

inculcate (教え込む) [動] to teach and impress by frequent repetitions or admonitions

submission (服従) [名] the action of accepting or yielding to a superior force or to the will or authority of another person

キリスト教は、確立されたすべての権威への服従を教え込む。

who indeed are not to be actively obeyed when they command what religion forbids, but who are not to be resisted, far less rebelled against, for any amount of wrong to ourselves.

command (命じる) [動] give an authoritative order

resist (抵抗する) [動] oppose or fight against

rebel (反抗する) [動] fight against or refuse to obey those in authority

宗教が禁じていることを命じた場合には、積極的に従うべきではないが、自分自身にどんなに不当な扱いを受けても、抵抗したり、ましてや反抗したりしてはならない。

And while, in the morality of the best Pagan nations, duty to the State holds even a disproportionate place, infringing on the just liberty of the individual;

Pagan (異教徒) [名] a person who follows a religion other than one of the main world religions

hold (占める) [動] to have or occupy a position or place

disproportionate (不釣り合いな) [形] too large or too small in comparison with something else

そして、最良の異教徒国家の道徳では、国家に対する義務は、個人の正当な自由を侵害するほどに不釣り合いな位置を占めている。

in purely Christian ethics, that grand department of duty is scarcely noticed or acknowledged.

purely (純粋に) [副] in a pure manner

ethics (倫理) [名] the study of what is morally right or wrong

純粋にキリスト教の倫理では、義務の壮大な部門はほとんど注目も認知もされていない。

It is in the Koran, not the New Testament, that we read the maxim—“A ruler who appoints any man to an office, when there is in his dominions another man better qualified for it, sins against God and against the State.”

Koran (コーラン) [名] the central religious text of Islam

appoint (任命する) [動] officially assign someone to a position or role

office (職) [名] a position of authority or responsibility

dominion (領土) [名] supreme authority; sovereignty

qualify (適する) [動] be entitled to a particular benefit or privilege

sin (罪) [名] an immoral act considered to be a transgression against divine law

私たちが格言を読むのは、新約聖書ではなくコーランである。「自分の領土内に、その職に適した別の人間がいるのに、誰かを任命する支配者は、神と国家に対して罪を犯す。」

What little recognition the idea of obligation to the public obtains in modern morality, is derived from Greek and Roman sources, not from Christian;

obligation (義務) [名] a moral or legal requirement

Greek (ギリシャ) [名] a native or inhabitant of Greece

Roman (ローマ) [名] a native or inhabitant of Rome

現代の道徳において、公衆に対する義務という考えがほとんど認められていないのは、キリスト教からではなく、ギリシャやローマの思想に由来している。

as, even in the morality of private life, whatever exists of magnanimity, high-mindedness, personal dignity, even the sense of honour, is derived from the purely human, not the religious part of our education, and never could have grown out of a standard of ethics in which the only worth, professedly recognised, is that of obedience.

magnanimity (寛大さ) [名] the quality of being generous and forgiving

high-mindedness (高潔さ) [名] the quality of being morally good and having high principles

personal dignity (個人の尊厳) [名] the quality of being worthy of respect

sense of honour (名誉の感覚) [名] a feeling of pride in yourself because you have done something that you think is morally right

purely human (純粋に人間的な) [形] relating to or characteristic of humankind and not to other animals or beings

standard of ethics (倫理基準) [名] a set of principles or rules that define right and wrong behavior

professedly (公言されている) [副] openly and freely

obedience (従順) [名] the quality of being willing to obey rules or someone in authority

私生活の道徳においてさえ、寛大さ、高潔さ、個人の尊厳、さらには名誉の感覚など、存在するものはすべて、私たちの教育の宗教的な部分ではなく、純粋に人間的な部分に由来しており、従順であることだけが価値があると公言されている倫理基準からは決して生まれ得なかった。

I am as far as any one from pretending that these defects are necessarily inherent in the Christian ethics, in every manner in which it can be conceived, or that the many requisites of a complete moral doctrine which it does not contain, do not admit of being reconciled with it.

inherent (内在する) [形] existing in something as a permanent, essential, or characteristic attribute

Christian ethics (キリスト教倫理) [名] the body of moral principles or values held or accepted by Christians

reconcile (相容れる) [動] to make or become friendly again after an argument or disagreement

私は、これらの欠陥がキリスト教倫理に必然的に内在しているとか、キリスト教倫理に含まれていない完全な道徳教義の多くの要件がキリスト教倫理と相容れないと主張するつもりはない。

Far less would I insinuate this of the doctrines and precepts of Christ himself.

Far less (ましてや) [副] to a much smaller extent

insinuate (ほのめかす) [動] suggest or hint at indirectly

ましてや、キリスト自身の教義や戒律について、このようなことをほのめかすつもりはない。

I believe that the sayings of Christ are all, that I can see any evidence of their having been intended to be;

saying (教え) [名] a statement or declaration

all (すべて) [限] the whole quantity or extent

私は、キリストの教えはすべて、そのように意図されていたという証拠を見ることができると信じている。

that they are irreconcilable with nothing which a comprehensive morality requires;

be irreconcilable with (相容れない) [動] be unable to be made compatible or consistent

comprehensive (包括的な) [形] complete; including all or everything

包括的な道徳が要求するものと相容れないものは何もない。

that everything which is excellent in ethics may be brought within them, with no greater violence to their language than has been done to it by all who have attempted to deduce from them any practical system of conduct whatever.

excellent (優れた) [形] extremely good

bring (持ち込む) [動] take or carry something to a place

within (中に) [前] inside

no greater (それ以上ない) [形] not more

violence (暴力) [名] behavior involving physical force intended to hurt or kill someone

deduce (導き出す) [動] reach a conclusion by reasoning

倫理的に優れたものはすべて、キリストの教えから何らかの実践的な行動体系を導き出そうとした人々が行ったよりも、キリストの言葉に暴力を加えることなく、その中に持ち込むことができる。

But it is quite consistent with this, to believe that they contain, and were meant to contain, only a part of the truth;

しかし、キリストの教えには真理の一部しか含まれていないし、含まれているつもりだったと考えることは、これと全く矛盾しない。

that many essential elements of the highest morality are among the things which are not provided for, nor intended to be provided for, in the recorded deliverances of the Founder of Christianity, and which have been entirely thrown aside in the system of ethics erected on the basis of those deliverances by the Christian Church.

highest morality (最高の道徳) [名] the most important moral principles

essential element (本質的な要素) [名] a part or aspect of something that is absolutely necessary

among (中にある) [前] in the middle of; surrounded by

provided for (用意されている) [動] to be given or supplied

intended to be (意図されている) [動] to plan or decide on

recorded deliverances (記録された救済) [名] the act of being saved or rescued

Founder of Christianity (キリスト教の創始者) [名] the person who started the religion of Christianity

entirely thrown aside (完全に捨て去られている) [動] to be discarded or rejected completely

Christian Church (キリスト教会) [名] the body of all Christians worldwide

最高の道徳の多くの本質的な要素は、キリスト教の創始者の記録された救済の中には用意されていないし、用意されることを意図されていないものの中にあり、キリスト教会によってそれらの救済に基づいて立てられた倫理体系の中では完全に捨て去られている。

And this being so, I think it a great error to persist in attempting to find in the Christian doctrine that complete rule for our guidance, which its author intended it to sanction and enforce, but only partially to provide.

And this being so (そして、そうである以上) [接] and because of this

persist in (し続ける) [動] continue to do something despite difficulties or opposition

guidance (導き) [名] the action or process of guiding or being guided

sanction (認可) [名] a threatened penalty for disobeying a law or rule

enforce (強制) [動] compel observance of or compliance with (a law, rule, or obligation)

partially (部分的に) [副] to some extent; in part

そして、そうである以上、キリスト教の教義の中に、その著者が認可し、強制することを意図していたが、部分的にしか提供していなかった、私たちを導くための完全な規則を見つけようとし続けるのは大きな間違いだと思う。

I believe, too, that this narrow theory is becoming a grave practical evil, detracting greatly from the value of the moral training and instruction, which so many well-meaning persons are now at length exerting themselves to promote.

detract (損なう) [動] to take away a part of something

training (訓練) [名] the action of teaching a person or animal a particular skill or type of behavior

well-meaning (善意の) [形] having or showing good intentions

exert (努力する) [動] to make a physical or mental effort

私はまた、この狭い理論が重大な実際的な悪となり、多くの善意の人々が今やようやく推進しようと努力している道徳的訓練と教育の価値を大きく損ねていると思う。

I much fear that by attempting to form the mind and feelings on an exclusively religious type, and discarding those secular standards (as for want of a better name they may be called) which heretofore co-existed with and supplemented the Christian ethics, receiving some of its spirit, and infusing into it some of theirs, there will result, and is even now resulting, a low, abject, servile type of character, which, submit itself as it may to what it deems the Supreme Will, is incapable of rising to or sympathising in the conception of Supreme Goodness.

exclusively (排他的に) [副] to the exclusion of others

type (型) [名] a category of people or things having similar characteristics

discard (捨てる) [動] to get rid of something

secular (世俗的な) [形] not concerned with religion or religious purposes

heretofore (これまで) [副] up to this time; until now

co-exist (共存する) [動] to exist together or at the same time

supplement (補完する) [動] to add something to something else in order to improve it

infuse (注入する) [動] to introduce something into something else

abject (卑屈な) [形] extremely bad or unpleasant

servile (卑屈な) [形] too willing to obey or serve others

supreme (最高の) [形] highest in rank or authority

rise (立ち上がる) [動] to get up from a lying, sitting, or kneeling position

心と感情を排他的に宗教的な型に形成しようとし、これまでキリスト教倫理と共存し、補完し、その精神の一部を受け取り、その精神の一部を注入してきた世俗的な基準(より良い名前がないため、そう呼ばれるかもしれない)を捨てることで、結果的に、そして今も結果的に、低く、卑屈で、卑屈な性格のタイプとなり、それが最高の意志とみなすものに従うとしても、最高の善の概念に立ち上がったり、共感したりすることができなくなるのではないかと、私は非常に恐れている。

I believe that other ethics than any which can be evolved from exclusively Christian sources, must exist side by side with Christian ethics to produce the moral regeneration of mankind;

side by side (並んで) [副] next to each other

私は、キリスト教の源泉からのみ発展しうる倫理以外の倫理は、人類の道徳的再生を生み出すために、キリスト教倫理と並んで存在しなければならないと信じている。

and that the Christian system is no exception to the rule, that in an imperfect state of the human mind, the interests of truth require a diversity of opinions.

imperfect (不完全な) [形] not perfect; having a defect or weakness

そして、キリスト教のシステムも例外ではなく、人間の精神が不完全な状態では、真理の利益には多様な意見が必要である。

It is not necessary that in ceasing to ignore the moral truths not contained in Christianity, men should ignore any of those which it does contain.

ignore (無視する) [動] refuse to take notice of or acknowledge; disregard intentionally

キリスト教に含まれていない道徳的真理を無視するのをやめるにあたって、人々がキリスト教に含まれている道徳的真理を無視する必要はない。

Such prejudice, or oversight, when it occurs, is altogether an evil;

oversight (見落とし) [名] a failure to notice or do something

occur (起こる) [動] come to pass; happen

altogether (全く) [副] completely; totally

そのような偏見や見落としは、起こったときには全くの悪である。

but it is one from which we cannot hope to be always exempt, and must be regarded as the price paid for an inestimable good.

exempt (免れる) [動] free from an obligation or liability imposed on others

しかし、それは私たちが常に免れることを期待できないものであり、計り知れない善のために支払った代償と見なさなければならない。

The exclusive pretension made by a part of the truth to be the whole, must and ought to be protested against, and if a reactionary impulse should make the protestors unjust in their turn, this one-sidedness, like the other, may be lamented, but must be tolerated.

exclusive (排他的な) [形] not admitting of something else

protest (抗議する) [動] express an objection to what someone has said or done

reactionary (反動的な) [形] opposing political or social progress or reform

lament (嘆く) [動] express great regret or guilt for

真理の一部が全体であるという排他的な主張は、抗議されるべきであり、反動的な衝動が抗議者を不当なものにするならば、この一方的な偏見は、他の偏見と同様に、嘆かわしいことではあるが、容認されなければならない。

If Christians would teach infidels to be just to Christianity, they should themselves be just to infidelity.

infidelity (異教) [名] the state of being unfaithful

キリスト教徒が異教徒にキリスト教に公正であるように教えるならば、彼ら自身も異教に公正であるべきである。

It can do truth no service to blink the fact, known to all who have the most ordinary acquaintance with literary history, that a large portion of the noblest and most valuable moral teaching has been the work, not only of men who did not know, but of men who knew and rejected, the Christian faith.

blink (無視する) [動] shut one's eyes briefly

service (役に立つ) [名] the action of helping or doing work for someone

acquaintance (知識) [名] a person one knows slightly

literary history (文学史) [名] the history of literature

Christian faith (キリスト教の信仰) [名] the Christian religion

文学史に最も普通の知識を持つ人なら誰でも知っている事実を無視することは、真理に何の役にも立たない。最も高貴で最も価値のある道徳教育の大部分は、キリスト教の信仰を知らない人だけでなく、知って拒絶した人の仕事であった。

I do not pretend that the most unlimited use of the freedom of enunciating all possible opinions would put an end to the evils of religious or philosophical sectarianism.

pretend (主張する) [動] to claim, represent, or assert falsely

enunciating (表明する) [動] to state clearly

put an end to (終止符を打つ) [動] to cause to stop or cease

sectarianism (宗派主義) [名] the belief that one's own sect is superior to others

私は、考えられるすべての意見を表明する自由を最も無制限に使用することが、宗教的または哲学的な宗派主義の悪に終止符を打つとは主張しない。

Every truth which men of narrow capacity are in earnest about, is sure to be asserted, inculcated, and in many ways even acted on, as if no other truth existed in the world, or at all events none that could limit or qualify the first.

earnest (真剣) [形] very serious or intense

act on (行動に移す) [動] take action in accordance with (something)

qualify (修飾する) [動] make (something) less severe or extreme

狭い能力の持ち主が真剣に取り組んでいる真理はすべて、世界に他の真理が存在しないかのように、あるいは少なくとも最初の真理を制限したり修飾したりできる真理が存在しないかのように、主張され、教え込まれ、多くの点で行動に移される。

I acknowledge that the tendency of all opinions to become sectarian is not cured by the freest discussion, but is often heightened and exacerbated thereby;

sectarian (宗派主義) [形] relating to or characteristic of a sect or sects

cured (治癒される) [動] relieved of the symptoms of a disease or condition

freest (最も自由な) [形] not controlled or restricted by anyone or anything

heightened (高まる) [動] increase in amount or degree

exacerbated (悪化する) [動] make (something bad or undesirable) worse

私は、すべての意見が宗派主義になる傾向は、最も自由な議論によっても治癒されないが、それによってしばしば高まり、悪化することを認める。

the truth which ought to have been, but was not, seen, being rejected all the more violently because proclaimed by persons regarded as opponents.

ought to have been (見るべきであった) [動] should have been

all the more (ますます) [副] to a greater degree

violently (激しく) [副] in a violent manner

regarded (見なされる) [動] consider or think of in a specified way

proclaimed (宣言された) [動] announce officially or publicly

見るべきであったが見られなかった真理は、敵対者と見なされる人々によって宣言されたために、ますます激しく拒絶された。

But it is not on the impassioned partisan, it is on the calmer and more disinterested bystander, that this collision of opinions works its salutary effect.

impassioned (熱烈な) [形] having or showing strong feelings

partisan (党派) [名] a strong supporter of a party, cause, or person

calmer (より冷静な) [形] more calm

disinterested (利害関係のない) [形] not influenced by personal feelings or interests

bystander (傍観者) [名] a person who is present at an event or incident but does not take part

しかし、この意見の衝突が有益な効果をもたらすのは、熱烈な党派ではなく、より冷静で利害関係のない傍観者である。

Not the violent conflict between parts of the truth, but the quiet suppression of half of it, is the formidable evil: there is always hope when people are forced to listen to both sides;

violent (激しい) [形] using or involving physical force intended to hurt or kill

suppression (抑圧) [名] the action of suppressing something

真理の部分間の激しい対立ではなく、その半分の静かな抑圧が恐ろしい悪である。人々が両方の側に耳を傾けることを余儀なくされたとき、常に希望がある。

it is when they attend only to one that errors harden into prejudices, and truth itself ceases to have the effect of truth, by being exaggerated into falsehood.

attend (注意を向ける) [動] to be present at

harden (固まる) [動] to become hard or harder

exaggeration (誇張) [名] a statement that represents something as better or worse than it really is

falsehood (虚偽) [名] a false statement made with deliberate intent to deceive; an intentional untruth; a lie

彼らが一方だけに注意を向けるとき、誤りは偏見に固まり、真理そのものが誇張されて虚偽になることで、真理の効果を失う。

And since there are few mental attributes more rare than that judicial faculty which can sit in intelligent judgment between two sides of a question, of which only one is represented by an advocate before it, truth has no chance but in proportion as every side of it, every opinion which embodies any fraction of the truth, not only finds advocates, but is so advocated as to be listened to.

judicial faculty (司法能力) [名] the ability to make intelligent judgments

sit in (参加する) [動] to be present at or take part in

intelligent judgment (賢明な判断) [名] a decision that is made after careful thought and consideration

two sides (両側) [名] the two parts of something that are opposite each other

represented (表される) [動] to be a symbol or example of something

chance (チャンス) [名] an opportunity to do something

every side (すべての側面) [名] all of the different aspects of something

every opinion (すべての意見) [名] all of the different thoughts or beliefs that people have about something

embodies (具体化する) [動] to give a physical or concrete form to something

fraction (一部) [名] a small part of something

finds (見つける) [動] to discover or notice something

listened to (耳を傾ける) [動] to pay attention to what someone is saying

そして、問題の両側の間で賢明な判断を下すことができる司法能力よりもまれな精神的属性はほとんどなく、そのうちの1つだけがその前に擁護者によって表されるため、真実はすべての側面に比例してしかチャンスがない。真実の一部を具体化するすべての意見は、擁護者を見つけるだけでなく、耳を傾けるように擁護される。

We have now recognised the necessity to the mental well-being of mankind (on which all their other well-being depends) of freedom of opinion, and freedom of the expression of opinion, on four distinct grounds;

recognise (認識する) [動] know or identify someone or something

mental well-being (精神的幸福) [名] a state of well-being in which a person is able to cope with the normal stresses of life, work productively, and make a contribution to their community

freedom of opinion (意見の自由) [名] the right to express any opinions without censorship or restraint

freedom of the expression of opinion (意見の表現の自由) [名] the right to express any opinions without censorship or restraint

four (4) [数] the number 4

distinct (異なる) [形] not the same

私たちは、4つの異なる根拠に基づいて、人類の精神的幸福(他のすべての幸福が依存している)に、意見の自由と意見の表現の自由が必要であることを認識した。

which we will now briefly recapitulate.

briefly (簡単に) [副] in a short time

recapitulate (要約する) [動] summarize the main points of

それを簡単に要約する。

First, if any opinion is compelled to silence, that opinion may, for aught we can certainly know, be true.

第一に、もし意見が沈黙を余儀なくされたとしても、その意見は、私たちが確かに知ることができる限り、真実であるかもしれない。

To deny this is to assume our own infallibility.

これを否定することは、私たち自身の絶対無謬性を仮定することだ。

Secondly, though the silenced opinion be an error, it may, and very commonly does, contain a portion of truth;

silenced (沈黙させられた) [形] made silent

第二に、沈黙させられた意見が誤りであったとしても、それは真実の一部を含んでいるかもしれないし、実際には非常によくあることだ。

and since the general or prevailing opinion on any subject is rarely or never the whole truth, it is only by the collision of adverse opinions, that the remainder of the truth has any chance of being supplied.

rarely (めったにない) [副] not often; seldom

adverse (反対の) [形] preventing success or development; harmful; unfavorable

chance (可能性) [名] a possibility or probability

そして、どんな主題に関しても一般的な、あるいは支配的な意見が真実の全体であることはめったにないし、決してないので、真実の残りの部分が補われる可能性があるのは、反対意見の衝突によってのみである。

Thirdly, even if the received opinion be not only true, but the whole truth;

be not only true (真実であるだけでなく) [動] be not just true

the whole truth (真実の全体) [名] the complete truth

第三に、受け入れられた意見が真実であるだけでなく、真実の全体であったとしても、

unless it is suffered to be, and actually is, vigorously and earnestly contested, it will, by most of those who receive it, be held in the manner of a prejudice, with little comprehension or feeling of its rational grounds.

vigorously (激しく) [副] in a way that is energetic and forceful

contested (争われる) [動] compete for or try to gain

comprehension (理解) [名] the ability to understand something

それが激しく真剣に争われることを許され、実際にそうならない限り、それを受け入れる人々のほとんどは、その合理的な根拠をほとんど理解したり感じたりすることなく、偏見のようにそれを保持するだろう。

And not only this, but, fourthly, the meaning of the doctrine itself will be in danger of being lost, or enfeebled, and deprived of its vital effect on the character and conduct: the dogma becoming a mere formal profession, inefficacious for good, but cumbering the ground, and preventing the growth of any real and heartfelt conviction, from reason or personal experience.

not only this (これだけでなく) [句] in addition to this

fourthly (第四に) [副] in the fourth place

lost (失われる) [動] become unable to find

enfeebled (弱められる) [動] make weak or weaker

deprived (奪われる) [動] take away or withhold something from

formal (形式的な) [形] done in accordance with rules of convention or etiquette

inefficacious (効果がない) [形] not producing the desired effect

cumbering (煩雑にする) [動] be a hindrance or burden to

preventing (妨げる) [動] keep or stop from happening

heartfelt (心からの) [形] deeply and sincerely felt

そして、これだけでなく、第四に、教義そのものの意味が失われたり、弱められたり、性格や行動に対する重要な効果を奪われる危険にさらされるだろう。教義は単なる形式的な職業となり、善のためには効果がないが、地面を煩雑にし、理性や個人的な経験から、真の心からの信念の成長を妨げる。

Before quitting the subject of freedom of opinion, it is fit to take some notice of those who say, that the free expression of all opinions should be permitted, on condition that the manner be temperate, and do not pass the bounds of fair discussion.

quit (離れる) [動] leave a place

take notice of (注目する) [動] to become aware of something

free expression (自由な表現) [名] the right to express any opinions without censorship or restraint

permit (許可する) [動] to give official permission for something

manner (態度) [名] a way of behaving

temperate (穏やかな) [形] not extreme in temperature

fair discussion (公正な議論) [名] a discussion that is fair and just

意見の自由という主題を離れる前に、態度が穏やかで、公正な議論の範囲を超えないという条件で、すべての意見の自由な表現を許可すべきだと言う人々に注目しておくべきである。

Much might be said on the impossibility of fixing where these supposed bounds are to be placed;

much (多くの) [形] a great deal of

might (かもしれない) [助] expressing possibility

be said (言える) [動] to be expressed in words

impossibility (不可能性) [名] the quality of being impossible

fixing (固定) [動] to make something firm, stable, or stationary

these (これらの) [限] used to refer to two or more people or things previously mentioned or easily identified

bounds (境界) [名] a limit or boundary

これらの想定される境界をどこに置くかを固定することの不可能性については、多くのことが言えるだろう。

for if the test be offence to those whose opinion is attacked, I think experience testifies that this offence is given whenever the attack is telling and powerful, and that every opponent who pushes them hard, and whom they find it difficult to answer, appears to them, if he shows any strong feeling on the subject, an intemperate opponent.

test (基準) [名] a procedure for critical evaluation; a means of determining the presence, quality, or truth of something; a trial

offence (不快感) [名] a feeling of annoyance or slight anger

telling (効果的) [形] having a striking or noticeable effect

push (追い詰める) [動] exert force on (someone or something) in order to move them away from oneself

appear (見える) [動] come into sight; become visible

intemperate (無節操な) [形] lacking moderation or self-control

なぜなら、もしその基準が意見を攻撃された人々にとって不快なものであるならば、私は経験上、攻撃が効果的で強力な場合には常にこの不快感が与えられ、彼らを強く追い詰め、彼らが答えにくいと思う相手は、その話題について強い感情を示せば、彼らには無節操な相手に見えるからである。

But this, though an important consideration in a practical point of view, merges in a more fundamental objection.

point of view (観点) [名] a particular attitude or way of considering a matter

merge (つながる) [動] combine or cause to combine to form a single entity

しかし、これは実用的な観点からは重要な考慮事項であるが、より根本的な異議につながる。

Undoubtedly the manner of asserting an opinion, even though it be a true one, may be very objectionable, and may justly incur severe censure.

incur (招く) [動] become subject to

censure (非難) [名] strong criticism

疑いなく、意見を主張する態度は、それが真実であっても、非常に好ましくないかもしれず、厳しい非難を招くかもしれない。

But the principal offences of the kind are such as it is mostly impossible, unless by accidental self-betrayal, to bring home to conviction.

offence (犯罪) [名] a crime or other illegal act

kind (種) [名] a group of people or things having similar characteristics

accidental (偶然の) [形] happening by chance or accident

self-betrayal (自己裏切り) [名] the act of betraying oneself

bring home to (下す) [動] to make someone realize the full force or extent of something

しかし、この種の主な犯罪は、偶然の自己裏切りによるものでない限り、有罪判決を下すことはほとんど不可能である。

The gravest of them is, to argue sophistically, to suppress facts or arguments, to misstate the elements of the case, or misrepresent the opposite opinion.

sophistically (詭弁を弄する) [副] in a way that is intended to deceive

misstate (誤って述べる) [動] state or express incorrectly

misrepresent (誤って伝える) [動] give an inaccurate or misleading account of

その中で最も重大なのは、詭弁を弄したり、事実や議論を抑圧したり、事件の要素を誤って述べたり、反対意見を誤って伝えたりすることである。

But all this, even to the most aggravated degree, is so continually done in perfect good faith, by persons who are not considered, and in many other respects may not deserve to be considered, ignorant or incompetent, that it is rarely possible on adequate grounds conscientiously to stamp the misrepresentation as morally culpable;

all this (これらすべて) [名] the whole of this

aggravated (悪質な) [形] made worse

continually (絶えず) [副] without stopping

good faith (善意) [名] honesty or sincerity of intention

considered (考えられる) [動] think carefully about (something), typically before making a decision

incompetent (無能な) [形] lacking the skill or knowledge to do something successfully

possible (可能な) [形] able to be done; feasible

adequate (適切な) [形] satisfactory or good enough for the purpose

conscientiously (良心的に) [副] in a way that is careful, thorough, and responsible

stamp (非難する) [動] to mark or impress with a stamp

misrepresentation (誤った表現) [名] a wrong or inaccurate representation of facts

morally (道徳的に) [副] in a way that relates to right or wrong behavior

culpable (非難されるべき) [形] deserving blame or punishment

しかし、これらすべては、最も悪質な程度に至るまで、無知または無能であるとは考えられていない人々によって、また他の多くの点でそう考えられるのに値しない人々によって、完全な善意で絶えず行われているので、道徳的に非難されるべきものとして、誤った表現を良心的に適切な根拠に基づいて非難することはほとんど不可能である。

and still less could law presume to interfere with this kind of controversial misconduct.

interfere (干渉する) [動] prevent or obstruct (an activity or process) by interfering or intervening

controversial (論争のある) [形] giving rise or likely to give rise to public disagreement

misconduct (不正行為) [名] unacceptable or improper behavior

そして、法律がこの種の論争のある不正行為に干渉することはさらにあり得ない。

With regard to what is commonly meant by intemperate discussion, namely invective, sarcasm, personality, and the like, the denunciation of these weapons would deserve more sympathy if it were ever proposed to interdict them equally to both sides;

invective (悪口) [名] a violent verbal or written attack against someone or something

sarcasm (皮肉) [名] the use of irony to mock or convey contempt

personality (人格) [名] the combination of characteristics or qualities that form an individual's distinctive character

like (など) [接] similar to; of the same type as

denunciation (非難) [名] a public condemnation of someone or something

過激な議論とは一般的に何を意味するのか、つまり、悪口、皮肉、人格攻撃などに関して、これらの武器の非難は、もし両者に平等に禁止することが提案されたならば、もっと同情に値するだろう。

but it is only desired to restrain the employment of them against the prevailing opinion: against the unprevailing they may not only be used without general disapproval, but will be likely to obtain for him who uses them the praise of honest zeal and righteous indignation.

employment (使用) [名] the state of being employed

unprevailing (優勢でない) [形] not most frequent or common

disapproval (否定) [名] the expression of disapproval

honest (正直な) [形] truthful and sincere

zeal (熱意) [名] great energy or enthusiasm in pursuit of a cause or an objective

righteous (正義の) [形] morally right or justifiable

indignation (怒り) [名] anger aroused by something unjust or unworthy

しかし、それらの使用を抑制したいのは、優勢な意見に対してのみである。優勢でない意見に対しては、一般に否定されることなく使用されるだけでなく、それらを使用する者には、正直な熱意と正義の怒りに対する賞賛が得られる可能性が高い。

Yet whatever mischief arises from their use, is greatest when they are employed against the comparatively defenceless;

しかし、それらの使用から生じる害悪は、比較的無防備な人々に対して使われるときに最も大きい。

and whatever unfair advantage can be derived by any opinion from this mode of asserting it, accrues almost exclusively to received opinions.

unfair (不当な) [形] not just or fair

accrue (生じる) [動] grow or increase by addition

そして、この主張方法からどんな意見でも不当な利益を得ることができるとしても、それはほとんど排他的に受け入れられた意見に生じる。

The worst offence of this kind which can be committed by a polemic, is to stigmatise those who hold the contrary opinion as bad and immoral men.

polemic (論争) [名] a strong verbal or written attack on someone or something

men (人々) [名] plural form of man

論争によって犯されるこの種の最悪の犯罪は、反対意見を持つ人々を悪人や不道徳な人々と非難することである。

To calumny of this sort, those who hold any unpopular opinion are peculiarly exposed, because they are in general few and uninfluential, and nobody but themselves feel much interest in seeing justice done them;

calumny (中傷) [名] a false and malicious statement designed to injure the reputation of someone

peculiarly (特に) [副] in a strange or unusual way

exposed (さらされている) [形] not protected or sheltered

uninfluential (影響力が弱い) [形] not having much influence

nobody (誰も) [代] no person; no one

この種の中傷に対して、不人気な意見を持つ人々は、一般的に数が少なく影響力が弱く、自分たち以外に正義が行なわれることにあまり関心を持つ人がいないため、特にさらされている。

but this weapon is, from the nature of the case, denied to those who attack a prevailing opinion: they can neither use it with safety to themselves, nor, if they could, would it do anything but recoil on their own cause.

attack (攻撃する) [動] take aggressive action against (a place or enemy forces) with weapons or armed force, typically a concerted military operation

safety (安全) [名] the condition of being protected from or unlikely to cause danger, risk, or injury

recoil (反発する) [動] spring back in fear, horror, or disgust

しかし、この武器は、事柄の性質上、一般的な意見を攻撃する人々には否定されている。彼らはそれを自分たちの安全のために使うこともできないし、もしできたとしても、自分たちの大義に反発する以外に何もできないだろう。

In general, opinions contrary to those commonly received can only obtain a hearing by studied moderation of language, and the most cautious avoidance of unnecessary offence, from which they hardly ever deviate even in a slight degree without losing ground: while unmeasured vituperation employed on the side of the prevailing opinion, really does deter people from professing contrary opinions, and from listening to those who profess them.

In general (一般的に) [副] usually; in most cases

moderation (節度) [名] the avoidance of excess or extremes

avoidance (回避) [名] the action of avoiding something

unnecessary (不必要な) [形] not needed

deviate (逸脱する) [動] depart from an established or usual course

slight (わずかな) [形] small in degree; inconsiderable

ground (立場) [名] a position that is held and defended in a contest or dispute

while (一方) [接] at the same time

unmeasured (無計画な) [形] not measured

vituperation (非難) [名] bitter and abusive language

employ (用いる) [動] use

deter (思いとどまらせる) [動] discourage or prevent from doing something

profess (表明する) [動] openly declare or admit

一般的に、一般的に受け入れられている意見に反する意見は、言葉の節度を研究し、不必要な犯罪を最も慎重に回避することによってのみ聴取を得ることができ、そこから彼らは立場を失うことなくわずかな程度でも逸脱することはほとんどない。一方、一般的な意見の側で用いられる無計画な非難は、実際に人々が反対意見を表明したり、それを表明する人々の話を聞くことを思いとどまらせる。

For the interest, therefore, of truth and justice, it is far more important to restrain this employment of vituperative language than the other;

vituperative (非難する) [形] expressing severe criticism or disapproval

したがって、真理と正義の利益のためには、この非難の言葉の使用を他の方法よりも抑制することがはるかに重要である。

and, for example, if it were necessary to choose, there would be much more need to discourage offensive attacks on infidelity, than on religion.

choose (選択する) [動] pick from a number of options

discourage (阻止する) [動] prevent the occurrence of; prevent from happening

そして、例えば、もし選択する必要があるならば、宗教よりも不信仰に対する攻撃的な攻撃を阻止する必要がはるかに大きいだろう。

It is, however, obvious that law and authority have no business with restraining either, while opinion ought, in every instance, to determine its verdict by the circumstances of the individual case;

しかし、法律や権力がどちらも抑制する権限がないことは明らかであり、意見はあらゆる場合に個々の事件の状況によってその評決を決定するべきである。

condemning every one, on whichever side of the argument he places himself, in whose mode of advocacy either want of candour, or malignity, bigotry, or intolerance of feeling manifest themselves;

whichever (どちら側) [代] no matter which

candour (公正さ) [名] the quality of being open and honest

malignity (悪意) [名] the state or quality of being harmful or evil

議論のどちら側に身を置いていようとも、誰もが公正さの欠如、悪意、偏見、感情の不寛容を主張する方法で非難する。

but not inferring these vices from the side which a person takes, though it be the contrary side of the question to our own:

infer (推論する) [動] to deduce or conclude from evidence and reasoning rather than from explicit statements

vice (悪徳) [名] immoral or wicked behavior

しかし、その人がとる側からこれらの悪徳を推論するのではなく、それが私たち自身の問題の反対側であっても、

and giving merited honour to every one, whatever opinion he may hold, who has calmness to see and honesty to state what his opponents and their opinions really are, exaggerating nothing to their discredit, keeping nothing back which tells, or can be supposed to tell, in their favour.

give (払う) [動] transfer something to someone

merited (相応の) [形] deserved

honour (敬意) [名] high respect

calmness (冷静) [名] the quality of being calm and not easily excited

honesty (正直) [名] the quality of being honest

really (実際に) [副] in fact

exaggerate (誇張する) [動] represent something as being larger, greater, better, or worse than it really is

discredit (信用を失墜させる) [動] damage the good reputation of

keep back (隠す) [動] not tell someone something

tell (働く) [動] have an effect or impact

favour (有利) [名] an act of kindness beyond what is usual or expected

そして、どんな意見を持っていても、冷静に観察し、自分の反対者やその意見が実際にどのようなものかを正直に述べ、彼らの信用を失墜させるようなことを誇張せず、彼らに有利に働くと思われることを隠さない人には、誰にでも相応の敬意を払うべきである。

This is the real morality of public discussion;

morality (モラル) [名] a set of personal or social standards for good or bad behavior and character

これが公の議論の真のモラルである。

and if often violated, I am happy to think that there are many controversialists who to a great extent observe it, and a still greater number who conscientiously strive towards it.

violate (犯す) [動] break or fail to comply with (a rule or formal agreement)

extent (大いに) [名] the area covered by something

observe (守る) [動] notice or perceive (something) and register it as being significant

controversialist (論争家) [名] a person who argues about controversial issues

strive (努力する) [動] make great efforts to achieve or obtain something

そして、もしそれがしばしば犯されるとしても、私はそれを大いに守っている論争家が多く、またそれを誠実に守ろうと努力している論争家がさらに多くいると考えると嬉しくなる。

CHAPTER III: OF INDIVIDUALITY, AS ONE OF THE ELEMENTS OF WELL-BEING.

CHAPTER III (第3章) [名] the third chapter

OF INDIVIDUALITY (個性について) [名] the quality or character of a particular person or thing that distinguishes them from others

AS ONE OF THE ELEMENTS OF WELL-BEING (幸福の要素の一つとして) [名] a state of being happy, healthy, or prosperous

第3章: 幸福の要素の一つとしての個性について

Such being the reasons which make it imperative that human beings should be free to form opinions, and to express their opinions without reserve;

being (である) [動] exist or live

imperative (不可欠) [形] of vital importance

be free to (自由である) [動] have the ability to

without reserve (遠慮なく) [副] without hesitation or restraint

以上が、人間が自由に意見を形成し、その意見を遠慮なく表明することが不可欠である理由である。

and such the baneful consequences to the intellectual, and through that to the moral nature of man, unless this liberty is either conceded, or asserted in spite of prohibition;

concede (認める) [動] admit that something is true or valid after first denying or resisting it

prohibition (禁止) [名] the action of forbidding something, or the state of being forbidden

そして、この自由が認められないか、禁止にもかかわらず主張されない限り、人間の知的性質に、そしてそれを通して道徳的性質に及ぼす有害な結果である。

let us next examine whether the same reasons do not require that men should be free to act upon their opinions—to carry these out in their lives, without hindrance, either physical or moral, from their fellow-men, so long as it is at their own risk and peril.

let us (調べてみよう) [動] let us

next (次に) [副] immediately after the time of speaking

carry out (実行する) [動] put into effect; accomplish

hindrance (妨害) [名] something that delays or stops action or progress

fellow-men (仲間の人間) [名] a person of the same species as oneself

peril (危険) [名] serious and immediate danger

次に、同じ理由が、人間が自分の意見に基づいて行動する自由を要求していないかどうかを調べてみよう。つまり、自分の責任と危険を負う限り、仲間の人間から物理的または道徳的な妨害を受けることなく、自分の人生でそれを実行する自由である。

This last proviso is of course indispensable.

proviso (但し書き) [名] a clause in a document making a condition

この最後の但し書きはもちろん不可欠である。

No one pretends that actions should be as free as opinions.

行動が意見と同じくらい自由であるべきだと主張する人はいない。

On the contrary, even opinions lose their immunity, when the circumstances in which they are expressed are such as to constitute their expression a positive instigation to some mischievous act.

constitute (みなされる) [動] be regarded as equivalent to

instigation (扇動) [名] the action of instigating

それどころか、意見が表明される状況が、その表明を何らかの有害な行為への積極的な扇動とみなされるようなものである場合、意見でさえも免責を失う。

An opinion that corn-dealers are starvers of the poor, or that private property is robbery, ought to be unmolested when simply circulated through the press, but may justly incur punishment when delivered orally to an excited mob assembled before the house of a corn-dealer, or when handed about among the same mob in the form of a placard.

corn-dealer (穀物商人) [名] a person who buys and sells corn

starver (飢えさせる人) [名] a person who starves

private property (私有財産) [名] property owned by a private person or group

robbery (強盗) [名] the crime of stealing from a person or place by force or threat of force

ought to be (であるべきだ) [助] should be

unmolested (邪魔されない) [形] not disturbed or troubled

circulate (回覧する) [動] move or cause to move continuously or freely through a closed system

delivered (伝えられる) [動] give or send something to the intended recipient

orally (口頭で) [副] using speech rather than writing

excited (興奮した) [形] very enthusiastic and eager

mob (群衆) [名] a large crowd of people

assembled (集まった) [動] come together as a group

house (家) [名] a place where people live

handed (配られる) [動] give or pass something to someone

placard (プラカード) [名] a large notice or advertisement that is put up in a public place

穀物商人は貧しい人々を飢えさせているという意見や、私有財産は強盗であるという意見は、単に新聞で回覧されるだけでは邪魔されるべきではないが、穀物商人の家の前に集まった興奮した群衆に口頭で伝えられたり、同じ群衆の中でプラカードの形で配られたりした場合には、正当に処罰される可能性がある。

Acts, of whatever kind, which, without justifiable cause, do harm to others, may be, and in the more important cases absolutely require to be, controlled by the unfavourable sentiments, and, when needful, by the active interference of mankind.

cause (理由) [名] a reason or explanation for an action or event

unfavourable (不利な) [形] adverse or disadvantageous

when (必要に応じて) [接] at or on the occasion that

needful (必要である) [形] required or necessary

active (積極的な) [形] energetic or forceful

正当な理由もなく他人に害を与える行為は、それがどのようなものであれ、不利な感情によって、また必要に応じて人類の積極的な干渉によって制御される可能性があり、より重要な場合には絶対に制御される必要がある。

The liberty of the individual must be thus far limited;

thus far (ここまで) [副] to this extent; to this degree

個人の自由はここまで制限されなければならない。

he must not make himself a nuisance to other people.

make oneself a nuisance (迷惑をかける) [動] to cause trouble or annoyance

other people (他人) [名] people other than oneself

彼は他人に迷惑をかけてはならない。

But if he refrains from molesting others in what concerns them, and merely acts according to his own inclination and judgment in things which concern himself, the same reasons which show that opinion should be free, prove also that he should be allowed, without molestation, to carry his opinions into practice at his own cost.

refrain (控える) [動] stop oneself from doing something

molest (迷惑をかける) [動] pester or harass (someone) in an aggressive or persistent manner

molestation (妨害) [名] the action or fact of interfering with or pestering someone in an aggressive or persistent manner

carry (実行に移す) [動] put into effect; accomplish

cost (費用) [名] an amount that has to be paid or spent to buy or obtain something

しかし、彼が他人に関わることで他人に迷惑をかけることを控え、自分に関わることで自分の傾向や判断に従って行動するだけであれば、意見が自由であるべきことを示す同じ理由は、彼が自分の費用で自分の意見を実行に移すことを妨害されることなく許されるべきであることも証明する。

That mankind are not infallible;

be not (~ではない) [助] be not

人類は絶対に正しいわけではない。

that their truths, for the most part, are only half-truths;

彼らの真理は、ほとんどの場合、半分しか真理ではない。

that unity of opinion, unless resulting from the fullest and freest comparison of opposite opinions, is not desirable, and diversity not an evil, but a good, until mankind are much more capable than at present of recognising all sides of the truth, are principles applicable to men's modes of action, not less than to their opinions.

unity (一致) [名] the state of being united or joined together

fullest (最も完全な) [形] as full or as great as possible

意見の一致は、反対意見の最も完全で自由な比較から生じない限り望ましくなく、多様性は悪ではなく善であるという原則は、人類が真理のあらゆる側面を認識する能力を現在よりもはるかに高めるまでは、人々の行動様式にも意見にも当てはまる。

As it is useful that while mankind are imperfect there should be different opinions, so is it that there should be different experiments of living;

experiment (実験) [名] a scientific test to determine the validity of a hypothesis

living (生活) [名] the condition of being alive; life

人類が不完全である間は異なる意見があるべきであるのと同じように、異なる生活実験があるべきである。

that free scope should be given to varieties of character, short of injury to others;

scope (範囲) [名] the extent of the area or subject matter that something deals with or to which it is relevant

他人に損害を与えない限り、さまざまな性格に自由な範囲を与えるべきである。

and that the worth of different modes of life should be proved practically, when any one thinks fit to try them.

そして、誰かが試すのに適当と考えるならば、異なる生活様式の価値は実際に証明されるべきである。

It is desirable, in short, that in things which do not primarily concern others, individuality should assert itself.

in short (要するに) [副] in a few words; briefly

要するに、主に他人に関係のない事柄では、個性が主張されることが望ましい。

Where, not the person's own character, but the traditions or customs of other people are the rule of conduct, there is wanting one of the principal ingredients of human happiness, and quite the chief ingredient of individual and social progress.

person's own character (人の性格) [名] the mental and moral qualities distinctive to an individual

traditions (伝統) [名] the transmission of customs or beliefs from generation to generation

customs (習慣) [名] a practice or behavior that is common to many people

human happiness (人間の幸福) [名] the state of being happy

social progress (社会の進歩) [名] the improvement of the social conditions of a society

人の性格ではなく、他人の伝統や習慣が行動のルールである場合、人間の幸福の主要な要素の1つ、そして個人と社会の進歩の主要な要素が欠けている。

In maintaining this principle, the greatest difficulty to be encountered does not lie in the appreciation of means towards an acknowledged end, but in the indifference of persons in general to the end itself.

appreciation (評価) [名] recognition and enjoyment of the good qualities of someone or something

indifference (無関心) [名] lack of interest or concern

この原則を維持する上で直面する最大の困難は、認められた目的に向けた手段の評価にあるのではなく、一般の人々の目的そのものに対する無関心にある。

If it were felt that the free development of individuality is one of the leading essentials of well-being; that it is not only a co-ordinate element with all that is designated by the terms civilisation, instruction, education, culture, but is itself a necessary part and condition of all those things;

free development (自由な発達) [名] the process of growing or causing something to grow or become more mature, advanced, or elaborate

one of the (1つ) [名] a particular thing that is part of a group of things

leading essentials (主要な要素) [名] the most important part or aspect of something

not only (だけでなく) [接] and also

co-ordinate element (協調要素) [名] a part of something that works together with other parts to produce a particular effect

designated (指定された) [動] officially give a specified status or name to

terms (用語) [名] a word or phrase used to describe a thing or to express a concept, especially in a particular kind of language or branch of knowledge

necessary part (必要な部分) [名] a part that is essential for something to function or exist

個性の自由な発達が幸福の主要な要素の1つであると感じられたなら、それは文明、教育、文化という用語で指定されたすべてのものとの協調要素であるだけでなく、それ自体がそれらすべてのものの必要な部分であり条件である。

there would be no danger that liberty should be under-valued, and the adjustment of the boundaries between it and social control would present no extraordinary difficulty.

under-valued (過小評価される) [動] estimate the value of (something) too low

extraordinary (特別な) [形] very unusual or remarkable

自由が過小評価される危険はなく、自由と社会的統制の境界を調整することは特別な困難をもたらさないだろう。

But the evil is, that individual spontaneity is hardly recognised by the common modes of thinking, as having any intrinsic worth, or deserving any regard on its own account.

intrinsic (本質的な) [形] belonging to the essential nature or constitution of a thing

しかし、悪は、個々の自発性が、本質的な価値を持つものとして、あるいはそれ自体で何らかの考慮に値するものとして、一般的な思考様式によってほとんど認識されていないことである。

The majority, being satisfied with the ways of mankind as they now are (for it is they who make them what they are), cannot comprehend why those ways should not be good enough for everybody;

大多数の人は、現在の人類のあり方に満足しており(なぜなら、彼らが人類を今の姿にしているからである)、なぜそのあり方が誰にとっても十分に良いものであってはならないのか理解できない。

and what is more, spontaneity forms no part of the ideal of the majority of moral and social reformers, but is rather looked on with jealousy, as a troublesome and perhaps rebellious obstruction to the general acceptance of what these reformers, in their own judgment, think would be best for mankind.

troublesome (厄介な) [形] causing difficulty or problems

rebellious (反抗的な) [形] showing a desire to fight against authority

obstruction (障害) [名] something that blocks or stops something

acceptance (受け入れ) [名] the action of agreeing to receive or do something

さらに、自発性は道徳的・社会的改革者の大多数の理想の一部を形成せず、むしろ、これらの改革者が自分たちの判断で人類にとって最善と考えるものが一般に受け入れられることに対する厄介でおそらく反抗的な障害として、嫉妬の目で見られている。

Few persons, out of Germany, even comprehend the meaning of the doctrine which Wilhelm von Humboldt, so eminent both as a savant and as a politician, made the text of a treatise—that “the end of man, or that which is prescribed by the eternal or immutable dictates of reason, and not suggested by vague and transient desires, is the highest and most harmonious development of his powers to a complete and consistent whole;”

Wilhelm von Humboldt (ヴィルヘルム・フォン・フンボルト) [名] a German philosopher, linguist, and statesman

savant (学者) [名] a learned person

politician (政治家) [名] a person who is involved in politics

treatise (論文) [名] a formal and systematic written work on a particular subject

eternal (永遠) [形] lasting or existing forever; without end or beginning

immutable (不変) [形] not subject or susceptible to change

dictate (命令) [名] an order or command given with authority

vague (漠然) [形] of uncertain, indefinite, or unclear character or meaning

transient (一時的) [形] lasting only for a short time; impermanent

harmonious (調和のとれた) [形] having parts that work together in a pleasing or effective way

development (発展) [名] the process of developing or being developed

consistent (一貫) [形] acting or done in the same way over time, especially so as to be fair or accurate

ドイツ以外では、学者としても政治家としても著名なヴィルヘルム・フォン・フンボルトが論文のテキストにした「人間の終焉、あるいは永遠不変の理性の命令によって規定され、漠然とした一時的な欲望によって示唆されるものではなく、完全で一貫した全体への人間の力の最高かつ最も調和のとれた発展である」という教義の意味を理解している人はほとんどいない。

that, therefore, the object “towards which every human being must ceaselessly direct his efforts, and on which especially those who design to influence their fellow-men must ever keep their eyes, is the individuality of power and development;”

therefore (したがって) [副] for that reason; consequently

ceaselessly (絶えず) [副] without stopping

direct (向ける) [動] control the course of; guide

on which (その上で) [前] on top of which

design (考える) [動] plan or intend

fellow-men (仲間) [名] a man or boy

ever (常に) [副] always; at all times

is (である) [動] be

したがって、「すべての人間が絶えず努力を向けなければならない対象であり、特に仲間に影響を与えようと考える人々が常に目を向けなければならないのは、力と発展の個性である」という目的である。

that for this there are two requisites, “freedom, and a variety of situations;”

for this (そのためには) [句] for this purpose

requisites (要件) [名] something that is required or necessary

variety (様々な) [名] the quality or state of being different or diverse

situation (状況) [名] all of the circumstances and conditions of a particular place or time

そのためには「自由と様々な状況」という2つの要件がある。

and that from the union of these arise “individual vigour and manifold diversity,” which combine themselves in “originality.”

union (結合) [名] the act of joining two or more things together

vigour (活力) [名] physical or mental strength or energy

manifold (多様な) [形] many and various

originality (独創性) [名] the quality of being original or new

そして、これらの結合から「個々の活力と多様な多様性」が生じ、それらが「独創性」に結びつく。

Little, however, as people are accustomed to a doctrine like that of Von Humboldt, and surprising as it may be to them to find so high a value attached to individuality, the question, one must nevertheless think, can only be one of degree.

however (しかし) [接] used to introduce a statement that contrasts with or seems to contradict something that has been said previously

like (のような) [前] having the same characteristics or qualities as

Von Humboldt (フォン・フンボルト) [名] a German polymath, geographer, naturalist, explorer, and influential proponent of Romantic philosophy and science

surprising (驚くべき) [形] causing surprise

may be (かもしれない) [助] expressing possibility

so high (非常に高い) [形] of great vertical extent

attached to (付随する) [動] joined or connected to something

can only be (でしかない) [動] be limited to

one of (1つ) [名] the lowest cardinal number; half of two; 1

しかし、人々がフォン・フンボルトのような教義に慣れ親しんでおり、個性に付随する価値が非常に高いことに驚くかもしれないが、それでも問題は程度の問題でしかないと考えなければならない。

No one's idea of excellence in conduct is that people should do absolutely nothing but copy one another.

copy (真似する) [動] to make or produce something that is exactly like something else

行動の卓越性について、人々が互いに真似する以外に何もしてはいけないと考える人はいないだろう。

No one would assert that people ought not to put into their mode of life, and into the conduct of their concerns, any impress whatever of their own judgment, or of their own individual character.

mode of life (生き方) [名] the way in which a person lives

人々が自分の判断や個々の性格を自分の生き方や関心事の行動に反映させてはならないと言う人はいない。

On the other hand, it would be absurd to pretend that people ought to live as if nothing whatever had been known in the world before they came into it;

ought to (べきだ) [助] should

as if (かのように) [接] in the way that would be expected if

be known (知られる) [動] be familiar with

come into (生まれる) [動] be born

一方で、人々がこの世に生まれる前に何も知られていなかったかのように生きるべきだと主張するのはばかげている。

as if experience had as yet done nothing towards showing that one mode of existence, or of conduct, is preferable to another.

as yet (まだ) [副] up to this or that time; until now

done (役立った) [動] perform or complete

showing (示す) [動] cause or allow to be seen

preferable (好ましい) [形] more desirable or suitable

まるで経験が、ある存在様式や行動様式が他の様式よりも好ましいと示すことに何も役立たなかったかのようである。

Nobody denies that people should be so taught and trained in youth, as to know and benefit by the ascertained results of human experience.

youth (若い頃) [名] the period between childhood and adult age

人間の経験の確かめられた結果を知り、その恩恵を受けられるように、人々は若い頃に教え込まれ、訓練されるべきだということは誰も否定しない。

But it is the privilege and proper condition of a human being, arrived at the maturity of his faculties, to use and interpret experience in his own way.

privilege (特権) [名] a special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to a particular person or group of people

しかし、自分の能力が成熟した人間の特権であり、適切な条件は、自分のやり方で経験を活用し、解釈することである。

It is for him to find out what part of recorded experience is properly applicable to his own circumstances and character.

find out (見つける) [動] discover or notice something

properly (適切に) [副] in a correct manner

記録された経験のどの部分が自分の状況や性格に適切に当てはまるかを見つけるのは、その人次第である。

The traditions and customs of other people are, to a certain extent, evidence of what their experience has taught them;

tradition (伝統) [名] the transmission of customs or beliefs from generation to generation

to a certain extent (ある程度まで) [副] to some extent; to some degree

他の人々の伝統や習慣は、ある程度まで、彼らの経験が彼らに教えてきたことの証拠である。

presumptive evidence, and as such, have a claim to his deference: but, in the first place, their experience may be too narrow;

presumptive (推定の) [形] based on probability or presumption

as such (それ自体として) [副] in that capacity or role

have a claim to (要求する権利がある) [動] to have a right to something

推定証拠であり、それ自体として、彼の敬意を要求する権利がある。しかし、第一に、彼らの経験は狭すぎるかもしれない。

or they may not have interpreted it rightly.

あるいは、彼らはそれを正しく解釈していないかもしれない。

Secondly, their interpretation of experience may be correct, but unsuitable to him.

correct (正しい) [形] free from error; in accordance with fact or truth

unsuitable (不適切) [形] not fitting or appropriate

第二に、彼らの経験の解釈は正しいかもしれないが、彼には不適切かもしれない。

Customs are made for customary circumstances, and customary characters: and his circumstances or his character may be uncustomary.

customary (慣習的な) [形] according to custom or usage

uncustomary (慣習的ではない) [形] not according to custom or usage

習慣は、慣習的な状況や慣習的な性格のために作られる。そして、彼の状況や性格は、慣習的ではないかもしれない。

Thirdly, though the customs be both good as customs, and suitable to him, yet to conform to custom, merely as custom, does not educate or develop in him any of the qualities which are the distinctive endowment of a human being.

be good as (良いものである) [動] be of the quality or standard of

suitable (適している) [形] right or appropriate for a particular person, purpose, or situation

conform to (従う) [動] be in accordance with

educate (教育する) [動] give intellectual, moral, and social instruction to (someone), typically at a school or university

第三に、習慣は習慣として良いものであり、彼に適しているとしても、単に習慣として習慣に従うことは、人間の独特の資質である資質のいずれも彼に教育したり発達させたりしない。

The human faculties of perception, judgment, discriminative feeling, mental activity, and even moral preference, are exercised only in making a choice.

discriminative (識別) [形] able to see the difference between things

人間の知覚、判断、識別感覚、精神活動、さらには道徳的選好の能力は、選択を行う際にのみ行使される。

He who does anything because it is the custom, makes no choice.

習慣だから何かをする人は、選択をしない。

He gains no practice either in discerning or in desiring what is best.

discern (識別する) [動] perceive or recognize

彼は、最善のものを識別することも望むことも実践しない。

The mental and moral, like the muscular powers, are improved only by being used.

muscular (筋肉の) [形] of or relating to muscles

精神的、道徳的な力は、筋肉の力と同じように、使われることでのみ向上する。

The faculties are called into no exercise by doing a thing merely because others do it, no more than by believing a thing only because others believe it.

call into (発揮する) [動] to cause to be used or exercised

no more than (だけ) [副] only; merely

他人が信じているからといって信じることと同じように、他人がしているからといって何かをすることでは、能力は発揮されない。

If the grounds of an opinion are not conclusive to the person's own reason, his reason cannot be strengthened, but is likely to be weakened by his adopting it: and if the inducements to an act are not such as are consentaneous to his own feelings and character (where affection, or the rights of others, are not concerned), it is so much done towards rendering his feelings and character inert and torpid, instead of active and energetic.

conclusive (決定的) [形] decisive or final

inducement (誘因) [名] something that persuades or encourages someone to do something

consentaneous (同意できる) [形] in agreement or harmony

inert (不活発) [形] lacking the power to move or act

active (活発) [形] engaging or ready to engage in physically energetic pursuits

意見の根拠がその人自身の理性に決定的なものではない場合、その人の理性は強化されるどころか、それを採用することで弱められる可能性が高い。また、行為への誘因が(愛情や他人の権利が関係していない場合)自分の感情や性格に同意できるようなものでない場合、その人の感情や性格を活発でエネルギッシュなものにするのではなく、不活発で無気力なものにする方向に働く。

He who lets the world, or his own portion of it, choose his plan of life for him, has no need of any other faculty than the ape-like one of imitation.

世界や自分の属する社会に自分の人生設計を選ばせる人は、猿のような模倣能力以外の能力を必要としない。

He who chooses his plan for himself, employs all his faculties.

employ (発揮する) [動] make use of

自分で人生設計を選ぶ人は、自分の能力をすべて発揮する。

He must use observation to see, reasoning and judgment to foresee, activity to gather materials for decision, discrimination to decide, and when he has decided, firmness and self-control to hold to his deliberate decision.

reasoning (推論) [名] the action of thinking about something in a logical way in order to form a conclusion or judgment

gather (集める) [動] come together as a group

discrimination (識別) [名] the ability to judge well

firmness (堅固さ) [名] the quality or state of being firm

self-control (自制心) [名] the ability to control oneself, in particular one's emotions and desires or the expression of them

deliberate (熟慮した) [形] done consciously and intentionally

彼は観察して見、推論と判断で予見し、活動して決定のための材料を集め、識別して決定し、決定したときには、堅固さと自制心を持って熟慮した決定を守らなければならない。

And these qualities he requires and exercises exactly in proportion as the part of his conduct which he determines according to his own judgment and feelings is a large one.

quality (資質) [名] a feature or characteristic belonging typically to a person, place, or thing and serving to identify it

proportion (比例する) [名] a part or share in relation to the whole

そして、これらの資質は、自分の判断や感情に従って決定する行動の部分が大きいほど、必要とされ、行使される。

It is possible that he might be guided in some good path, and kept out of harm's way, without any of these things.

be guided (導かれる) [動] to be shown the way

good path (良い道) [名] a path that is good

keep out of (避ける) [動] to avoid or stay away from

harm's way (危害) [名] a dangerous place or situation

これらの資質がなくても、彼は良い道に導かれ、危害を避けることができるかもしれない。

But what will be his comparative worth as a human being?

comparative (相対的な) [形] involving comparison

しかし、人間としての彼の相対的な価値はどうなるのか?

It really is of importance, not only what men do, but also what manner of men they are that do it.

be of importance (重要である) [動] be important

人が何をするかだけでなく、それをする人がどのような人であるかも本当に重要なことである。

Among the works of man, which human life is rightly employed in perfecting and beautifying, the first in importance surely is man himself.

employ (使う) [動] use or engage the services of

perfecting (完成) [名] the action or process of improving something until it is faultless or as good as it can be

beautifying (美化) [名] the action of making something more attractive

surely (間違いなく) [副] without doubt; certainly

人間の営みの中で、人間の生命が完成と美化に正しく使われるものの中で、最も重要なのは間違いなく人間自身である。

Supposing it were possible to get houses built, corn grown, battles fought, causes tried, and even churches erected and prayers said, by machinery—by automatons in human form—it would be a considerable loss to exchange for these automatons even the men and women who at present inhabit the more civilised parts of the world, and who assuredly are but starved specimens of what nature can and will produce.

corn (穀物) [名] a plant that produces seeds that are used for food

grow (育てる) [動] (of a plant) undergo natural development by increasing in size and changing physically

try (探る) [動] make an attempt or effort to do something

erect (建てる) [動] construct or build (something)

prayer (祈り) [名] a solemn request for help or expression of thanks addressed to God or an object of worship

say (捧げる) [動] express (something) in words

machinery (機械) [名] the equipment that is used to operate a machine or do a particular task

automaton (オートマトン) [名] a moving mechanical device made in imitation of a human being

inhabit (住む) [動] live in or occupy (a place or environment)

家を建て、穀物を育て、戦いをし、原因を探り、さらには教会を建てて祈りを捧げることさえも、機械によって、つまり人間の形をしたオートマトンによって可能になるとしたら、現在世界のより文明化された地域に住んでいる男女でさえ、これらのオートマトンと交換するのはかなりの損失となるだろう。

Human nature is not a machine to be built after a model, and set to do exactly the work prescribed for it, but a tree, which requires to grow and develop itself on all sides, according to the tendency of the inward forces which make it a living thing.

machine (機械) [名] an apparatus using or applying mechanical power and having several parts, each with a definite function and together performing a particular task

build (作る) [動] construct, make, or erect

set (設定する) [動] put, lay, or stand (something) in a specified place or position

exactly (正確に) [副] in a way that is accurate or exact

prescribe (規定する) [動] officially or legally determine or order

develop (発達する) [動] become more mature, advanced, or elaborate

living thing (生き物) [名] an individual animal, plant, or other organism

人間の本性は、モデルに従って作られ、それに規定された仕事を正確に行うように設定される機械ではなく、それを生き物にする内なる力の傾向に従って、あらゆる面で成長し、発達する必要がある木である。

It will probably be conceded that it is desirable people should exercise their understandings, and that an intelligent following of custom, or even occasionally an intelligent deviation from custom, is better than a blind and simply mechanical adhesion to it.

deviation (逸脱) [名] the action of departing from an established or usual course

blind (盲目的) [形] unable to see

mechanical (機械的) [形] done as if by a machine; lacking thought or feeling

adhesion (従う) [名] the action or fact of sticking to something

人々が理解力を行使することが望ましいこと、また、盲目的に機械的に従うよりも、知的に習慣に従うこと、あるいは時折知的に習慣から逸脱することが望ましいことは、おそらく認められるだろう。

To a certain extent it is admitted, that our understanding should be our own:

be admitted (認められる) [動] be accepted as valid or true

our own (私たち自身のもの) [名] something that belongs to or is connected with the speaker

ある程度までは、私たちの理解は私たち自身のものであるべきだと認められている。

but there is not the same willingness to admit that our desires and impulses should be our own likewise;

likewise (同様に) [副] in a similar way

しかし、私たちの欲望や衝動も同様に私たち自身のものであるべきだと認める気持ちはない。

or that to possess impulses of our own, and of any strength, is anything but a peril and a snare.

snare (罠) [名] a trap for catching birds or animals

あるいは、私たち自身の衝動を持ち、どんな強さであれ、それは危険と罠以外の何物でもない。

Yet desires and impulses are as much a part of a perfect human being, as beliefs and restraints:

しかし、欲望や衝動は、信念や抑制と同じように、完全な人間の一要素である。

and strong impulses are only perilous when not properly balanced;

perilous (危険な) [形] full of danger or risk

そして、強い衝動は適切にバランスが取れていないときにのみ危険である。

when one set of aims and inclinations is developed into strength, while others, which ought to co-exist with them, remain weak and inactive.

remain (ままである) [動] be in the same state or condition

一連の目標や傾向が強固に発達し、それらと共存すべき他の目標や傾向が弱く非活動的なままであるときである。

It is not because men's desires are strong that they act ill;

act (働く) [動] behave in a particular manner

ill (悪事) [名] an immoral or wicked act

人々が悪事を働くのは、欲望が強いからではない。

it is because their consciences are weak.

weak (弱い) [形] lacking the power to perform; lacking in force or effectiveness

良心が弱いからである。

There is no natural connection between strong impulses and a weak conscience.

強い衝動と弱い良心の間には自然なつながりはない。

The natural connection is the other way.

connection (つながり) [名] a relationship in which a person, thing, or idea is linked or associated with something else

自然なつながりは逆である。

To say that one person's desires and feelings are stronger and more various than those of another, is merely to say that he has more of the raw material of human nature, and is therefore capable, perhaps of more evil, but certainly of more good.

one person's (ある人の) [名] a person

desires (欲望) [名] a strong feeling of wanting to have something or wishing for something to happen

stronger (より強い) [形] having more power or force

more various (より多様な) [形] having more variety

another (他の) [形] an additional person or thing

raw material (原材料) [名] a material that is in its natural state and has not been processed

ある人の欲望や感情が他の人のそれよりも強く多様であると言うことは、単にその人が人間性の原材料をより多く持っており、それゆえにおそらくより多くの悪をなしうるが、確かにより多くの善をなしうると言うことである。

Strong impulses are but another name for energy.

energy (エネルギー) [名] the ability to do work or cause change

強い衝動はエネルギーの別名にすぎない。

Energy may be turned to bad uses;

turn to (使われる) [動] to be used for something

エネルギーは悪い用途に使われるかもしれない。

but more good may always be made of an energetic nature, than of an indolent and impassive one.

be made of (生み出される) [動] be produced or caused by

than (よりも) [接] used to introduce the second element in a comparison

indolent (怠惰な) [形] lazy; inactive

impassive (無感動な) [形] showing or feeling no emotion

しかし、怠惰で無感動な性質よりも、エネルギッシュな性質からより多くの善が常に生み出される可能性がある。

Those who have most natural feeling, are always those whose cultivated feelings may be made the strongest.

cultivated (養われた) [形] improved by care, training, or study

最も自然な感情を持つ人は、常に養われた感情が最も強くなる人である。

The same strong susceptibilities which make the personal impulses vivid and powerful, are also the source from whence are generated the most passionate love of virtue, and the sternest self-control.

susceptibility (感受性) [名] the state or fact of being likely or liable to be influenced or harmed by a particular thing

passionate (情熱的な) [形] showing or caused by strong feelings or emotions

love (愛) [名] an intense feeling of deep affection

stern (厳しい) [形] strict or severe

個人的な衝動を鮮明で強力にする同じ強い感受性は、美徳への最も情熱的な愛と最も厳しい自制心が生み出される源でもある。

It is through the cultivation of these, that society both does its duty and protects its interests: not by rejecting the stuff of which heroes are made, because it knows not how to make them.

cultivation (育成) [名] the process of growing plants

hero (英雄) [名] a person who is admired for their courage or noble qualities

社会がその義務を果たし、その利益を守るのは、これらの育成を通してであり、英雄を作る方法を知らないからといって、英雄を作る材料を拒絶することによってではない。

A person whose desires and impulses are his own—are the expression of his own nature, as it has been developed and modified by his own culture—is said to have a character.

expression (表現) [名] the showing of an emotion or feeling

欲望や衝動が自分自身のものであり、自分の文化によって発達し、修正された自分の本性の表現である人は、人格があると言われている。

One whose desires and impulses are not his own, has no character, no more than a steam-engine has a character.

steam-engine (蒸気機関) [名] an engine that is powered by steam

欲望や衝動が自分自身のものではない人は、蒸気機関に人格がないのと同じように、人格がない。

If, in addition to being his own, his impulses are strong, and are under the government of a strong will, he has an energetic character.

in addition to (に加えて) [前] as well as; also; too

his own (彼自身の) [代] belonging to or connected with the person or thing mentioned

もし、彼自身のものであることに加えて、彼の衝動が強く、強い意志の支配下にあるならば、彼はエネルギッシュな性格を持っている。

Whoever thinks that individuality of desires and impulses should not be encouraged to unfold itself, must maintain that society has no need of strong natures—is not the better for containing many persons who have much character—and that a high general average of energy is not desirable.

unfold (発揮する) [動] open or spread out from a folded state

欲望や衝動の個性が発揮されることを奨励すべきではないと考える人がいるならば、その人は社会には強い本性は必要ないし、個性豊かな人が多いからといって良いわけではないし、エネルギーの平均値が高いことは望ましくないと主張しなければならない。

In some early states of society, these forces might be, and were, too much ahead of the power which society then possessed of disciplining and controlling them.

state (段階) [名] a condition or stage of development

社会の初期の段階では、これらの力は、当時の社会がそれらを訓練し、制御するために持っていた力よりもはるかに先を行き、実際にそうだった。

There has been a time when the element of spontaneity and individuality was in excess, and the social principle had a hard struggle with it.

excess (過剰) [名] an amount of something that is more than necessary, permitted, or desirable

social principle (社会原理) [名] a basic truth or general law or doctrine from which others are derived or on which others are based

自発性と個性の要素が過剰になり、社会原理がそれと激しく闘争した時代があった。

The difficulty then was, to induce men of strong bodies or minds to pay obedience to any rules which required them to control their impulses.

difficulty (難題) [名] a problem or situation that is difficult to deal with

then (当時) [副] at that time

induce (従わせる) [動] persuade or influence someone to do something

pay obedience (従う) [動] act in accordance with someone or something

当時の難題は、肉体や精神の強い人々に、衝動を抑制することを要求する規則に従わせることだった。

To overcome this difficulty, law and discipline, like the Popes struggling against the Emperors, asserted a power over the whole man, claiming to control all his life in order to control his character—which society had not found any other sufficient means of binding.

Pope (教皇) [名] the head of the Roman Catholic Church

binding (拘束) [名] the action of tying or fastening something together

この困難を克服するために、法と規律は、皇帝と闘争する教皇のように、人間全体に対する権力を主張し、その性格を制御するために全人生を制御すると主張した。社会は他の十分な拘束手段を見つけることができなかった。

But society has now fairly got the better of individuality;

fairly (かなり) [副] to a moderately high degree

get the better of (優勢になる) [動] to defeat or overcome

しかし、社会は今や個性よりも優勢になっている。

and the danger which threatens human nature is not the excess, but the deficiency, of personal impulses and preferences.

threaten (脅かす) [動] to say or do something that shows you might hurt or punish someone

そして、人間性を脅かす危険は、個人的な衝動や好みの過剰ではなく、欠如である。

Things are vastly changed, since the passions of those who were strong by station or by personal endowment were in a state of habitual rebellion against laws and ordinances, and required to be rigorously chained up to enable the persons within their reach to enjoy any particle of security.

station (地位) [名] a place where someone or something is located

endowment (資質) [名] a quality or ability that someone is born with

passion (情熱) [名] a strong feeling of enthusiasm or excitement for something or about doing something

habitual (習慣的な) [形] done or doing something regularly or often

rebellion (反抗) [名] an act of fighting against the government in your country

ordinance (条例) [名] a law made by a local government

rigorously (厳しく) [副] in a very careful, thorough, or exact way

chain (鎖でつなぐ) [動] fasten or connect with a chain

enable (可能にする) [動] make it possible for someone to do something

enjoy (楽しむ) [動] take delight or pleasure in

地位や個人的な資質によって強かった人々の情熱が、法律や条例に対して習慣的に反抗する状態にあり、彼らの及ぶ範囲の人々が少しでも安心できるように、厳しく鎖でつながれることを要求されていたので、状況は大きく変わった。

In our times, from the highest class of society down to the lowest, every one lives as under the eye of a hostile and dreaded censorship.

In our times (現代では) [名] in the present age

down to (まで) [前] from a higher to a lower place, position, or level

lowest (最下層) [形] of the least vertical extent

under the eye of (目の前で) [名] under the scrutiny of

dreaded (恐ろしい) [形] causing fear or dread

censorship (検閲) [名] the suppression or prohibition of any parts of books, films, news, etc. that are considered obscene, politically unacceptable, or a threat to security

現代では、社会の最高階級から最下層階級まで、誰もが敵対的で恐ろしい検閲の目の前で生きている。

Not only in what concerns others, but in what concerns only themselves, the individual, or the family, do not ask themselves—what do I prefer?

family (家族) [名] a group of people who are related to each other

他人に関することだけでなく、自分自身、個人、家族だけに関することでも、自分自身に問いかけることなく、私は何を好むのか?

or, what would suit my character and disposition?

あるいは、私の性格や気質に合ったものは何か?

or, what would allow the best and highest in me to have fair-play, and enable it to grow and thrive?

allow (可能にする) [動] to permit or make possible

thrive (繁栄する) [動] to flourish or prosper

あるいは、私の中の最高のものが公正に扱われ、成長し、繁栄することを可能にするものは何だろうか?

They ask themselves, what is suitable to my position?

彼らは自問する、私の立場にふさわしいものは何か?

what is usually done by persons of my station and pecuniary circumstances?

pecuniary (金銭的) [形] of or relating to money

私の地位や金銭的状況にある人が通常行っていることは何だろうか?

or (worse still) what is usually done by persons of a station and circumstances superior to mine?

あるいは(さらに悪いことに)私の地位や状況よりも優れた人が通常行っていることは何だろうか?

I do not mean that they choose what is customary, in preference to what suits their own inclination.

inclination (性向) [名] a person's natural tendency or urge to act or feel in a particular way

彼らが自分の性向に合ったものよりも慣習的なものを選ぶという意味ではない。

It does not occur to them to have any inclination, except for what is customary.

慣習的なもの以外に何かの性向を持つことは彼らには起こらない。

Thus the mind itself is bowed to the yoke: even in what people do for pleasure, conformity is the first thing thought of;

bow (屈する) [動] bend the head or body as a sign of respect, greeting, or shame

conformity (適合) [名] the action or fact of conforming to a standard, norm, or expectation

こうして精神そのものがくびきに屈する。人々が楽しみのために行うことにおいてさえ、適合が最初に考えられることである。

they live in crowds; they exercise choice only among things commonly done: peculiarity of taste, eccentricity of conduct, are shunned equally with crimes: until by dint of not following their own nature, they have no nature to follow: their human capacities are withered and starved: they become incapable of any strong wishes or native pleasures, and are generally without either opinions or feelings of home growth, or properly their own.

crowd (群衆) [名] a large number of people gathered together

eccentricity (奇抜さ) [名] the quality of being eccentric

crime (犯罪) [名] an illegal act for which someone can be punished by the government

wither (衰える) [動] become dry and shriveled

starve (飢える) [動] suffer or die from lack of food

home (家庭) [名] the place where one lives permanently, especially as a member of a family or household

彼らは群衆の中で生活し、一般的に行われていることの中でのみ選択を行使する。趣味の特異性、行動の奇抜さは犯罪と同様に避けられる。自分の本性に従わないことで、従うべき本性がなくなるまで、彼らの人間的能力は衰え、飢えていく。彼らは強い願望や生来の喜びを持つことができなくなり、一般的に家庭で育った意見や感情、あるいは自分自身の意見や感情を持たなくなる。

Now is this, or is it not, the desirable condition of human nature?

さて、これは人間の本性の望ましい状態なのだろうか、そうではないのだろうか。

It is so, on the Calvinistic theory.

Calvinistic (カルヴァン主義の) [形] of or relating to Calvinism or its adherents

カルヴァン主義の理論ではそうである。

According to that, the one great offence of man is Self-will.

according to (によれば) [前] as stated by

self-will (我意) [名] one's own will

その理論によれば、人間の唯一の大きな罪は我意である。

All the good of which humanity is capable, is comprised in Obedience.

humanity (人間) [名] human beings considered collectively

comprised (含まれている) [動] consist of

人間にできる善はすべて服従に含まれている。

You have no choice; thus you must do, and no otherwise: “whatever is not a duty, is a sin.”

have no choice (選択の余地がない) [動] be forced to do something

otherwise (それ以外) [副] in a different way

選択の余地はない。こうしなければならないのであって、それ以外はありえない。「義務でないものは何であれ罪である。」

Human nature being radically corrupt, there is no redemption for any one until human nature is killed within him.

radically (根本的に) [副] in a radical manner

redemption (救済) [名] the action of saving or being saved from sin, error, or evil

人間の本性は根本的に堕落しているので、人間の本性が自分の中に殺されるまでは誰も救済されない。

To one holding this theory of life, crushing out any of the human faculties, capacities, and susceptibilities, is no evil: man needs no capacity, but that of surrendering himself to the will of God: and if he uses any of his faculties for any other purpose but to do that supposed will more effectually, he is better without them.

crush (押しつぶす) [動] to press or squeeze with a lot of force

この人生論を奉じる人にとって、人間の能力、資質、感受性を押しつぶすことは悪ではない。人間には神の意志に身を委ねる能力以外は必要ない。そして、もし人間が自分の能力を、想定される意志をより効果的に行う以外の目的に使うのであれば、その能力がない方がよい。

That is the theory of Calvinism; and it is held, in a mitigated form, by many who do not consider themselves Calvinists; the mitigation consisting in giving a less ascetic interpretation to the alleged will of God; asserting it to be his will that mankind should gratify some of their inclinations;

Calvinism (カルヴァン主義) [名] the system of Christian theology and doctrine developed by John Calvin and his followers

mitigated (緩和された) [形] made less severe or intense

Calvinist (カルヴァン主義者) [名] a follower of Calvinism

mitigation (緩和) [名] the action of reducing the severity, seriousness, or painfulness of something

ascetic (禁欲的な) [形] characterized by severe self-discipline and abstention from all forms of indulgence, typically for religious reasons

alleged (とされる) [形] said, without proof, to have taken place or have a particular quality

gratify (満足させる) [動] give (someone) pleasure or satisfaction

これがカルヴァン主義の理論である。そして、自らをカルヴァン主義者と考えていない多くの人々も、緩和された形でこの理論を支持している。緩和とは、神の意志とされるものにあまり禁欲的な解釈を与えないことであり、人類が自分の傾向の一部を満足させることが神の意志であると主張することである。

of course not in the manner they themselves prefer, but in the way of obedience, that is, in a way prescribed to them by authority;

of course (もちろん) [副] as expected

もちろん、彼ら自身が好む方法ではなく、服従の道、つまり権威によって彼らに定められた方法でである。

and, therefore, by the necessary conditions of the case, the same for all.

したがって、この場合の必要条件により、すべての人に同じである。

In some such insidious form there is at present a strong tendency to this narrow theory of life, and to the pinched and hidebound type of human character which it patronises.

insidious (陰湿な) [形] proceeding in a gradual, subtle way, but with harmful effects

patronise (後援する) [動] treat in a condescending manner

pinched (偏狭な) [形] having a sharp, thin face

hidebound (頑固な) [形] unwilling to change or accept new ideas

このような陰湿な形で、現在、この狭い人生論と、それが後援する人間性の偏狭で頑固なタイプへの強い傾向がある。

Many persons, no doubt, sincerely think that human beings thus cramped and dwarfed, are as their Maker designed them to be;

Many persons (多くの人) [名] a large number of people

no doubt (間違いなく) [副] certainly; without doubt

sincerely (心から) [副] in a sincere manner

human beings (人間) [名] a human

thus (このように) [副] in this way

cramped (窮屈な) [形] lacking space

dwarfed (矮小な) [形] very small

Maker (創造主) [名] a person who makes something

designed (意図した) [動] decide upon the look and functioning of (a building, garment, or other object), by making a detailed drawing of it

多くの人は、間違いなく、このように窮屈で矮小な人間が、創造主が意図した通りの姿であると心から思っている。

just as many have thought that trees are a much finer thing when clipped into pollards, or cut out into figures of animals, than as nature made them.

fine (素晴らしい) [形] of high quality; very good

clip (刈り込む) [動] cut (something) with shears or scissors, especially carefully or neatly

pollard (ポラード) [名] a tree that has been cut back to the trunk to encourage new growth at the top

cut (切り取る) [動] make an opening, incision, or wound in (something) with a sharp-edged tool or object

figure (形) [名] a geometric shape, especially a two-dimensional one

animal (動物) [名] a living organism of the kingdom Animalia, comprising multicellular eukaryotes that form a single phylogenetic group

多くの人が、木は自然が作ったものよりも、ポラードに刈り込まれたり、動物の形に切り取られたりした方がはるかに素晴らしいものだと思っているのと同じである。

But if it be any part of religion to believe that man was made by a good being, it is more consistent with that faith to believe, that this Being gave all human faculties that they might be cultivated and unfolded, not rooted out and consumed, and that he takes delight in every nearer approach made by his creatures to the ideal conception embodied in them, every increase in any of their capabilities of comprehension, of action, or of enjoyment.

cultivate (育む) [動] to prepare and use land for growing crops

unfold (展開する) [動] to open or spread out

consume (消費する) [動] to eat, drink, or use something

take delight in (喜びを感じる) [動] to be very pleased about something

ideal (理想的な) [形] existing only in the imagination; desirable or perfect but not likely to become a reality

しかし、人間が善い存在によって作られたと信じることが宗教の一部であるならば、この存在が人間のすべての能力を与えたのは、それらが根絶やしにされたり消費されたりするためではなく、育まれ、展開されるためであり、彼は自分の被造物がそれらに具現化された理想的な概念に近づくたびに喜び、理解、行動、または楽しみの能力のいずれかが向上するたびに喜びを感じると信じることは、その信仰とより一致している。

There is a different type of human excellence from the Calvinistic; a conception of humanity as having its nature bestowed on it for other purposes than merely to be abnegated.

Calvinistic (カルヴァン主義) [形] of or relating to John Calvin or Calvinism

humanity (人間性) [名] the human race

bestow (与える) [動] confer or present as a gift, honor, or award

abnegate (否定する) [動] renounce or reject (something desired or valuable)

カルヴァン主義とは異なるタイプの人間の卓越性がある。単に否定される以外の目的のためにその性質が与えられたという人間の概念である。

“Pagan self-assertion” is one of the elements of human worth, as well as “Christian self-denial.”

pagan (異教の) [形] relating to pagans or their beliefs

self-assertion (自己主張) [名] the act of asserting oneself or one's rights

self-denial (自己否定) [名] the act of denying oneself or one's own desires

「異教の自己主張」は、「キリスト教の自己否定」と同様に、人間の価値の要素の1つである。

There is a Greek ideal of self-development, which the Platonic and Christian ideal of self-government blends with, but does not supersede.

self-development (自己開発) [名] the process by which a person's character or abilities are gradually developed

Platonic (プラトン主義) [形] of or relating to the Greek philosopher Plato or his ideas

blend (融合する) [動] to combine or be combined to form a harmonious or effective whole

自己開発というギリシャの理想があり、プラトン主義とキリスト教の自治の理想はそれと融合しているが、取って代わるものではない。

It may be better to be a John Knox than an Alcibiades, but it is better to be a Pericles than either;

John Knox (ジョン・ノックス) [名] a Scottish minister, theologian, and writer who was a leader of the country's Reformation

Alcibiades (アルキビアデス) [名] an Athenian statesman, orator, and general

Pericles (ペリクレス) [名] an Athenian statesman, orator, and general

アルキビアデスよりもジョン・ノックスである方が良いかもしれないが、どちらよりもペリクレスである方が良い。

nor would a Pericles, if we had one in these days, be without anything good which belonged to John Knox.

また、もしこの時代にペリクレスがいたとしても、ジョン・ノックスに属していた良いものが何もなかったわけではない。

It is not by wearing down into uniformity all that is individual in themselves, but by cultivating it and calling it forth, within the limits imposed by the rights and interests of others, that human beings become a noble and beautiful object of contemplation;

wear down (磨耗させる) [動] to reduce the quality, strength, or value of something

uniformity (均一) [名] the quality or state of being uniform

individual (個性的) [形] being or characteristic of a single person or thing

call forth (呼び起こす) [動] to cause to come into existence or to be remembered

beautiful (美しい) [形] pleasing to the senses or the mind

contemplation (観想) [名] the action of looking thoughtfully at something for a long time

人間が観想の対象として高貴で美しいものとなるのは、自分自身の中にある個性的なものをすべて均一に磨耗させることによってではなく、他人の権利や利益によって課せられた限界の中で、それを育み、呼び起こすことによってである。

and as the works partake the character of those who do them, by the same process human life also becomes rich, diversified, and animating, furnishing more abundant aliment to high thoughts and elevating feelings, and strengthening the tie which binds every individual to the race, by making the race infinitely better worth belonging to.

partake (帯びる) [動] to take part in or experience something

diversified (多様化) [形] having or involving great variety

animating (活気づける) [動] to give life, action, or energy to

furnishing (与える) [動] to provide or supply

abundant (豊富) [形] existing or available in large quantities; plentiful

aliment (栄養) [名] food; nourishment

elevating (高揚) [動] to raise or lift up

strengthening (強める) [動] to make or become stronger

bind (結びつける) [動] to fasten or secure with or as if with a band

belonging (属する) [動] to be a member of a group or class

そして、作品がそれを行った人の性格を帯びるように、同じプロセスによって人間の生活も豊かで多様化し、活気づき、高尚な思想や高揚した感情に豊かな栄養を与え、人類を無限に属する価値のあるものにすることで、すべての個人を人類に結びつける絆を強めるのである。

In proportion to the development of his individuality, each person becomes more valuable to himself, and is therefore capable of being more valuable to others.

個性の発達に比例して、人は誰でも自分にとってより価値のある存在となり、それゆえに他人にとってもより価値のある存在となりうる。

There is a greater fulness of life about his own existence, and when there is more life in the units there is more in the mass which is composed of them.

fulness (充実) [名] the state or quality of being full or complete

unit (個々) [名] a single thing or person

mass (集団) [名] a large number of people or things

自分の存在についてより充実した人生があり、個々の人生が充実していれば、それらを構成する集団の人生も充実する。

As much compression as is necessary to prevent the stronger specimens of human nature from encroaching on the rights of others, cannot be dispensed with;

as much as (必要なだけ) [限] to the extent or degree that

compression (圧縮) [名] the reduction of the size or volume of something by applying pressure

stronger (強い) [形] having the power to perform well or to a high degree

specimen (見本) [名] a part or individual taken as an example of a whole

encroach (侵害する) [動] intrude on

dispense with (省略する) [動] do without

人間性の強い見本が他人の権利を侵害するのを防ぐために必要なだけの圧縮は、省略することはできない。

but for this there is ample compensation even in the point of view of human development.

for this (このために) [句] for this reason

ample (十分な) [形] more than enough

compensation (代償) [名] something that is given or received as a payment or reward

in the point of view of (の観点から) [句] from the perspective of

しかし、このために人間開発の観点からさえ十分な代償がある。

The means of development which the individual loses by being prevented from gratifying his inclinations to the injury of others, are chiefly obtained at the expense of the development of other people.

expense (犠牲) [名] a cost incurred in making or doing something

他人を傷つける傾向を満足させることを阻止されることによって個人が失う発達の手段は、主に他人の発達を犠牲にして得られる。

And even to himself there is a full equivalent in the better development of the social part of his nature, rendered possible by the restraint put upon the selfish part.

even to (にとってさえ) [前] to the extent of including

full equivalent (十分な等価物) [名] something that is equal in value, amount, or effect to something else

better development (より良い発達) [名] the process of improving or being improved

social part (社会的部分) [名] the part of a person's life that involves interacting with other people

rendered possible (可能になった) [動] to make something possible

put upon (課せられた) [動] to place or impose on someone or something

そして、自分自身にとってさえ、利己的な部分に課せられた制約によって可能になった、自分の本性の社会的部分のより良い発達に十分な等価物がある。

To be held to rigid rules of justice for the sake of others, develops the feelings and capacities which have the good of others for their object.

be held to (従う) [動] be forced to obey or follow

rigid (厳格な) [形] not flexible or changeable

sake (ため) [名] purpose or reason

develop (養う) [動] cause to grow or cause to become more mature

他人のために厳格な正義のルールに従うことは、他人の善を目的とする感情や能力を養う。

But to be restrained in things not affecting their good, by their mere displeasure, develops nothing valuable, except such force of character as may unfold itself in resisting the restraint.

displeasure (不快感) [名] a feeling of annoyance or slight anger

しかし、彼らの善に影響を与えないことで、彼らの単なる不快感によって抑制されることは、抑制に抵抗することで自分自身を展開するかもしれないそのような性格の力以外に、価値のあるものを何も発達させない。

If acquiesced in, it dulls and blunts the whole nature.

acquiesce (黙認する) [動] accept something without protest

dull (鈍らせる) [動] make less sharp or intense

blunt (無感覚にする) [動] make less sharp or intense

黙認すれば、それは本性全体を鈍らせ、無感覚にする。

To give any fair-play to the nature of each, it is essential that different persons should be allowed to lead different lives.

fair-play (公正な機会) [名] just or fair treatment

lead (送る) [動] cause to go with oneself by holding and guiding

それぞれの本性に公正な機会を与えるためには、異なる人が異なる人生を送ることを許されることが不可欠である。

In proportion as this latitude has been exercised in any age, has that age been noteworthy to posterity.

latitude (自由度) [名] the scope for freedom of action or thought

この自由度がどの時代にも行使されてきたのと同じ割合で、その時代は後世に注目されてきた。

Even despotism does not produce its worst effects, so long as Individuality exists under it;

専制政治でさえ、その下に個性がある限り、最悪の影響をもたらすことはない。

and whatever crushes individuality is despotism, by whatever name it may be called, and whether it professes to be enforcing the will of God or the injunctions of men.

call (呼ばれる) [動] give a name to

injunction (命令) [名] a judicial order requiring a person to do or refrain from doing a particular thing

そして、個性を押しつぶすものは何であれ、それがどんな名前で呼ばれようとも、またそれが神の意志を強制するものであれ、人間の命令であれ、専制政治である。

Having said that Individuality is the same thing with development, and that it is only the cultivation of individuality which produces, or can produce, well-developed human beings, I might here close the argument: for what more or better can be said of any condition of human affairs, than that it brings human beings themselves nearer to the best thing they can be?

Having said that (述べたところで) [句] having said that

close (終える) [動] move a door or window so as to leave a small gap

bring (近づける) [動] take or carry someone or something to a place

themselves (彼ら自身) [代] used to refer to a group of people or things previously mentioned as the object of a verb or preposition when they are also the subject of the clause

個性とは発達と同じものであり、個性を養うことだけが、発達した人間を生み出す、あるいは生み出すことができると述べたところで、私はここで議論を終えてもよいだろう。人間のあらゆる状況について、人間自身を彼らがなりうる最善のものに近づけるということ以上に、何が言えるだろうか?

or what worse can be said of any obstruction to good, than that it prevents this?

あるいは、善への障害について、それを妨げるということ以上に、何が言えるだろうか?

Doubtless, however, these considerations will not suffice to convince those who most need convincing;

convince (説得する) [動] persuade someone to do or believe something

しかし、疑いなく、これらの考察は、最も説得を必要とする人々を説得するには十分ではないだろう。

and it is necessary further to show, that these developed human beings are of some use to the undeveloped—to point out to those who do not desire liberty, and would not avail themselves of it, that they may be in some intelligible manner rewarded for allowing other people to make use of it without hindrance.

developed (発達した) [形] having reached a high level of development

undeveloped (未発達な) [形] not developed

avail oneself of (利用する) [動] to make use of

そして、これらの発達した人間が未発達な人間に何らかの役に立つことをさらに示す必要がある。自由を望まず、自由を利用しようとしない人々に、他の人々が自由を妨害なく利用できるようにすることで、彼らが何らかの理解できる方法で報われることを指摘する必要がある。

In the first place, then, I would suggest that they might possibly learn something from them.

in the first place (第一に) [副] before anything else

第一に、彼らは彼らから何かを学ぶかもしれないと私は示唆したい。

It will not be denied by anybody, that originality is a valuable element in human affairs.

独創性が人間の営みにおいて価値ある要素であることは誰も否定しないだろう。

There is always need of persons not only to discover new truths, and point out when what were once truths are true no longer, but also to commence new practices, and set the example of more enlightened conduct, and better taste and sense in human life.

point out (指摘する) [動] indicate or make reference to

commence (始める) [動] start or begin

set an example (模範を示す) [動] be a good or bad example of something

新しい真理を発見し、かつて真理であったものがもはや真理でなくなったことを指摘するだけでなく、新しい実践を始め、より啓発された行動、人間の生活におけるより良い趣味と感覚の模範を示す人々が常に必要とされている。

This cannot well be gainsaid by anybody who does not believe that the world has already attained perfection in all its ways and practices.

perfection (完璧) [名] the condition, state, or quality of being free or as free as possible from all flaws or defects

世界がすでにあらゆる方法と実践において完璧に達していると信じていない人には、これは否定できない。

It is true that this benefit is not capable of being rendered by everybody alike: there are but few persons, in comparison with the whole of mankind, whose experiments, if adopted by others, would be likely to be any improvement on established practice.

確かに、この利益は誰もが同じように享受できるわけではない。人類全体と比較すれば、その実験が他者に採用されれば、確立された実践を改善する可能性がある人はごくわずかである。

But these few are the salt of the earth;

few (少数) [名] a small number of people or things

salt (塩) [名] a white crystalline substance which gives seawater its characteristic taste and is used for seasoning or preserving food

earth (地) [名] the planet on which we live

しかし、この少数の人々こそが地の塩である。

without them, human life would become a stagnant pool.

without (なければ) [前] not having or not accompanied by

become (なってしまう) [動] start to be

stagnant (淀んだ) [形] not flowing or moving

pool (水たまり) [名] a small area of still water

彼らがいなければ、人間の生活は淀んだ水たまりになってしまうだろう。

Not only is it they who introduce good things which did not before exist;

彼らは、これまで存在しなかった良いものを導入するだけではない。

it is they who keep the life in those which already existed.

彼らは、すでに存在していたものに命を吹き込むのである。

If there were nothing new to be done, would human intellect cease to be necessary?

もし何も新しいことをする必要がなくなったら、人間の知性は必要なくなるだろうか?

Would it be a reason why those who do the old things should forget why they are done, and do them like cattle, not like human beings?

cattle (牛) [名] a large domesticated cloven-hoofed mammal that is kept for milk or meat

古いことをやる人が、なぜそれをやるのかを忘れて、人間ではなく牛のようにそれをやるべき理由になるだろうか?

There is only too great a tendency in the best beliefs and practices to degenerate into the mechanical;

degenerate (退化する) [動] become worse or less good

最良の信念や実践が機械的なものへと退化する傾向があまりに大きい。

and unless there were a succession of persons whose ever-recurring originality prevents the grounds of those beliefs and practices from becoming merely traditional, such dead matter would not resist the smallest shock from anything really alive, and there would be no reason why civilisation should not die out, as in the Byzantine Empire.

succession (継承) [名] the right to succeed to the throne, a title, an office, etc.

matter (物質) [名] physical substance in general, as distinct from mind and spirit; (in physics) that which occupies space and possesses mass, especially as distinct from energy

shock (衝撃) [名] a sudden upsetting or surprising event or experience

alive (生きている) [形] having life; living

die out (滅びる) [動] to become extinct

Byzantine Empire (ビザンチン帝国) [名] the Roman Empire during the Middle Ages

そして、絶えず繰り返される独創性によって、それらの信念や実践の根拠が単なる伝統的なものになることを防ぐ人々の継承がなければ、そのような死んだ物質は、本当に生きているものからのどんな小さな衝撃にも抵抗できず、ビザンチン帝国のように文明が滅びない理由はないだろう。

Persons of genius, it is true, are, and are always likely to be, a small minority;

genius (天才) [名] a person who is exceptionally intelligent or creative, either generally or in some particular respect

確かに、天才的な人は、常に少数派である。

but in order to have them, it is necessary to preserve the soil in which they grow.

in order to (するために) [接] with the aim of

preserve (保全する) [動] keep in its original state

soil (土壌) [名] the upper layer of earth in which plants grow

しかし、彼らを得るためには、彼らが育つ土壌を保全する必要がある。

Genius can only breathe freely in an atmosphere of freedom.

breathe (呼吸する) [動] take air into and expel it from the lungs

天才は自由な雰囲気の中でのみ自由に呼吸できる。

Persons of genius are, ex vi termini, more individual than any other people—less capable, consequently, of fitting themselves, without hurtful compression, into any of the small number of moulds which society provides in order to save its members the trouble of forming their own character.

Persons of genius (天才的な人) [名] a person who is exceptionally intelligent or creative, either generally or in some particular respect

ex vi termini (言葉の意味からして) [副] by the force of the term

more individual (より個性的) [形] being or characteristic of a single person or thing

less capable (あまりできない) [形] not having the ability to do something

compression (圧迫) [名] the action of reducing the size or volume of something by applying pressure

save (省く) [動] prevent the occurrence of; prevent from happening

trouble (手間) [名] difficulty or problems

forming (形成する) [動] bring into existence

天才的な人は、他のどの人よりも個性的であり、その結果、社会がその構成員が自分の性格を形成する手間を省くために提供する少数の型のいずれにも、有害な圧迫を受けることなく自分自身を合わせることができない。

If from timidity they consent to be forced into one of these moulds, and to let all that part of themselves which cannot expand under the pressure remain unexpanded, society will be little the better for their genius.

timidity (臆病さ) [名] the quality or state of being timid

consent (同意する) [動] give permission for something to happen

pressure (圧力) [名] the force exerted on a surface by an object

もし彼らが臆病さからこれらの型のいずれかに押し込まれ、圧力の下で拡大できない自分自身のすべての部分を拡大されないままにすることに同意するならば、社会は彼らの天才にとってほとんど良いものにはならないだろう。

If they are of a strong character, and break their fetters, they become a mark for the society which has not succeeded in reducing them to commonplace, to point at with solemn warning as “wild,”

strong character (強い性格) [名] a person who is determined and has a strong will

fetter (足かせ) [名] a chain or manacle used to restrain a prisoner

mark (標的) [名] a target or goal

commonplace (平凡) [形] lacking in originality or individuality

warning (警告) [名] a statement or event that indicates a possible danger, problem, or other unpleasant situation

wild (野蛮) [形] not civilized or cultivated

もし彼らが強い性格で、足かせを破れば、彼らを平凡なものにすることに成功しなかった社会の標的となり、「野蛮」であるという厳粛な警告をもって指摘されることになる。

“erratic,” and the like;

erratic (異常) [形] not regular or consistent

「異常」などである。

much as if one should complain of the Niagara river for not flowing smoothly between its banks like a Dutch canal.

Niagara river (ナイアガラ川) [名] a river in eastern North America that flows from Lake Erie into Lake Ontario

Dutch canal (オランダの運河) [名] a canal in the Netherlands

ナイアガラ川がオランダの運河のように岸の間をスムーズに流れないことに文句を言うようなものである。

I insist thus emphatically on the importance of genius, and the necessity of allowing it to unfold itself freely both in thought and in practice, being well aware that no one will deny the position in theory, but knowing also that almost every one, in reality, is totally indifferent to it.

indifferent (無関心な) [形] having no particular interest in or feeling about something

このように私は天才の重要性と、思想と実践の両面で天才が自由に自己展開できるようにする必要性を強調するが、理論上は誰もその立場を否定しないことをよく知っているが、現実にはほとんど誰もがそれに全く無関心であることも知っている。

People think genius a fine thing if it enables a man to write an exciting poem, or paint a picture.

poem (詩) [名] a piece of writing that partakes of the nature of both speech and song that is nearly always rhythmical, usually metaphorical, and often exhibits such formal elements as meter, rhyme, and stanzaic str...

paint (描く) [動] produce (a picture or design) on a surface by applying paint or a similar medium

人々は、天才が刺激的な詩を書いたり、絵を描いたりすることを可能にするならば、天才は素晴らしいものだと考える。

But in its true sense, that of originality in thought and action, though no one says that it is not a thing to be admired, nearly all, at heart, think that they can do very well without it.

true sense (真の意味) [名] the actual meaning of something

admire (賞賛する) [動] regard with respect or warm approval

do very well (うまくやる) [動] perform in a satisfactory manner

しかし、その真の意味では、思想と行動における独創性というものは、誰も賞賛に値するものではないとは言わないが、ほとんどすべての人が、心の中では、それがなくてもうまくやっていけると思っている。

Unhappily this is too natural to be wondered at.

wonder (驚く) [動] be curious or surprised about something

不幸なことに、これはあまりにも自然なことなので、驚くにはあたらない。

Originality is the one thing which unoriginal minds cannot feel the use of.

unoriginal (独創性のない) [形] lacking originality

独創性とは、独創性のない頭脳にはその用途を感じることができないものである。

They cannot see what it is to do for them: how should they?

how (どのように) [副] in what way or manner

彼らは、それが自分たちのために何をしてくれるのか理解できない。

If they could see what it would do for them, it would not be originality.

もし彼らがそれが自分たちのために何をしてくれるのか理解できたら、それは独創性ではないだろう。

The first service which originality has to render them, is that of opening their eyes: which being once fully done, they would have a chance of being themselves original.

original (独創的な) [形] not dependent on other people's ideas; inventive

独創性が彼らに与える最初の奉仕は、彼らの目を開かせることである。それが一度完全に行われれば、彼ら自身が独創的になる機会を得るだろう。

Meanwhile, recollecting that nothing was ever yet done which some one was not the first to do, and that all good things which exist are the fruits of originality, let them be modest enough to believe that there is something still left for it to accomplish, and assure themselves that they are more in need of originality, the less they are conscious of the want.

recollect (思い出す) [動] recall to the mind

modest (謙虚) [形] unassuming in the estimation of one's abilities or achievements

accomplish (達成する) [動] successfully bring about or reach (a goal, aim, or desired result) by effort, skill, or courage

assure (確信する) [動] make (someone) feel confident and free from doubt

conscious (意識する) [形] having or showing an awareness of and interest in one's surroundings

その一方で、誰かが最初にやったことでなければ何も行われなかったこと、そして存在するすべての良いものは独創性の成果であることを思い出し、彼らはそれを達成するためにまだ何かが残っていると信じるほど謙虚になり、彼らが独創性を必要としていることを自覚すればするほど、その必要性を意識しなくなることを確信する。

In sober truth, whatever homage may be professed, or even paid, to real or supposed mental superiority, the general tendency of things throughout the world is to render mediocrity the ascendant power among mankind.

sober truth (真面目な話) [名] the truth without any exaggeration

supposed (想像上の) [形] believed to exist or have taken place

mental superiority (精神的優越性) [名] the quality of being better than others

general tendency (一般的な傾向) [名] a general direction in which something tends to move

throughout the world (世界中で) [副] in all parts of the world

mediocrity (平凡さ) [名] the quality of being average or ordinary

ascendant power (優勢な力) [名] a force that is becoming stronger or more successful

真面目な話、現実の、あるいは想像上の精神的優越性に対してどんな敬意が表明され、あるいは支払われようとも、世界中の物事の一般的な傾向は、平凡さを人類の中で優勢な力にすることである。

In ancient history, in the middle ages, and in a diminishing degree through the long transition from feudality to the present time, the individual was a power in himself;

ancient history (古代史) [名] the period of history from the earliest civilizations to the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476

feudality (封建制) [名] the social system in medieval Europe, in which the nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service, and vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles, while the peasants (villeins or ...

present time (現代) [名] the period of time that is happening now

古代史、中世、そして封建制から現代への長い移行期を通して、個人はそれ自体が権力であった。

and if he had either great talents or a high social position, he was a considerable power.

social position (社会的地位) [名] the position that someone has in a society

そして、もし彼が偉大な才能や高い社会的地位を持っていたら、彼はかなりの権力者だった。

At present individuals are lost in the crowd.

be lost (埋もれる) [動] fail to find one's way

現在、個人は群衆の中に埋もれている。

In politics it is almost a triviality to say that public opinion now rules the world.

政治においては、世論が世界を支配していると言ってもほとんど些細なことである。

The only power deserving the name is that of masses, and of governments while they make themselves the organ of the tendencies and instincts of masses.

instinct (本能) [名] an innate, typically fixed pattern of behavior in animals in response to certain stimuli

organ (器官) [名] a part of an organism that is typically self-contained and has a specific vital function, such as the heart or liver

その名に値する唯一の権力は、大衆の権力であり、政府の権力であるが、政府は大衆の傾向や本能の器官となっている。

This is as true in the moral and social relations of private life as in public transactions.

transaction (取引) [名] an instance of buying or selling something

これは、公的な取引においてと同じように、私生活の道徳的・社会的関係においても真実である。

Those whose opinions go by the name of public opinion, are not always the same sort of public:

世論と呼ばれる意見を持つ人々は、常に同じ種類の公衆ではない。

in America they are the whole white population;

America (アメリカ) [名] the United States of America

white (白人) [名] a person with light-colored skin

population (人口) [名] all the people living in a particular country or area

アメリカでは、彼らは白人全体である。

in England, chiefly the middle class.

イギリスでは、主に中産階級である。

But they are always a mass, that is to say, collective mediocrity.

collective (集団的な) [形] of or relating to a group of people

mediocrity (凡庸さ) [名] the quality or state of being mediocre

しかし、彼らは常に集団であり、つまり集団的な凡庸さである。

And what is a still greater novelty, the mass do not now take their opinions from dignitaries in Church or State, from ostensible leaders, or from books.

novelty (目新しさ) [名] the quality of being new or original

dignitary (高官) [名] a person holding high rank or office

そして、さらに大きな目新しさは、大衆は今や教会や国家の高官、表向きの指導者、あるいは本から意見を得ていないということである。

Their thinking is done for them by men much like themselves, addressing them or speaking in their name, on the spur of the moment, through the newspapers.

much like (似た) [形] similar to

themselves (彼ら) [代] the people or things previously mentioned

addressing (語りかける) [動] speak to

spur of the moment (瞬間) [名] a sudden wish or decision to do something

newspapers (新聞) [名] a printed publication consisting of folded unstapled sheets and containing news, articles, advertisements and correspondence

彼らの思考は、彼らに似た人間が、新聞を通して、彼らに語りかけたり、彼らの名前で話したりすることで、彼らのために行われている。

I am not complaining of all this.

私はこのすべてに不満を言っているわけではない。

I do not assert that anything better is compatible, as a general rule, with the present low state of the human mind.

general rule (一般論) [名] a rule that is generally true

私は、一般論として、人間の精神の現在の低い状態と、より良いものが両立するとは主張しない。

But that does not hinder the government of mediocrity from being mediocre government.

hinder (妨げる) [動] make it difficult for someone to do something

mediocre (凡庸) [形] of only average quality; not very good

しかし、それは凡庸な政府が凡庸な政府であることを妨げるものではない。

No government by a democracy or a numerous aristocracy, either in its political acts or in the opinions, qualities, and tone of mind which it fosters, ever did or could rise above mediocrity, except in so far as the sovereign Many have let themselves be guided (which in their best times they always have done) by the counsels and influence of a more highly gifted and instructed One or Few.

aristocracy (貴族) [名] the highest class in certain societies

tone (調子) [名] a quality of sound or of voice

Many (多数派) [名] a large number of people

counsel (助言) [名] advice, especially from a professional person

民主主義や多数の貴族による政府は、その政治的行為においても、それが育む意見、資質、精神の調子においても、主権者である多数派が、より高度な才能と教養を備えた一人または少数の人々の助言や影響力によって導かれることを許す限りにおいてのみ、凡庸を超えることができたのである。

The initiation of all wise or noble things, comes and must come from individuals;

initiation (始まり) [名] the action of starting something

must (~するべきである) [助] be obliged to; should

すべての賢明で高貴なものの始まりは、個人から来るものであり、またそうあるべきである。

generally at first from some one individual.

some one (誰か一人) [限] an unspecified person

一般的には、最初は誰か一人の個人からである。

The honour and glory of the average man is that he is capable of following that initiative;

glory (栄光) [名] high renown or honour won by notable achievements

initiative (イニシアチブ) [名] the ability to assess and initiate things independently

平均的な人間の名誉と栄光は、そのイニシアチブに従うことができることにある。

that he can respond internally to wise and noble things, and be led to them with his eyes open.

respond (応える) [動] say or do something as a reaction to something that has been said or done

internally (内面的に) [副] on the inside

賢明で高貴なものに内面的に応えることができ、目を開けてそれらに導かれることができることにある。

I am not countenancing the sort of “hero-worship” which applauds the strong man of genius for forcibly seizing on the government of the world and making it do his bidding in spite of itself.

countenancing (容認する) [動] to allow or accept something

hero-worship (英雄崇拝) [名] the admiration of a great or famous person

applaud (賞賛する) [動] to show approval or praise

forcibly (強引に) [副] using force or violence

seize (掌握する) [動] to take hold of suddenly and forcibly

in spite of (嫌がる) [前] without being influenced by; without being affected by

bidding (命令) [名] an order or command

私は、世界の政府を強引に掌握し、政府自身が嫌がっても自分の命令に従わせるような、天才的な強者を賞賛するような「英雄崇拝」を容認しているわけではない。

All he can claim is, freedom to point out the way.

彼が主張できるのは、道を指し示す自由だけである。

The power of compelling others into it, is not only inconsistent with the freedom and development of all the rest, but corrupting to the strong man himself.

corrupt (堕落させる) [動] cause to act dishonestly in return for money or personal gain

他人をそこに強制する力は、他のすべての人の自由と発展と矛盾するだけでなく、強者自身を堕落させる。

It does seem, however, that when the opinions of masses of merely average men are everywhere become or becoming the dominant power, the counterpoise and corrective to that tendency would be, the more and more pronounced individuality of those who stand on the higher eminences of thought.

It does seem (思われる) [動] to appear to be true or have a particular quality

the opinions of masses (集団の意見) [名] the views of a large group of people

are everywhere (至る所にある) [動] to be in all places

becoming (なりつつある) [動] to start to be

the dominant power (支配的な力) [名] the most powerful force

the counterpoise (対抗策) [名] a weight that balances another

corrective (是正策) [名] something that makes right or amends

that tendency (その傾向) [名] the general direction in which something is developing or changing

would be (である) [動] to be

the more and more pronounced individuality (ますます顕著な個性) [名] the increasingly distinctive personality

of those who stand on the higher eminences of thought (思想のより高い卓越性に立つ人々) [名] people who have a more advanced understanding of ideas

しかし、単に平均的な人間の集団の意見が至る所で支配的な力になったり、なりつつあるときには、その傾向に対する対抗策や是正策は、思想のより高い卓越性に立つ人々のますます顕著な個性であるように思われる。

It is in these circumstances most especially, that exceptional individuals, instead of being deterred, should be encouraged in acting differently from the mass.

deterred (阻止される) [動] prevent the occurrence of; prevent from happening

encouraged (奨励される) [動] give support, courage, or hope to (someone)

特にこのような状況では、例外的な人々は、阻止されるのではなく、大衆とは異なる行動をとるように奨励されるべきである。

In other times there was no advantage in their doing so, unless they acted not only differently, but better.

他の時代には、彼らが異なるだけでなく、より良い行動をとらない限り、そうすることに利点はなかった。

In this age the mere example of nonconformity, the mere refusal to bend the knee to custom, is itself a service.

In this age (この時代には) [名] in the present time

nonconformity (非適合) [名] the refusal to conform to generally or traditionally accepted standards or norms

custom (慣習) [名] a practice or behavior that is usual or traditional

この時代には、単に非適合の例、単に慣習に従うことを拒否すること自体が奉仕である。

Precisely because the tyranny of opinion is such as to make eccentricity a reproach, it is desirable, in order to break through that tyranny, that people should be eccentric.

eccentricity (奇行) [名] odd or unusual behavior or manner

reproach (非難) [名] an expression of disapproval

break through (打ち破る) [動] to make a way through or into something

まさに、世論の横暴が奇行を非難するようなものであるからこそ、その横暴を打ち破るためには、人々が奇行をすることが望ましいのである。

Eccentricity has always abounded when and where strength of character has abounded;

abound (豊かになる) [動] be plentiful or numerous

人格の強さが豊かになった時、また場所では、奇行は常に豊かになった。

and the amount of eccentricity in a society has generally been proportional to the amount of genius, mental vigour, and moral courage which it contained.

proportional (比例する) [形] having a constant ratio

そして、社会における奇行の量は、一般的に、その社会に含まれる天才、精神的活力、道徳的勇気の量に比例している。

That so few now dare to be eccentric, marks the chief danger of the time.

eccentric (奇行) [形] deviating from an established or usual pattern or style

mark (である) [動] be a sign of

今や奇行に走る者がほとんどいないことが、この時代の主な危険である。

I have said that it is important to give the freest scope possible to uncustomary things, in order that it may in time appear which of these are fit to be converted into customs.

uncustomary (慣習に反した) [形] not in accordance with custom or usage

私は、慣習に反したことに可能な限り自由な範囲を与えることが重要であると述べたが、それは、これらのうちどれが慣習に転換するのに適しているかが、やがて明らかになるためである。

But independence of action, and disregard of custom are not solely deserving of encouragement for the chance they afford that better modes of action, and customs more worthy of general adoption, may be struck out;

disregard (無視) [動] pay no attention to; ignore intentionally

afford (与える) [動] to be able to do or have something without causing problems

strike out (打ち出す) [動] to start a journey or to begin to do something

しかし、行動の独立性と慣習の無視は、より良い行動様式や、より一般に採用されるに値する慣習が打ち出される機会を与えるという理由だけで奨励に値するわけではない。

nor is it only persons of decided mental superiority who have a just claim to carry on their lives in their own way.

decided (優れた) [形] having made a decision

また、自分の人生を自分のやり方で生きる権利を主張できるのは、精神的に優れた人だけではない。

There is no reason that all human existences should be constructed on some one, or some small number of patterns.

construct (構築する) [動] build or make

small number (少数) [名] a number that is not large

pattern (パターン) [名] a repeated decorative design

すべての人間の存在が、1つまたは少数のパターンで構築されるべき理由はない。

If a person possesses any tolerable amount of common-sense and experience, his own mode of laying out his existence is the best, not because it is the best in itself, but because it is his own mode.

common-sense (常識) [名] sound and prudent judgment based on a simple perception of the situation or facts

because (なぜなら) [接] for the reason that

ある人が、ある程度の常識と経験を持ち合わせているならば、その人の存在を示す独自のモードは、それ自体が最高だからではなく、その人自身のモードであるから、最高なのである。

Human beings are not like sheep;

sheep (羊) [名] an animal that is often kept for its wool or its meat

人間は羊とは違う。

and even sheep are not undistinguishably alike.

undistinguishably (見分けがつかないほど) [副] in a way that is not able to be told apart

羊でさえも見分けがつかないほど似ているわけではない。

A man cannot get a coat or a pair of boots to fit him, unless they are either made to his measure, or he has a whole warehouseful to choose from: and is it easier to fit him with a life than with a coat, or are human beings more like one another in their whole physical and spiritual conformation than in the shape of their feet?

pair (一足) [名] two things used together

boot (ブーツ) [名] a covering for the foot and lower leg

fit (合う) [動] be of the right shape and size

measure (寸法) [名] the extent, size, amount, or degree of something

warehouse (倉庫) [名] a large building where raw materials or manufactured goods may be stored prior to their distribution for sale

foot (足) [名] the end of the leg on which a person or animal stands or walks

conformation (形態) [名] the shape or structure of something

人は、自分の寸法に合わせて作られたものでなければ、あるいは倉庫一杯の中から選ぶことができなければ、自分に合ったコートやブーツを手に入れることはできない。コートよりも人生の方が自分に合ったものを見つけやすいだろうか。あるいは、人間は足の形よりも身体的・精神的な全体の形態において互いに似ているだろうか。

If it were only that people have diversities of taste, that is reason enough for not attempting to shape them all after one model.

shape (形作る) [動] give a particular shape to

人々が趣味の多様性を持っているということだけなら、それだけでもすべての人を一つのモデルに従って形作ろうとしない十分な理由になる。

But different persons also require different conditions for their spiritual development;

spiritual (精神的な) [形] of or relating to the human spirit or soul as opposed to material or physical things

しかし、人によって精神的な発達に必要な条件も異なる。

and can no more exist healthily in the same moral, than all the variety of plants can in the same physical, atmosphere and climate.

healthily (健全に) [副] in a healthy way

plant (植物) [名] a living organism of the kind exemplified by trees, shrubs, herbs, grasses, ferns, and mosses

atmosphere (大気) [名] the envelope of gases surrounding the earth or another planet

climate (気候) [名] the weather averaged over a period of time

あらゆる種類の植物が同じ物理的環境、大気、気候の中で生育できないのと同じように、人間も同じ道徳的環境の中で健全に存在することはできない。

The same things which are helps to one person towards the cultivation of his higher nature, are hindrances to another.

help (助け) [名] the action of helping someone by sharing work

cultivation (養う) [名] the action of growing plants

hindrance (障害) [名] something that makes it difficult to do something

ある人にとってより高次の本性を養う助けとなるものも、別の人にとっては障害となる。

The same mode of life is a healthy excitement to one, keeping all his faculties of action and enjoyment in their best order, while to another it is a distracting burthen, which suspends or crushes all internal life.

healthy (健康的な) [形] in a good physical or mental condition

excitement (刺激) [名] a feeling of great happiness or pleasure

order (状態) [名] the condition of a person or thing

distracting (気を散らす) [形] causing someone to lose concentration

burthen (重荷) [名] a heavy load

suspend (中断させる) [動] to stop or delay something for a period of time

同じ生活様式でも、ある人にとっては健康的な刺激となり、行動や楽しみの能力をすべて最高の状態に保つことができるが、別の人にとっては気を散らす重荷となり、内面の生活をすべて中断させたり、押しつぶしたりしてしまう。

Such are the differences among human beings in their sources of pleasure, their susceptibilities of pain, and the operation on them of different physical and moral agencies, that unless there is a corresponding diversity in their modes of life, they neither obtain their fair share of happiness, nor grow up to the mental, moral, and aesthetic stature of which their nature is capable.

pleasure (快楽) [名] a feeling of satisfaction or enjoyment

agency (行為) [名] action or intervention producing a particular effect

obtain (享受する) [動] get, acquire, or achieve something

fair (公平) [形] just or appropriate in the circumstances

happiness (幸福) [名] the state of being happy

aesthetic (美的) [形] concerned with beauty or the appreciation of beauty

人間の快楽の源泉、苦痛に対する感受性、さまざまな身体的・道徳的行為の作用には、このような違いがあるため、生活様式に相応の多様性がなければ、人間は幸福を公平に享受することも、本性が許す限りの精神的、道徳的、美的成長を遂げることもできない。

Why then should tolerance, as far as the public sentiment is concerned, extend only to tastes and modes of life which extort acquiescence by the multitude of their adherents?

public sentiment (公衆の感情) [名] the general feeling or opinion of a group of people

extend (及ぶ) [動] stretch out so as to reach or touch something

extort (強要する) [動] obtain by force, threats, or other unfair means

では、なぜ公衆の感情に関する限り、寛容は、その支持者の多数派から黙認を強要する趣味や生活様式にのみ及ぶべきなのだろうか?

Nowhere (except in some monastic institutions) is diversity of taste entirely unrecognised;

nowhere (どこにも) [副] not anywhere

entirely (全く) [副] completely

unrecognised (認められていない) [形] not recognised

趣味の多様性が全く認められていない場所は(一部の修道院を除いて)どこにもない。

a person may, without blame, either like or dislike rowing, or smoking, or music, or athletic exercises, or chess, or cards, or study, because both those who like each of these things, and those who dislike them, are too numerous to be put down.

blame (非難) [名] the expression of disapproval of someone or something on the basis of perceived faults or mistakes

rowing (ボート) [名] the sport or activity of propelling a boat with oars

smoking (喫煙) [名] the action or habit of smoking tobacco

music (音楽) [名] the art or science of combining vocal or instrumental sounds (or both) to produce beauty of form, harmony, and expression of emotion

athletic exercise (運動) [名] physical activity that is governed by a set of rules or customs and often engaged in competitively

chess (チェス) [名] a board game for two players, each with 16 pieces moving on a checkered board

cards (トランプ) [名] a game played with a pack of 52 playing cards

人は、ボート、喫煙、音楽、運動、チェス、トランプ、勉強のいずれかを好きでも嫌いでも非難されることはない。なぜなら、これらのことをそれぞれ好きな人も嫌いな人も、あまりに多くいるからである。

But the man, and still more the woman, who can be accused either of doing “what nobody does,” or of not doing “what everybody does,” is the subject of as much depreciatory remark as if he or she had committed some grave moral delinquency.

accuse (非難する) [動] to charge someone with a crime or wrongdoing

not do (しない) [動] fail to perform, execute, or accomplish

remark (非難) [名] a comment or observation

delinquency (非行) [名] a failure to do what is required by law or duty

しかし、「誰もしていないこと」をしたり、「誰もがしていること」をしないことで非難される男性、さらには女性は、まるで重大な道徳的非行を犯したかのように、多くの非難の対象となる。

Persons require to possess a title, or some other badge of rank, or of the consideration of people of rank, to be able to indulge somewhat in the luxury of doing as they like without detriment to their estimation.

title (肩書き) [名] the name of a book, film, or other work

rank (階級) [名] a position or grade in the armed forces

consideration (配慮) [名] careful thought about the needs or feelings of someone else

estimation (評価) [名] a judgment or opinion of the worth, quality, or importance of someone or something

detriment (損なう) [名] the state of being harmed or damaged

人は、自分の評価を損なうことなく、自分の好きなようにするという贅沢に多少なりとも耽ることができるためには、肩書きやその他の階級の証し、あるいは階級の人々の配慮を必要とする。

To indulge somewhat, I repeat: for whoever allow themselves much of that indulgence, incur the risk of something worse than disparaging speeches—they are in peril of a commission de lunatico, and of having their property taken from them and given to their relations.

somewhat (多少なりとも) [副] to a moderate extent or by a moderate amount

whoever (誰であれ) [代] no matter who

incur (冒す) [動] become subject to (something unwelcome)

disparaging (誹謗中傷) [形] expressing a low opinion of someone or something

speech (スピーチ) [名] a formal address or talk delivered to an audience

commission (委員会) [名] an official group of people with authority to perform a function

lunatico (狂人) [名] a mentally ill person

relation (親族) [名] a relative

多少なりとも耽溺するためには、繰り返しますが、その耽溺を許す者は誰であれ、誹謗中傷よりももっとひどい何かの危険を冒すことになるのです。彼らは、狂人委員会の危険にさらされ、財産を奪われて親族に渡される危険にさらされているのです。

There is one characteristic of the present direction of public opinion, peculiarly calculated to make it intolerant of any marked demonstration of individuality.

calculated (計算された) [動] to determine by mathematical or logical methods

marked (顕著な) [形] noticeable or striking

demonstration (発露) [名] a public expression of opinion or support

現在の世論の方向性には、個性の顕著な発露を許さないように特異な計算がされているという特徴がある。

The general average of mankind are not only moderate in intellect, but also moderate in inclinations: they have no tastes or wishes strong enough to incline them to do anything unusual, and they consequently do not understand those who have, and class all such with the wild and intemperate whom they are accustomed to look down upon.

general average (平均) [名] the arithmetic mean of a set of numbers

moderate (中庸) [形] not extreme

wish (希望) [名] a desire or hope for something

unusual (変わった) [形] not usual or common

class (分類する) [動] to assign to a category

look down upon (見下す) [動] to regard with contempt

人類の平均的な人は、知性が中庸であるだけでなく、性向も中庸である。彼らは、何か変わったことをしようと思わせるような強い趣味や希望を持っていないので、その結果、そのような人々を理解することができず、そのような人々をすべて、彼らが見下すことに慣れている野蛮で無節操な人々と分類してしまう。

Now, in addition to this fact which is general, we have only to suppose that a strong movement has set in towards the improvement of morals, and it is evident what we have to expect.

set in (始まる) [動] start to happen or exist

さて、この一般的な事実に加えて、道徳の向上に向けて強い運動が始まったと仮定するだけで、私たちが何を期待しなければならないかは明らかである。

In these days such a movement has set in;

these days (近頃) [名] the present time

近頃、そのような運動が始まった。

much has actually been effected in the way of increased regularity of conduct, and discouragement of excesses;

effect (達成する) [動] cause (something) to happen; bring about

regularity (規則性) [名] the quality of being regular

discouragement (抑制) [名] the action of discouraging someone or something

実際に、行動の規則性を高め、行き過ぎを抑制するという点で多くのことが達成されている。

and there is a philanthropic spirit abroad, for the exercise of which there is no more inviting field than the moral and prudential improvement of our fellow-creatures.

philanthropic (博愛的な) [形] of or relating to philanthropy

exercise (実践) [名] the activity of exerting your muscles in various ways to keep fit

prudential (慎重な) [形] exercising care for the future

そして、博愛精神が広まっており、その実践には、仲間の道徳的、慎重な改善以上に魅力的な分野はない。

These tendencies of the times cause the public to be more disposed than at most former periods to prescribe general rules of conduct, and endeavour to make every one conform to the approved standard.

be disposed (傾向がある) [動] be inclined or willing

former (以前の) [形] having previously filled a particular role or been a particular thing

approved (承認された) [形] officially accepted or agreed to

このような時代の傾向により、一般の人々は、これまでのほとんどの時期よりも、行動の一般的なルールを定め、誰もが承認された基準に従うように努力する傾向がある。

And that standard, express or tacit, is to desire nothing strongly.

express (明示的) [形] clearly stated

strongly (強く) [副] with a lot of force or energy

そして、その基準は、明示的であろうと暗黙的であろうと、何も強く望まないことである。

Its ideal of character is to be without any marked character;

marked (際立った) [形] very noticeable or striking

その人格の理想は、際立った人格を持たないことである。

to maim by compression, like a Chinese lady's foot, every part of human nature which stands out prominently, and tends to make the person markedly dissimilar in outline to commonplace humanity.

maim (不具にする) [動] to injure or wound someone so that part of their body is permanently damaged

Chinese (中国の) [形] of or relating to China or its language or culture

lady (女性) [名] a woman who is well-mannered, courteous, or genteel

prominently (著しく) [副] in a way that is easily seen or noticed

中国の女性の足のように、人間性のあらゆる部分を圧迫して不具にし、その人をありきたりの人間とは輪郭が著しく異なるようにする傾向がある。

As is usually the case with ideals which exclude one-half of what is desirable, the present standard of approbation produces only an inferior imitation of the other half.

As is usually the case with (よくあることだが) [句] something that happens often

one-half (半分) [名] one of two equal parts

approbation (承認) [名] approval or praise

inferior (劣った) [形] of low standard or quality

imitation (模倣) [名] a copy of something

望ましいことの半分を排除する理想によくあることだが、現在の承認基準は残りの半分の劣った模倣しか生み出さない。

Instead of great energies guided by vigorous reason, and strong feelings strongly controlled by a conscientious will, its result is weak feelings and weak energies, which therefore can be kept in outward conformity to rule without any strength either of will or of reason.

control (制御する) [動] to exercise restraint or direction over; dominate

outward (外見上の) [形] of or relating to the outer part or surface

conformity (従う) [名] action in accordance with prevailing social standards, attitudes, and practices

精力的な理性によって導かれる大きなエネルギーと、良心的な意志によって強く制御される強い感情の代わりに、その結果は弱い感情と弱いエネルギーであり、それゆえ意志や理性の強さなしにも、外見上は規則に従うことができる。

Already energetic characters on any large scale are becoming merely traditional.

large scale (大規模な) [形] of a great size or extent

すでに、大規模な活動的な人物は、単に伝統的なものになりつつある。

There is now scarcely any outlet for energy in this country except business.

outlet (はけ口) [名] a way of expressing your feelings or energy

この国では、今やビジネス以外にエネルギーのはけ口はほとんどない。

The energy expended in that may still be regarded as considerable.

それに費やされるエネルギーは、依然としてかなりのものと考えられる。

What little is left from that employment, is expended on some hobby;

employment (仕事) [名] the state of having paid work

hobby (趣味) [名] an activity done regularly in one's leisure time for pleasure

その仕事から残されたわずかなものは、趣味に費やされる。

which may be a useful, even a philanthropic hobby, but is always some one thing, and generally a thing of small dimensions.

useful (有益な) [形] having a practical purpose or use

philanthropic (慈善的な) [形] concerned with or engaged in charity

small (小さな) [形] of a size that is less than average or usual

dimension (次元) [名] an aspect or feature of a situation

それは有益で、慈善的な趣味でさえあるかもしれないが、常に何か一つのことであり、一般的に小さな次元のことである。

The greatness of England is now all collective: individually small, we only appear capable of anything great by our habit of combining;

individually (個々) [副] one by one

anything (何か) [代] something, no matter what

イギリスの偉大さは今やすべて集団的なものである。個々人は小さく、私たちは団結する習慣によってのみ何か偉大なことを成し遂げることができるように見える。

and with this our moral and religious philanthropists are perfectly contented.

with (このことに) [前] used to show that two things are happening at the same time

this (このことに) [代] used to refer to a situation or event that is happening now

our (私たちの) [代] belonging to or connected with the speaker

philanthropist (慈善家) [名] a person who gives money and time to help people in need

contented (満足している) [形] happy and satisfied with your life or situation

そして、このことに私たちの道徳的、宗教的な慈善家たちは完全に満足している。

But it was men of another stamp than this that made England what it has been;

しかし、イギリスをこれまでのような国にしたのは、これとは別の型の人間だった。

and men of another stamp will be needed to prevent its decline.

そして、その衰退を防ぐためには、別の型の人間が必要なのである。

The despotism of custom is everywhere the standing hindrance to human advancement, being in unceasing antagonism to that disposition to aim at something better than customary, which is called, according to circumstances, the spirit of liberty, or that of progress or improvement.

disposition (性向) [名] a person's natural qualities of mind and character

慣習の専制は、どこにおいても人間の進歩に対する常在の障害であり、状況に応じて自由の精神、あるいは進歩や改善の精神と呼ばれる、慣習よりも優れた何かを目指す性向と絶えず対立している。

The spirit of improvement is not always a spirit of liberty, for it may aim at forcing improvements on an unwilling people;

aim (目的とする) [動] direct (something) toward a target

unwilling (不本意な) [形] not ready, eager, or prepared to do something

改善の精神は常に自由の精神であるとは限らない。なぜなら、それは不本意な人々に改善を強要することを目的としているかもしれないからである。

and the spirit of liberty, in so far as it resists such attempts, may ally itself locally and temporarily with the opponents of improvement;

ally (同盟を結ぶ) [動] to unite or connect

locally (局所的) [副] in or relating to a particular area or place

temporarily (一時的) [副] for a limited period of time; not permanently

そして、自由の精神は、そのような試みに抵抗する限りにおいて、改善に反対する者と局所的かつ一時的に同盟を結ぶかもしれない。

but the only unfailing and permanent source of improvement is liberty, since by it there are as many possible independent centres of improvement as there are individuals.

unfailing (確実な) [形] never failing or ceasing

by it (それによって) [代] by that

as many as (数だけ) [代] the same number as

しかし、改善の唯一の確実で永続的な源泉は自由である。なぜなら、自由によって、個人の数だけ独立した改善の中心が存在する可能性があるからである。

The progressive principle, however, in either shape, whether as the love of liberty or of improvement, is antagonistic to the sway of Custom, involving at least emancipation from that yoke;

progressive (進歩主義の) [形] favoring or advocating progress, change, improvement, or reform, as opposed to wishing to maintain things as they are

shape (形) [名] the external form, contours, or outline of someone or something

sway (支配) [名] a controlling influence over someone or something

しかし、進歩主義の原理は、自由を愛するにしても改善を愛するにしても、いずれの形であれ、慣習の支配に敵対するものであり、少なくともそのくびきからの解放を伴う。

and the contest between the two constitutes the chief interest of the history of mankind.

constitute (成す) [動] be equivalent to

そして、この二つの間の争いが人類史の主な関心事となっている。

The greater part of the world has, properly speaking, no history, because the despotism of Custom is complete.

greater part (大部分) [名] the majority of something

properly speaking (正確に言えば) [副] in a strict sense

世界の大部分は、正確に言えば、歴史がない。なぜなら、慣習の専制が完全だからである。

This is the case over the whole East.

East (東洋) [名] the countries of Asia

これは東洋全体に当てはまる。

Custom is there, in all things, the final appeal;

final (最終的な) [形] coming at the end of a series

慣習は、あらゆる事柄において、最終的な訴えである。

justice and right mean conformity to custom;

正義と権利は慣習への適合を意味する。

the argument of custom no one, unless some tyrant intoxicated with power, thinks of resisting.

intoxicated (酔った) [形] affected by alcohol to the extent of losing control of one's faculties or behavior

resisting (抵抗する) [動] oppose or fight against

権力に酔った暴君でもない限り、誰も慣習の議論に抵抗しようとは考えない。

And we see the result.

そして、その結果を見ることになる。

Those nations must once have had originality;

これらの国々はかつて独創性を持っていたに違いない。

they did not start out of the ground populous, lettered, and versed in many of the arts of life;

start out (出てきた) [動] begin a journey

populous (人口が多い) [形] having a large population

lettered (文字を持つ) [形] marked with letters

彼らは、人口が多く、文字を持ち、人生の多くの芸術に精通した状態で地面から出てきたわけではない。

they made themselves all this, and were then the greatest and most powerful nations in the world.

彼らはこれらすべてを自ら作り出し、当時は世界で最も偉大で強力な国々だった。

What are they now?

what (どうなっているだろうか) [代] the thing that is or has been mentioned or referred to

彼らは今どうなっているだろうか?

The subjects or dependants of tribes whose forefathers wandered in the forests when theirs had magnificent palaces and gorgeous temples, but over whom custom exercised only a divided rule with liberty and progress.

dependant (従属者) [名] a person who depends on another for financial support

forefathers (祖先) [名] a person from whom one is descended

wander (さまよう) [動] move about or travel without a fixed destination or purpose

forest (森) [名] a large area of land covered with different kinds of plants, especially trees

magnificent (壮大な) [形] extremely impressive or very good

palace (宮殿) [名] a large, impressive building, usually made of stone, which was historically built for a king or queen

gorgeous (豪華な) [形] very beautiful or attractive

temple (寺院) [名] a building used for the worship of a god or gods, especially in the Buddhist and Hindu religions

彼らの祖先が壮大な宮殿や豪華な寺院を持ちながら森をさまよっていた部族の臣民や従属者たちだが、彼らに対しては慣習が自由と進歩と分断された支配を行使しただけだった。

A people, it appears, may be progressive for a certain length of time, and then stop: when does it stop?

people (民族) [名] a group of persons living in a defined territory and having a common culture

progressive (進歩的) [形] moving forward or onward

length (期間) [名] the measurement of something from end to end

stop (止まる) [動] to cease moving or operating

when (いつ) [副] at what time

ある民族は、一定期間進歩した後、止まってしまうことがあるようだが、いつ止まるのか?

When it ceases to possess individuality.

個性を失ったときだ。

If a similar change should befall the nations of Europe, it will not be in exactly the same shape: the despotism of custom with which these nations are threatened is not precisely stationariness.

change (変化) [名] the act or instance of making or becoming different

befall (起こる) [動] happen to

precisely (正確に) [副] in exact terms; without vagueness

stationariness (停滞) [名] the state of not moving or changing

同様の変化がヨーロッパ諸国に起こったとしても、それは全く同じ形ではないだろう。これらの国々を脅かしている慣習の専制は、正確には停滞ではない。

It proscribes singularity, but it does not preclude change, provided all change together.

proscribe (禁止する) [動] officially or legally prohibit something

singularity (特異性) [名] the state of being singular

それは特異性を禁止するが、すべてが一緒に変化する限り、変化を排除するものではない。

We have discarded the fixed costumes of our forefathers;

fixed (決まった) [形] not subject to change or variation

costume (衣装) [名] a set of clothes that are worn together to create a character

私たちは先祖の決まった衣装を捨ててしまった。

every one must still dress like other people, but the fashion may change once or twice a year.

dress (服を着る) [動] put on clothes

fashion (ファッション) [名] a popular trend, especially in styles of dress and ornament or manners of behavior

change (変わる) [動] become different

誰もが他の人と同じように服を着なければならないが、ファッションは年に1、2回変わるかもしれない。

We thus take care that when there is change, it shall be for change's sake, and not from any idea of beauty or convenience;

beauty (美しさ) [名] the quality or aggregate of qualities in a person or thing that gives pleasure to the senses or pleasurably exalts the mind or spirit

convenience (利便性) [名] the quality of being able to be used easily and effectively

このように、変化がある場合には、美しさや利便性といった考えからではなく、変化のために変化があるように注意を払っている。

for the same idea of beauty or convenience would not strike all the world at the same moment, and be simultaneously thrown aside by all at another moment.

strike (襲う) [動] hit forcibly and deliberately with one's hand or a weapon or other implement, especially as a way of attacking someone or something

world (全世界) [名] the earth, together with all of its countries, peoples, and natural features

moment (瞬間) [名] a very brief period of time

simultaneously (同時に) [副] at the same time

throw aside (捨てる) [動] get rid of something by putting it in a place where it is not wanted

なぜなら、美しさや利便性に関する同じ考えが、同じ瞬間に全世界を襲い、別の瞬間に同時に捨てられることはないからである。

But we are progressive as well as changeable: we continually make new inventions in mechanical things, and keep them until they are again superseded by better;

changeable (変わりやすい) [形] liable or likely to change

invention (発明) [名] a new device, method, or process developed from study and experimentation

keep (保持する) [動] to hold or retain

しかし、私たちは変化するだけでなく進歩的でもあり、機械的な事柄で常に新しい発明をしており、それらがより良いものに取って代わられるまで保持している。

we are eager for improvement in politics, in education, even in morals, though in this last our idea of improvement chiefly consists in persuading or forcing other people to be as good as ourselves.

eager (熱心な) [形] strongly wanting to do or have something

私たちは政治、教育、道徳においても改善に熱心であるが、この最後の改善の考えは主に他の人々を自分たちと同じように善良にするよう説得したり強制したりすることにある。

It is not progress that we object to;

object to (反対する) [動] be against something; express or feel disapproval of or disagreement with something

私たちが反対しているのは進歩ではない。

on the contrary, we flatter ourselves that we are the most progressive people who ever lived.

flatter oneself (自負する) [動] to have too high an opinion of oneself

progressive (進歩的な) [形] favoring or promoting progress or reform

それどころか、私たちはこれまでで最も進歩的な人々であると自負している。

It is individuality that we war against: we should think we had done wonders if we had made ourselves all alike;

war (戦う) [動] be engaged in a war

私たちが戦っているのは個性であり、私たちが皆同じようにできたら素晴らしいことをしたと思うだろう。

forgetting that the unlikeness of one person to another is generally the first thing which draws the attention of either to the imperfection of his own type, and the superiority of another, or the possibility, by combining the advantages of both, of producing something better than either.

unlikeness (違い) [名] the quality of being unlike

one person (一人の人間) [名] a human being

draw attention (注意を向ける) [動] to cause someone to notice something

imperfection (不完全性) [名] the quality or state of being imperfect

something (何か) [名] an unspecified or unknown thing

一人の人間と別の人間の違いは、一般的に、自分のタイプの不完全性や別のタイプの優越性、あるいは両方の利点を組み合わせることで、どちらよりも優れたものを生み出す可能性に注意を向けさせる最初のものであることを忘れている。

We have a warning example in China—a nation of much talent, and, in some respects, even wisdom, owing to the rare good fortune of having been provided at an early period with a particularly good set of customs, the work, in some measure, of men to whom even the most enlightened European must accord, under certain limitations, the title of sages and philosophers.

China (中国) [名] a country in East Asia

rare (稀な) [形] not common or frequent

good fortune (幸運) [名] luck

early period (早い時期) [名] a time in the past that is not long ago

particularly (特に) [副] to a higher degree than is usual or average

set of customs (習慣) [名] a way of behaving or doing things that is usual or traditional among a group of people

some measure (ある程度) [名] a small amount

accord (与える) [動] to give or grant someone or something

certain limitation (一定の制限) [名] a restriction on the amount, extent, or type of something

title (称号) [名] a name that describes someone's position, job, or rank

sage (賢者) [名] a very wise person

中国には警告的な例がある。中国は、早い時期に特に優れた習慣が整備されたという稀に見る幸運に恵まれたため、才能に富み、ある意味、知恵さえも備えた国である。ある程度は、最も啓蒙されたヨーロッパ人でさえ、一定の制限の下で賢者や哲学者の称号を与えなければならない人々の仕事である。

They are remarkable, too, in the excellence of their apparatus for impressing, as far as possible, the best wisdom they possess upon every mind in the community, and securing that those who have appropriated most of it shall occupy the posts of honour and power.

apparatus (装置) [名] a set of equipment or tools

impress (印象付ける) [動] to affect someone or something strongly

appropriate (占領する) [動] to take or use something for oneself, often without permission

彼らはまた、彼らが持っている最高の知恵を可能な限りコミュニティのすべての人の心に印象付け、そのほとんどを占領した人々が名誉と権力の地位を占めることを確実にするための装置の優秀さにおいても注目に値する。

Surely the people who did this have discovered the secret of human progressiveness, and must have kept themselves steadily at the head of the movement of the world.

secret (秘密) [名] something that is kept or meant to be kept unknown or unseen by others

progressiveness (進歩) [名] the state of advancing

steadily (着実に) [副] in a steady manner

head (先頭) [名] the front or upper part of the body, or the front or top part of something

確かに、これを行った人々は人間の進歩の秘密を発見し、世界の運動の先頭に着実に身を置いてきたに違いない。

On the contrary, they have become stationary—have remained so for thousands of years;

stationary (停滞した) [形] not moving or not intended to be moved

thousands of years (何千年も) [名] a very long time

それどころか、彼らは停滞し、何千年もの間停滞したままである。

and if they are ever to be farther improved, it must be by foreigners.

ever (これまで) [副] at any time in the past or future; on any occasion; at all

to be (なされる) [動] to exist or live

farther (さらに) [副] to a greater extent or degree

improved (改善される) [動] to make or become better

by (によって) [前] near or next to; beside

そして、もし彼らがさらに改善されるならば、それは外国人によってなされなければならない。

They have succeeded beyond all hope in what English philanthropists are so industriously working at—in making a people all alike, all governing their thoughts and conduct by the same maxims and rules;

English (イギリスの) [形] of or relating to England or its people or language

industriously (熱心に) [副] in a hard-working and diligent manner

work at (取り組む) [動] to try to achieve something

彼らは、イギリスの慈善家たちが熱心に取り組んでいること、つまり人々をすべて同じようにし、すべて同じ格言と規則によって思考と行動を支配することにおいて、すべての希望を超えて成功した。

and these are the fruits.

そして、これらはその成果である。

The modern régime of public opinion is, in an unorganised form, what the Chinese educational and political systems are in an organised;

régime (体制) [名] a system or planned way of doing things, especially one imposed from above

unorganised (組織化されていない) [形] not having or arranged in a systematic way

educational (教育の) [形] of or relating to education

現代の世論の体制は、組織化されていない形で、中国の教育システムと政治システムが組織化されたものである。

and unless individuality shall be able successfully to assert itself against this yoke, Europe, notwithstanding its noble antecedents and its professed Christianity, will tend to become another China.

notwithstanding (にもかかわらず) [前] without being influenced by; despite

antecedent (前例) [名] a thing or event that existed or happened before another

そして、個性がこのくびきに対して首尾よく自己主張できない限り、ヨーロッパは、その高貴な前例とキリスト教を公言しているにもかかわらず、もう一つの中国になる傾向があるだろう。

What is it that has hitherto preserved Europe from this lot?

preserve (守る) [動] keep safe from harm or injury

lot (運命) [名] a person's destiny or fortune

これまでヨーロッパをこの運命から守ってきたのは何だろうか?

What has made the European family of nations an improving, instead of a stationary portion of mankind?

improving (進歩する) [動] make or become better

ヨーロッパ諸国を人類の停滞した部分ではなく、進歩する部分にしたのは何だろうか?

Not any superior excellence in them, which, when it exists, exists as the effect, not as the cause;

superior excellence (優れた卓越性) [名] the quality of being outstanding or extremely good

彼らに優れた卓越性があるわけではない。もしあったとしても、それは原因ではなく結果として存在する。

but their remarkable diversity of character and culture.

しかし、彼らの性格や文化の多様性は注目に値する。

Individuals, classes, nations, have been extremely unlike one another: they have struck out a great variety of paths, each leading to something valuable;

extremely (非常に) [副] to a very great degree

unlike (異なっている) [形] not similar or alike

strike out (切り開く) [動] to set out on a journey

path (道) [名] a way of doing something

lead (通じる) [動] to go or take someone or something in a particular direction

個人、階級、国家は互いに非常に異なっている。彼らはそれぞれが価値あるものに通じる多種多様な道を切り開いてきた。

and although at every period those who travelled in different paths have been intolerant of one another, and each would have thought it an excellent thing if all the rest could have been compelled to travel his road, their attempts to thwart each other's development have rarely had any permanent success, and each has in time endured to receive the good which the others have offered.

at every period (どの時代においても) [名] at all times

travel (歩む) [動] go from one place to another

intolerant (相容れない) [形] not willing to accept or allow something

each other (互い) [代] the other person in a relationship between two people

thwart (阻害する) [動] prevent from accomplishing a goal

permanent (永続的) [形] lasting for a long time or forever

endure (至る) [動] tolerate something unpleasant

そして、どの時代においても、異なる道を歩む人々は互いに相容れず、残りの人々が皆自分の道を歩むように強制することができれば、それぞれがそれを素晴らしいことだと考えたであろうが、互いの発展を阻害しようとする彼らの試みが永続的に成功することはほとんどなく、それぞれがやがて他者が差し出した善を受け入れるに至ったのである。

Europe is, in my judgment, wholly indebted to this plurality of paths for its progressive and many-sided development.

indebted (おかげである) [形] owing gratitude or recognition to someone

plurality (多様性) [名] the state or fact of being plural

many-sided (多面的な) [形] having many aspects or facets

私の判断では、ヨーロッパは進歩的で多面的な発展を遂げたのは、この道の多様性のおかげである。

But it already begins to possess this benefit in a considerably less degree.

begin (始める) [動] start to do something

considerably (かなり) [副] to a noticeable extent

しかし、すでにこの恩恵をかなり少なく受け始めている。

It is decidedly advancing towards the Chinese ideal of making all people alike.

すべての人を同じようにするという中国の理想に向かって、明らかに前進している。

M. de Tocqueville, in his last important work, remarks how much more the Frenchmen of the present day resemble one another, than did those even of the last generation.

M. de Tocqueville (トクヴィル氏) [名] a French political thinker and historian

work (著作) [名] a book or other written material

present day (現代) [名] the time that is happening now

Frenchmen (フランス人) [名] a person from France

resemble (似ている) [動] be like or similar to

last generation (前世代) [名] the generation of people who lived before the current generation

トクヴィル氏は、彼の最後の重要な著作の中で、現代のフランス人は、前世代のフランス人よりも、互いに似ていることを指摘している。

The same remark might be made of Englishmen in a far greater degree.

remark (発言) [名] a statement that you make about something

Englishmen (イギリス人) [名] a person from England

イギリス人については、もっとそう言えるだろう。

In a passage already quoted from Wilhelm von Humboldt, he points out two things as necessary conditions of human development, because necessary to render people unlike one another;

passage (一節) [名] a section of a written work

quote (引用) [動] repeat a group of words from a text or speech

render (似ないようにする) [動] to cause to be or become

すでに引用したヴィルヘルム・フォン・フンボルトの一節で、彼は人間の発達に必要な条件として、人々を互いに似ないようにするために必要な二つのことを指摘している。

namely, freedom, and variety of situations.

すなわち、自由と状況の多様性である。

The second of these two conditions is in this country every day diminishing.

second (二つ目) [名] the number 2 in a series

day (日) [名] a period of time from sunrise to sunset

diminish (減少する) [動] become or make smaller or less

この二つの条件のうち、二つ目はこの国では日々減少している。

The circumstances which surround different classes and individuals, and shape their characters, are daily becoming more assimilated.

daily (日々) [形] happening or done every day

assimilate (同化する) [動] take in and understand fully

異なる階級や個人を取り巻き、その性格を形作る環境は、日々同化が進んでいる。

Formerly, different ranks, different neighbourhoods, different trades and professions, lived in what might be called different worlds;

neighbourhood (地域) [名] a community of people living near one another

trade (職業) [名] a job requiring manual or mechanical skill

かつては、異なる階級、異なる地域、異なる職業や職業が、異なる世界と呼べる場所に住んでいた。

at present, to a great degree in the same.

at present (現在では) [副] now; at this time

to a great degree (かなりの程度) [副] to a large extent; very much

in the same (同じ世界に) [副] in the same way or manner

現在では、かなりの程度同じ世界に住んでいる。

Comparatively speaking, they now read the same things, listen to the same things, see the same things, go to the same places, have their hopes and fears directed to the same objects, have the same rights and liberties, and the same means of asserting them.

speak (言えば) [動] say words or sentences

read (読む) [動] look at and understand the meaning of written or printed words

go (行く) [動] move or travel

mean (手段) [名] a method, style, or manner of doing something

比較的言えば、彼らは今や同じものを読み、同じものを聞き、同じものを見て、同じ場所に行き、同じ対象に向けられた希望と恐れを持ち、同じ権利と自由を持ち、それらを主張する同じ手段を持っている。

Great as are the differences of position which remain, they are nothing to those which have ceased.

残っている地位の違いは大きいが、なくなった地位の違いに比べれば何でもない。

And the assimilation is still proceeding.

assimilation (同化) [名] the process of becoming similar to something else

そして、同化は依然として進行中である。

All the political changes of the age promote it, since they all tend to raise the low and to lower the high.

promote (促進する) [動] to help or encourage to exist or flourish

時代のすべての政治的変化は、すべてが低いものを上げ、高いものを引き下げる傾向があるので、それを促進する。

Every extension of education promotes it, because education brings people under common influences, and gives them access to the general stock of facts and sentiments.

extension (拡大) [名] the action of extending something

access (アクセス) [名] the means or opportunity to approach or enter a place

教育のあらゆる拡大はそれを促進する。なぜなら、教育は人々を共通の影響下に置き、事実や感情の一般的な蓄積へのアクセスを与えるからである。

Improvements in the means of communication promote it, by bringing the inhabitants of distant places into personal contact, and keeping up a rapid flow of changes of residence between one place and another.

communication (コミュニケーション) [名] the imparting or exchanging of information or news

inhabitant (住民) [名] a person who lives in a particular place

distant (遠く離れた) [形] far away in space or time

rapid (急速な) [形] very fast or quick

flow (流れ) [名] the action or fact of moving or running smoothly and continuously

residence (居住地) [名] the place where one lives

between (間に) [前] in the interval separating two points in space, time, or sequence

コミュニケーション手段の改善は、遠く離れた場所の住民を個人的な接触に持ち込み、ある場所と別の場所の間の居住地の変化の急速な流れを維持することによって、それを促進する。

The increase of commerce and manufactures promotes it, by diffusing more widely the advantages of easy circumstances, and opening all objects of ambition, even the highest, to general competition, whereby the desire of rising becomes no longer the character of a particular class, but of all classes.

commerce (商業) [名] the activity of buying and selling goods and services

manufacture (製造業) [名] the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale

diffuse (普及させる) [動] spread or cause to spread over a wide area

rise (上昇) [名] an increase in the level of something

商業と製造業の増加は、安易な状況の利点をより広く普及させ、野心の対象をすべて、最高のものまで一般の競争に開放することによって、それを促進する。それによって、上昇の欲求はもはや特定の階級の性格ではなく、すべての階級の性格となる。

A more powerful agency than even all these, in bringing about a general similarity among mankind, is the complete establishment, in this and other free countries, of the ascendency of public opinion in the State.

similarity (類似性) [名] the state or fact of being similar

bring about (もたらす) [動] cause to happen

人類の間に一般的な類似性をもたらす上で、これらすべてよりも強力な機関は、この国や他の自由な国々において、国家における世論の優勢が完全に確立されていることである。

As the various social eminences which enabled persons entrenched on them to disregard the opinion of the multitude, gradually become levelled;

eminence (卓越性) [名] the quality of being eminent; superiority

disregard (無視する) [動] to pay no attention to

become levelled (平準化される) [動] to become equal or uniform

人々が群衆の意見を無視することを可能にした様々な社会的卓越性が、徐々に平準化されるにつれて、

as the very idea of resisting the will of the public, when it is positively known that they have a will, disappears more and more from the minds of practical politicians;

disappear (消える) [動] to stop existing or being seen

国民が意志を持っていることが明らかになったとき、国民の意志に抵抗するという考えそのものが、実践的な政治家の心からますます消えていくにつれて、

there ceases to be any social support for non-conformity—any substantive power in society, which, itself opposed to the ascendency of numbers, is interested in taking under its protection opinions and tendencies at variance with those of the public.

social support (社会的支援) [名] the provision of assistance to individuals or groups based on their need

non-conformity (非適合) [名] the refusal to conform to generally or traditionally accepted standards or rules

substantive power (実質的な権力) [名] the power to make and enforce laws

take under one's protection (保護する) [動] to take care of and defend someone or something

非適合に対する社会的支援はなくなり、社会における実質的な権力は、それ自体が数の優勢に反対し、国民の意見や傾向とは異なる意見や傾向を保護することに関心を持つようになる。

The combination of all these causes forms so great a mass of influences hostile to Individuality, that it is not easy to see how it can stand its ground.

combination (組み合わせ) [名] the result of combining two or more things

stand one's ground (立場を維持する) [動] to refuse to change your opinion or to do what someone wants you to do

これらすべての原因が組み合わさって、個性に敵対する影響力が非常に大きくなり、どのようにしてその立場を維持できるのか、簡単にはわからない。

It will do so with increasing difficulty, unless the intelligent part of the public can be made to feel its value—to see that it is good there should be differences, even though not for the better, even though, as it may appear to them, some should be for the worse.

国民の知的な部分にその価値を感じさせることができなければ、それはますます困難になるだろう。彼らにはそう見えるかもしれないが、一部はより悪くなるべきだとしても、より良い方向に向かわないとしても、違いがあることは良いことだと理解することだ。

If the claims of Individuality are ever to be asserted, the time is now, while much is still wanting to complete the enforced assimilation.

complete (完了する) [動] finish making or doing

enforced (強制的な) [形] imposed by force or authority

個性の主張が主張されることがあるのであれば、強制的な同化を完了するためにまだ多くのことが求められている今がその時だ。

It is only in the earlier stages that any stand can be successfully made against the encroachment.

earlier stage (初期段階) [名] the first part of a process

stand (立場) [名] a position that one takes on an issue

successfully (成功裏に) [副] with success

make (築く) [動] to cause to exist or happen

encroachment (侵略) [名] the act of entering or advancing into another's territory or sphere of influence

侵略に対して何らかの立場を成功裏に築くことができるのは、初期段階だけである。

The demand that all other people shall resemble ourselves, grows by what it feeds on.

他のすべての人が自分と似ているべきだという要求は、それが糧とすることによって大きくなる。

If resistance waits till life is reduced nearly to one uniform type, all deviations from that type will come to be considered impious, immoral, even monstrous and contrary to nature.

reduce (還元される) [動] make or become smaller or less in amount, degree, or size

wait (待たれる) [動] stay where one is or delay action until a particular time or until something else happens

monstrous (怪物じみた) [形] extremely and shockingly wicked or cruel

人生がほぼ一様な型に還元されるまで抵抗が待たれるなら、その型からのすべての逸脱は、不敬虔で、不道徳で、さらには怪物じみていて、自然に反すると見なされるようになるだろう。

Mankind speedily become unable to conceive diversity, when they have been for some time unaccustomed to see it.

speedily (すぐに) [副] very quickly

become unable to (できなくなる) [動] lose the ability to do something

conceive (想像する) [動] form an idea or opinion of

人類は、しばらく多様性を見ることに慣れていないと、すぐに多様性を想像することができなくなる。

CHAPTER IV: OF THE LIMITS TO THE AUTHORITY OF SOCIETY OVER THE INDIVIDUAL.

CHAPTER IV (第4章) [名] the fourth chapter

LIMITS (限界) [名] the final, utmost, or furthest point

第4章: 個人に対する社会の権限の限界について

What, then, is the rightful limit to the sovereignty of the individual over himself?

sovereignty (主権) [名] supreme power or authority

rightful (正当な) [形] having a just or lawful claim

では、個人の自分に対する主権の正当な限界は何だろうか?

Where does the authority of society begin?

begin (始まる) [動] start to happen or exist

社会の権限はどこから始まるのか?

How much of human life should be assigned to individuality, and how much to society?

assign (割り当てる) [動] give a task or responsibility to someone

人間の生活のどれだけを個人に割り当て、どれだけを社会に割り当てるべきか?

Each will receive its proper share, if each has that which more particularly concerns it.

それぞれがより密接に関係するものを持つならば、それぞれが適切な分け前を受け取るだろう。

To individuality should belong the part of life in which it is chiefly the individual that is interested;

belong (属する) [動] be a member of

interested (関心を持つ) [形] having or showing curiosity or concern about something

主に個人が関心を持つ部分は個人に属するべきである。

to society, the part which chiefly interests society.

主に社会が関心を持つ部分は社会に属するべきである。

Though society is not founded on a contract, and though no good purpose is answered by inventing a contract in order to deduce social obligations from it, every one who receives the protection of society owes a return for the benefit, and the fact of living in society renders it indispensable that each should be bound to observe a certain line of conduct towards the rest.

found (成立する) [動] establish or originate

contract (契約) [名] a legally binding agreement

社会は契約に基づいて成立しているわけではないし、社会的な義務をそこから導き出すために契約を創作しても何の良い目的も果たされないが、社会の保護を受けている人は誰でもその恩恵に対する見返りを負っているし、社会で生活しているという事実は、各人が他の人に対して一定の行動方針を守らなければならないことを不可欠にしている。

This conduct consists, first, in not injuring the interests of one another;

injure (傷つける) [動] cause physical harm or damage to

この行動は、第一に、互いの利益を傷つけないことにある。

or rather certain interests which, either by express legal provision or by tacit understanding, ought to be considered as rights;

provision (規定) [名] a clause that provides for a particular matter

understanding (了解) [名] a mental grasp

be considered (見なされる) [動] to think of as being; regard as

あるいはむしろ、明示的な法的規定または暗黙の了解によって、権利と見なされるべき特定の利益である。

and secondly, in each person's bearing his share (to be fixed on some equitable principle) of the labours and sacrifices incurred for defending the society or its members from injury and molestation.

bearing (負うこと) [動] carry or support

equitable (公平な) [形] just or fair

incurred (生じた) [動] become subject to (something unwelcome)

molestation (嫌がらせ) [名] the act of subjecting someone to unwanted or improper sexual advances or activity

第二に、社会やその構成員を傷害や嫌がらせから守るために生じた労働や犠牲の各自の分担(公平な原則に基づいて決定される)を負うことにある。

These conditions society is justified in enforcing, at all costs to those who endeavour to withhold fulfilment.

at all costs (いかなる犠牲を払ってでも) [副] no matter what the cost or risk

withhold (差し控える) [動] refuse to give or allow

fulfilment (履行) [名] the achievement of something desired or promised

社会は、これらの条件を、履行を差し控えようとする人々に対して、いかなる犠牲を払ってでも強制することが正当化される。

Nor is this all that society may do.

社会ができることはこれだけではない。

The acts of an individual may be hurtful to others, or wanting in due consideration for their welfare, without going the length of violating any of their constituted rights.

hurtful (傷つける) [形] causing emotional pain

want (欠く) [動] to feel a need or a wish for

due consideration (十分な配慮) [名] proper or sufficient attention or care

個人の行為は、他人の権利を侵害するまでには至らなくても、他人を傷つけたり、他人の福祉に対する十分な配慮を欠いたりすることがある。

The offender may then be justly punished by opinion though not by law.

offender (違反者) [名] a person who has committed a crime or broken the law

justly (正当に) [副] in a fair and just way

その場合、違反者は法律によってではなく、世論によって正当に処罰される。

As soon as any part of a person's conduct affects prejudicially the interests of others, society has jurisdiction over it, and the question whether the general welfare will or will not be promoted by interfering with it, becomes open to discussion.

prejudicially (不利益に) [副] in a way that is harmful to someone or something

jurisdiction (管轄) [名] the official power to make legal decisions and judgments

interfere (妨害する) [動] prevent from continuing or being carried out properly

人の行為の一部が他人の利益に不利益を与えるとすぐに、社会はその行為を管轄し、その行為を妨害することで一般の福祉が促進されるかどうかという問題が議論の対象となる。

But there is no room for entertaining any such question when a person's conduct affects the interests of no persons besides himself, or needs not affect them unless they like (all the persons concerned being of full age, and the ordinary amount of understanding).

entertain (考える) [動] to consider or think about

しかし、人の行為が自分以外の人の利益に影響を与えない場合、あるいは彼らが望まない限り影響を与える必要がない場合(関係者全員が成人であり、通常の理解力がある場合)、そのような問題を考える余地はない。

In all such cases there should be perfect freedom, legal and social, to do the action and stand the consequences.

そのような場合にはすべて、行動を起こし、その結果に耐えるための法的、社会的に完全な自由があるべきである。

It would be a great misunderstanding of this doctrine, to suppose that it is one of selfish indifference, which pretends that human beings have no business with each other's conduct in life, and that they should not concern themselves about the well-doing or well-being of one another, unless their own interest is involved.

It would be (それは) [代] the thing that is being discussed

misunderstanding (誤解) [名] a failure to understand something correctly

have no business with (干渉すべきではない) [動] have no legitimate interest in

involved (関わっている) [動] be included or concerned in something

この教義を、人間は互いの生活態度に干渉すべきではなく、自分の利益に関わらない限り、互いの善行や幸福に関心を持つべきではないとする利己的な無関心の教義であると考えるのは、この教義を大きく誤解していることになる。

Instead of any diminution, there is need of a great increase of disinterested exertion to promote the good of others.

diminution (減少) [名] the action or fact of making or becoming less

promote (促進) [動] further the progress of; support or actively encourage

減少させるのではなく、他人の善を促進するための無私無欲の努力を大いに増やす必要がある。

But disinterested benevolence can find other instruments to persuade people to their good, than whips and scourges, either of the literal or the metaphorical sort.

benevolence (慈悲) [名] the quality of being kind and generous

whip (鞭) [名] a strip of leather or a similar material used for beating or driving animals or people

scourge (鞭) [名] a whip used as an instrument of punishment

literal (文字通りの) [形] taking words in their usual or most basic sense without metaphor or allegory

metaphorical (比喩的な) [形] relating to or using metaphor

しかし、無私無欲の慈悲は、文字通りの鞭や鞭ではなく、人々を善に説得するための他の道具を見つけることができる。

I am the last person to undervalue the self-regarding virtues;

undervalue (過小評価する) [動] estimate or regard at too low a value

self-regarding (自己中心的な) [形] concerned with oneself or one's own interests

私は自己中心的な美徳を過小評価するような人間ではない。

they are only second in importance, if even second, to the social.

自己中心的な美徳は、社会的なものに比べて重要性が2番目であるとしても、2番目でしかない。

It is equally the business of education to cultivate both.

cultivate (育てる) [動] prepare and use (land) for crops or gardening

両方を育てるのは、教育の仕事である。

But even education works by conviction and persuasion as well as by compulsion, and it is by the former only that, when the period of education is past, the self-regarding virtues should be inculcated.

work (働く) [動] to be employed

しかし、教育でさえも、強制だけでなく、信念と説得によって行われ、教育期間が過ぎ去った後、自己中心的な美徳を教え込むのは、前者によってのみである。

Human beings owe to each other help to distinguish the better from the worse, and encouragement to choose the former and avoid the latter.

each other (互いに) [代] one another

encouragement (励まし) [名] the action of encouraging

人間は、善と悪を区別する助け合い、善を選び悪を避ける励まし合いを互いに負っている。

They should be for ever stimulating each other to increased exercise of their higher faculties, and increased direction of their feelings and aims towards wise instead of foolish, elevating instead of degrading, objects and contemplations.

higher faculty (より高度な能力) [名] a higher ability or power

degrading (堕落させる) [形] causing a severe loss in the quality or value of someone or something

彼らは、より高度な能力をより発揮し、愚かなものではなく賢いもの、堕落させるものではなく高揚させるもの、対象や熟考に向かって、感情や目標をより向けるように、互いに刺激し合うべきである。

But neither one person, nor any number of persons, is warranted in saying to another human creature of ripe years, that he shall not do with his life for his own benefit what he chooses to do with it.

any number of persons (何人かの人間) [名] a group of people

another human creature (別の人間) [名] a different human being

ripe years (成熟した年齢) [名] an age at which a person is fully developed

his own benefit (自分の利益) [名] something that is good for oneself

his life (自分の人生) [名] the period of time during which a person is alive

what he chooses to do with it (自分で選んではならない) [名] the thing that a person decides to do

しかし、一人の人間も、何人かの人間も、成熟した年齢の別の人間に、自分の利益のために自分の人生をどうするかを自分で選んではならないと言うことはできない。

He is the person most interested in his own well-being: the interest which any other person, except in cases of strong personal attachment, can have in it, is trifling, compared with that which he himself has;

interested (関心のある) [形] having a feeling of wanting to know or learn about something or someone

attachment (愛着) [名] a feeling of affection or loyalty that you have for someone or something

trifling (些細な) [形] unimportant or of little value

彼は自分の幸福に最も関心のある人物であり、強い個人的な愛着がある場合を除いて、他の誰かがそれに持つことができる関心は、彼自身が持つ関心と比較して些細なものである。

the interest which society has in him individually (except as to his conduct to others) is fractional, and altogether indirect:

fractional (部分的) [形] relating to a fraction; being a fraction

altogether (全体的に) [副] completely; in total

indirect (間接的) [形] not direct; not going straight to the point

社会が彼個人に対して持つ関心は(他人に対する彼の行動を除いて)部分的であり、全体的に間接的である。

while, with respect to his own feelings and circumstances, the most ordinary man or woman has means of knowledge immeasurably surpassing those that can be possessed by any one else.

with respect to (に関して) [前] in relation to; regarding

immeasurably (計り知れないほど) [副] to a very great degree

surpass (超える) [動] be greater or better than

一方、自分の感情や状況に関して、最も普通の男性や女性は、他の誰もが持つことができるものを計り知れないほど超える知識の手段を持っている。

The interference of society to overrule his judgment and purposes in what only regards himself, must be grounded on general presumptions;

overrule (無効にする) [動] to rule against or reject

ground (基づいている) [動] to provide a basis for

presumption (推定) [名] an idea that is taken to be true, or something that is accepted as true without proof

自分だけに関する事柄で彼の判断や目的を無効にするための社会の干渉は、一般的な推定に基づいていなければならない。

which may be altogether wrong, and even if right, are as likely as not to be misapplied to individual cases, by persons no better acquainted with the circumstances of such cases than those are who look at them merely from without.

as likely as not (十中八九) [副] very probably

misapply (誤用する) [動] use wrongly or incorrectly

acquainted (知っている) [形] having knowledge or information

without (外) [名] the external part of something

それは全く間違っているかもしれないし、正しいとしても、そのような事件の状況を単に外から見ているだけの人よりもよく知らない人によって、個々の事件に誤って適用される可能性が高い。

In this department, therefore, of human affairs, Individuality has its proper field of action.

field of action (行動領域) [名] the range of a person's activities

したがって、人間の営みのこの分野において、個性は適切な行動領域を持つ。

In the conduct of human beings towards one another, it is necessary that general rules should for the most part be observed, in order that people may know what they have to expect;

人間同士の行動において、人々が何を期待すべきかを知るためには、一般的なルールをほとんど守る必要がある。

but in each person's own concerns, his individual spontaneity is entitled to free exercise.

entitled (権利がある) [動] give (someone) a legal right or claim to something

しかし、各人の関心事においては、その人の個々の自発性は自由に行使する権利がある。

Considerations to aid his judgment, exhortations to strengthen his will, may be offered to him, even obtruded on him, by others;

aid (助ける) [動] to give help to

exhortation (勧告) [名] an urgent appeal

obtrude (押し付ける) [動] to force oneself or one's opinions on others

彼の判断を助けるための考慮、彼の意志を強めるための勧告は、他人によって彼に提供され、彼に押し付けられるかもしれない。

but he himself is the final judge.

himself (彼自身) [代] the male person being discussed

しかし、彼自身が最終的な裁判官である。

All errors which he is likely to commit against advice and warning, are far outweighed by the evil of allowing others to constrain him to what they deem his good.

far outweigh (はるかに上回る) [動] be much greater in weight, value, or importance than (something else)

彼が忠告や警告に反して犯す可能性のあるすべての過ちは、他人が彼の善とみなすものに彼を制約することを許す悪によって、はるかに上回る。

I do not mean that the feelings with which a person is regarded by others, ought not to be in any way affected by his self-regarding qualities or deficiencies.

affect (影響を受ける) [動] have an effect on; make a difference to

self (自己) [名] a person's essential being that distinguishes them from others

私は、人が他人から見られる感情が、その人の自己に関する資質や欠陥によって何らかの影響を受けるべきではないという意味ではない。

This is neither possible nor desirable.

これは不可能であり、望ましくもない。

If he is eminent in any of the qualities which conduce to his own good, he is, so far, a proper object of admiration.

eminent (優れている) [形] standing out so as to be readily seen or noticed

conduce (役立つ) [動] lead or contribute to (a result)

so far (これまでのところ) [副] to the extent or degree attained or described

admiration (賞賛) [名] a feeling of very strong approval

もし彼が自分自身の善に役立つ資質のいずれかに優れているならば、彼は、これまでのところ、賞賛に値する対象である。

He is so much the nearer to the ideal perfection of human nature.

perfection (完成) [名] the state or quality of being perfect or complete

彼は人間性の理想的な完成にそれだけ近い。

If he is grossly deficient in those qualities, a sentiment the opposite of admiration will follow.

grossly (著しく) [副] to a very large extent

deficient (欠けている) [形] lacking in some necessary quality or element

もし彼がこれらの資質に著しく欠けているならば、賞賛とは正反対の感情が続くだろう。

There is a degree of folly, and a degree of what may be called (though the phrase is not unobjectionable) lowness or depravation of taste, which, though it cannot justify doing harm to the person who manifests it, renders him necessarily and properly a subject of distaste, or, in extreme cases, even of contempt: a person could not have the opposite qualities in due strength without entertaining these feelings.

folly (愚かさ) [名] foolishness

what may be called (呼べるもの) [名] something that can be described as

lowness (低俗さ) [名] the quality or state of being low

depravation (堕落) [名] the state of being depraved

manifest (表す) [動] to show or demonstrate clearly

distaste (嫌悪) [名] a feeling of strong dislike

contempt (軽蔑) [名] the feeling that a person or a thing is not good enough to be treated with respect

opposite (正反対の) [形] completely different from each other

ある程度の愚かさや、ある程度の(この言い回しには異論がないわけではないが)趣味の低俗さや堕落とでも呼べるものがあり、それを表す人に危害を加えることを正当化することはできないが、その人を必然的に、また適切に嫌悪の対象とし、極端な場合には軽蔑の対象とさえする。人はこれらの感情を抱かずに、正反対の資質を十分に持つことはできない。

Though doing no wrong to any one, a person may so act as to compel us to judge him, and feel to him, as a fool, or as a being of an inferior order: and since this judgment and feeling are a fact which he would prefer to avoid, it is doing him a service to warn him of it beforehand, as of any other disagreeable consequence to which he exposes himself.

do no wrong (悪事を働かない) [動] not do anything wrong

fool (愚か者) [名] a person who acts unwisely or imprudently; a silly person

warn (警告する) [動] inform someone in advance of a possible danger, problem, or other unpleasant situation

beforehand (事前に) [副] in advance; before the event

disagreeable (不快な) [形] unpleasant; objectionable

誰にも悪事を働いていなくても、ある人が私たちに彼を判断せざるを得ないように行動し、彼を愚か者、あるいは劣等な存在であると感じさせるかもしれない。そして、この判断や感情は彼が避けたいと思う事実であるため、彼がさらされる他の不快な結果と同様に、事前に彼に警告することは彼に奉仕することである。

It would be well, indeed, if this good office were much more freely rendered than the common notions of politeness at present permit, and if one person could honestly point out to another that he thinks him in fault, without being considered unmannerly or presuming.

good office (善い行い) [名] a kind or helpful act

rendered (行われる) [動] cause to be or become

politeness (礼儀) [名] the quality or state of being polite

fault (間違い) [名] an error in judgment, opinion, or procedure

unmannerly (無礼な) [形] lacking good manners

presuming (傲慢な) [形] arrogant or presumptuous

実際、この善い行いが、現在許されている礼儀の一般的な概念よりももっと自由に行われ、ある人が、無礼だとか、傲慢だとか思われることなく、自分が間違っていると思うことを正直に指摘することができれば、それは良いことだろう。

We have a right, also, in various ways, to act upon our unfavourable opinion of any one, not to the oppression of his individuality, but in the exercise of ours.

have a right (権利がある) [動] be entitled to

unfavourable (好ましくない) [形] not favourable

私たちにはまた、誰かに対する好ましくない意見に基づいて行動する権利があるが、それは彼の個性を抑圧するためではなく、私たちの個性を発揮するためである。

We are not bound, for example, to seek his society;

be bound (義務がある) [動] be required to do something

例えば、私たちは彼の社会を求める義務はない。

we have a right to avoid it (though not to parade the avoidance), for we have a right to choose the society most acceptable to us.

have a right to (権利がある) [動] be entitled to

parade (誇示する) [動] march in a formal way as part of a ceremony

私たちにはそれを避ける権利がある(避けることを誇示するわけではないが)。なぜなら、私たちには最も受け入れられる社会を選ぶ権利があるからだ。

We have a right, and it may be our duty, to caution others against him, if we think his example or conversation likely to have a pernicious effect on those with whom he associates.

caution (警告する) [動] warn someone to take care

example (模範) [名] a person or thing regarded as a perfect specimen of something

associate (交際する) [動] regularly keep company with

私たちには、彼の模範や会話が彼と交際する人々に有害な影響を及ぼす可能性があると考える場合、彼に対して他の人に警告する権利があり、それは私たちの義務かもしれない。

We may give others a preference over him in optional good offices, except those which tend to his improvement.

optional (任意の) [形] not compulsory; not required

good offices (善意の行為) [名] the efforts of a third party to bring about a settlement of a dispute between two or more parties

私たちは、彼の改善につながるものを除いて、任意の善意の行為において、彼よりも他の人を優先することができる。

In these various modes a person may suffer very severe penalties at the hands of others, for faults which directly concern only himself;

suffer (受ける) [動] experience or be subjected to (something bad or unpleasant)

fault (過失) [名] an action or event that is not correct or right

これらの様々な方法で、人は直接自分だけに関係する過失のために、他人の手によって非常に厳しい罰を受けることがある。

but he suffers these penalties only in so far as they are the natural, and, as it were, the spontaneous consequences of the faults themselves, not because they are purposely inflicted on him for the sake of punishment.

しかし、彼はこれらの罰を、それが自然であり、いわば過失そのものの自発的な結果である限りにおいてのみ受けるのであって、罰のために故意に彼に課せられるからではない。

A person who shows rashness, obstinacy, self-conceit—who cannot live within moderate means—who cannot restrain himself from hurtful indulgences—who pursues animal pleasures at the expense of those of feeling and intellect—must expect to be lowered in the opinion of others, and to have a less share of their favourable sentiments;

rashness (軽率) [名] the quality of being too hasty or reckless

obstinacy (頑固) [名] the quality of being unwilling to change your opinion or to do what someone else wants

self-conceit (うぬぼれ) [名] an exaggerated opinion of one's own importance, merit, or superiority

moderate (適度な) [形] not extreme or excessive

restrain (守る) [動] hold back from doing something

lower (従う) [動] move something to a lower position

favourable (好意的な) [形] expressing approval or consent

軽率、頑固、うぬぼれを見せる人、適度な手段で生活できない人、有害な耽溺から身を守れない人、感情や知性を犠牲にして動物的な快楽を追求する人は、他人の意見に従うことを期待され、好意的な感情を共有することが少なくなるはずである。

but of this he has no right to complain, unless he has merited their favour by special excellence in his social relations, and has thus established a title to their good offices, which is not affected by his demerits towards himself.

merit (値する) [動] deserve or be worthy of

favour (好意) [名] approval, liking, or goodwill

demerit (欠点) [名] a fault or defect

しかし、彼が社会的関係において特別に優れていることで彼らの好意に値し、それによって彼自身に対する彼の欠点に影響されない彼らの善意の行為に対する権利を確立しない限り、彼はこれに文句を言う権利はない。

What I contend for is, that the inconveniences which are strictly inseparable from the unfavourable judgment of others, are the only ones to which a person should ever be subjected for that portion of his conduct and character which concerns his own good, but which does not affect the interests of others in their relations with him.

inconvenience (不都合) [名] trouble or difficulty

judgement (判断) [名] the ability to make considered decisions or come to sensible conclusions

私が主張するのは、他人の不利な判断と厳密に切り離せない不都合は、自分の利益に関係するが、他人との関係において他人の利益に影響を与えない行動や性格の部分に対して、人が受けるべき唯一のものであるということである。

Acts injurious to others require a totally different treatment.

injurious (有害な) [形] causing or likely to cause injury

他人に害を与える行為は、全く異なる扱いを必要とする。

Encroachment on their rights;

彼らの権利の侵害。

infliction on them of any loss or damage not justified by his own rights;

infliction (与えること) [名] the action of inflicting something

damage (損害) [名] physical harm caused to something in such a way as to impair its value, usefulness, or normal function

彼自身の権利によって正当化されない損失や損害を彼らに与えること。

falsehood or duplicity in dealing with them;

duplicity (二枚舌) [名] the quality of being deceitful

彼らとの取引における虚偽または二枚舌。

unfair or ungenerous use of advantages over them;

ungenerous (不当な) [形] not generous; stingy

use (利用) [名] the act of using something

彼らに対する優位性を不公平または不当に利用すること。

even selfish abstinence from defending them against injury—these are fit objects of moral reprobation, and, in grave cases, of moral retribution and punishment.

reprobation (非難) [名] the expression of disapproval or condemnation

retribution (報復) [名] punishment for a crime or wrongdoing

彼らを傷害から守ることからの利己的な禁欲でさえ、これらは道徳的非難の対象であり、重大な場合には道徳的報復と罰の対象である。

And not only these acts, but the dispositions which lead to them, are properly immoral, and fit subjects of disapprobation which may rise to abhorrence.

lead (至る) [動] be in charge or command of

immoral (不道徳) [形] not conforming to a high moral standard

fit (対象) [形] in good health

そして、これらの行為だけでなく、それらに至る性質もまた、正しく不道徳であり、嫌悪感を抱かせるような非難の対象となる。

Cruelty of disposition; malice and ill-nature; that most anti-social and odious of all passions, envy;

cruelty (残酷さ) [名] behavior that causes pain or suffering to others

malice (悪意) [名] the intention or desire to do evil

ill-nature (悪意) [名] a tendency to be unpleasant or spiteful

odious (憎しみに満ちた) [形] deserving strong dislike or hatred

性質の残酷さ、悪意と悪意、すべての情熱の中で最も反社会的で憎しみに満ちた嫉妬。

dissimulation and insincerity; irascibility on insufficient cause, and resentment disproportioned to the provocation;

dissimulation (偽り) [名] the act of hiding your true feelings, thoughts, or intentions

insincerity (不誠実) [名] the quality of not being sincere

irascibility (怒り) [名] the quality of being easily angered

resentment (恨み) [名] a feeling of anger or displeasure about something

偽り、不誠実、不十分な原因に対する怒り、挑発に対する不釣り合いな恨み。

the love of domineering over others;

domineering (支配) [名] the act of exercising power or authority in a domineering manner

他人を支配することへの愛。

the desire to engross more than one's share of advantages (the πλεονεξἱα [Greek: pleonexia] of the Greeks); the pride which derives gratification from the abasement of others;

engross (独占する) [動] occupy all of someone's attention or time

more than (以上) [前] to a greater degree or extent than

one's share (自分の取り分) [名] the part of something that belongs to or is given to a particular person

pride (プライド) [名] a feeling or deep pleasure or satisfaction derived from one's own achievements

gratification (満足感) [名] pleasure, especially when gained from the satisfaction of a desire

abasement (卑下) [名] a reduction in rank, reputation, or status

自分の取り分以上の利益を独占したいという欲望(ギリシャ人のπλεονεξἱα [ギリシャ語: πλεονεξἱα])、他人を卑下することで満足感を得るプライド。

the egotism which thinks self and its concerns more important than everything else, and decides all doubtful questions in its own favour;—these are moral vices, and constitute a bad and odious moral character: unlike the self-regarding faults previously mentioned, which are not properly immoralities, and to whatever pitch they may be carried, do not constitute wickedness.

egotism (利己主義) [名] the practice of talking about oneself too much

everything (すべてのもの) [名] all the things

unlike (とは異なり) [前] not similar to

previously (先に) [副] at a previous time

mention (述べる) [動] refer to briefly

fault (欠点) [名] a weakness or imperfection in someone or something

pitch (高み) [名] the highest or most intense point

carry (達する) [動] take or bring from one place to another

wickedness (邪悪) [名] the quality of being evil or harmful

自分とその関心事が他の何よりも重要だと考え、疑わしい問題はすべて自分にとって有利に決めてしまう利己主義、これらは道徳的な悪徳であり、悪くて憎しみに満ちた道徳的性格を構成している。先に述べた自己中心的な欠点とは異なり、これらは適切に不道徳ではなく、どんなに高みに達しても邪悪にはならない。

They may be proofs of any amount of folly, or want of personal dignity and self-respect;

self-respect (自尊心) [名] a feeling of deep pride and confidence in oneself

それらは、どんなに愚かであるか、あるいは個人の尊厳や自尊心の欠如の証拠であるかもしれない。

but they are only a subject of moral reprobation when they involve a breach of duty to others, for whose sake the individual is bound to have care for himself.

involve (伴う) [動] have as a necessary logical consequence

bound (しなければならない) [形] obliged to do something

care (大切にする) [動] feel concern or interest; attach importance to

しかし、それらは他人に対する義務違反を伴う場合にのみ道徳的非難の対象となるのであり、その他人のために個人は自分自身を大切にしなければならない。

What are called duties to ourselves are not socially obligatory, unless circumstances render them at the same time duties to others.

ourselves (自分) [代] the person or thing that is being discussed

socially (社会的に) [副] in a social manner

obligatory (義務付けられている) [形] required by a law or rule

自分に対する義務と呼ばれるものは、状況が同時に他人に対する義務とならない限り、社会的に義務付けられているわけではない。

The term duty to oneself, when it means anything more than prudence, means self-respect or self-development;

自分に対する義務という言葉は、それが慎重さ以上の何かを意味する場合には、自尊心や自己開発を意味する。

and for none of these is any one accountable to his fellow-creatures, because for none of them is it for the good of mankind that he be held accountable to them.

none of (どれも) [限] not one of

fellow-creatures (仲間の生き物) [名] a person or animal

そして、これらのどれも、誰も仲間の生き物に対して責任を負わない。なぜなら、それらのどれも、人類の利益のために、彼が彼らに対して責任を負うわけではないからである。

The distinction between the loss of consideration which a person may rightly incur by defect of prudence or of personal dignity, and the reprobation which is due to him for an offence against the rights of others, is not a merely nominal distinction.

distinction (区別) [名] the quality or state of being distinguishable

nominal (名目上の) [形] existing in name only

人が慎重さや個人の尊厳の欠如によって正当に被る可能性がある配慮の喪失と、他人の権利に対する侵害に対して彼に課せられる非難との区別は、単に名目上の区別ではない。

It makes a vast difference both in our feelings and in our conduct towards him, whether he displeases us in things in which we think we have a right to control him, or in things in which we know that we have not.

make a difference (違いを生じる) [動] to have an effect or impact

displease (不快にさせる) [動] to make someone angry or annoyed

彼が私たちを不快にさせるのが、私たちが彼を制御する権利があると思う事柄なのか、それとも私たちが制御する権利がないことを知っている事柄なのかによって、私たちの感情と彼に対する行動の両方に大きな違いが生じる。

If he displeases us, we may express our distaste, and we may stand aloof from a person as well as from a thing that displeases us;

distaste (嫌悪感) [名] a feeling of dislike or disgust

stand aloof (遠ざかる) [動] to keep away from others

もし彼が私たちを不快にさせるなら、私たちは嫌悪感を表明してもいいし、私たちを不快にさせるものからだけでなく、人からも遠ざかることができる。

but we shall not therefore feel called on to make his life uncomfortable.

feel called on (求められていると感じること) [動] to feel that you have a duty or responsibility to do something

uncomfortable (不快な) [形] causing discomfort or unease

しかし、だからといって、彼の人生を不快にさせるように求められていると感じることはないだろう。

We shall reflect that he already bears, or will bear, the whole penalty of his error;

彼はすでに自分の過ちの全責任を負っているか、負うことになるだろうと考えるだろう。

if he spoils his life by mismanagement, we shall not, for that reason, desire to spoil it still further:

spoil (台無しにする) [動] diminish or destroy the value or quality of

mismanagement (不始末) [名] the action or fact of managing something badly

further (さらに) [副] to a greater extent or degree

もし彼が自分の人生を不始末で台無しにしたとしても、だからといって、それをさらに台無しにしたいとは思わない。

instead of wishing to punish him, we shall rather endeavour to alleviate his punishment, by showing him how he may avoid or cure the evils his conduct tends to bring upon him.

wish (望む) [動] feel or express a strong desire or hope for something that is not easily attainable

alleviate (軽減する) [動] make (something) less severe, serious, or painful

tend (もたらす) [動] be inclined or disposed to have or do something

彼を罰したいというよりも、むしろ彼の行為が彼にもたらす悪を避けたり、治したりする方法を示して、彼の罰を軽減するよう努力するだろう。

He may be to us an object of pity, perhaps of dislike, but not of anger or resentment;

pity (哀れみ) [名] a feeling of sympathy and sadness for someone else's misfortune

anger (怒り) [名] a strong feeling of annoyance, displeasure, or hostility

彼は私たちにとって哀れみの対象かもしれないし、おそらく嫌悪の対象かもしれないが、怒りや恨みの対象ではない。

we shall not treat him like an enemy of society:

私たちは彼を社会の敵のように扱うべきではない。

the worst we shall think ourselves justified in doing is leaving him to himself, if we do not interfere benevolently by showing interest or concern for him.

the worst (最悪) [名] the most serious or unpleasant thing that could happen

think oneself justified (正当化する) [動] to show or prove to be right or reasonable

concern (懸念) [名] worry or anxiety about something

benevolently (慈悲深く) [副] in a kind and generous way

私たちが正当化できると思う最悪のことは、彼に関心や懸念を示すことで慈悲深く干渉しないのであれば、彼を放っておくことである。

It is far otherwise if he has infringed the rules necessary for the protection of his fellow-creatures, individually or collectively.

fellow-creature (仲間の人間) [名] a human being

彼が仲間の人間を個別にあるいは集団的に保護するために必要な規則を侵害した場合は、そうではない。

The evil consequences of his acts do not then fall on himself, but on others;

fall on (及ぶ) [動] be the responsibility of

その場合、彼の行為の悪影響は彼自身ではなく他人に及ぶ。

and society, as the protector of all its members, must retaliate on him;

retaliate (報復する) [動] to return a military attack, or counterattack

そして、社会はすべての構成員の保護者として、彼に報復しなければならない。

must inflict pain on him for the express purpose of punishment, and must take care that it be sufficiently severe.

severe (厳しい) [形] very great or intense

明確な処罰の目的のために彼に苦痛を与えなければならず、それが十分に厳しいものであるように注意しなければならない。

In the one case, he is an offender at our bar, and we are called on not only to sit in judgment on him, but, in one shape or another, to execute our own sentence: in the other case, it is not our part to inflict any suffering on him, except what may incidentally follow from our using the same liberty in the regulation of our own affairs, which we allow to him in his.

in the one case (一方の場合には) [句] in one situation

at our bar (私たちの法廷の) [句] in our court

be called on (求められている) [動] to be asked or required to do something

sit in judgment (裁く) [動] to make a decision about someone or something

in one shape or another (何らかの形で) [句] in some way

execute (執行する) [動] to carry out or put into effect

in the other case (もう一方の場合には) [句] in the other situation

suffering (苦痛) [名] the state of undergoing pain, distress, or hardship

our part (私たちの役目) [句] our role

what may incidentally follow (偶然に生じるかもしれないこと) [句] something that might happen by chance

from our using (私たちが用いることから) [句] from our using

the same liberty (同じ自由) [句] the same freedom

in the regulation of (の規制に) [句] in the control of

our own affairs (私たち自身の事柄) [句] our own business

which we allow to him (私たちが彼に認めている) [句] which we allow him to have

in his (彼に) [句] in his

一方の場合には、彼は私たちの法廷の被告であり、私たちは彼を裁くだけでなく、何らかの形で私たち自身の判決を執行するよう求められている。もう一方の場合には、私たちが彼に認めているのと同じ自由を私たち自身の事柄の規制に用いることから偶然に生じるかもしれないことを除いて、彼に苦痛を与えることは私たちの役目ではない。

The distinction here pointed out between the part of a person's life which concerns only himself, and that which concerns others, many persons will refuse to admit.

ここで指摘されている、人の生活の中で自分だけに関係する部分と他人に関係する部分との区別を、多くの人は認めようとしないだろう。

How (it may be asked) can any part of the conduct of a member of society be a matter of indifference to the other members?

社会の一員の行為の一部が、他の構成員にとって無関心な事柄であるなどということは、いかにしてありうるのか、と問われるかもしれない。

No person is an entirely isolated being;

isolated (孤立した) [形] far away from other places, buildings, or people

完全に孤立した人間はいない。

it is impossible for a person to do anything seriously or permanently hurtful to himself, without mischief reaching at least to his near connections, and often far beyond them.

impossible (ありえない) [形] not possible; unable to be, exist, happen, or be done

seriously (深刻な) [副] in a serious manner

permanently (永続的な) [副] in a permanent manner

beyond (それよりはるかに広く) [前] at or to the further side of

人が自分自身に深刻な、あるいは永続的な害を与えるようなことをすれば、少なくともその人の近親者に、そしてしばしばそれよりはるかに広く、害が及ばずにすむということはありえない。

If he injures his property, he does harm to those who directly or indirectly derived support from it, and usually diminishes, by a greater or less amount, the general resources of the community.

indirectly (間接的に) [副] in a way that is not direct

support (援助) [名] a thing that provides assistance

diminish (減少させる) [動] make or become smaller or less

自分の財産を傷つければ、直接的または間接的にその財産から援助を得ていた人々に損害を与え、通常は多かれ少なかれ共同体の一般資源を減少させる。

If he deteriorates his bodily or mental faculties, he not only brings evil upon all who depended on him for any portion of their happiness, but disqualifies himself for rendering the services which he owes to his fellow-creatures generally;

deteriorate (低下させる) [動] become worse or of a lower quality

bring (もたらす) [動] cause to come or happen

自分の身体的または精神的能力を低下させれば、幸福の一部を彼に依存していたすべての人に悪をもたらすだけでなく、一般的に仲間の人間に負っている奉仕をすることができなくなる。

perhaps becomes a burthen on their affection or benevolence;

おそらく彼らの愛情や慈悲の重荷になる。

and if such conduct were very frequent, hardly any offence that is committed would detract more from the general sum of good.

そして、そのような行為が非常に頻繁に行われれば、犯される犯罪はほとんどどれも、善の総量をそれ以上に減らすことはない。

Finally, if by his vices or follies a person does no direct harm to others, he is nevertheless (it may be said) injurious by his example;

finally (最後に) [副] after a long time

folly (愚行) [名] a foolish act, idea, or practice

最後に、もし自分の悪徳や愚行によって他人に直接的な害を与えなくても、それでもその人は(そう言えるかもしれないが)自分の手本によって害を与えている。

and ought to be compelled to control himself, for the sake of those whom the sight or knowledge of his conduct might corrupt or mislead.

sight (光景) [名] the ability to see

そして、自分の行為を見たり知ったりすることで堕落したり誤解したりするかもしれない人々のために、自分を制御することを強制されるべきである。

And even (it will be added) if the consequences of misconduct could be confined to the vicious or thoughtless individual, ought society to abandon to their own guidance those who are manifestly unfit for it?

vicious (悪質な) [形] deliberately cruel or violent

abandon (委ねる) [動] give up or leave behind

manifestly (明らかに) [副] in a way that is clear and easy to understand

unfit (適していない) [形] not suitable or appropriate

そして、(付け加えると)不正行為の結果が悪質な、あるいは軽率な個人に限定されるとしても、社会は明らかにそれに適していない人々を彼ら自身の指導に委ねるべきだろうか?

If protection against themselves is confessedly due to children and persons under age, is not society equally bound to afford it to persons of mature years who are equally incapable of self-government?

confess (認める) [動] admit or state that one has committed a crime or is at fault in some way

due (当然) [形] expected or required

children (子供) [名] a young human being below the age of puberty or below the legal age of majority

year (年) [名] the time taken by the earth to make one revolution around the sun

子供や未成年者に対しては、自分自身に対する保護が当然必要だと認められているのなら、社会は、同じように自治ができない成人に対しても、同じように保護を与える義務があるのではないだろうか?

If gambling, or drunkenness, or incontinence, or idleness, or uncleanliness, are as injurious to happiness, and as great a hindrance to improvement, as many or most of the acts prohibited by law, why (it may be asked) should not law, so far as is consistent with practicability and social convenience, endeavour to repress these also?

gambling (賭博) [名] the activity or practice of playing at a game of chance for money or other stakes

drunkenness (飲酒) [名] the state of being drunk

incontinence (失禁) [名] the inability to control urination or defecation

idleness (怠惰) [名] the state of being idle

uncleanliness (不潔) [名] the state of being unclean

practicability (実用性) [名] the quality of being practicable

convenience (便宜) [名] the state of being able to proceed with something with little effort or difficulty

もし、賭博、飲酒、失禁、怠惰、不潔などが、法律で禁止されている行為の多くまたはほとんどと同じように幸福に有害であり、改善の妨げとなるのであれば、なぜ(そう尋ねられるかもしれないが)法律は、実用性と社会的便宜に適合する限り、これらも抑圧しようと努力すべきではないのか?

And as a supplement to the unavoidable imperfections of law, ought not opinion at least to organise a powerful police against these vices, and visit rigidly with social penalties those who are known to practise them?

supplement (補うもの) [名] something that completes or enhances something else when added to it

unavoidable (避けられない) [形] not able to be avoided or prevented

imperfection (不完全さ) [名] the quality or condition of being imperfect

organise (組織する) [動] arrange into a structured whole

police (警察) [名] the civil force of a state responsible for the prevention and detection of crime and the maintenance of public order

practise (犯す) [動] carry out or perform

そして、法律の避けられない不完全さを補うものとして、少なくともこれらの悪徳に対して強力な警察を組織し、それらを犯していることが知られている者には社会的制裁を厳しく課すべきではないだろうか?

There is no question here (it may be said) about restricting individuality, or impeding the trial of new and original experiments in living.

restrict (制限する) [動] set or serve as a limit to

impede (妨げる) [動] delay or prevent the progress of

trial (試み) [名] a test of the performance, qualities, or truth of something

ここでは(そう言われるかもしれないが)個性を制限したり、生活の中で新しく独創的な実験を試みることを妨げたりすることについては問題がない。

The only things it is sought to prevent are things which have been tried and condemned from the beginning of the world until now;

防止しようとしているのは、世界の始まりから現在に至るまで試され、非難されてきた事柄だけである。

things which experience has shown not to be useful or suitable to any person's individuality.

useful (役立つ) [形] being of use or service

経験上、誰の個性にも役立たず、適していないことが示されている事柄である。

There must be some length of time and amount of experience, after which a moral or prudential truth may be regarded as established: and it is merely desired to prevent generation after generation from falling over the same precipice which has been fatal to their predecessors.

length of time (時間の長さ) [名] the duration of an event

amount of experience (経験の量) [名] the total amount of experience that a person has

fall over (落ちる) [動] to lose your balance and fall to the ground

precipice (崖) [名] a very steep rock face

predecessor (先人) [名] a person who held a job or office before the current holder

ある程度の時間と経験を経て、道徳的または慎重な真理が確立されたと見なされるようになるはずであり、先人たちにとって致命的だった同じ崖から何世代にもわたって落ちないようにすることだけが望まれている。

I fully admit that the mischief which a person does to himself, may seriously affect, both through their sympathies and their interests, those nearly connected with him, and in a minor degree, society at large.

do (与える) [動] make, produce, or create

seriously (深刻に) [副] in a manner that is serious

nearly (密接に) [副] very close or connected

人が自分自身に与える害が、同情と利害の両方を通して、その人と密接に関係している人々、そしてより小さな程度では社会全体に深刻な影響を及ぼす可能性があることを私は十分に認めている。

When, by conduct of this sort, a person is led to violate a distinct and assignable obligation to any other person or persons, the case is taken out of the self-regarding class, and becomes amenable to moral disapprobation in the proper sense of the term.

distinct (明確な) [形] able to be perceived clearly as being different

assignable (割り当て可能な) [形] able to be given or allocated

class (範疇) [名] a set or category of things having some property in common

このような行為によって、人が他の人や人々に対する明確で割り当て可能な義務に違反することになった場合、その事件は自己関与型の範疇から外され、その言葉の正しい意味での道徳的非難を受けることになる。

If, for example, a man, through intemperance or extravagance, becomes unable to pay his debts, or, having undertaken the moral responsibility of a family, becomes from the same cause incapable of supporting or educating them, he is deservedly reprobated, and might be justly punished;

for example (例えば) [副] used to introduce an example

intemperance (不摂生) [名] lack of moderation or self-control

extravagance (浪費) [名] spending money or using resources in a careless or wasteful way

pay (返済する) [動] give money that you owe to someone

debt (借金) [名] something, especially money, that you owe someone

undertake (負う) [動] take on a task or job

moral responsibility (道徳的責任) [名] the obligation to do what is right

support (養う) [動] provide with the necessities of life

例えば、ある人が不摂生や浪費によって借金を返済できなくなったり、家族の道徳的責任を負ったにもかかわらず、同じ原因で家族を養ったり教育したりすることができなくなった場合、その人は当然非難され、正当に罰せられるかもしれない。

but it is for the breach of duty to his family or creditors, not for the extravagance.

creditor (債権者) [名] a person or organization to whom money is owed

しかし、それは浪費ではなく、家族や債権者に対する義務違反である。

If the resources which ought to have been devoted to them, had been diverted from them for the most prudent investment, the moral culpability would have been the same.

devote (捧げる) [動] give all of one's time or energy to a particular activity

prudent (慎重な) [形] acting with or showing care for the consequences of an action; careful

investment (投資) [名] the action or process of investing money for profit or material result

もし彼らに捧げられるべき資源が、最も慎重な投資のために彼らから流用されていたら、道徳的責任は同じだっただろう。

George Barnwell murdered his uncle to get money for his mistress, but if he had done it to set himself up in business, he would equally have been hanged.

George Barnwell (ジョージ・バーンウェル) [名] a character in a play by George Lillo

murder (殺害する) [動] kill someone unlawfully and with premeditation

uncle (叔父) [名] the brother of one's father or mother

money (金) [名] a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes

mistress (愛人) [名] a woman having a sexual relationship with a married man

hang (絞首刑にする) [動] kill someone by hanging them

ジョージ・バーンウェルは愛人のために金を手に入れようと叔父を殺害したが、もし彼が事業を始めるためにそれをしたのであれば、同じように絞首刑にされていただろう。

Again, in the frequent case of a man who causes grief to his family by addiction to bad habits, he deserves reproach for his unkindness or ingratitude;

addiction (耽溺) [名] the fact or condition of being addicted to a particular substance, thing, or activity

grief (悲しみ) [名] deep sorrow, especially that caused by someone's death

unkindness (不親切) [名] the quality of being unkind

ingratitude (恩知らず) [名] the quality of being ungrateful

また、悪い習慣に耽溺して家族に悲しみを与える男性のよくあるケースでは、彼は不親切や恩知らずを非難されるに値する。

but so he may for cultivating habits not in themselves vicious, if they are painful to those with whom he passes his life, or who from personal ties are dependent on him for their comfort.

cultivate (身につける) [動] to grow or tend

painful (苦痛) [形] causing pain

pass (共にする) [動] to move or cause to move

comfort (慰め) [名] a state of physical ease and freedom from pain or constraint

depend (頼る) [動] to be controlled or determined by

しかし、彼が人生を共にする人々や、個人的なつながりから彼に慰めを頼っている人々にとって苦痛であるならば、それ自体は悪徳ではない習慣を身につけることで、彼は非難されるかもしれない。

Whoever fails in the consideration generally due to the interests and feelings of others, not being compelled by some more imperative duty, or justified by allowable self-preference, is a subject of moral disapprobation for that failure, but not for the cause of it, nor for the errors, merely personal to himself, which may have remotely led to it.

fail (怠る) [動] be unsuccessful in doing or achieving something

personal (個人) [形] belonging to or connected with a particular person

remotely (遠く) [副] far away in space or time

より緊急な義務によって強制されたり、許容される自己優先によって正当化されたりすることなく、一般的に他人の利益や感情のために考慮を怠った者は、その怠慢に対して道徳的非難の対象となるが、その原因や、単に自分個人の過ちに対しては、道徳的非難の対象とはならない。

In like manner, when a person disables himself, by conduct purely self-regarding, from the performance of some definite duty incumbent on him to the public, he is guilty of a social offence.

in like manner (同様に) [副] in a similar way

disable (不能にする) [動] make unable to perform a certain function

performance (履行) [名] the execution of an action

incumbent (負っている) [形] currently holding a specified office or position

guilty (犯した) [形] having committed a specified or implied offense

offense (犯罪) [名] a crime or other violation of the law

同様に、ある人が純粋に自己中心的な行為によって、公衆に対して負っている一定の義務を履行できなくなった場合、その人は社会的犯罪を犯したことになる。

No person ought to be punished simply for being drunk;

be punished (罰せられる) [動] to be subjected to a penalty for a crime or wrongdoing

drunk (酔っ払った) [形] affected by alcohol to the extent of losing control of one's faculties or behavior

酔っ払っただけで罰せられるべきではない。

but a soldier or a policeman should be punished for being drunk on duty.

soldier (兵士) [名] a person who serves in an army

policeman (警察官) [名] a person who is a member of a police force

しかし、兵士や警察官は勤務中に酔っ払った場合は罰せられるべきである。

Whenever, in short, there is a definite damage, or a definite risk of damage, either to an individual or to the public, the case is taken out of the province of liberty, and placed in that of morality or law.

whenever (いつでも) [副] at any time

take out (取り除く) [動] to remove something from a place

province (領域) [名] an area of knowledge or activity

要するに、個人または公衆に明確な損害または損害の明確なリスクがある場合はいつでも、その事件は自由の領域から取り除かれ、道徳または法律の領域に置かれる。

But with regard to the merely contingent, or, as it may be called, constructive injury which a person causes to society, by conduct which neither violates any specific duty to the public, nor occasions perceptible hurt to any assignable individual except himself;

contingent (偶発的) [形] subject to chance

constructive (建設的) [形] helpful or positive

occasion (与える) [動] cause or give rise to

perceptible (知覚できる) [形] able to be perceived

hurt (損害) [名] physical or mental harm or damage

しかし、公衆に対する特定の義務に違反することも、自分以外の特定の個人に知覚できるほどの損害を与えることもない行為によって、ある人が社会に与える単なる偶発的、あるいは、いわゆる建設的な損害については、

the inconvenience is one which society can afford to bear, for the sake of the greater good of human freedom.

inconvenience (不便) [名] a lack of ease or comfort

greater good (より大きな善) [名] the good of the majority of people

human freedom (人間の自由) [名] the freedom of a human being

その不便は、人間の自由というより大きな善のために、社会が耐えることができるものである。

If grown persons are to be punished for not taking proper care of themselves, I would rather it were for their own sake, than under pretence of preventing them from impairing their capacity of rendering to society benefits which society does not pretend it has a right to exact.

grown person (成人) [名] an adult

take proper care of (適切な世話をする) [動] to look after someone or something properly

exact (強要する) [動] to demand and obtain something from someone, especially by force or authority

成人が自分自身の適切な世話をしないことで罰せられるとしたら、社会が強要する権利があると偽っていない社会の利益を社会に提供する能力を損なうことを防ぐという口実よりも、むしろ彼ら自身のためである。

But I cannot consent to argue the point as if society had no means of bringing its weaker members up to its ordinary standard of rational conduct, except waiting till they do something irrational, and then punishing them, legally or morally, for it.

point (論点) [名] the most important part of something

irrational (非合理的な) [形] not logical or reasonable

legally (法的に) [副] in a way that is allowed or required by the law

しかし、私は、社会が弱いメンバーを合理的な行動の通常の基準に引き上げる手段がないかのように議論することに同意することはできない。彼らが非合理的なことをするまで待って、それに対して法的にまたは道徳的に罰する以外に。

Society has had absolute power over them during all the early portion of their existence: it has had the whole period of childhood and nonage in which to try whether it could make them capable of rational conduct in life.

childhood (幼少期) [名] the state or period of being a child

nonage (未成年期) [名] the period of legal minority

in which (において) [接] in or during which

whether (かどうか) [接] if it is the case that; if

make (できる) [動] to cause to be or become

社会は、彼らの存在の初期の部分において、彼らに対して絶対的な権力を持っていた。社会は、彼らが人生において合理的な行動をとることができるようにできるかどうかを試すために、幼少期と未成年期の全期間を持っていた。

The existing generation is master both of the training and the entire circumstances of the generation to come;

現存する世代は、次世代の訓練と環境全体の両方の主人である。

it cannot indeed make them perfectly wise and good, because it is itself so lamentably deficient in goodness and wisdom;

cannot (できない) [助] be unable to

next (次) [形] coming immediately after the present one

lamentably (嘆かわしいほど) [副] in a way that is deserving of sorrow or regret

現存する世代は、次世代を完全に賢く善良にすることはできない。なぜなら、現存する世代自身が善良さと賢さに嘆かわしいほど欠けているからである。

and its best efforts are not always, in individual cases, its most successful ones;

そして、現存する世代の最善の努力は、個々のケースにおいて、常に最も成功しているわけではない。

but it is perfectly well able to make the rising generation, as a whole, as good as, and a little better than, itself.

rising generation (新しく生まれる世代) [名] the generation of people who are currently young

as a whole (全体として) [副] in general; on the whole

as good as (同じくらい) [副] to the same degree or extent

a little better than (少しだけ自分たちよりも善良に) [副] to a small extent

しかし、現存する世代は、新しく生まれる世代を、全体として、自分たちと同じくらい、あるいは少しだけ自分たちよりも善良にすることは、十分にできる。

If society lets any considerable number of its members grow up mere children, incapable of being acted on by rational consideration of distant motives, society has itself to blame for the consequences.

let (させる) [動] allow to

act on (行動する) [動] take action on

motive (動機) [名] a reason for doing something

もし社会が、その成員のかなりの数を、遠い動機の合理的な考慮によって行動することができない、単なる子供として成長させるならば、社会はその結果について自分自身を責めなければならない。

Armed not only with all the powers of education, but with the ascendency which the authority of a received opinion always exercises over the minds who are least fitted to judge for themselves;

armed (備えている) [動] equipped with a weapon

教育のあらゆる力だけでなく、自ら判断するのに最も適していない人々の精神に対して、受け入れられた意見の権威が常に行使する優勢を備えている。

and aided by the natural penalties which cannot be prevented from falling on those who incur the distaste or the contempt of those who know them;

fall (降りかかる) [動] to move from a higher to a lower position

そして、彼らを知る人々の嫌悪や軽蔑を招く人々に降りかかるのを防ぐことができない自然の罰によって助けられている。

let not society pretend that it needs, besides all this, the power to issue commands and enforce obedience in the personal concerns of individuals, in which, on all principles of justice and policy, the decision ought to rest with those who are to abide the consequences.

pretend (~のふりをする) [動] act as if something is the case when in fact it is not

besides (~に加えて) [前] as well as; in addition to

issue (発行する) [動] supply or distribute

command (命令) [名] an authoritative order

policy (政策) [名] a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government, party, business, or individual

rest with (~にかかっている) [動] be the responsibility of

社会は、これらすべてに加えて、個人の個人的な関心事において命令を出し、服従を強制する権力が必要であるかのように振る舞ってはならない。個人の個人的な関心事においては、正義と政策のすべての原則に基づいて、その結果に従うべき者が決定を下すべきである。

Nor is there anything which tends more to discredit and frustrate the better means of influencing conduct, than a resort to the worse.

tend (傾向がある) [動] be likely to behave in a particular manner

frustrate (挫折させる) [動] prevent from accomplishing a goal or from progressing

resort (頼る) [動] turn to for help or as a last resort

また、より悪い手段に頼ることほど、行動に影響を与えるより良い手段の信用を失墜させ、挫折させる傾向のあるものもない。

If there be among those whom it is attempted to coerce into prudence or temperance, any of the material of which vigorous and independent characters are made, they will infallibly rebel against the yoke.

temperance (節制) [名] the quality of being moderate and self-disciplined

coerce (強要する) [動] to force someone to do something

vigorous (精力的) [形] strong and energetic

慎重さや節制を強要しようとしている人々の中に、精力的で独立した性格の持ち主がいれば、彼らは間違いなくそのくびきに反抗するだろう。

No such person will ever feel that others have a right to control him in his concerns, such as they have to prevent him from injuring them in theirs;

そのような人は、他人が自分の関心事において自分をコントロールする権利を持っているとは決して感じないだろう。

and it easily comes to be considered a mark of spirit and courage to fly in the face of such usurped authority, and do with ostentation the exact opposite of what it enjoins;

fly in the face of (直面する) [動] to act in a way that is opposite to what is expected or accepted

usurped (横領された) [形] taken or assumed without right

do with (~する) [動] to have a connection with

ostentation (誇示) [名] a showy display of wealth or possessions

enjoin (命じる) [動] to give an order or command to

そして、そのような横領された権威に直面して飛び、それが命じていることとは正反対のことを誇示することは、精神と勇気のしるしと考えられるようになりやすい。

as in the fashion of grossness which succeeded, in the time of Charles II., to the fanatical moral intolerance of the Puritans.

as in (のように) [前] used to introduce a comparison

succeed (続く) [動] come after in time

Charles II (チャールズ二世) [名] King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 30 January 1649

Puritan (ピューリタン) [名] a member of a group of English Protestants of the 16th and 17th centuries who opposed the established church and were noted for their strict morality

チャールズ二世の時代に、ピューリタンの狂信的な道徳的不寛容に続いた下品な流行のように。

With respect to what is said of the necessity of protecting society from the bad example set to others by the vicious or the self-indulgent; it is true that bad example may have a pernicious effect, especially the example of doing wrong to others with impunity to the wrong-doer.

set (示す) [動] to put, lay, or place

self-indulgent (自己中心的な) [形] indulging or tending to indulge oneself excessively

wrong-doer (悪事を行った者) [名] a person who does something illegal or immoral

悪意のある者や自己中心的な者が他人に示す悪い手本から社会を守る必要性について述べられていることに関して、悪い手本は有害な影響を及ぼす可能性があることは事実であり、特に悪事を行った者が罰せられずに他人に悪事を行った手本は有害な影響を及ぼす可能性がある。

But we are now speaking of conduct which, while it does no wrong to others, is supposed to do great harm to the agent himself: and I do not see how those who believe this, can think otherwise than that the example, on the whole, must be more salutary than hurtful, since, if it displays the misconduct, it displays also the painful or degrading consequences which, if the conduct is justly censured, must be supposed to be in all or most cases attendant on it.

do no wrong (害を与えない) [動] not cause any harm or damage

great harm (大きな害) [名] a lot of damage or injury

degrading (品位を落とす) [形] causing a loss of self-respect

attendant (付随する) [形] accompanying or following as a result

しかし、私たちは今、他人に害を与えることはないが、行為者自身に大きな害を与えるとされる行為について話している。そして、これを信じる人々が、全体として、その例が有害というよりは有益であると考えざるを得ないことを理解できない。なぜなら、もしそれが不正行為を示しているならば、それはまた、その行為が正当に非難されるならば、すべての場合またはほとんどの場合にそれに付随すると考えられなければならない、苦痛を伴うまたは品位を落とす結果をも示すからである。

But the strongest of all the arguments against the interference of the public with purely personal conduct, is that when it does interfere, the odds are that it interferes wrongly, and in the wrong place.

odds (可能性) [名] the probability that one thing is so or will happen rather than another

wrongly (間違った) [副] in a wrong manner

しかし、純粋に個人的な行為に対する公衆の干渉に反対するすべての議論の中で最も強力なのは、公衆が干渉する時、それは間違った方法で、間違った場所で干渉する可能性が高いということである。

On questions of social morality, of duty to others, the opinion of the public, that is, of an overruling majority, though often wrong, is likely to be still oftener right;

social morality (社会道徳) [名] the moral code of a particular society

others (他者) [名] people other than oneself

overruling majority (過半数) [名] a majority that is greater than a simple majority

still (それでも) [副] even so; nevertheless

oftener (より頻繁に) [副] more often

社会道徳や他者への義務の問題については、世論、つまり過半数の意見は、しばしば間違っているが、それでも正しいことが多い。

because on such questions they are only required to judge of their own interests;

be required to (求められる) [動] be obliged to do something

なぜなら、そのような問題については、彼らは自分の利益を判断することしか求められないからである。

of the manner in which some mode of conduct, if allowed to be practised, would affect themselves.

ある行動様式が、もし実践を許されるならば、自分たちにどのような影響を与えるかについてである。

But the opinion of a similar majority, imposed as a law on the minority, on questions of self-regarding conduct, is quite as likely to be wrong as right;

しかし、自己に関する行為の問題について、少数派に法律として課せられた同様の過半数の意見は、正しい場合と同じくらい間違っている可能性が高い。

for in these cases public opinion means, at the best, some people's opinion of what is good or bad for other people;

in these cases (このような場合) [名] in the situations described

at the best (せいぜい) [副] to the highest degree

some people's opinion (一部の人の意見) [名] the beliefs or views of a group of people

what is good or bad (何が良いか悪いか) [名] the quality of something

for other people (他の人にとって) [名] for people other than oneself

なぜなら、このような場合、世論とは、せいぜい、他の人にとって何が良いか悪いかについての一部の人の意見を意味するからである。

while very often it does not even mean that;

very often (多くの場合) [副] frequently

not even (それすら) [副] not at all; not in the least

しかも、多くの場合、それすら意味していない。

the public, with the most perfect indifference, passing over the pleasure or convenience of those whose conduct they censure, and considering only their own preference.

pass over (無視する) [動] to ignore or disregard

世間は、最も完全な無関心をもって、彼らが非難する行為をした人の喜びや都合を無視し、自分たちの好みだけを考える。

There are many who consider as an injury to themselves any conduct which they have a distaste for, and resent it as an outrage to their feelings;

resent (憤慨する) [動] feel bitter or angry about something

outrage (侮辱) [名] an act of great violence or cruelty

自分の嫌いな行為を自分への傷害と考え、自分の感情に対する侮辱として憤慨する人は多い。

as a religious bigot, when charged with disregarding the religious feelings of others, has been known to retort that they disregard his feelings, by persisting in their abominable worship or creed.

bigot (偏屈者) [名] a person who is intolerant of any ideas other than his or her own, especially on politics, religion, or race

retort (反論する) [動] say something in answer, especially angrily

abominable (忌まわしい) [形] causing disgust or hatred

worship (崇拝) [名] the feeling or expression of reverence and adoration for a deity

宗教的偏屈者が、他人の宗教的感情を無視していると非難されると、彼らが忌まわしい崇拝や信条に固執することで自分の感情を無視していると反論することが知られている。

But there is no parity between the feeling of a person for his own opinion, and the feeling of another who is offended at his holding it;

parity (同等性) [名] equality in value, amount, or status

offended (腹を立てる) [動] cause to feel upset, annoyed, or resentful

しかし、自分の意見に対するある人の感情と、その意見を抱いていることに腹を立てている別の人の感情の間には、同等性はない。

no more than between the desire of a thief to take a purse, and the desire of the right owner to keep it.

no more than (以上のない) [形] not more than

purse (財布) [名] a small pouch of leather or plastic used for carrying money, typically by a woman

泥棒が財布を奪いたいという欲望と、正当な所有者が財布を持ち続けたいという欲望の間にある以上の同等性はない。

And a person's taste is as much his own peculiar concern as his opinion or his purse.

そして、人の趣味は、その人の意見や財布と同じように、その人自身の特有の関心事である。

It is easy for any one to imagine an ideal public, which leaves the freedom and choice of individuals in all uncertain matters undisturbed, and only requires them to abstain from modes of conduct which universal experience has condemned.

誰でも理想的な公衆を想像するのは簡単で、それはあらゆる不確かな事柄において個人の自由と選択を妨げず、普遍的な経験が非難した行動様式を控えることだけを要求する。

But where has there been seen a public which set any such limit to its censorship?

set (設ける) [動] put in a certain place or position

limit (制限) [名] a point beyond which something does not or may not extend or pass

しかし、検閲にそのような制限を設ける公衆がどこで見られただろうか?

or when does the public trouble itself about universal experience?

trouble (悩む) [動] to cause to be worried or anxious

あるいは、公衆が普遍的な経験について悩むのはいつだろうか?

In its interferences with personal conduct it is seldom thinking of anything but the enormity of acting or feeling differently from itself;

anything (何も) [代] a thing of any kind

enormity (異常性) [名] the great or extreme seriousness of something

個人の行動への干渉において、公衆は、自分とは違う行動や感情の異常性以外にはほとんど何も考えていない。

and this standard of judgment, thinly disguised, is held up to mankind as the dictate of religion and philosophy, by nine-tenths of all moralists and speculative writers.

thinly (ほとんど) [副] to a small extent

disguised (偽装された) [形] changed in appearance or behavior in order to hide your true identity

そして、この判断基準は、ほとんど偽装されることなく、すべての道徳家や思索家の10分の9によって、宗教や哲学の命令として人類に示されている。

These teach that things are right because they are right;

彼らは、物事は正しいから正しいと教える。

because we feel them to be so.

なぜなら、私たちはそう感じているからだ。

They tell us to search in our own minds and hearts for laws of conduct binding on ourselves and on all others.

search (探す) [動] try to find something by looking or otherwise seeking carefully and thoroughly

law (法則) [名] a statement of fact, deduced from observation, to the effect that a particular natural or scientific phenomenon always occurs if certain conditions be present

bind (縛る) [動] tie or fasten with a band, rope, or other such thing

彼らは、自分自身と他のすべての人を縛る行動の法則を、自分の心と心の中で探すように言う。

What can the poor public do but apply these instructions, and make their own personal feelings of good and evil, if they are tolerably unanimous in them, obligatory on all the world?

poor (哀れな) [形] lacking in money or material possessions

instruction (教え) [名] a statement that tells you how to do something

unanimous (一致している) [形] fully in agreement

obligatory (義務づける) [形] involving or required as a duty or responsibility

哀れな一般大衆は、これらの教えを適用し、善悪に関する自分自身の個人的な感情を、もしそれらがかなり一致しているならば、全世界に義務づける以外に何ができるだろうか?

The evil here pointed out is not one which exists only in theory;

ここで指摘されている悪は、理論上だけに存在するものではない。

and it may perhaps be expected that I should specify the instances in which the public of this age and country improperly invests its own preferences with the character of moral laws.

specify (特定する) [動] to state or describe something clearly and exactly

invest (投資する) [動] to put money into something with the hope of getting more money back in the future

moral law (道徳法) [名] a law that is based on morality and that is intended to govern behavior

そして、おそらく、私がこの時代と国の国民が道徳法の性格に自分自身の好みを不適切に投資している例を特定することが期待されるかもしれない。

I am not writing an essay on the aberrations of existing moral feeling.

私は現存する道徳感情の異常に関する論文を執筆しているわけではない。

That is too weighty a subject to be discussed parenthetically, and by way of illustration.

weighty (重い) [形] having great importance or significance

parenthetically (括弧書きで) [副] as a parenthesis

illustration (例示) [名] a picture or drawing that shows or explains something

それは、括弧書きで、また例示として議論するにはあまりにも重い主題である。

Yet examples are necessary, to show that the principle I maintain is of serious and practical moment, and that I am not endeavouring to erect a barrier against imaginary evils.

serious (真面目な) [形] requiring much thought or work

moment (重要性) [名] importance or significance

erect (築く) [動] to construct or build

imaginary (想像上の) [形] existing only in the imagination

それでも、私が主張する原則が真面目で実際的な重要性を持つこと、そして私が想像上の悪に対して障壁を築こうと努力していないことを示すために、例は必要である。

And it is not difficult to show, by abundant instances, that to extend the bounds of what may be called moral police, until it encroaches on the most unquestionably legitimate liberty of the individual, is one of the most universal of all human propensities.

bound (境界) [名] a limit or boundary

propensity (性向) [名] a natural tendency to behave in a particular way

そして、道徳警察と呼べるものの境界を、それが個人の最も疑いようもなく合法的な自由を侵害するまで拡大することが、すべての人間の性向の中で最も普遍的なものの一つであることを、豊富な例によって示すことは難しくない。

As a first instance, consider the antipathies which men cherish on no better grounds than that persons whose religious opinions are different from theirs, do not practise their religious observances, especially their religious abstinences.

cherish (抱く) [動] to hold or treat as dear or valuable

ground (理由) [名] a cause, explanation, or justification for an action or belief

最初の例として、宗教的意見が自分たちのものと異なる人々が、自分たちの宗教的儀式、特に宗教的禁欲を実行しないという理由だけで、人々が抱く反感を考えてみよう。

To cite a rather trivial example, nothing in the creed or practice of Christians does more to envenom the hatred of Mahomedans against them, than the fact of their eating pork.

cite (挙げる) [動] mention or quote as an example

trivial (些細な) [形] of little value or importance

Mahomedan (マホメット教徒) [名] a Muslim

envenom (増長させる) [動] make more bitter or painful

pork (豚肉) [名] the flesh of a pig or hog

かなり些細な例を挙げると、キリスト教徒の信条や慣習の中で、彼らが豚肉を食べるという事実ほど、マホメット教徒の彼らに対する憎しみを増長させるものはない。

There are few acts which Christians and Europeans regard with more unaffected disgust, than Mussulmans regard this particular mode of satisfying hunger.

unaffected (影響を受けていない) [形] not affected

disgust (嫌悪感) [名] a strong feeling of dislike

Mussulman (ムスリム) [名] a follower of the religion of Islam

satisfy (満たす) [動] meet the requirements of

hunger (空腹) [名] a state of having a desire to eat food

キリスト教徒やヨーロッパ人が、ムスリムが空腹を満たすこの特定の方法を嫌悪する以上に、嫌悪感を抱く行為はほとんどない。

It is, in the first place, an offence against their religion;

offence (冒涜) [名] a crime or illegal act

それは、第一に、彼らの宗教に対する冒涜である。

but this circumstance by no means explains either the degree or the kind of their repugnance;

by no means (決して~ない) [副] not at all; in no way

repugnance (嫌悪感) [名] a strong feeling of dislike or disgust

しかし、この状況は彼らの嫌悪感の程度や種類を説明するものではない。

for wine also is forbidden by their religion, and to partake of it is by all Mussulmans accounted wrong, but not disgusting.

wine (ワイン) [名] an alcoholic drink typically made from fermented grape juice

also (また) [副] in addition; too; as well

partake (飲む) [動] to take part in something

disgusting (嫌悪感を抱く) [形] causing a strong feeling of dislike or disapproval

なぜなら、ワインも彼らの宗教で禁じられており、それを飲むことはすべてのムスリムにとって間違ったことだと考えられているが、嫌悪感を抱くものではないからである。

Their aversion to the flesh of the “unclean beast” is, on the contrary, of that peculiar character, resembling an instinctive antipathy, which the idea of uncleanness, when once it thoroughly sinks into the feelings, seems always to excite even in those whose personal habits are anything but scrupulously cleanly, and of which the sentiment of religious impurity, so intense in the Hindoos, is a remarkable example.

aversion (嫌悪感) [名] a feeling of intense dislike

flesh (肉) [名] the soft substance of the body of a person or an animal

unclean (汚れた) [形] not clean

beast (獣) [名] an animal

instinctive (本能的な) [形] relating to or prompted by instinct

uncleanness (不潔) [名] the state of being dirty

sink (沈む) [動] go down below the surface of something

excite (興奮させる) [動] cause strong feelings of anger, interest, or sexual arousal in someone

scrupulously (几帳面) [副] in a very careful and thorough way

cleanly (きれい) [形] free from dirt, marks, or stains

which (その) [代] used to refer to the thing previously mentioned or easily identified

impurity (不純物) [名] a substance that is present in something in small quantities and that spoils its quality

intense (強い) [形] of extreme force, degree, or strength

Hindoos (ヒンズー教徒) [名] a follower of Hinduism

それどころか、「汚れた獣」の肉に対する彼らの嫌悪感は、本能的な反感に似た独特の性格をしており、不潔という考えが一度感情に沈み込むと、個人的な習慣が決して几帳面ではない人々でさえも常に興奮させるようであり、ヒンズー教徒に非常に強い宗教的な不純物の感情はその顕著な例である。

Suppose now that in a people, of whom the majority were Mussulmans, that majority should insist upon not permitting pork to be eaten within the limits of the country.

Mussulmans (ムスリム) [名] a follower of the religion of Islam

insist (主張する) [動] demand something forcefully, not accepting refusal

be eaten (食べられる) [動] be consumed as food

では、大多数がムスリムである国民の中で、その大多数が国境内で豚肉を食べることを許可しないことを主張するとしよう。

This would be nothing new in Mahomedan countries.

nothing new (珍しいことではない) [名] something that is not new or unusual

Mahomedan (イスラム教) [名] the religion of the Muslims, a monotheistic faith regarded as revealed through Muhammad as the Prophet of Allah

これはイスラム教国では珍しいことではない。

Would it be a legitimate exercise of the moral authority of public opinion?

それは世論の道徳的権威の正当な行使だろうか?

and if not, why not?

if not (そうでなければ) [接] or else; otherwise

why not (なぜか) [副] for what reason not

そうでなければ、なぜか?

The practice is really revolting to such a public.

revolt (嫌悪感を抱かせる) [動] fill with disgust

そのような国民にとって、その慣習は本当に嫌悪感を抱かせるものである。

They also sincerely think that it is forbidden and abhorred by the Deity.

abhorred (忌み嫌われた) [形] detested; hated

彼らはまた、それが神によって禁じられ、忌み嫌われていると心から思っている。

Neither could the prohibition be censured as religious persecution.

その禁止は宗教的迫害として非難されることもない。

It might be religious in its origin, but it would not be persecution for religion, since nobody's religion makes it a duty to eat pork.

その起源は宗教的かもしれないが、豚肉を食べることを義務付ける宗教はないので、宗教に対する迫害にはならない。

The only tenable ground of condemnation would be, that with the personal tastes and self-regarding concerns of individuals the public has no business to interfere.

非難の唯一の根拠は、個人の趣味や自己に関わる事柄に公衆が干渉する権利はないということだろう。

To come somewhat nearer home: the majority of Spaniards consider it a gross impiety, offensive in the highest degree to the Supreme Being, to worship him in any other manner than the Roman Catholic;

come nearer (近づく) [動] move or travel toward or into a place thought of as near or familiar to the speaker

Spaniards (スペイン人) [名] a native or inhabitant of Spain

gross (ひどい) [形] very obvious and unacceptable

offensive (不快な) [形] causing someone to feel resentful, upset, or annoyed

Supreme Being (神) [名] the creator and ruler of the universe

worship (崇拝する) [動] show reverence and adoration for (a deity)

Roman Catholic (ローマ・カトリック) [名] the body of the Catholic Church of which the pope is the head

もっと身近な例を挙げると、スペイン人の大多数は、ローマ・カトリック以外の方法で神を崇拝することは、神に対して最大の冒涜であり、非常に不敬虔なことだと考えている。

and no other public worship is lawful on Spanish soil.

no other (他の~はない) [限] not any other

lawful (合法な) [形] being in accordance with the law; permitted by law

そして、スペインの地では他の公の礼拝は合法ではない。

The people of all Southern Europe look upon a married clergy as not only irreligious, but unchaste, indecent, gross, disgusting.

Southern Europe (南ヨーロッパ) [名] the region of Europe comprising the countries on the Mediterranean Sea

look upon (見ている) [動] to regard or consider in a particular way

married (結婚した) [形] in a state of marriage

unchaste (不貞) [形] not chaste

indecent (下品) [形] not decent

南ヨーロッパのすべての人々は、結婚した聖職者を非宗教的であるだけでなく、不貞で、下品で、粗野で、嫌悪感を抱くものとして見ている。

What do Protestants think of these perfectly sincere feelings, and of the attempt to enforce them against non-Catholics?

non-Catholic (非カトリック教徒) [名] a person who is not a member of the Roman Catholic Church

プロテスタントは、これらの全く誠実な感情と、非カトリック教徒に対してそれを強制しようとする試みについてどう思っているだろうか?

Yet, if mankind are justified in interfering with each other's liberty in things which do not concern the interests of others, on what principle is it possible consistently to exclude these cases?

しかし、もし人類が他人の利益に関係のない事柄において互いの自由を干渉することが正当化されるならば、どのような原理に基づいてこれらの事例を一貫して排除することが可能だろうか?

or who can blame people for desiring to suppress what they regard as a scandal in the sight of God and man?

blame (非難する) [動] assign responsibility for a fault or wrong

scandal (スキャンダル) [名] an action or event regarded as morally or legally wrong and causing general public outrage

あるいは、神と人間の目から見てスキャンダルだと見なしていることを抑圧したいという欲求を抱く人々を誰が非難できるだろうか?

No stronger case can be shown for prohibiting anything which is regarded as a personal immorality, than is made out for suppressing these practices in the eyes of those who regard them as impieties;

No stronger case (これ以上強力な事例) [名] no case that is stronger

be shown (示される) [動] be presented or demonstrated

be regarded as (見なされる) [動] be considered or thought of as

be made out (作られる) [動] be constructed or created

個人的な不道徳と見なされるものを禁止することについて、それを不敬虔と見なす人々の目から見てこれらの行為を抑圧することよりも強力な事例は示せない。

and unless we are willing to adopt the logic of persecutors, and to say that we may persecute others because we are right, and that they must not persecute us because they are wrong, we must beware of admitting a principle of which we should resent as a gross injustice the application to ourselves.

beware (注意する) [動] be careful or cautious

injustice (不正) [名] lack of fairness or justice

そして、迫害者の論理を採用し、自分たちが正しいから他人を迫害してもよく、他人は間違っているから自分たちを迫害してはならないと言うつもりがない限り、自分たちに適用されたら甚だしい不正として憤慨するような原理を認めることには注意しなければならない。

The preceding instances may be objected to, although unreasonably, as drawn from contingencies impossible among us: opinion, in this country, not being likely to enforce abstinence from meats, or to interfere with people for worshipping, and for either marrying or not marrying, according to their creed or inclination.

unreasonable (不合理な) [形] not guided by or based on good sense

contingency (偶然) [名] a possible event or circumstance

draw from (引き出す) [動] to take or get something from a particular source

marry (結婚する) [動] to take as one's spouse

前述の例は、不合理ではあるが、私たちの間では起こりえない偶然から引き出されたものとして反対されるかもしれない。この国では、肉食を強制したり、信条や傾向に従って礼拝したり、結婚したりしないことを妨害したりするような意見はあり得ない。

The next example, however, shall be taken from an interference with liberty which we have by no means passed all danger of.

next (次の) [形] immediately following the time of writing

shall (する) [助] expressing a strong intention or determination

pass (乗り越える) [動] to go beyond or surpass

しかし、次の例は、私たちが決してすべての危険を乗り越えたわけではない自由への干渉から取り上げられる。

Wherever the Puritans have been sufficiently powerful, as in New England, and in Great Britain at the time of the Commonwealth, they have endeavoured, with considerable success, to put down all public, and nearly all private, amusements: especially music, dancing, public games, or other assemblages for purposes of diversion, and the theatre.

New England (ニューイングランド) [名] a northeastern region of the U.S.

Great Britain (イギリス) [名] an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe

Commonwealth (コモンウェルス) [名] a political unit

amusement (娯楽) [名] something that provides entertainment or enjoyment

dancing (ダンス) [名] the activity, practice, or art of moving the body in a rhythmic way, typically to music and within a given space, for the purpose of expressing an idea or emotion, releasing energy, or simply taking d...

game (ゲーム) [名] a form of play or sport, especially a competitive one played according to rules and decided by skill, strength, or luck

theatre (劇場) [名] a building or area for dramatic performances and a building or area for dramatic performances and

ニューイングランドやコモンウェルス時代のイギリスのように、ピューリタンが十分に強力だったところではどこでも、彼らはすべての公的な娯楽とほとんどすべての私的な娯楽、特に音楽、ダンス、公的なゲーム、その他の娯楽目的の集会、劇場を抑圧しようと努力し、かなりの成功を収めた。

There are still in this country large bodies of persons by whose notions of morality and religion these recreations are condemned;

in this country (この国には) [名] the United Kingdom

large bodies of persons (大勢いる) [名] a large number of people

by whose notions of morality and religion (道徳や宗教の観念から) [名] the ideas that people have about what is right and wrong and what people should do

these recreations (これらの娯楽) [名] activities that people do for enjoyment when they are not working

are condemned (非難する) [動] express strong disapproval of

この国には、道徳や宗教の観念からこれらの娯楽を非難する人々がまだ大勢いる。

and those persons belonging chiefly to the middle class, who are the ascendant power in the present social and political condition of the kingdom, it is by no means impossible that persons of these sentiments may at some time or other command a majority in Parliament.

ascendant (優勢な) [形] rising or increasing

power (勢力) [名] the ability to do or act

at some time or other (いつの日か) [副] at some time in the future

command (占める) [動] be in possession of

Parliament (議会) [名] the highest legislative body of a country

そして、主に中産階級に属する人々は、王国の現在の社会的、政治的状況において優勢な勢力であり、これらの感情を持つ人々がいつの日か議会で過半数を占めることは決して不可能ではない。

How will the remaining portion of the community like to have the amusements that shall be permitted to them regulated by the religious and moral sentiments of the stricter Calvinists and Methodists?

permitted (許可される) [動] allow (something) to happen

regulated (規制される) [動] control or supervise (something) by means of rules and regulations

stricter (より厳格な) [形] enforcing rules or standards strictly

Methodist (メソジスト) [名] a member of a Christian denomination that developed from the teachings of John Wesley

コミュニティの残りの部分は、より厳格なカルヴァン主義者やメソジストたちの宗教的、道徳的感情によって規制された娯楽をどのように受け止めているだろうか?

Would they not, with considerable peremptoriness, desire these intrusively pious members of society to mind their own business?

peremptoriness (横柄さ) [名] the quality of being peremptory

intrusively (押しつけがましく) [副] in a way that is too forceful or direct

pious (信心深い) [形] devoted to religion or religious purposes

mind (気にかける) [動] to be careful or concerned about something

business (事) [名] a person's work or profession

彼らは、かなり横柄に、社会のこれらの押しつけがましい信心深いメンバーに自分のことを気にかけてほしいと望むのではないだろうか?

This is precisely what should be said to every government and every public, who have the pretension that no person shall enjoy any pleasure which they think wrong.

これはまさに、誰も間違っていると思う楽しみを享受してはならないというふりをしているすべての政府とすべての国民に言うべきことである。

But if the principle of the pretension be admitted, no one can reasonably object to its being acted on in the sense of the majority, or other preponderating power in the country;

preponderating (優勢な) [形] having greater weight, value, or importance

reasonably (合理的に) [副] in a fair and sensible way

しかし、その主張の原則が認められれば、国内の過半数または他の優勢な権力の意味でその主張に基づいて行動することに、誰も合理的に反対することはできない。

and all persons must be ready to conform to the idea of a Christian commonwealth, as understood by the early settlers in New England, if a religious profession similar to theirs should ever succeed in regaining its lost ground, as religions supposed to be declining have so often been known to do.

settler (入植者) [名] a person who moves with a group of others to live in a new country or area

regain (取り戻す) [動] obtain possession or use of (something) again

known (知られている) [動] be aware of the existence, fact, or truth of (something)

そして、ニューイングランドの初期の入植者たちが理解していたように、キリスト教の共和国という考えに従う準備がすべての人にできていなければならない。もし彼らのような宗教的な職業が、衰退していると思われている宗教がそうであるように、失われた地盤を取り戻すことに成功したならば。

To imagine another contingency, perhaps more likely to be realised than the one last mentioned.

別の偶然を想像してみよう。おそらく最後に述べたものよりも実現する可能性が高い。

There is confessedly a strong tendency in the modern world towards a democratic constitution of society, accompanied or not by popular political institutions.

modern world (現代世界) [名] the world of recent times

democratic constitution (民主的な体制) [名] a system of government in which the people have the power to make decisions

political institution (政治制度) [名] a system of government or the set of rules and laws by which a country or state is governed

現代世界には、民主的な政治制度を伴うか伴わないかにかかわらず、民主的な社会体制に向かう強い傾向があることは認められている。

It is affirmed that in the country where this tendency is most completely realised—where both society and the government are most democratic—the United States—the feeling of the majority, to whom any appearance of a more showy or costly style of living than they can hope to rival is disagreeable, operates as a tolerably effectual sumptuary law, and that in many parts of the Union it is really difficult for a person possessing a very large income, to find any mode of spending it, which will not incur popular disapprobation.

democratic (民主的な) [形] relating to or supporting democracy or its principles

United States (アメリカ) [名] a country in North America

showy (派手な) [形] very bright or noticeable in a way that is intended to attract attention

costly (高価な) [形] high in price or value

style (スタイル) [名] a manner of doing something

operate (機能する) [動] work or function

tolerably (かなり) [副] to a moderate degree

effectual (効果的な) [形] producing the intended or expected result

sumptuary (奢侈禁止の) [形] relating to or designed to regulate personal expenditure on food, dress, and other items

Union (連邦) [名] a political unit consisting of a number of states or provinces united by a central government

income (収入) [名] money received, especially on a regular basis, for work or through investments

spend (使う) [動] pay out (money) in buying or hiring goods or services

popular (世間の) [形] relating to the general public

この傾向が最も完全に実現している国、つまり社会と政府の両方が最も民主的な国であるアメリカでは、自分たちが競合できると期待できるよりも派手で高価な生活スタイルが現れることを不快に感じる多数派の感情が、かなり効果的な奢侈禁止法として機能しており、連邦の多くの地域では、非常に大きな収入を得ている人が、世間の不評を買わないような使い道を見つけるのは本当に難しいと断言されている。

Though such statements as these are doubtless much exaggerated as a representation of existing facts, the state of things they describe is not only a conceivable and possible, but a probable result of democratic feeling, combined with the notion that the public has a right to a veto on the manner in which individuals shall spend their incomes.

statement (主張) [名] a declaration or remark

exaggerated (誇張されている) [形] too much

existing (現実の) [形] in existence

fact (状況) [名] a thing that is known or proved to be true

describe (描写している) [動] to give an account of something

conceivable (考えうる) [形] capable of being imagined or understood

possible (起こりうること) [形] able to happen or exist

probable (考えうる) [形] likely to happen or be true

democratic (民主主義的な) [形] of or relating to democracy

veto (拒否権) [名] the power or right to reject a proposed law or decision

このような主張は、現実の状況を表現したものとしては間違いなく誇張されているが、彼らが描写している状況は、民主主義的な感情と、個人が収入をどのように使うかについて国民が拒否権を持つという考えが組み合わさった結果として、考えうるだけでなく、起こりうることである。

We have only further to suppose a considerable diffusion of Socialist opinions, and it may become infamous in the eyes of the majority to possess more property than some very small amount, or any income not earned by manual labour.

Socialist (社会主義) [名] a political and economic theory of social organization which advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole

infamous (悪名高い) [形] well known for some bad quality or deed

社会主義思想がかなり普及していることをさらに想定すれば、ごくわずかな額以上の財産を所有したり、肉体労働で得た収入以外を所有することは、多数派の目には悪名高いものとなるかもしれない。

Opinions similar in principle to these, already prevail widely among the artisan class, and weigh oppressively on those who are amenable to the opinion chiefly of that class, namely, its own members.

prevail (普及する) [動] be widespread or current

artisan (職人) [名] a skilled craftsman

oppressively (重く) [副] in a manner that is oppressive

原則的にこれらに類似した意見は、すでに職人階級の間に広く普及しており、主にその階級の意見に従う人々、つまりその階級のメンバーに重くのしかかっている。

It is known that the bad workmen who form the majority of the operatives in many branches of industry, are decidedly of opinion that bad workmen ought to receive the same wages as good, and that no one ought to be allowed, through piecework or otherwise, to earn by superior skill or industry more than others can without it.

bad workman (質の悪い労働者) [名] a worker who is not good at their job

form the majority (過半数を占める) [動] be more than half of a total

industry (産業) [名] the production of goods or services

branch (部門) [名] a division of a large organization

decidedly (明らかに) [副] in a way that is very clear and easy to understand

wage (賃金) [名] a fixed regular payment, typically paid on a daily or weekly basis, made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker

piecework (出来高払い) [名] work paid for according to the number of units produced

earn (稼ぐ) [動] obtain (money) in return for labor or services

industry (勤勉さ) [名] the quality of being hard-working or diligent

多くの産業部門で労働者の過半数を占める質の悪い労働者は、質の悪い労働者も良い労働者と同じ賃金を受け取るべきであり、出来高払いなどによって、優れた技能や勤勉さによって、他の労働者がそれなしで稼ぐことができる以上の収入を得ることを許されるべきではないという考えを持っていることが知られている。

And they employ a moral police, which occasionally becomes a physical one, to deter skilful workmen from receiving, and employers from giving, a larger remuneration for a more useful service.

employ (雇う) [動] give work to

workman (労働者) [名] a person who works

employer (雇用主) [名] a person or organization that employs people

give (支払う) [動] transfer to another as a gift or as payment

remuneration (報酬) [名] money paid for work or a service

そして彼らは、熟練した労働者がより有益なサービスに対してより多くの報酬を受け取ったり、雇用主がそれを支払ったりすることを阻止するために、道徳的な警察を雇い、時にはそれが物理的な警察になることもある。

If the public have any jurisdiction over private concerns, I cannot see that these people are in fault, or that any individual's particular public can be blamed for asserting the same authority over his individual conduct, which the general public asserts over people in general.

公衆が私的な事柄に対して何らかの管轄権を持っているのであれば、私はこれらの人々が過失を犯しているとは思えないし、一般の人々が一般の人々に対して主張するのと同じ権限を個人の行動に対して主張したとしても、その個人の特定の公衆を非難することはできない。

But, without dwelling upon supposititious cases, there are, in our own day, gross usurpations upon the liberty of private life actually practised, and still greater ones threatened with some expectation of success, and opinions proposed which assert an unlimited right in the public not only to prohibit by law everything which it thinks wrong, but in order to get at what it thinks wrong, to prohibit any number of things which it admits to be innocent.

dwell (こだわる) [動] to think or write about something at length

supposititious (仮定の) [形] based on an assumption or hypothesis

usurpation (侵害) [名] the action of taking something for oneself by force or without right

propose (出す) [動] to put forward for consideration or discussion

innocent (無実の) [形] not guilty of a crime or offence

しかし、仮定的な事例にこだわらずに、現代では、実際に行われている私生活の自由に対する大きな侵害があり、さらに大きな侵害が成功するのではないかと脅かされており、間違っていると考えるすべてのことを法律で禁止するだけでなく、間違っていると考えるものにたどり着くために、無実であると認めているものをいくつでも禁止する無制限の権利を公衆に主張する意見が出されている。

Under the name of preventing intemperance, the people of one English colony, and of nearly half the United States, have been interdicted by law from making any use whatever of fermented drinks, except for medical purposes: for prohibition of their sale is in fact, as it is intended to be, prohibition of their use.

colony (植民地) [名] a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country

fermented (発酵した) [形] produced by or subjected to fermentation

drink (飲料) [名] a liquid that can be drunk

medical (医療) [形] of or relating to the treatment of illness and injuries

sale (販売) [名] the exchange of a commodity for money

不摂生を防ぐという名目で、イギリスの1つの植民地とアメリカのほぼ半分の人々は、医療目的を除いて、発酵飲料を一切使用することを法律で禁止されている。なぜなら、その販売の禁止は、実際には、その使用の禁止を意図しているからである。

And though the impracticability of executing the law has caused its repeal in several of the States which had adopted it, including the one from which it derives its name, an attempt has notwithstanding been commenced, and is prosecuted with considerable zeal by many of the professed philanthropists, to agitate for a similar law in this country.

impracticability (不可能) [名] the quality or state of being impracticable

repeal (廃止) [動] revoke or cancel officially

commence (始まる) [動] begin

prosecute (推進する) [動] follow up or continue

profess (自称する) [動] claim to have a skill or quality

agitate (制定する) [動] move or cause to move up and down or to and fro with a rapid, irregular motion

そして、法律を執行することが不可能であったために、その法律を採用した州のいくつかで廃止されたが、その法律の名前の由来となった州も含まれているが、それにもかかわらず、この国でも同様の法律を制定しようとする試みが始まり、多くの自称慈善家によってかなり熱心に推進されている。

The association, or “Alliance” as it terms itself, which has been formed for this purpose, has acquired some notoriety through the publicity given to a correspondence between its Secretary and one of the very few English public men who hold that a politician's opinions ought to be founded on principles.

association (協会) [名] a group of people organized for a joint purpose

alliance (同盟) [名] a union or association formed for mutual benefit, especially between countries or organizations

secretary (幹事) [名] an officer of an organization who deals with correspondence, records, and other routine work

correspondence (書簡) [名] communication by exchanging letters

publicity (公表) [名] the state of being well known

この目的のために結成された協会、あるいは自称「同盟」は、その幹事と、政治家の意見は原則に基づくべきだと考えるイギリスのごく少数の公職者の一人との間の書簡が公表されたことで、ある程度の悪評を買っている。

Lord Stanley's share in this correspondence is calculated to strengthen the hopes already built on him, by those who know how rare such qualities as are manifested in some of his public appearances, unhappily are among those who figure in political life.

Lord Stanley (スタンレー卿) [名] a British politician

build (寄せる) [動] to make or form by putting parts or materials together over a period of time

public appearance (公的な場に現れる) [名] an occasion when someone appears in public

figure (登場する) [動] to be included or mentioned

political life (政治生活) [名] the activities of a politician or political party

この書簡におけるスタンレー卿の分け前は、彼の公的な場に現れたときに示されるような資質が、不幸にも政治生活に登場する人々の中にどれほど稀であるかを知っている人たちによって、すでに彼に寄せられている希望を強めることを計算に入れている。

The organ of the Alliance, who would “deeply deplore the recognition of any principle which could be wrested to justify bigotry and persecution,” undertakes to point out the “broad and impassable barrier” which divides such principles from those of the association.

deplore (嘆く) [動] feel or express strong disapproval of

undertake (約束する) [動] to make oneself responsible for

broad (広い) [形] having a large distance from one side to the other

impassable (通行不能な) [形] not able to be traveled or crossed

偏見や迫害を正当化するためにねじ曲げられる原則を認めることを深く嘆く」同盟の機関は、そのような原則を協会の原則から分ける「広く通行不能な障壁」を指摘することを約束する。

“All matters relating to thought, opinion, conscience, appear to me,” he says, “to be without the sphere of legislation;

「思想、意見、良心に関するすべての事柄は、私には立法の範囲外にあるように思われる」と彼は言う。

all pertaining to social act, habit, relation, subject only to a discretionary power vested in the State itself, and not in the individual, to be within it.”

pertain (関係する) [動] be appropriate or suitable

social act (社会的行為) [名] an act that is done in a social setting

subject (従属する) [動] cause to experience or undergo

discretionary power (裁量権) [名] the power or right to decide or act according to one's own judgment

within (範囲内) [前] inside the limits or area of

社会的行為、習慣、関係に関係するすべてのことは、個人ではなく国家自体に与えられた裁量権にのみ従属し、その範囲内にある。」

No mention is made of a third class, different from either of these, viz.

third (第三) [形] coming after second and before fourth in position

これらとは異なる第三のクラスについては言及されていない。

acts and habits which are not social, but individual;

individual (個人的な) [形] relating to a single person or thing

社会的ではなく個人的な行為や習慣である。

although it is to this class, surely, that the act of drinking fermented liquors belongs.

although (だが) [接] in spite of the fact that

it is to this class (このクラスに属する) [動] belong to this class

that the act of drinking fermented liquors (発酵酒を飲むという行為) [名] the act of drinking fermented liquors

belongs (属する) [動] be a member of a group

発酵酒を飲むという行為は、確かにこのクラスに属するのだが。

Selling fermented liquors, however, is trading, and trading is a social act.

fermented liquor (発酵酒) [名] an alcoholic beverage made from the fermentation of grain, fruit, or other plant material

trading (取引) [名] the action of buying and selling goods and services

しかし、発酵酒を売ることは取引であり、取引は社会的行為である。

But the infringement complained of is not on the liberty of the seller, but on that of the buyer and consumer;

infringement (侵害) [名] the action of breaking or failing to comply with a law, agreement, or treaty

seller (売り手) [名] a person or company that sells something

buyer (買い手) [名] a person or company that buys something

consumer (消費者) [名] a person who buys and uses goods and services

しかし、問題となっている侵害は、売り手の自由ではなく、買い手と消費者の自由に対するものである。

since the State might just as well forbid him to drink wine, as purposely make it impossible for him to obtain it.

drink (飲む) [動] take (a liquid) into the mouth and swallow

purposely (故意に) [副] deliberately; intentionally

なぜなら、国家は彼がワインを飲むことを禁じることができるのと同じように、彼がワインを手に入れることを故意に不可能にすることができるからである。

The Secretary, however, says, “I claim, as a citizen, a right to legislate whenever my social rights are invaded by the social act of another.”

Secretary (書記官) [名] an officer of a society or organization who keeps records, takes minutes of meetings, and generally deals with correspondence

legislate (立法する) [動] make or enact laws

invade (侵害する) [動] enter (a place, situation, or sphere of activity) in large numbers, especially with intrusive effect

しかし、書記官は「私は市民として、私の社会的権利が他人の社会的行為によって侵害された場合にはいつでも立法する権利を主張する」と言っている。

And now for the definition of these “social rights.”

definition (定義) [名] a statement of the exact meaning of a word, especially in a dictionary

そして、今度はこれらの「社会的権利」の定義についてである。

“If anything invades my social rights, certainly the traffic in strong drink does.

social right (社会的権利) [名] a right that is believed to belong to every person as a member of society

traffic (取引) [名] the movement of people or vehicles through a place or area

strong drink (強い酒) [名] an alcoholic drink

「もし何かが私の社会的権利を侵害するならば、確かに強い酒の取引はそうする。

It destroys my primary right of security, by constantly creating and stimulating social disorder.

destroy (破壊する) [動] cause (something) to cease to exist or be in a usable condition

primary (第一の) [形] of first importance or significance

create (生み出す) [動] cause to come into existence

stimulate (刺激する) [動] make (someone or something) more active or lively

disorder (無秩序) [名] a lack of order or regular arrangement

それは、絶えず社会的無秩序を生み出し、刺激することによって、私の安全に対する第一の権利を破壊する。

It invades my right of equality, by deriving a profit from the creation of a misery, I am taxed to support.

profit (利益) [名] a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something

creation (創造) [名] the act of genuinely creating something

misery (悲惨さ) [名] a state or feeling of great distress or discomfort

それは、私が支援するために課税される悲惨さの創造から利益を得ることによって、私の平等の権利を侵害する。

It impedes my right to free moral and intellectual development, by surrounding my path with dangers, and by weakening and demoralising society, from which I have a right to claim mutual aid and intercourse.”

free (自由にする) [動] to make someone or something free

demoralise (道徳を低下させる) [動] to cause someone to lose confidence or hope

claim (要求する) [動] to state or assert that something is the case

mutual (相互) [形] shared by two or more people or things

intercourse (交流) [名] communication or dealings between people or groups

それは、私の道を危険で取り囲み、私が相互扶助と交流を要求する権利を持つ社会を弱体化させ、道徳を低下させることによって、私の道徳的および知的発達を自由にする権利を妨げる。」

A theory of “social rights,” the like of which probably never before found its way into distinct language—being nothing short of this—that it is the absolute social right of every individual, that every other individual shall act in every respect exactly as he ought;

social rights (社会的権利) [名] the rights of individuals to receive public assistance

every other (他のすべての) [限] each of the remaining members of a group

exactly (まさに) [副] in exact terms; precisely

おそらくこれまで明確な言葉で表現されたことがない「社会的権利」の理論は、すべての個人の絶対的な社会的権利であり、他のすべての個人はあらゆる点で彼がすべきように行動しなければならないというものである。

that whosoever fails thereof in the smallest particular, violates my social right, and entitles me to demand from the legislature the removal of the grievance.

thereof (それ) [代] of that

smallest (小さい) [形] of a size that is less than normal or usual

particular (事) [名] a fact or detail

entitle (権利を持つ) [動] give (someone) a legal right or claim to something

removal (除去) [名] the action of taking away something

grievance (不満) [名] a real or imagined cause for complaint or protest

誰であれ、どんなに小さなことでもそれを怠れば、私の社会的権利を侵害し、私は立法府に不満の除去を要求する権利を持つ。

So monstrous a principle is far more dangerous than any single interference with liberty;

monstrous (恐ろしい) [形] causing or likely to cause great fear or horror; shocking

far (はるかに) [副] to a great extent; by a great deal

single (単一の) [形] not accompanied by another; solitary

このような恐ろしい原則は、自由に対する単一の干渉よりもはるかに危険である。

there is no violation of liberty which it would not justify;

violation (侵害) [名] the action of breaking or failing to comply with a law, agreement, or other formal requirement

それが正当化できない自由の侵害はない。

it acknowledges no right to any freedom whatever, except perhaps to that of holding opinions in secret, without ever disclosing them:

whatever (いかなる) [限] no matter what; of any kind

それは、おそらく意見を秘密にして決して開示しないという権利を除いて、いかなる自由に対する権利も認めていない。

for the moment an opinion which I consider noxious, passes any one's lips, it invades all the “social rights” attributed to me by the Alliance.

for the moment (今のところ) [副] for the present time; temporarily

lip (唇) [名] either of the two fleshy parts that form the upper and lower edges of the opening of the mouth

私が有害だと考える意見が誰かの口から出た瞬間、それは同盟によって私に与えられたすべての「社会的権利」を侵害する。

The doctrine ascribes to all mankind a vested interest in each other's moral, intellectual, and even physical perfection, to be defined by each claimant according to his own standard.

vested interest (既得権益) [名] a special right or advantage that a person or group has, usually because of social or economic power

claimant (主張者) [名] a person who makes a claim

この教義は、すべての人類に、互いの道徳的、知的、さらには肉体的完全性に対する既得権益を認めており、それは各主張者が自分の基準に従って定義することになっている。

Another important example of illegitimate interference with the rightful liberty of the individual, not simply threatened, but long since carried into triumphant effect, is Sabbatarian legislation.

Sabbatarian (安息日) [名] a person who observes the Sabbath

legislation (法) [名] the laws of a country or region

個人の正当な自由に対する不当な干渉のもう一つの重要な例は、単に脅かされているだけでなく、長い間勝利の効果をもたらしてきた安息日法である。

Without doubt, abstinence on one day in the week, so far as the exigencies of life permit, from the usual daily occupation, though in no respect religiously binding on any except Jews, is a highly beneficial custom.

Without doubt (疑いもなく) [副] certainly

one day (一日) [名] a period of time

week (週) [名] a period of seven days

usual (通常の) [形] happening or done often or regularly

occupation (仕事) [名] a person's regular paid work

religiously (宗教的に) [副] in a religious manner

bind (拘束される) [動] tie or fasten together

疑いもなく、生活の必要性が許す限り、週に一日、通常の日常の仕事から離れることは、ユダヤ人以外には宗教的に拘束されることはないが、非常に有益な習慣である。

And inasmuch as this custom cannot be observed without a general consent to that effect among the industrious classes, therefore, in so far as some persons by working may impose the same necessity on others, it may be allowable and right that the law should guarantee to each, the observance by others of the custom, by suspending the greater operations of industry on a particular day.

industrious (勤勉な) [形] working hard and steadily

guarantee (保証) [動] to promise that something will be done or will happen

suspend (一時停止する) [動] to stop something from happening or being in effect for a period of time

operation (活動) [名] the state of being active or functioning

そして、この習慣は勤勉な階級の間でその効果に対する一般的な同意なしには守ることができないので、ある人が働くことによって他の人にも同じ必要性を課す可能性がある限り、法律が特定の日に産業のより大きな活動を一時停止することによって、他の人による習慣の遵守を各人に保証することは許され、正しいことかもしれない。

But this justification, grounded on the direct interest which others have in each individual's observance of the practice, does not apply to the self-chosen occupations in which a person may think fit to employ his leisure;

grounded (基づく) [動] have a basis in; be based on

direct interest (直接的な利益) [名] a benefit that is received directly from an action or investment

self-chosen (自分で選んだ) [形] chosen by oneself

leisure (余暇) [名] time when you are not working or doing other duties

しかし、この正当化は、各個人がその慣行を守ることに対して他者が持つ直接的な利益に基づいており、人が自分の余暇を有効に活用できると考えるかもしれない、自分で選んだ職業には適用されない。

nor does it hold good, in the smallest degree, for legal restrictions on amusements.

hold good (当てはまる) [動] be valid or applicable

また、娯楽に対する法的制限については、少しも当てはまらない。

It is true that the amusement of some is the day's work of others;

day's work (日課) [名] the work that is done in a day

確かに、ある人の娯楽は他の人の日課である。

but the pleasure, not to say the useful recreation, of many, is worth the labour of a few, provided the occupation is freely chosen, and can be freely resigned.

recreation (レクリエーション) [名] an activity that you do for enjoyment when you are not working

worth (価値がある) [形] deserving to be treated or regarded in the way specified

resign (辞める) [動] leave a job, post, or position voluntarily

しかし、多くの人の喜びは、有益なレクリエーションとは言わないまでも、職業が自由に選べ、自由に辞めることができるのであれば、少数の人の労働に値する。

The operatives are perfectly right in thinking that if all worked on Sunday, seven days' work would have to be given for six days' wages:

operative (労働者) [名] a person who works in a factory

Sunday (日曜日) [名] the first day of the week

seven (七) [数] the number 7

six (六) [数] the number 6

労働者は、もし全員が日曜日に働けば、六日分の賃金で七日分働かなければならないと考えるのは全く正しい。

but so long as the great mass of employments are suspended, the small number who for the enjoyment of others must still work, obtain a proportional increase of earnings;

great mass (大部分) [名] a large number or amount

be suspended (停止される) [動] to stop or be stopped for a period of time

for the enjoyment of (楽しみのために) [前] for the purpose of

must still work (働かなければならない) [動] to be obliged to do something

proportional increase (比例的増加) [名] an increase in the same proportion as something else

earnings (収入) [名] money that is earned

しかし、大部分の雇用が停止されている限り、他人の楽しみのために働かなければならない少数の人々は、収入が比例的に増加する。

and they are not obliged to follow those occupations, if they prefer leisure to emolument.

emolument (報酬) [名] a salary, fee, or profit from employment or office

そして、彼らは報酬よりも余暇を好むのであれば、そうした職業に従事する義務はない。

If a further remedy is sought, it might be found in the establishment by custom of a holiday on some other day of the week for those particular classes of persons.

further (さらなる) [形] more or greater in addition to what has already been done, said, or experienced

remedy (救済策) [名] a medicine or treatment for a disease or injury

holiday (休日) [名] a day on which people do not work

もしさらなる救済策が求められるなら、そうした特定の階級の人々のために、週の他の日に休日を設ける習慣を定着させることで解決できるかもしれない。

The only ground, therefore, on which restrictions on Sunday amusements can be defended, must be that they are religiously wrong;

したがって、日曜日の娯楽の制限を擁護できる唯一の根拠は、それが宗教的に間違っているということに違いない。

a motive of legislation which never can be too earnestly protested against.

立法の動機としては、これほど真剣に抗議されるべきものはない。

“Deorum injuriæ Diis curæ.”

Deorum injuriæ Diis curæ (神々への侮辱は神々が処理する) [名] a Latin phrase meaning "the gods take care of injuries to the gods"

「神々への侮辱は神々が処理する」

It remains to be proved that society or any of its officers holds a commission from on high to avenge any supposed offence to Omnipotence, which is not also a wrong to our fellow-creatures.

officer (役人) [名] a person who has a position of authority in an organization

hold (有する) [動] to have or possess

commission (権限) [名] an official document issued by a government or other authority

avenge (天罰を下す) [動] to inflict harm in return for an injury or wrong

Omnipotence (全能の神) [名] the quality of having unlimited power

fellow-creature (同胞) [名] a person or animal that is similar to oneself

社会やその役人が、全能の神に対する冒涜とされる行為に天罰を下す権限を有していることは、まだ証明されていない。

The notion that it is one man's duty that another should be religious, was the foundation of all the religious persecutions ever perpetrated, and if admitted, would fully justify them.

他人が宗教的であることが自分の義務であるという考えは、これまでに行われたすべての宗教的迫害の基礎であり、もし認められれば、それらを完全に正当化するものである。

Though the feeling which breaks out in the repeated attempts to stop railway travelling on Sunday, in the resistance to the opening of Museums, and the like, has not the cruelty of the old persecutors, the state of mind indicated by it is fundamentally the same.

railway (鉄道) [名] a track made of steel rails on which trains run

museum (博物館) [名] a place where objects of historical, scientific, artistic, or cultural interest are stored and exhibited

state of mind (精神状態) [名] a person's mood or mental state

fundamentally (基本的に) [副] in a fundamental way

日曜日の鉄道旅行を阻止しようとする度重なる試みや、博物館の開館に対する抵抗などに見られる感情は、昔の迫害者のような残酷さはないものの、そこに表れている精神状態は基本的に同じである。

It is a determination not to tolerate others in doing what is permitted by their religion, because it is not permitted by the persecutor's religion.

determination (決意) [名] a firm decision to do something

permitted (許されている) [動] officially allow (someone) to do something

それは、迫害者の宗教では許されていないからといって、他人が自分の宗教で許されていることをするのを許さないという決意である。

It is a belief that God not only abominates the act of the misbeliever, but will not hold us guiltless if we leave him unmolested.

abominate (忌み嫌う) [動] to hate or dislike something very much

misbeliever (異教徒) [名] a person who does not believe in the same religion as you

hold (見なす) [動] to have or keep something in a particular position or state

guiltless (無罪) [形] not guilty of a crime or offense

unmolested (邪魔をしない) [形] not disturbed or interfered with

それは、神が異教徒の行為を忌み嫌うだけでなく、もし私たちが異教徒を放っておけば、私たちを無罪とは見なさないという信念である。

I cannot refrain from adding to these examples of the little account commonly made of human liberty, the language of downright persecution which breaks out from the press of this country, whenever it feels called on to notice the remarkable phenomenon of Mormonism.

add (付け加える) [動] say or write something further

downright (あからさまな) [形] complete and without any qualification

break out (飛び出す) [動] escape from a place

call on (注目する) [動] to pay a visit to

phenomenon (現象) [名] a fact or situation that is observed to exist or happen, especially one whose cause or explanation is in question

人間の自由を軽視するこれらの例に、モルモン教という注目すべき現象に注目する必要があると感じるたびに、この国の報道機関から飛び出すあからさまな迫害の言葉を付け加えずにはいられない。

Much might be said on the unexpected and instructive fact, that an alleged new revelation, and a religion founded on it, the product of palpable imposture, not even supported by the prestige of extraordinary qualities in its founder, is believed by hundreds of thousands, and has been made the foundation of a society, in the age of newspapers, railways, and the electric telegraph.

unexpected (予想外) [形] not expected or anticipated

revelation (啓示) [名] a surprising and previously unknown fact, especially one that is made known in a dramatic way

found (もとづいて作られた) [動] to establish or create

imposture (詐欺) [名] the action or crime of deceiving someone by giving them a false impression of yourself

support (支えられない) [動] to give assistance to, or to be in favor of

prestige (威信) [名] high status or reputation achieved through success or influence

believe (信じられる) [動] to accept that (something) is true, especially without proof

hundreds of thousands (何十万人もの) [名] a very large number

newspaper (新聞) [名] a printed publication consisting of folded unstapled sheets and containing news, articles, advertisements and correspondence

electric telegraph (電信) [名] a system for transmitting messages from a distance along a wire, especially one creating signals by making and breaking an electrical connection

新聞、鉄道、電信の時代に、新しい啓示と称されるもの、そしてそれにもとづいて作られた宗教、つまり、創始者の並外れた資質の威信にさえ支えられない、明白な詐欺の産物が、何十万人もの人々に信じられ、社会の基礎となっているという、予想外で示唆に富む事実については、多くのことが語られるかもしれない。

What here concerns us is, that this religion, like other and better religions, has its martyrs;

martyr (殉教者) [名] someone who is killed because of their religious or other beliefs

ここで私たちが関心を持つのは、この宗教にも、他のより優れた宗教と同じように殉教者がいるということである。

that its prophet and founder was, for his teaching, put to death by a mob;

prophet (預言者) [名] a person who speaks for God or a god

founder (創始者) [名] a person who establishes an institution or settlement

その預言者であり創始者は、その教えのために暴徒に殺された。

that others of its adherents lost their lives by the same lawless violence;

adherent (信者) [名] a person who believes in a particular religion, philosophy, or political system

lawless (無法な) [形] not governed by or obedient to laws

その信者の他の人々も、同じ無法な暴力によって命を落とした。

that they were forcibly expelled, in a body, from the country in which they first grew up;

expel (追放する) [動] force to leave a place

body (集団) [名] a group of people

彼らは、最初に育った国から集団で強制退去させられた。

while, now that they have been chased into a solitary recess in the midst of a desert, many in this country openly declare that it would be right (only that it is not convenient) to send an expedition against them, and compel them by force to conform to the opinions of other people.

have been chased (追いやられた) [動] to cause to go away by force or threat

into (の中へ) [前] to the inside of

a solitary recess (孤独な隠れ場所) [名] a place where someone can be alone

in the midst of (の真ん中に) [前] in the middle of

a desert (砂漠) [名] a dry, sandy region of little rainfall, extreme temperature, and sparse vegetation

in this country (この国) [名] the country that is being discussed

openly declare (公然と宣言している) [動] to make a public and formal statement about something

it would be right (正しいことだと) [動] to be correct or good

to send (送り) [動] to cause to go or be taken to a destination; to dispatch

an expedition (遠征隊) [名] a journey of exploration, discovery, or research

by force (強制的に) [名] power or strength exerted upon an object

to conform (従うように) [動] to be in accordance with

to the opinions (意見に) [名] a view or judgment formed about something, not necessarily based on fact or knowledge

of other people (他の人々の) [名] people other than oneself

一方で、彼らが砂漠の真ん中の孤独な隠れ場所に追いやられた今、この国の多くの人々は、彼らに対して遠征隊を送り、他の人々の意見に従うように強制的に従わせるのは正しいことだと公然と宣言している(ただ、それは都合が悪いだけだ)。

The article of the Mormonite doctrine which is the chief provocative to the antipathy which thus breaks through the ordinary restraints of religious tolerance, is its sanction of polygamy;

Mormonite doctrine (モルモン教の教義) [名] the beliefs and teachings of the Mormon church

provocative (引き起こしている) [形] causing annoyance or anger

religious tolerance (宗教的寛容) [名] the willingness to accept or tolerate the existence of different religions or religious beliefs

sanction (認めている) [名] a punishment for breaking a law or rule

polygamy (一夫多妻制) [名] the practice of having more than one wife or husband at the same time

モルモン教の教義の中で、宗教的寛容の通常の制約を打ち破る反感を最も強く引き起こしているのは、一夫多妻制を認めている点である。

which, though permitted to Mahomedans, and Hindoos, and Chinese, seems to excite unquenchable animosity when practised by persons who speak English, and profess to be a kind of Christians.

Mahomedans (イスラム教徒) [名] a follower of the religion of Islam

Chinese (中国人) [名] a person from China

English (英語) [名] the language of England

Christians (キリスト教徒) [名] a follower of the religion of Christianity

イスラム教徒、ヒンズー教徒、中国人には許されているが、英語を話し、キリスト教徒を自認する人々が実践すると、消すことのできない敵意を抱かせるようである。

No one has a deeper disapprobation than I have of this Mormon institution;

deeper (より深い) [形] extending far down from the top or surface

disapprobation (不満) [名] the expression of disapproval

I (私) [名] the speaker or writer of the sentence

Mormon (モルモン教) [名] a religion founded in 1830 by Joseph Smith

私ほどこのモルモン教の制度に深い不満を持っている人はいない。

both for other reasons, and because, far from being in any way countenanced by the principle of liberty, it is a direct infraction of that principle, being a mere riveting of the chains of one half of the community, and an emancipation of the other from reciprocity of obligation towards them.

far from (どころか) [副] not at all; on the contrary

in any way (何らかの形で) [副] to any extent or degree; at all

countenanced (容認される) [動] to allow or accept

direct (直接的) [形] extending or moving from one place to another by the shortest way without changing direction or stopping

infraction (侵害) [名] the action of breaking the law or a rule

a mere (ただの) [形] that is the only thing mentioned

riveting (つなぎ合わせ) [動] to fasten or join together with a rivet

chain (鎖) [名] a series of connected metal links

one half (半分) [名] one of two equal parts into which something is or can be divided

emancipation (解放) [名] the fact or process of being set free from legal, social, or political restrictions

reciprocity (相互性) [名] the practice of exchanging things with others for mutual benefit, especially privileges granted by one country or organization to another

他の理由もあるが、自由の原理に何らかの形で容認されるどころか、その原理を直接的に侵害するものであり、共同体の半分の鎖をただつなぎ合わせ、残りの半分を彼らに対する義務の相互性から解放するものだからである。

Still, it must be remembered that this relation is as much voluntary on the part of the women concerned in it, and who may be deemed the sufferers by it, as is the case with any other form of the marriage institution;

be remembered (忘れてはならない) [動] be kept in the memory

concerned (関係する) [形] involved or interested in something

sufferer (被害者) [名] a person who suffers

marriage (結婚) [名] the legally or formally recognized union of two people as partners in a personal relationship (historically and in some jurisdictions specifically a union between a man and a woman)

それでも、この関係は、他の結婚制度の場合と同様に、関係する女性の側では自発的なものであり、被害者と見なされるかもしれないことを忘れてはならない。

and however surprising this fact may appear, it has its explanation in the common ideas and customs of the world, which teaching women to think marriage the one thing needful, make it intelligible that many a woman should prefer being one of several wives, to not being a wife at all.

intelligible (理解できる) [形] able to be understood

wife (妻) [名] a married woman

all (全く) [副] completely or entirely

この事実は驚くべきことかもしれないが、女性に結婚が唯一必要なことだと考えるように教え、多くの女性が妻の一人になることを全く妻にならないことよりも好むのは理解できることであるという、世界の一般的な考えや習慣に説明がつく。

Other countries are not asked to recognise such unions, or release any portion of their inhabitants from their own laws on the score of Mormonite opinions.

union (結婚) [名] the state of being joined or connected

release (解放する) [動] to set free

Mormonite (モルモン教徒) [名] a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

他の国々は、そのような結婚を認めたり、モルモン教徒の意見を理由に、住民の一部を自国の法律から解放するよう求められているわけではない。

But when the dissentients have conceded to the hostile sentiments of others, far more than could justly be demanded;

hostile (敵意) [形] showing or feeling opposition or dislike

しかし、反対者が他人の敵意に譲歩したとき、正当に要求できる以上のことが起こる。

when they have left the countries to which their doctrines were unacceptable, and established themselves in a remote corner of the earth, which they have been the first to render habitable to human beings;

unacceptable (受け入れられない) [形] not satisfactory or allowable

establish (定住する) [動] settle in a place

remote (遠く離れた) [形] far away in space or time

corner (場所) [名] a place or area, especially one with its own character

彼らの教義が受け入れられない国を去り、地球の遠く離れた場所に定住し、彼らが初めて人間が住めるようにしたとき、

it is difficult to see on what principles but those of tyranny they can be prevented from living there under what laws they please, provided they commit no aggression on other nations, and allow perfect freedom of departure to those who are dissatisfied with their ways.

please (喜ばせる) [動] cause to feel happy, satisfied, or grateful

aggression (侵略) [名] hostile or violent behavior or attitudes toward another; readiness to attack or confront

allow (認める) [動] give (someone) permission to do something

彼らが他の国に侵略をせず、彼らのやり方に不満を持つ人々に完全な出国の自由を認めている限り、彼らがどのような法律の下でそこに住むことを妨げることができるのか、専制政治の原則以外にどのような原則があるのか理解するのは難しい。

A recent writer, in some respects of considerable merit, proposes (to use his own words), not a crusade, but a civilizade, against this polygamous community, to put an end to what seems to him a retrograde step in civilisation.

recent (最近の) [形] having happened, begun, or been done not long ago or not long before; belonging to a past period of time comparatively close to the present

merit (功績) [名] the quality of being good and deserving praise

crusade (十字軍) [名] any of the military expeditions undertaken by the Christians of Europe in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries to recover the Holy Land from the Muslims

civilizade (文明化) [名] the process by which a society or country develops its social, political, and economic structures

polygamous (一夫多妻制の) [形] relating to or characterized by polygamy

retrograde (逆行する) [形] directed or moving backward

step (行為) [名] an action or movement

最近のある作家は、ある意味かなりの功績があるが、この一夫多妻制の共同体に対して、十字軍ではなく文明化を提案し、彼には文明の逆行と思われる行為に終止符を打とうとしている。

It also appears so to me, but I am not aware that any community has a right to force another to be civilised.

appear (思える) [動] seem or give the impression of being

civilise (文明化する) [動] bring (a place or people) to a stage of social, cultural, and moral development considered to be more advanced

私にもそう思えるが、どの共同体にも他者を文明化させる権利があるとは思えない。

So long as the sufferers by the bad law do not invoke assistance from other communities, I cannot admit that persons entirely unconnected with them ought to step in and require that a condition of things with which all who are directly interested appear to be satisfied, should be put an end to because it is a scandal to persons some thousands of miles distant, who have no part or concern in it.

bad law (悪法) [名] a law that is considered to be unfair or unjust

assistance (援助) [名] the action of helping someone by sharing work, providing money, or giving advice

unconnected (関係のない) [形] not joined or connected

step in (介入する) [動] take action to become involved in a situation, especially in order to improve it or prevent it from getting worse

satisfied (満足している) [形] contented with the fulfillment of one's wishes and expectations

thousands of miles (何千マイルも) [名] a unit of distance equal to 1,760 yards (1.609 kilometers)

no part or concern (何の関係もない) [名] not involved or interested in something

悪法による被害者が他の共同体に援助を求めない限り、彼らとは全く関係のない人が介入して、直接利害関係のある人全員が満足していると思われる状況に終止符を打つべきだと要求することは認められない。なぜなら、それは何千マイルも離れた場所にいる、何の関係もない人々にとってのスキャンダルだからである。

Let them send missionaries, if they please, to preach against it;

send (送る) [動] cause to go or be taken to a destination; arrange for the delivery of

missionary (宣教師) [名] a person who is sent on a religious mission, especially one sent to a foreign country

preach (説教する) [動] deliver a sermon or religious address

彼らが望むなら、宣教師を送って反対の説教をさせればいい。

and let them, by any fair means (of which silencing the teachers is not one), oppose the progress of similar doctrines among their own people.

そして、彼ら自身の人々の間で同様の教義の進歩に、公正な手段(教師を黙らせることはその一つではない)で反対させればいい。

If civilisation has got the better of barbarism when barbarism had the world to itself, it is too much to profess to be afraid lest barbarism, after having been fairly got under, should revive and conquer civilisation.

barbarism (野蛮) [名] the state of being uncivilised

got the better of (勝利する) [動] to defeat or overcome

lest (~しないように) [接] for fear that

revive (復活する) [動] to return to life or consciousness

conquer (征服する) [動] to take control of a country or area by force

野蛮が世界を独占していた時代に文明が野蛮に勝利したのであれば、野蛮がかなり抑えられた後に復活して文明を征服するのではないかと恐れていると公言するのは行き過ぎである。

A civilisation that can thus succumb to its vanquished enemy, must first have become so degenerate, that neither its appointed priests and teachers, nor anybody else, has the capacity, or will take the trouble, to stand up for it.

succumb (屈する) [動] to give in to something

vanquished (打ち負かされた) [形] defeated in battle

first (まず) [副] before anything else

degenerate (退廃する) [動] to become worse in quality

appointed (任命された) [形] having been selected for a position

priest (司祭) [名] a person who has been ordained for religious duties

anybody (誰も) [代] any person

take the trouble (面倒をみる) [動] to make an effort to do something

stand up for (守る) [動] to defend or support someone or something

このように打ち負かされた敵に屈することができる文明は、まずその任命された司祭や教師も、他の誰も、それを守る能力も、面倒をみる気もないほど退廃していなければならない。

If this be so, the sooner such a civilisation receives notice to quit, the better.

be so (そうである) [動] to be the case

sooner (より早く) [副] at or before the time that is usual or expected

notice (通知) [名] information or warning that something is going to happen or has happened

quit (辞める) [動] leave a job, post, or position voluntarily

もしそうなら、そのような文明は早く退去通知を受ければ受けるほど良い。

It can only go on from bad to worse, until destroyed and regenerated (like the Western Empire) by energetic barbarians.

go on (続く) [動] continue

destroyed (破壊される) [動] cause so much damage to that it no longer exists or cannot be repaired

regenerated (再生される) [動] bring back to life, restore to a better condition

Western Empire (西ローマ帝国) [名] the western half of the Roman Empire after its division in 395

それは、(西ローマ帝国のように)精力的な野蛮人によって破壊され、再生されるまで、悪くなる一方でしかない。

CHAPTER V: APPLICATIONS.

CHAPTER V (第五章) [名] the fifth chapter

APPLICATIONS (応用) [名] the act of putting something into operation

第五章: 応用

The principles asserted in these pages must be more generally admitted as the basis for discussion of details, before a consistent application of them to all the various departments of government and morals can be attempted with any prospect of advantage.

page (ページ) [名] one side of a sheet of paper in a book, magazine, or newspaper

basis (基礎) [名] the underlying support or foundation for an idea, argument, or process

prospect (見込み) [名] the possibility or likelihood of some future event occurring

これらのページで主張されている原則は、政府や道徳のあらゆる部門にそれらを一貫して適用することが何らかの利益の見込みをもって試みられる前に、詳細を議論するための基礎としてより一般的に認められなければならない。

The few observations I propose to make on questions of detail, are designed to illustrate the principles, rather than to follow them out to their consequences.

私が細かい問題について行うことを提案するいくつかの観察は、原則を説明することを目的としており、結果に至るまで追跡することを目的としていない。

I offer, not so much applications, as specimens of application;

specimen (例) [名] a sample or example of something

私は、応用例として、それほど多くの応用を提示するわけではない。

which may serve to bring into greater clearness the meaning and limits of the two maxims which together form the entire doctrine of this Essay, and to assist the judgment in holding the balance between them, in the cases where it appears doubtful which of them is applicable to the case.

bring into greater clearness (より明確にする) [動] make something easier to understand

serve (役立つ) [動] perform a function or task

assist (助ける) [動] help by sharing work or providing money, information, or other aid

hold (保つ) [動] keep or maintain

それは、この論文の全体的な教義を形成する二つの格言の意味と限界をより明確にし、どちらが当てはまるのか疑わしい場合に、それらの間のバランスを保つ判断を助けるのに役立つかもしれない。

The maxims are, first, that the individual is not accountable to society for his actions, in so far as these concern the interests of no person but himself.

その格言とは、第一に、個人は、自分以外の誰の利益にも関わらない限り、自分の行動について社会に責任を負わないということである。

Advice, instruction, persuasion, and avoidance by other people if thought necessary by them for their own good, are the only measures by which society can justifiably express its dislike or disapprobation of his conduct.

justifiably (正当に) [副] in a just or fair manner

measure (手段) [名] a means of achieving something

他の人々が自分たちの利益のために必要と考えるならば、忠告、指導、説得、回避が、社会が彼の行為に対する嫌悪や不承認を正当に表現できる唯一の手段である。

Secondly, that for such actions as are prejudicial to the interests of others, the individual is accountable and may be subjected either to social or to legal punishments, if society is of opinion that the one or the other is requisite for its protection.

action (行為) [名] something that a person or thing does

prejudicial (害する) [形] causing harm or damage

subjected (受ける) [動] cause to experience or undergo

第二に、他人の利益を害するような行為については、個人は責任を負い、社会がその保護のためにどちらかが必要であると考える場合には、社会的または法的処罰を受けることがある。

In the first place, it must by no means be supposed, because damage, or probability of damage, to the interests of others, can alone justify the interference of society, that therefore it always does justify such interference.

alone (単独で) [形] having no one else with you

第一に、他人の利益に対する損害、または損害の可能性が社会の干渉を正当化できるからといって、それが常にそのような干渉を正当化するものであるとは決して考えてはならない。

In many cases, an individual, in pursuing a legitimate object, necessarily and therefore legitimately causes pain or loss to others, or intercepts a good which they had a reasonable hope of obtaining.

In many cases (多くの場合) [副] often

intercept (横取りする) [動] prevent someone or something from reaching a destination

多くの場合、個人は正当な目的を追求する際に、必然的に、したがって正当に他人に苦痛や損失を与えたり、他人が合理的に期待していた利益を横取りしたりする。

Such oppositions of interest between individuals often arise from bad social institutions, but are unavoidable while those institutions last;

social institution (社会制度) [名] a pattern of social behavior that is established and accepted as a fundamental part of a culture

個人間のこのような利害の対立は、しばしば悪い社会制度から生じるが、それらの制度が続く限り避けられない。

and some would be unavoidable under any institutions.

be unavoidable (避けられない) [動] not able to be avoided or prevented

そして、どんな制度の下でも避けられないものもある。

Whoever succeeds in an overcrowded profession, or in a competitive examination;

overcrowded (過密な) [形] having too many people or things in a small space

competitive (競争的な) [形] involving competition

examination (試験) [名] a formal test of a person's knowledge or proficiency in a particular subject or skill

過密な職業や競争試験で成功する人は誰でも、

whoever is preferred to another in any contest for an object which both desire, reaps benefit from the loss of others, from their wasted exertion and their disappointment.

reap (得る) [動] get as a result of effort

wasted (無駄な) [形] used or done in an inefficient and careless way

誰でも、両者が望む目的のための競争で他の人よりも好まれる人は、他人の損失、無駄な努力、失望から利益を得る。

But it is, by common admission, better for the general interest of mankind, that persons should pursue their objects undeterred by this sort of consequences.

しかし、人々がこの種の結果にひるむことなく自分の目的を追求する方が、人類の一般的な利益のためには良いということは、一般に認められている。

In other words, society admits no rights, either legal or moral, in the disappointed competitors, to immunity from this kind of suffering;

in other words (言い換えれば) [句] to put it differently

disappointed (失望した) [形] unhappy because something has not happened or is not as good as you hoped or expected

competitor (競争相手) [名] a person or organization that is trying to win something by defeating or establishing superiority over others

言い換えれば、社会は失望した競争相手に、この種の苦しみからの免除に対する法的または道徳的権利を認めていない。

and feels called on to interfere, only when means of success have been employed which it is contrary to the general interest to permit—namely, fraud or treachery, and force.

general interest (一般の利益) [名] the interest of the public as a whole

fraud (詐欺) [名] a person or thing intended to deceive others, typically by unjustifiably claiming or being credited with accomplishments or qualities

treachery (裏切り) [名] the act of betraying someone or something

そして、成功のための手段が、許可することが一般の利益に反するような、つまり詐欺や裏切り、そして強制のような手段が用いられた場合にのみ、干渉する必要があると感じる。

Again, trade is a social act.

trade (貿易) [名] the activity of buying and selling goods and services

再び、貿易は社会的行為である。

Whoever undertakes to sell any description of goods to the public, does what affects the interest of other persons, and of society in general;

undertake (引き受ける) [動] to take on a task or job

sell (販売する) [動] to give or hand over (something) in exchange for money

goods (商品) [名] a thing that is produced and sold in large quantities

どんな種類の商品でも一般に販売しようとする人は、他の人や社会全体の利益に影響を与えることをする。

and thus his conduct, in principle, comes within the jurisdiction of society:

come within (に入る) [動] to be included in or affected by something

したがって、彼の行為は、原則として、社会の管轄に入る。

accordingly, it was once held to be the duty of governments, in all cases which were considered of importance, to fix prices, and regulate the processes of manufacture.

fix (固定する) [動] to make or become firm, stable, or stationary

したがって、かつては、重要と考えられるすべての場合に、価格を固定し、製造工程を規制することが政府の義務であると考えられていた。

But it is now recognised, though not till after a long struggle, that both the cheapness and the good quality of commodities are most effectually provided for by leaving the producers and sellers perfectly free, under the sole check of equal freedom to the buyers for supplying themselves elsewhere.

cheapness (安さ) [名] the quality of being low in price

good quality (良い品質) [名] the quality of being high in quality

most effectually (最も効果的に) [副] in the most effective way

producer (生産者) [名] a person who produces something

seller (販売者) [名] a person who sells something

perfectly free (完全に自由) [形] not restricted or limited in any way

buyer (購入者) [名] a person who buys something

elsewhere (他の場所) [副] in or to another place

しかし、長い闘争の末に、生産者と販売者を完全に自由にすることで、商品の安さと品質の両方が最も効果的に提供されることが認識されるようになった。

This is the so-called doctrine of Free Trade, which rests on grounds different from, though equally solid with, the principle of individual liberty asserted in this Essay.

Free Trade (自由貿易) [名] international trade left to its natural course without tariffs, quotas, or other restrictions

solid (堅固な) [形] firm or strong in structure

これがいわゆる自由貿易の教義であり、この論文で主張されている個人の自由の原則とは異なるが、同様に堅固な根拠に基づいている。

Restrictions on trade, or on production for purposes of trade, are indeed restraints;

restriction (制限) [名] a limiting condition or measure

production (生産) [名] the action of making or manufacturing from components or raw materials, or the process of being so manufactured

貿易や貿易を目的とした生産に対する制限は、確かに制約である。

and all restraint, quâ restraint, is an evil: but the restraints in question affect only that part of conduct which society is competent to restrain, and are wrong solely because they do not really produce the results which it is desired to produce by them.

competent (有能な) [形] having the necessary ability, knowledge, or skill to do something successfully

そして、すべての制約は、制約である限り、悪である。しかし、問題の制約は、社会が制約する能力のある行為の部分にのみ影響を与え、それによって生み出したい結果を実際に生み出さないという理由だけで間違っている。

As the principle of individual liberty is not involved in the doctrine of Free Trade, so neither is it in most of the questions which arise respecting the limits of that doctrine: as for example, what amount of public control is admissible for the prevention of fraud by adulteration;

public control (公的管理) [名] the control of an industry or service by the government or local authority

prevention (防止) [名] the action of stopping something from happening or arising

個人の自由の原則は自由貿易の教義に含まれていないので、その教義の限界に関して生じる問題のほとんどにも含まれていない。例えば、混ぜ物による詐欺の防止のためにどの程度の公的管理が許容されるか、などである。

how far sanitary precautions, or arrangements to protect work-people employed in dangerous occupations, should be enforced on employers.

sanitary precaution (衛生上の予防措置) [名] a measure taken to prevent disease or other harm

arrangement (取り決め) [名] an agreement or settlement of a matter

work-people (労働者) [名] a person who works

employed (従事する) [動] to be engaged in a particular activity

dangerous occupation (危険な職業) [名] a job that is likely to cause injury or death

危険な職業に従事する労働者を保護するための衛生上の予防措置や取り決めを、どの程度まで雇用主に強制すべきか、などである。

Such questions involve considerations of liberty, only in so far as leaving people to themselves is always better, cæteris paribus, than controlling them: but that they may be legitimately controlled for these ends, is in principle undeniable.

このような問題は、他の条件が同じであれば、人々を放っておく方が管理するよりも常に良いという範囲でのみ、自由の考慮を伴う。しかし、これらの目的のために人々が合法的に管理される可能性があることは、原則として否定できない。

On the other hand, there are questions relating to interference with trade, which are essentially questions of liberty;

一方で、貿易への干渉に関連する問題があり、それは本質的に自由の問題である。

such as the Maine Law, already touched upon;

Maine Law (メイン州法) [名] a law that prohibits the sale of alcohol in the state of Maine

touch upon (触れる) [動] mention briefly

すでに触れたメイン州法のようなものだ。

the prohibition of the importation of opium into China;

importation (輸入) [名] the action of bringing something into a country from abroad for sale

opium (アヘン) [名] a drug obtained from the seed capsules of the opium poppy

中国へのアヘンの輸入禁止などである。

the restriction of the sale of poisons;

poison (毒物) [名] a substance that is harmful or fatal if introduced into or absorbed by a living organism

毒物の販売制限などである。

all cases, in short, where the object of the interference is to make it impossible or difficult to obtain a particular commodity.

all cases (すべての場合) [名] every situation or event

where (~である) [接] in the place that

the object (目的) [名] the purpose or aim of something

the interference (干渉) [名] the action of interfering or the state of being interfered with

to make (~すること) [動] to cause to exist or happen

obtain (入手する) [動] to get, acquire, or receive

a particular commodity (特定の商品) [名] a good or service that is bought and sold in a market

要するに、干渉の目的が特定の商品を入手することを不可能または困難にすることであるすべての場合である。

These interferences are objectionable, not as infringements on the liberty of the producer or seller, but on that of the buyer.

これらの干渉は、生産者や販売者の自由の侵害ではなく、買い手の自由の侵害として好ましくない。

One of these examples, that of the sale of poisons, opens a new question;

open (提起する) [動] to start or begin

これらの例の1つ、毒物の販売は、新たな問題を提起する。

the proper limits of what may be called the functions of police;

function (機能) [名] the action or purpose for which a person or thing is specially fitted or used

警察の機能と呼べるものの適切な限界である。

how far liberty may legitimately be invaded for the prevention of crime, or of accident.

how far (どこまで) [副] to what extent or degree

be invaded (侵害される) [動] be encroached on

犯罪や事故の防止のために、どこまで自由を侵害することが正当化されるかである。

It is one of the undisputed functions of government to take precautions against crime before it has been committed, as well as to detect and punish it afterwards.

undisputed (議論の余地のない) [形] not disputed or called in question

take precaution (予防策を講じる) [動] take measures in advance to prevent something from happening

detect (検知する) [動] discover or identify the presence or existence of

犯罪が犯される前に予防策を講じ、また犯された後にそれを検知して処罰することは、政府の議論の余地のない機能の1つである。

The preventive function of government, however, is far more liable to be abused, to the prejudice of liberty, than the punitory function;

preventive (予防的) [形] designed to keep something from happening

abuse (悪用) [動] use something in a wrong or harmful way

prejudice (損なう) [動] cause damage to

punitory (処罰的) [形] inflicting or aiming at punishment

しかし、政府の予防的機能は、処罰的機能よりも、自由を損なうように悪用される可能性がはるかに高い。

for there is hardly any part of the legitimate freedom of action of a human being which would not admit of being represented, and fairly too, as increasing the facilities for some form or other of delinquency.

being represented (表現されること) [動] to be presented or portrayed

fairly (公正に) [副] justly or impartially

increasing (増やす) [動] to make or become greater or more numerous

facilities (機会) [名] a place, building, or piece of equipment provided for a particular purpose

some form or other (何らかの形) [名] a particular type or kind

なぜなら、人間の正当な行動の自由の一部で、何らかの形の非行の機会を増やすものとして表現されることを認めないものはほとんどないからである。

Nevertheless, if a public authority, or even a private person, sees any one evidently preparing to commit a crime, they are not bound to look on inactive until the crime is committed, but may interfere to prevent it.

public authority (公的機関) [名] a government agency

private person (私人) [名] a person who is not a public figure

evidently (明らかに) [副] in a way that is obvious or easily seen or understood

prepare (準備する) [動] make ready for use or consideration

bound (義務がある) [形] obliged or compelled

inactive (何もせずに) [形] not active or moving

look on (見ている) [動] watch something happen without taking part

それにもかかわらず、公的機関、あるいは私人でさえ、誰かが明らかに犯罪を犯そうとしているのを見た場合、犯罪が犯されるまで何もせずに見ている義務はなく、それを防ぐために干渉することができる。

If poisons were never bought or used for any purpose except the commission of murder, it would be right to prohibit their manufacture and sale.

buy (買う) [動] obtain in exchange for payment

murder (殺人) [名] the unlawful killing of another human being with malice aforethought

commission (犯行) [名] the act of committing a crime

もし毒物が殺人以外に使われることがなければ、その製造と販売を禁止するのは正しいことだろう。

They may, however, be wanted not only for innocent but for useful purposes, and restrictions cannot be imposed in the one case without operating in the other.

useful (有用な) [形] capable of being used

operate (影響を与える) [動] to perform a function

other (他方の) [形] being the remaining one of two or more

しかし、毒物は罪のない目的だけでなく、有用な目的にも必要とされる場合があり、一方のケースに制限を課すことは、他方のケースにも影響を与えずにはできない。

Again, it is a proper office of public authority to guard against accidents.

guard against (防ぐ) [動] to take precautions against; to protect oneself from

accident (事故) [名] an unfortunate event that happens unexpectedly and usually results in harm or damage

再び、事故を防ぐことは公的機関の適切な職務である。

If either a public officer or any one else saw a person attempting to cross a bridge which had been ascertained to be unsafe, and there were no time to warn him of his danger, they might seize him and turn him back, without any real infringement of his liberty;

public officer (公務員) [名] a person who works for the government

else (その他) [形] other than the one or ones already mentioned

cross (渡る) [動] to go from one side of something to the other

bridge (橋) [名] a structure built over a river, road, or railway to allow people or vehicles to cross from one side to the other

unsafe (安全でない) [形] not safe; dangerous

ascertain (確認する) [動] to find out or make certain of

turn (引き返す) [動] to change direction, position, or course

公務員やその他の人が、安全でないと確認された橋を渡ろうとしている人を見かけ、危険を警告する時間がない場合、その人の自由を侵害することなく、その人を捕まえて引き返させることができる。

for liberty consists in doing what one desires, and he does not desire to fall into the river.

fall into (落ちる) [動] to move or drop from a higher to a lower place

river (川) [名] a large natural stream of water flowing in a channel to the sea, a lake, or another river

なぜなら、自由とは自分の望むことをすることであり、川に落ちることを望む人はいないからである。

Nevertheless, when there is not a certainty, but only a danger of mischief, no one but the person himself can judge of the sufficiency of the motive which may prompt him to incur the risk:

mischief (危害) [名] an act of causing trouble or damage

sufficiency (十分性) [名] the quality or state of being sufficient

prompt (促す) [動] cause or encourage to happen

しかし、確実性がなく、ただ危害の危険があるだけの場合、その危険を冒す動機の十分性については、本人以外には誰も判断できない。

in this case, therefore (unless he is a child, or delirious, or in some state of excitement or absorption incompatible with the full use of the reflecting faculty), he ought, I conceive, to be only warned of the danger;

in this case (この場合) [名] in the situation that is being discussed

delirious (精神錯乱状態にある) [形] affected with delirium

excitement (興奮状態) [名] a state of being excited

absorption (没頭状態) [名] the state of being absorbed

incompatible (活用できない) [形] not able to exist or be used together

reflecting faculty (反省能力) [名] the ability to reflect

したがって、この場合(子供であるか、精神錯乱状態にあるか、あるいは反省能力を十分に活用できない興奮状態や没頭状態にある場合を除き)、危険を警告されるだけでよいと私は考える。

not forcibly prevented from exposing himself to it.

危険に身をさらすこと自体を強制的に阻止されるべきではない。

Similar considerations, applied to such a question as the sale of poisons, may enable us to decide which among the possible modes of regulation are or are not contrary to principle.

同様の考慮を毒物の販売のような問題に適用すれば、考えられる規制方法のうちどれが原則に反するか否かを決定できるかもしれない。

Such a precaution, for example, as that of labelling the drug with some word expressive of its dangerous character, may be enforced without violation of liberty: the buyer cannot wish not to know that the thing he possesses has poisonous qualities.

drug (薬品) [名] a medicine or other substance which has a physiological effect when ingested or otherwise introduced into the body

label (ラベル) [名] a small piece of paper or fabric with a design or information printed on it, attached to an object

poisonous (毒性がある) [形] causing or capable of causing death or illness if taken into the body

例えば、薬品にその危険な性質を示す言葉をラベルに表示するなどの予防措置は、自由を侵害することなく実施できる。購入者は、自分が所有するものに毒性があることを知らないことを望むことはできない。

But to require in all cases the certificate of a medical practitioner, would make it sometimes impossible, always expensive, to obtain the article for legitimate uses.

certificate (証明書) [名] a document that gives proof of something

medical practitioner (医師) [名] a person qualified to practice medicine

expensive (高額) [形] costing a lot of money

article (品物) [名] a particular item

しかし、すべての場合に医師の証明書を要求することは、合法的な用途のためにその品物を入手することを不可能にしたり、常に高額にしたりすることになる。

The only mode apparent to me, in which difficulties may be thrown in the way of crime committed through this means, without any infringement, worth taking into account, upon the liberty of those who desire the poisonous substance for other purposes, consists in providing what, in the apt language of Bentham, is called “preappointed evidence.”

throw (投げる) [動] to move or cause to move quickly and with force through the air

apt (適切な) [形] suitable or appropriate

私が考える唯一の方法は、他の目的で毒物を欲しがる人の自由を侵害することなく、この手段で犯される犯罪の道に困難を投げかけることであり、ベンサムの適切な言葉で言えば「事前指定証拠」と呼ばれるものを提供することである。

This provision is familiar to every one in the case of contracts.

この規定は契約の場合には誰もが知っている。

It is usual and right that the law, when a contract is entered into, should require as the condition of its enforcing performance, that certain formalities should be observed, such as signatures, attestation of witnesses, and the like, in order that in case of subsequent dispute, there may be evidence to prove that the contract was really entered into, and that there was nothing in the circumstances to render it legally invalid: the effect being, to throw great obstacles in the way of fictitious contracts, or contracts made in circumstances which, if known, would destroy their validity.

enter into (成立する) [動] to make or become involved in

observe (遵守する) [動] to obey or follow

formality (手続き) [名] something that is done in a formal way

signature (署名) [名] a person's name written in a special way

attestation (証明) [名] a statement that something is true

witness (証人) [名] a person who sees something happen

invalid (無効) [形] not legally or officially acceptable

obstacle (障害) [名] something that makes it difficult to do something

fictitious (架空の) [形] not real

契約が成立したときに、その履行を強制するための条件として、署名、証人の証明などの一定の手続きを遵守することを法律が要求するのは、通常のことであり、正しいことである。その後の紛争の際に、契約が実際に成立したこと、また、その状況下で契約を法的に無効にするものが何もなかったことを証明する証拠があるかもしれないからである。その結果、架空の契約や、もし知られればその有効性を損なうような状況下で行われた契約の道に大きな障害が投げかけられることになる。

Precautions of a similar nature might be enforced in the sale of articles adapted to be instruments of crime.

instrument (道具) [名] a tool or implement, especially one for delicate or scientific work

同様の性質の予防措置は、犯罪の道具に適応した品物の販売にも強制されるかもしれない。

The seller, for example, might be required to enter into a register the exact time of the transaction, the name and address of the buyer, the precise quality and quantity sold;

enter into (登録する) [動] to make or become a participant in

register (登録) [名] an official list or record

exact (正確な) [形] not approximated in any way; precise

address (住所) [名] the details of the place where someone lives or an organization is located

precise (正確な) [形] exact; accurate

quantity (数量) [名] a particular amount of something, especially that can be measured

例えば、売り手は、取引の正確な時間、買い手の名前と住所、販売された正確な品質と数量を登録することが要求されるかもしれない。

to ask the purpose for which it was wanted, and record the answer he received.

それが何のために必要なのかを尋ね、受け取った答えを記録する。

When there was no medical prescription, the presence of some third person might be required, to bring home the fact to the purchaser, in case there should afterwards be reason to believe that the article had been applied to criminal purposes.

medical prescription (医師の処方箋) [名] a written order from a doctor that gives a patient permission to buy a particular medicine

third person (第三者) [名] a person who is not one of the two main people involved in a situation

bring home (伝える) [動] to make someone understand something clearly

purchaser (買い手) [名] a person who buys something

criminal purpose (犯罪目的) [名] the intention to commit a crime

医師の処方箋がない場合は、第三者の同伴を義務付け、後日、その品物が犯罪目的に使用されたと考える理由が生じた場合に、その事実を買い手に伝えることができるようにする。

Such regulations would in general be no material impediment to obtaining the article, but a very considerable one to making an improper use of it without detection.

no material impediment (物質的な障害にはならない) [名] not a physical obstacle

very considerable (非常に大きな) [形] very large or important

improper (不適切な) [形] not correct or right

detection (発見) [名] the action of discovering something

このような規制は、一般的に、その品物を入手する上で物質的な障害にはならないが、発見されることなく不適切な使用をすることには非常に大きな障害となる。

The right inherent in society, to ward off crimes against itself by antecedent precautions, suggests the obvious limitations to the maxim, that purely self-regarding misconduct cannot properly be meddled with in the way of prevention or punishment.

ward off (防ぐ) [動] to turn aside, repel, or avert

antecedent (事前の) [形] existing or occurring before in time or order

limitation (限界) [名] a limiting condition or measure

社会に内在する権利は、事前の予防措置によって自らに対する犯罪を防ぐことであり、純粋に自己を顧みない非行は、予防や処罰の面で適切に干渉することはできないという格言に明らかな限界があることを示唆している。

Drunkenness, for example, in ordinary cases, is not a fit subject for legislative interference;

legislative (立法上の) [形] having the power to make laws

例えば、通常の場合、飲酒は立法上の干渉に適した対象ではない。

but I should deem it perfectly legitimate that a person, who had once been convicted of any act of violence to others under the influence of drink, should be placed under a special legal restriction, personal to himself;

convicted (有罪判決を受けた) [動] to find or prove guilty

しかし、飲酒の影響下で他人に暴行を加えたとして有罪判決を受けたことがある人は、本人に限って特別な法的制限を受けるべきだと私は考える。

that if he were afterwards found drunk, he should be liable to a penalty, and that if when in that state he committed another offence, the punishment to which he would be liable for that other offence should be increased in severity.

afterwards (その後) [副] at a later time; subsequently

drunk (飲酒) [名] the state of being intoxicated with alcohol

liable (科せられる) [形] legally responsible for something

punishment (罰則) [名] a penalty imposed for breaking a law, rule, or contract

その後、飲酒が発覚した場合は罰則を科せられ、その状態で別の犯罪を犯した場合は、その別の犯罪に対する罰則を重くするべきである。

The making himself drunk, in a person whom drunkenness excites to do harm to others, is a crime against others.

make oneself drunk (酔っ払う) [動] to drink alcohol to the point of losing control of one's faculties or behavior

酔って他人に危害を加えるような人が酔っ払うことは、他人に対する犯罪である。

So, again, idleness, except in a person receiving support from the public, or except when it constitutes a breach of contract, cannot without tyranny be made a subject of legal punishment;

support (支援) [名] the activity of providing for or maintaining someone or something

同様に、怠惰は、公衆からの支援を受けている人や、契約違反を構成する場合を除いて、専制政治なしに法的処罰の対象とすることはできない。

but if either from idleness or from any other avoidable cause, a man fails to perform his legal duties to others, as for instance to support his children, it is no tyranny to force him to fulfil that obligation, by compulsory labour, if no other means are available.

avoidable (回避可能な) [形] able to be avoided

fulfil (果たす) [動] bring to completion or reality

compulsory (強制的な) [形] required by law or a rule

しかし、怠惰やその他の回避可能な原因によって、例えば子供を養うなど、他人に対する法的義務を果たさない場合、他の手段がない場合、強制労働によってその義務を果たすように強制することは専制政治ではない。

Again, there are many acts which, being directly injurious only to the agents themselves, ought not to be legally interdicted, but which, if done publicly, are a violation of good manners and coming thus within the category of offences against others may rightfully be prohibited.

violation (違反) [名] the act of breaking a law, rule, or agreement

manners (マナー) [名] the way in which a person behaves in social situations

category (範疇) [名] a group of things that are similar in some way

また、行為者自身にのみ直接害を及ぼす行為は、法的に禁止されるべきではないが、公然と行われた場合にはマナー違反となり、他人に対する犯罪の範疇に入るため、正当に禁止されるべきである。

Of this kind are offences against decency;

of this kind (このような種類のもの) [名] of the type that is being discussed

decency (わいせつ) [名] behavior that is considered morally correct

このような種類のものには、わいせつ罪がある。

on which it is unnecessary to dwell, the rather as they are only connected indirectly with our subject, the objection to publicity being equally strong in the case of many actions not in themselves condemnable, nor supposed to be so.

condemnable (非難されるべき) [形] deserving strong criticism

suppose (そうであるべき) [動] to think that something is true or likely

これらについては、私たちの主題とは間接的にしか関係していないので、あまり深く考える必要はないが、それ自体が非難されるべきでも、そうであるべきでもない多くの行動の場合にも、公表に対する異議は同様に強い。

There is another question to which an answer must be found, consistent with the principles which have been laid down.

これまでに定められた原則に従って、答えを見つけなければならない別の問題がある。

In cases of personal conduct supposed to be blamable, but which respect for liberty precludes society from preventing or punishing, because the evil directly resulting falls wholly on the agent;

personal conduct (個人の行為) [名] the way a person behaves

respect for liberty (自由を尊重する) [名] the belief that everyone has the right to live their life in the way they want to

preventing (予防する) [動] stop from happening

punishing (処罰する) [動] inflict a penalty or sanction on (someone) as retribution for an offense

resulting (生じる) [動] happen or occur as a consequence

wholly (すべて) [副] completely or entirely

非難されるべき個人の行為であっても、自由を尊重することで社会が予防や処罰を妨げている場合、直接生じる悪はすべて行為者に降りかかる。

what the agent is free to do, ought other persons to be equally free to counsel or instigate?

be free to (自由にできる) [動] be allowed to do something

equally (同じように) [副] in the same way

instigate (扇動する) [動] to cause someone to do something, especially something violent or unpleasant

行為者が自由にできることは、他の人も同じように自由に助言したり、扇動したりすることができるべきだろうか?

This question is not free from difficulty.

free from (難解である) [形] not having or showing any difficulty or problems

この問題は難解である。

The case of a person who solicits another to do an act, is not strictly a case of self-regarding conduct.

solicit (勧める) [動] ask for or try to obtain (something) from someone

another (他人) [名] a person or thing that is different or distinct from the one already mentioned or considered

他人に行為を勧める人のケースは、厳密には自己関与的行為のケースではない。

To give advice or offer inducements to any one, is a social act, and may therefore, like actions in general which affect others, be supposed amenable to social control.

give advice (助言を与える) [動] offer an opinion or suggestion about what someone should do

offer inducements (誘惑する) [動] to try to persuade someone to do something by offering them something nice

social control (社会的統制) [名] the control of individual and group behavior by society

誰かに助言を与えたり、誘惑したりすることは社会的行為であり、したがって、他人に影響を与える一般的な行為と同様に、社会的統制に従うべきであると考えられる。

But a little reflection corrects the first impression, by showing that if the case is not strictly within the definition of individual liberty, yet the reasons on which the principle of individual liberty is grounded, are applicable to it.

a little (少し) [名] a small amount

reflection (考え) [名] the action of thinking about something

correct (正す) [動] make or become free from faults or errors

しかし、少し考えてみると、そのケースが厳密に個人の自由の定義に当てはまらないとしても、個人の自由の原則が根拠としている理由がそれに当てはまることを示すことで、第一印象を正すことができる。

If people must be allowed, in whatever concerns only themselves, to act as seems best to themselves at their own peril, they must equally be free to consult with one another about what is fit to be so done;

fit (適切) [形] suitable or appropriate

人々が、自分だけに関わることであれば、自分の責任で自分にとって最善と思われる行動をとることを許されるべきであるならば、彼らは同様に、そうすることが適切であるかどうかについて互いに相談する自由がなければならない。

to exchange opinions, and give and receive suggestions.

意見を交換し、提案を与えたり受けたりする自由がなければならない。

Whatever it is permitted to do, it must be permitted to advise to do.

advise (忠告する) [動] give advice to

to do (すること) [動] to perform an action

何をすることが許されているにしても、それをするように忠告することは許されなければならない。

The question is doubtful, only when the instigator derives a personal benefit from his advice;

instigator (教唆者) [名] a person who persuades or encourages another to do something

問題は、教唆者が自分の忠告から個人的な利益を得る場合にのみ疑わしい。

when he makes it his occupation, for subsistence or pecuniary gain, to promote what society and the state consider to be an evil.

make it one's occupation (職業とする) [動] to do something as one's job

subsistence (生計) [名] the minimum amount of food and shelter that is necessary to keep someone alive

pecuniary gain (金銭的利益) [名] a profit or financial gain

consider (見なす) [動] to think of or regard something in a particular way

彼が、社会や国家が悪と見なすものを促進することを、生計や金銭的利益のために自分の職業としている場合である。

Then, indeed, a new element of complication is introduced;

complication (複雑) [名] the quality or state of being complicated

すると、確かに、新たな複雑な要素が導入される。

namely, the existence of classes of persons with an interest opposed to what is considered as the public weal, and whose mode of living is grounded on the counteraction of it.

weal (福祉) [名] the state or condition of being happy, healthy, or prosperous

counteraction (反対) [名] an action that opposes or stops another action

つまり、公益と見なされるものとは反対の利害を持つ人々の階級の存在であり、その生活様式はそれに反対することに基づいている。

Ought this to be interfered with, or not?

これに干渉すべきか、すべきでないか?

Fornication, for example, must be tolerated, and so must gambling;

fornication (姦淫) [名] sexual intercourse between people not married to each other

be tolerated (許容される) [動] allow the existence, occurrence, or practice of (something that one does not necessarily like or agree with) without interference

例えば、姦淫は許容されなければならず、賭博も許容されなければならない。

but should a person be free to be a pimp, or to keep a gambling-house?

pimp (ポン引き) [名] a man who controls prostitutes and arranges clients for them

gambling-house (賭博場) [名] a place where people play games of chance for money

しかし、人は自由にポン引きをしたり、賭博場を経営したりするべきだろうか?

The case is one of those which lie on the exact boundary line between two principles, and it is not at once apparent to which of the two it properly belongs.

boundary line (境界線) [名] a line that marks the limits of an area

この事例は、二つの原理の間の境界線上にあるものの一つであり、どちらに属するのかすぐにはわからない。

There are arguments on both sides.

both sides (どちら側にも) [名] the two sides of an argument or issue

どちら側にも議論がある。

On the side of toleration it may be said, that the fact of following anything as an occupation, and living or profiting by the practice of it, cannot make that criminal which would otherwise be admissible;

on the side of (の側から) [前] in support of

toleration (許容) [名] the action or practice of tolerating something

profiting (利益を得る) [動] make a profit

許容の側から言えば、何かを職業として従事し、その実践によって生活したり利益を得たりすることは、そうでなければ許容されるであろうことを犯罪にすることはできない。

that the act should either be consistently permitted or consistently prohibited;

prohibited (禁止される) [動] formally or legally forbid (something)

その行為は一貫して許可されるか、一貫して禁止されるべきである。

that if the principles which we have hitherto defended are true, society has no business, as society, to decide anything to be wrong which concerns only the individual;

これまで擁護してきた原則が真実であれば、社会は社会として、個人だけに関係する事柄を間違っていると判断する権利はない。

that it cannot go beyond dissuasion, and that one person should be as free to persuade, as another to dissuade.

go beyond (超える) [動] be greater or more than

dissuasion (説得) [名] the action of persuading someone not to do something

dissuade (説得しない) [動] persuade someone not to do something

社会は説得を超えることはできず、ある人が説得するのに自由であるべきであるのと同じように、別の人が説得しないのにも自由であるべきである。

In opposition to this it may be contended, that although the public, or the State, are not warranted in authoritatively deciding, for purposes of repression or punishment, that such or such conduct affecting only the interests of the individual is good or bad, they are fully justified in assuming, if they regard it as bad, that its being so or not is at least a disputable question: That, this being supposed, they cannot be acting wrongly in endeavouring to exclude the influence of solicitations which are not disinterested, of instigators who cannot possibly be impartial—who have a direct personal interest on one side, and that side the one which the State believes to be wrong, and who confessedly promote it for personal objects only.

In opposition to (反対に) [前] against

authoritatively (権威的に) [副] in a way that shows power or authority

solicitation (勧誘) [名] the action of asking for or trying to obtain something from someone

impartial (公平な) [形] treating all rivals or disputants equally; just or fair

interest (利害関係) [名] the advantage or benefit of something

one side (一方) [名] one of two or more parts or aspects of something

the other side (もう一方) [名] the other of two or more parts or aspects of something

これに対して、抑圧や処罰を目的として、公衆や国家が個人の利益にのみ影響を与える行為の善悪を権威的に決定することは正当化されないが、彼らがそれを悪いと考えるならば、それがそうであるかどうかは少なくとも議論の余地のある問題であると仮定することは十分に正当化される。そう仮定すれば、彼らは公平ではありえない扇動者、つまり一方に直接的な個人的な利害関係を持ち、国家が間違っていると信じている側に直接的な個人的な利害関係を持ち、個人的な目的のためだけにそれを推進していることを自認している扇動者の影響を排除しようと努力することは間違ったことではない。

There can surely, it may be urged, be nothing lost, no sacrifice of good, by so ordering matters that persons shall make their election, either wisely or foolishly, on their own prompting, as free as possible from the arts of persons who stimulate their inclinations for interested purposes of their own.

There can surely (確かにあり得る) [句] it is possible that

be urged (主張される) [動] to be forced to do something

be nothing lost (何も失われない) [句] there is no loss

no sacrifice of good (善の犠牲はない) [句] there is no sacrifice of good

by so ordering matters (物事を整えることによって) [句] by arranging things in a certain way

persons shall make their election (人々が選挙を行う) [句] people will vote

wisely or foolishly (賢明にであれ愚かにであれ) [句] in a wise or foolish manner

on their own prompting (自分自身の衝動で) [句] on their own initiative

as free as possible (可能な限り自由に) [句] with as much freedom as possible

from the arts of persons (人々の芸術から) [句] from the skills of people

who stimulate their inclinations (自分の傾向を刺激する) [句] who encourage their own desires

for interested purposes of their own (自分自身の利害のために) [句] for their own selfish reasons

人々が賢明にであれ愚かにであれ、自分自身の衝動で、自分自身の利害のために自分の傾向を刺激する人々の芸術から可能な限り自由に選挙を行うように物事を整えることによって、何も失われることはなく、善の犠牲もないと主張することができる。

Thus (it may be said) though the statutes respecting unlawful games are utterly indefensible—though all persons should be free to gamble in their own or each other's houses, or in any place of meeting established by their own subscriptions, and open only to the members and their visitors—yet public gambling-houses should not be permitted.

unlawful (違法な) [形] not conforming to or permitted by law

statute (法律) [名] a law passed by a legislative body

utterly (全く) [副] completely and absolutely

indefensible (弁護の余地がない) [形] not able to be defended or justified

gamble (ギャンブル) [動] play games of chance for money

meeting (会合) [名] an assembly of people for formal discussions

subscription (会費) [名] a sum of money that is paid regularly to receive or use a service

open (開放されている) [形] allowing access, passage, or a view through an empty space; not closed or blocked up

visitor (訪問者) [名] a person who visits a place or person

このように(言うことができるかもしれないが)、違法なゲームに関する法律は全く弁護の余地がないが、すべての人が自分の家や他人の家、あるいは自分の会費で設立された会合の場所で自由にギャンブルをすることができ、会員とその訪問者だけに開放されているべきであるが、公のギャンブル場は許可されるべきではない。

It is true that the prohibition is never effectual, and that whatever amount of tyrannical power is given to the police, gambling-houses can always be maintained under other pretences;

禁止が決して効果的ではなく、警察にどんなに強大な権限を与えても、ギャンブル場は常に他の口実で維持できるというのは事実である。

but they may be compelled to conduct their operations with a certain degree of secrecy and mystery, so that nobody knows anything about them but those who seek them;

conduct (行う) [動] to direct or manage

secrecy (秘密) [名] the condition of being kept or done in secret

mystery (謎) [名] something that is difficult or impossible to understand or explain

seek (探す) [動] to try to find or get something

しかし、彼らはある程度の秘密と謎をもって活動を行うことを余儀なくされるかもしれないので、彼らを探す人以外は誰も彼らのことを知らない。

and more than this, society ought not to aim at.

そして、これ以上のことを社会は目指すべきではない。

There is considerable force in these arguments;

これらの議論にはかなりの力がある。

I will not venture to decide whether they are sufficient to justify the moral anomaly of punishing the accessary, when the principal is (and must be) allowed to go free;

venture (あえてする) [動] do something that is dangerous or risky

anomaly (異常) [名] something that is different from what is usual or expected

principal (主犯) [名] the person with the highest authority or most important role in an organization

主犯が自由に行動することを許されている(そして許されるべきである)ときに、従犯を罰するという道徳的異常を正当化するのに十分であるかどうかを判断するつもりはない。

or fining or imprisoning the procurer, but not the fornicator, the gambling-house keeper, but not the gambler.

procurer (売春斡旋業者) [名] a person who obtains or supplies something

fornicator (姦淫者) [名] a person who engages in sexual intercourse with someone other than his or her spouse

gambling-house keeper (賭博場の管理人) [名] a person who manages a gambling house

gambler (賭博者) [名] a person who gambles

あるいは、売春斡旋業者に罰金や懲役刑を課しても、姦淫者には課さず、賭博場の管理人には課しても、賭博者には課さない。

Still less ought the common operations of buying and selling to be interfered with on analogous grounds.

still less (ましてや) [副] to an even smaller extent

operation (行為) [名] an action that is carried out

buying (売買) [名] the action of buying something

selling (売買) [名] the action of selling something

be interfered with (妨害される) [動] to be prevented from doing something

analogous (類似の) [形] having a similar function or structure

ましてや、売買という一般的な行為が、類似の理由で妨害されるべきではない。

Almost every article which is bought and sold may be used in excess, and the sellers have a pecuniary interest in encouraging that excess;

Almost every article (ほとんどすべての品物) [名] the majority of the items

bought and sold (売買される) [動] to be purchased and then sold

may be used (使用される可能性がある) [動] to be able to be used

in excess (過剰に) [副] more than is usual or expected

the sellers (売り手) [名] the people who sell something

have a pecuniary interest (金銭的利害関係がある) [動] to have a financial stake in something

in encouraging (奨励することに) [動] to give support to something

that excess (その過剰) [名] the amount that is more than is usual or expected

売買されるほとんどすべての品物は過剰に使用される可能性があり、売り手はその過剰を奨励することに金銭的利害関係がある。

but no argument can be founded on this, in favour, for instance, of the Maine Law;

no argument (議論は成立しない) [名] no discussion or debate

be founded on (に基づいて) [動] be based on

in favour (賛成する) [名] in support of

the Maine Law (メイン州法) [名] a law that prohibits the sale of alcohol in the state of Maine

しかし、例えばメイン州法に賛成するような議論は、これに基づいては成立しない。

because the class of dealers in strong drinks, though interested in their abuse, are indispensably required for the sake of their legitimate use.

dealer (業者) [名] a person or company that buys and sells goods

abuse (乱用) [名] the improper or excessive use of something

なぜなら、強い酒を扱う業者の階級は、その乱用に関心があるとはいえ、その正当な使用のためには不可欠だからである。

The interest, however, of these dealers in promoting intemperance is a real evil, and justifies the State in imposing restrictions and requiring guarantees, which but for that justification would be infringements of legitimate liberty.

promote (助長する) [動] to support or actively encourage

intemperance (不節制) [名] the quality of being immoderate

しかし、これらの業者が不節制を助長することへの関心は真の悪であり、国家が制限を課し、保証を要求することを正当化するが、それがなければ正当な自由の侵害となる。

A further question is, whether the State, while it permits, should nevertheless indirectly discourage conduct which it deems contrary to the best interests of the agent;

permit (許可) [動] allow (something) to happen

discourage (阻止) [動] prevent or try to prevent from doing something

さらに問題となるのは、国家は、許可はするが、行為者の最善の利益に反すると考える行為を間接的に阻止すべきかどうかである。

whether, for example, it should take measures to render the means of drunkenness more costly, or add to the difficulty of procuring them, by limiting the number of the places of sale.

take measures (措置をとる) [動] to do something to deal with a problem or situation

add to (加える) [動] to increase the amount or number of something

procuring (入手する) [動] to obtain by care, effort, or the use of special means

limiting (制限する) [動] to restrict the size, amount, or extent of something

例えば、酒を飲む手段をより高価にしたり、販売場所の数を制限することによって、酒を入手するのをより困難にする措置をとるべきかどうかである。

On this as on most other practical questions, many distinctions require to be made.

on this (この問題については) [名] about this

on most other practical questions (他のほとんどの実践的な問題と同様に) [名] in the same way as most other practical questions

require (しなければならない) [動] need or want

to be made (区別を) [動] to be distinguished

この問題については、他のほとんどの実践的な問題と同様に、多くの区別をしなければならない。

To tax stimulants for the sole purpose of making them more difficult to be obtained, is a measure differing only in degree from their entire prohibition;

tax (課税する) [動] impose a tax on

stimulant (刺激物) [名] a drug that temporarily increases the activity of the central nervous system

measure (措置) [名] an action taken to achieve a purpose

刺激物を入手しにくくすることを唯一の目的として課税することは、全面的に禁止することと程度の差しかない措置である。

and would be justifiable only if that were justifiable.

only if (場合にのみ) [接] on the condition that; provided that

that (それ) [代] the thing mentioned before

そして、それが正当化できる場合にのみ正当化されるだろう。

Every increase of cost is a prohibition, to those whose means do not come up to the augmented price;

come up to (達する) [動] reach a certain level or standard

費用の増加は、その増加した価格に達しない人々にとっては禁止である。

and to those who do, it is a penalty laid on them for gratifying a particular taste.

lay (課する) [動] put or place (something) somewhere

そして、そうする人々にとっては、それは特定の趣味を満足させるために課せられる罰である。

Their choice of pleasures, and their mode of expending their income, after satisfying their legal and moral obligations to the State and to individuals, are their own concern, and must rest with their own judgment.

rest with (委ねられる) [動] be dependent on or decided by

国家や個人に対する法的・道徳的義務を果たした後、彼らがどのような楽しみを選び、どのように収入を費やすかは、彼ら自身の関心事であり、彼ら自身の判断に委ねられるべきである。

These considerations may seem at first sight to condemn the selection of stimulants as special subjects of taxation for purposes of revenue.

at first sight (一見すると) [副] when first seen or considered

selection (選択) [名] the action or fact of carefully choosing someone or something as being the best or most suitable

taxation (課税) [名] the action of taxing someone or something

revenue (収入) [名] income, especially when of a company or organization and of a substantial nature

これらの考慮は、一見すると、収入を得る目的で課税の特別な対象として刺激物を選択することを非難するように見えるかもしれない。

But it must be remembered that taxation for fiscal purposes is absolutely inevitable;

fiscal (財政) [形] of or relating to government revenue, especially taxes

しかし、財政目的の課税は絶対に避けられないことを忘れてはならない。

that in most countries it is necessary that a considerable part of that taxation should be indirect;

ほとんどの国では、その課税のかなりの部分が間接的であることが必要である。

that the State, therefore, cannot help imposing penalties, which to some persons may be prohibitory, on the use of some articles of consumption.

prohibitory (禁止される) [形] serving to prohibit or forbid

consumption (消費) [名] the using up of a resource

したがって、国家は、一部の人々にとっては禁止されるかもしれない罰則を、一部の消費物品の使用に課さざるを得ない。

It is hence the duty of the State to consider, in the imposition of taxes, what commodities the consumers can best spare;

imposition (課税) [名] an unfair or excessive burden or restriction

spare (節約する) [動] use or give sparingly

したがって、国家は、税金を課す際に、消費者が最も節約できる商品は何かを考える義務がある。

and à fortiori, to select in preference those of which it deems the use, beyond a very moderate quantity, to be positively injurious.

à fortiori (さらに) [副] with even stronger reason

select (選択する) [動] choose from a number of options

positively (明らかに) [副] in a positive manner

そして、さらに、非常に適度な量を超えて使用することが明らかに有害であると考えるものを優先的に選択する義務がある。

Taxation, therefore, of stimulants, up to the point which produces the largest amount of revenue (supposing that the State needs all the revenue which it yields) is not only admissible, but to be approved of.

yield (得られる) [動] produce or provide

したがって、(国家が得られるすべての収入を必要としていると仮定して)最大の収入を生み出すポイントまでの刺激物の課税は、許容されるだけでなく、承認されるべきである。

The question of making the sale of these commodities a more or less exclusive privilege, must be answered differently, according to the purposes to which the restriction is intended to be subservient.

commodity (商品) [名] a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold

more or less (多かれ少なかれ) [副] to some extent

exclusive (独占的) [形] belonging to or connected with one person or group of people only

subservient (従属する) [形] prepared to obey others unquestioningly

これらの商品の販売を多かれ少なかれ独占的特権にする問題は、制限が従属することを意図している目的に応じて、異なる答えをしなければならない。

All places of public resort require the restraint of a police, and places of this kind peculiarly, because offences against society are especially apt to originate there.

public resort (公共の場所) [名] a place that is open to the public

apt (しやすい) [形] having a tendency to do something

originate (発生する) [動] have a specified beginning

すべての公共の場所は警察の制約を必要とし、この種の場所は特に社会に対する犯罪がそこで発生しやすいため、警察の制約を必要とする。

It is, therefore, fit to confine the power of selling these commodities (at least for consumption on the spot) to persons of known or vouched-for respectability of conduct;

It is, therefore, fit to (したがって、適切である) [句] it is appropriate to

for consumption (消費するために) [句] to be used up

on the spot (その場で) [句] immediately; without delay

vouch (保証する) [動] confirm or support the truth or accuracy of

respectability (尊敬に値すること) [名] the quality of being respectable

したがって、これらの商品を販売する権限を(少なくともその場で消費するために)行動の尊敬に値することが知られている人または保証されている人に限定することが適切である。

to make such regulations respecting hours of opening and closing as may be requisite for public surveillance, and to withdraw the licence if breaches of the peace repeatedly take place through the connivance or incapacity of the keeper of the house, or if it becomes a rendezvous for concocting and preparing offences against the law.

make (設ける) [動] create, produce, or construct

hour (時間) [名] a period of time equal to 60 minutes

opening (開閉) [名] the action of moving a door or window so as to leave a space allowing access and vision

closing (開閉) [名] the action of moving a door or window so as to block access and vision

surveillance (監視) [名] close observation, especially of a suspected spy or criminal

requisite (必要な) [形] required or necessary

withdraw (取り消す) [動] take back or away

licence (許可) [名] a permit from an authority to own or use something, do a particular thing, or carry on a trade

repeatedly (繰り返し) [副] again and again

take place (発生する) [動] happen or occur

connivance (黙認) [名] the action of conniving

incapacity (無能力) [名] the state of being unable to perform a particular action or function

concoct (企てる) [動] make or devise

rendezvous (待ち合わせ場所) [名] a meeting at an agreed time and place

公共の監視に必要な開閉時間に関する規制を設け、店主の黙認や無能力によって平和の侵害が繰り返し発生した場合、または法律違反を企てたり準備したりするための待ち合わせ場所となった場合には、許可を取り消すことである。

Any further restriction I do not conceive to be, in principle, justifiable.

further (これ以上) [形] more

これ以上の制限は、原則として正当化されるとは思えない。

The limitation in number, for instance, of beer and spirit-houses, for the express purpose of rendering them more difficult of access, and diminishing the occasions of temptation, not only exposes all to an inconvenience because there are some by whom the facility would be abused, but is suited only to a state of society in which the labouring classes are avowedly treated as children or savages, and placed under an education of restraint, to fit them for future admission to the privileges of freedom.

beer (ビール) [名] an alcoholic drink made from fermented grain

spirit (酒) [名] an alcoholic drink

facility (施設) [名] a place that provides a particular service

labouring class (労働者階級) [名] the social group consisting of people who are employed for wages, especially in manual or industrial work

savage (野蛮人) [名] a member of a people regarded as primitive and uncivilized

例えば、ビールや酒屋の数を制限して、アクセスをより困難にし、誘惑の機会を減らすという明確な目的のために、施設を乱用する人がいるので、すべての人に不便を強いるだけでなく、労働者階級が公然と子供や野蛮人として扱われ、将来的に自由の特権を認めてもらうために、抑制の教育を受けさせられるような社会の状態にのみ適している。

This is not the principle on which the labouring classes are professedly governed in any free country;

free country (自由な国) [名] a country where the citizens enjoy personal freedom

professedly (公然と) [副] in a way that is openly declared or avowed

これは、自由な国で労働者階級が公然と支配されている原則ではない。

and no person who sets due value on freedom will give his adhesion to their being so governed, unless after all efforts have been exhausted to educate them for freedom and govern them as freemen, and it has been definitively proved that they can only be governed as children.

set due value on (正当に評価する) [動] to give the correct value to something

give one's adhesion to (賛同する) [動] to agree with or support something

govern (統治する) [動] to rule or control a country, area, or people

freeman (自由人) [名] a person who is not a slave or serf

そして、自由を正当に評価する人は、彼らを自由のために教育し、自由人として統治するためにあらゆる努力を尽くした後でなければ、彼らが子供としてしか統治できないことが決定的に証明されない限り、彼らがそのように統治されることに賛同することはないだろう。

The bare statement of the alternative shows the absurdity of supposing that such efforts have been made in any case which needs be considered here.

bare (単なる) [形] without covering or clothing

statement (声明) [名] a public declaration of policy and aims

need (必要である) [動] require (something) because it is essential or very important rather than just desirable

代替案の単なる声明は、ここで考慮する必要があるいかなる場合においても、そのような努力がなされたと仮定することのバカバカしさを示している。

It is only because the institutions of this country are a mass of inconsistencies, that things find admittance into our practice which belong to the system of despotic, or what is called paternal, government, while the general freedom of our institutions precludes the exercise of the amount of control necessary to render the restraint of any real efficacy as a moral education.

mass (塊) [名] a large number or amount of something

inconsistency (矛盾) [名] the quality of being inconsistent

admittance (受け入れ) [名] the fact or condition of being allowed to enter

despotic (専制的な) [形] exercising power in a cruel and unreasonable manner

paternal (父権的な) [形] of or relating to a father

efficacy (効果) [名] the ability to produce a desired or intended result

この国の制度が矛盾の塊であるために、専制的な、あるいは父権的な政府のシステムに属するものが私たちの慣行に受け入れられているのに対し、私たちの制度の一般的な自由は、道徳教育としての真の効果を抑制するために必要な統制の行使を妨げている。

It was pointed out in an early part of this Essay, that the liberty of the individual, in things wherein the individual is alone concerned, implies a corresponding liberty in any number of individuals to regulate by mutual agreement such things as regard them jointly, and regard no persons but themselves.

early part (最初の部分) [名] the first part of something

imply (意味する) [動] indicate or suggest without being explicitly stated

corresponding (対応する) [形] similar or equivalent in character, form, or function

any number of (任意の数の) [名] a number of things or people that is not fixed or limited

mutual (相互の) [形] having the same relationship to each other

agreement (合意) [名] an arrangement or understanding between two or more parties

but (以外) [前] other than; apart from

この論文の最初の部分で、個人だけが関係する事柄における個人の自由は、彼らが共同で関係し、自分たち以外の誰も関係しない事柄を相互の合意によって規制する、任意の数の個人の対応する自由を意味することが指摘された。

This question presents no difficulty, so long as the will of all the persons implicated remains unaltered;

present (生じる) [動] to give or offer something to someone

remain (変わる) [動] to stay in the same place or condition

unaltered (変わらない) [形] not changed

この問題は、関係するすべての人の意志が変わらない限り、何の困難も生じない。

but since that will may change, it is often necessary, even in things in which they alone are concerned, that they should enter into engagements with one another;

engagement (約束) [名] a promise or agreement to do something

しかし、その意志が変わる可能性があるため、彼らだけが関係する事柄でさえ、彼らが互いに約束を交わすことが必要になることが多い。

and when they do, it is fit, as a general rule, that those engagements should be kept.

そして、そうした場合には、原則として、その約束を守ることが適切である。

Yet in the laws, probably, of every country, this general rule has some exceptions.

しかし、おそらくどの国の法律にも、この一般原則にはいくつかの例外がある。

Not only persons are not held to engagements which violate the rights of third parties, but it is sometimes considered a sufficient reason for releasing them from an engagement, that it is injurious to themselves.

third party (第三者) [名] a person or group besides the two primarily involved in a situation

第三者の権利を侵害する約束は守らなくてよいだけでなく、自分にとって不利益であることが、約束から解放される十分な理由と見なされることもある。

In this and most other civilised countries, for example, an engagement by which a person should sell himself, or allow himself to be sold, as a slave, would be null and void;

engagement (契約) [名] a formal agreement to get married

slave (奴隷) [名] a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them

null (無効) [形] having no legal or binding force

void (無効) [形] not valid or legally binding

例えば、この国や他のほとんどの文明国では、人が自分を売ったり、奴隷として売られることを許可したりする契約は無効となる。

neither enforced by law nor by opinion.

法律でも世論でも強制されない。

The ground for thus limiting his power of voluntarily disposing of his own lot in life, is apparent, and is very clearly seen in this extreme case.

voluntarily (自発的に) [副] out of your own free will

dispose (処分する) [動] get rid of

このように、自分の人生を自発的に処分する権限を制限する根拠は明らかであり、この極端な場合に非常にはっきりと見られる。

The reason for not interfering, unless for the sake of others, with a person's voluntary acts, is consideration for his liberty.

他人のためでなければ、人の自発的行為に干渉しない理由は、その人の自由への配慮である。

His voluntary choice is evidence that what he so chooses is desirable, or at the least endurable, to him, and his good is on the whole best provided for by allowing him to take his own means of pursuing it.

endurable (耐えられる) [形] able to be endured

彼の自発的な選択は、彼が選んだものが彼にとって望ましい、あるいは少なくとも耐えられるものであることの証拠であり、彼の善は、彼がそれを追求するための彼自身の手段をとることを許すことによって、全体として最もよく提供される。

But by selling himself for a slave, he abdicates his liberty;

abdicate (放棄する) [動] renounce or give up a throne or other high position of authority

しかし、自分を奴隷として売ることで、彼は自由を放棄する。

he foregoes any future use of it, beyond that single act.

彼はその単一の行為を超えて、将来の使用を放棄する。

He therefore defeats, in his own case, the very purpose which is the justification of allowing him to dispose of himself.

defeat (打ち負かす) [動] win a victory over

したがって、彼は自分の場合、自分を処分することを許す正当化であるまさにその目的を打ち負かす。

He is no longer free;

彼はもはや自由ではない。

but is thenceforth in a position which has no longer the presumption in its favour, that would be afforded by his voluntarily remaining in it.

thenceforth (それ以降) [副] from that time onward

in (で) [前] at or inside

a (1つの) [冠] one

its (その) [代] that

would (であろう) [助] will

afforded (与えられる) [動] give or provide

his (彼の) [代] his

remaining (留まる) [動] stay

しかし、それ以降は、彼が自発的にそこに留まることで与えられるであろう、もはやその好意に推定がない立場にある。

The principle of freedom cannot require that he should be free not to be free.

be free (自由である) [動] not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes

自由の原則は、彼が自由でなくなる自由を持つべきだと要求することはできない。

It is not freedom, to be allowed to alienate his freedom.

alienate (疎外する) [動] cause (someone) to feel isolated or estranged

彼の自由を疎外することを許されるのは、自由ではない。

These reasons, the force of which is so conspicuous in this peculiar case, are evidently of far wider application;

conspicuous (顕著な) [形] standing out so as to be easily seen

これらの理由は、その力がこの特殊な場合に非常に顕著であるが、明らかにはるかに広い適用範囲を持つ。

yet a limit is everywhere set to them by the necessities of life, which continually require, not indeed that we should resign our freedom, but that we should consent to this and the other limitation of it.

resign (放棄する) [動] voluntarily leave a job, post, or position

それでも、生活の必要性によってどこでも限界が設定されており、それは絶えず、私たちが自由を放棄するべきではなく、これと他の制限に同意するべきであることを要求している。

The principle, however, which demands uncontrolled freedom of action in all that concerns only the agents themselves, requires that those who have become bound to one another, in things which concern no third party, should be able to release one another from the engagement: and even without such voluntary release, there are perhaps no contracts or engagements, except those that relate to money or money's worth, of which one can venture to say that there ought to be no liberty whatever of retractation.

uncontrolled (制御されない) [形] not subject to control

venture (言う) [動] say something that is daring or risky

whatever (一切) [限] used to emphasize the lack of restriction on the type or amount of something

retraction (撤回) [名] the action of withdrawing something that has been said or done

しかし、行為者自身だけに関係するすべての事柄において、制御されない行動の自由を要求する原則は、第三者に関係のない事柄において、互いに縛られるようになった人々が、互いに婚約から解放されることを要求する。そして、そのような自発的な解放がなくても、おそらく、お金やお金の価値に関係するものを除いて、契約や約束は存在せず、そのうちの1つは、撤回する自由は一切ないと言うことができる。

Baron Wilhelm von Humboldt, in the excellent essay from which I have already quoted, states it as his conviction, that engagements which involve personal relations or services, should never be legally binding beyond a limited duration of time;

Baron Wilhelm von Humboldt (ヴィルヘルム・フォン・フンボルト男爵) [名] a German philosopher, historian, and linguist

essay (エッセイ) [名] a short piece of writing that gives the author's own argument — but the definition is vague, overlapping with those of a paper, an article, a pamphlet, and a short story

legally (法的) [形] of or relating to law

ヴィルヘルム・フォン・フンボルト男爵は、私がすでに引用した優れたエッセイの中で、個人的な関係やサービスを伴う婚約は、限られた期間を超えて法的拘束力を持つべきではないという信念を述べている。

and that the most important of these engagements, marriage, having the peculiarity that its objects are frustrated unless the feelings of both the parties are in harmony with it, should require nothing more than the declared will of either party to dissolve it.

party (当事者) [名] a person or group involved in a situation or event

そして、これらの婚約の中で最も重要な結婚は、両当事者の感情がそれに調和していない限り、その目的が挫折するという特殊性を持っているため、それを解消するためには、どちらかの当事者の宣言された意志以外に何も必要としない。

This subject is too important, and too complicated, to be discussed in a parenthesis, and I touch on it only so far as is necessary for purposes of illustration.

parenthesis (括弧) [名] a pair of round brackets ( ) used to enclose a word or phrase that is to be considered separately from the rest of the sentence

touch on (触れる) [動] mention briefly

illustration (説明) [名] a picture or diagram that explains or decorates a text

この主題は、括弧内で議論するにはあまりにも重要で複雑すぎるので、私は説明のために必要な範囲でのみ触れる。

If the conciseness and generality of Baron Humboldt's dissertation had not obliged him in this instance to content himself with enunciating his conclusion without discussing the premises, he would doubtless have recognised that the question cannot be decided on grounds so simple as those to which he confines himself.

Baron Humboldt (フンボルト男爵) [名] a German polymath, geographer, naturalist, explorer, and statesman

dissertation (論文) [名] a long essay on a particular subject, usually written as a requirement for a university degree

conciseness (簡潔さ) [名] the quality of being brief and to the point

enunciating (述べる) [動] to pronounce or articulate clearly

premises (前提) [名] a statement or proposition from which another is inferred or follows as a conclusion

grounds (根拠) [名] a reason or cause for something

simple (単純な) [形] easy to understand or do

もしフンボルト男爵の論文の簡潔さと一般性が、この場合、前提を議論せずに結論を述べるだけで満足することを彼に義務付けていなかったら、彼は疑いなく、問題は彼が自分自身を閉じ込めているものほど単純な根拠では決定できないことを認識していただろう。

When a person, either by express promise or by conduct, has encouraged another to rely upon his continuing to act in a certain way—to build expectations and calculations, and stake any part of his plan of life upon that supposition, a new series of moral obligations arises on his part towards that person, which may possibly be overruled, but cannot be ignored.

promise (約束) [名] a declaration or assurance that one will do a particular thing or that a particular thing will happen

build (構築する) [動] construct (something) by putting parts or material together over a period of time

expectation (期待) [名] a strong belief that something will happen or be the case

calculation (計算) [名] the mathematical determination of the value of a quantity

stake (賭ける) [動] risk a sum of money or something of value on the outcome of a game, race, or other unpredictable event

series (一連) [名] a number of events, objects, or people of a similar or related kind coming one after another

possibly (おそらく) [副] perhaps

overruled (却下される) [動] reject or disallow (a decision, view, etc.)

ignored (無視される) [動] refuse to take notice of or acknowledge; disregard intentionally

ある人が、明示的な約束や行為によって、他の人が自分の行動をある一定の方法で継続すること、つまり期待や計算を構築し、その仮定に基づいて自分の人生計画の一部を賭けることを頼りにするよう促したとき、その人に対して新たな一連の道徳的義務が生じるが、それはおそらく却下されるかもしれないが、無視することはできない。

And again, if the relation between two contracting parties has been followed by consequences to others;

contracting party (契約当事者) [名] a person or group that has entered into a contract

そしてまた、もし2つの契約当事者の関係が他の人々に影響を与えたとしたら、

if it has placed third parties in any peculiar position, or, as in the case of marriage, has even called third parties into existence, obligations arise on the part of both the contracting parties towards those third persons, the fulfilment of which, or at all events the mode of fulfilment, must be greatly affected by the continuance or disruption of the relation between the original parties to the contract.

peculiar (特別な) [形] strange or odd; unusual

call into existence (存在させる) [動] to cause to be or to happen

continuance (継続) [名] the action of continuing something

disruption (中断) [名] the interruption of an event, activity, or process

original party (当初の当事者) [名] a person or group that was involved in a situation from the beginning

もしそれが第三者を特別な立場に置いたり、結婚の場合のように第三者を存在させたりしたのであれば、契約当事者の双方に第三者に対する義務が生じ、その履行、あるいはいずれにせよ履行方法は、契約の当初の当事者間の関係の継続または中断によって大きく影響を受けるに違いない。

It does not follow, nor can I admit, that these obligations extend to requiring the fulfilment of the contract at all costs to the happiness of the reluctant party;

reluctant (嫌がる) [形] unwilling to do something

これらの義務が、契約を履行するために、嫌がる当事者の幸福を犠牲にすることを要求するまでに及ぶとは限らないし、私も認めることはできない。

but they are a necessary element in the question;

しかし、それらは問題の必要な要素である。

and even if, as Von Humboldt maintains, they ought to make no difference in the legal freedom of the parties to release themselves from the engagement (and I also hold that they ought not to make much difference), they necessarily make a great difference in the moral freedom.

make no difference (違いを生じさせない) [動] to have no effect or impact

legal freedom (法的自由) [名] the right to do something without being punished by the law

release (解放される) [動] to be set free from something

make a great difference (大きな違いを生じさせる) [動] to have a significant effect or impact

そして、フォン・フンボルトが主張するように、彼らが婚約から解放されるための当事者の法的自由に違いを生じさせるべきではないとしても(そして私も彼らが大きな違いを生じさせるべきではないと考える)、彼らは必然的に道徳的自由に大きな違いを生じさせる。

A person is bound to take all these circumstances into account, before resolving on a step which may affect such important interests of others;

take into account (考慮に入れる) [動] to think about something when making a decision

resolve on (決意する) [動] to make a firm decision to do something

step (一歩) [名] a movement of the foot in walking or running

人は、他人のそのような重要な利益に影響を与える可能性がある一歩を踏み出す前に、これらすべての状況を考慮に入れなければならない。

and if he does not allow proper weight to those interests, he is morally responsible for the wrong.

allow (与える) [動] to give or make available

morally (道徳的) [形] concerned with the principles of right and wrong behavior

そして、もし彼がそれらの利益に適切な重みを与えなければ、彼はその過ちに対して道徳的責任を負う。

I have made these obvious remarks for the better illustration of the general principle of liberty, and not because they are at all needed on the particular question, which, on the contrary, is usually discussed as if the interest of children was everything, and that of grown persons nothing.

general principle (一般原則) [名] a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief, behavior, or for a chain of reasoning

particular question (特定の問題) [名] a specific issue or problem that is being discussed or considered

私は、自由の一般原則をよりよく説明するためにこれらの明白な発言をしたのであり、特定の問題にそれらが全く必要だからではない。逆に、子供の利益がすべてであり、大人の利益は何もないかのように議論されることが多い。

I have already observed that, owing to the absence of any recognised general principles, liberty is often granted where it should be withheld, as well as withheld where it should be granted;

observe (述べる) [動] to notice or perceive

owing to (〜のため) [前] because of

absence (不在) [名] the state of being away from a place

grant (認める) [動] to give, allow, or admit

withhold (認めない) [動] to hold back or keep from giving, granting, or allowing

すでに述べたように、一般に認められた原則が存在しないため、自由は認められるべきところで認められず、認められるべきところで認められないことが多い。

and one of the cases in which, in the modern European world, the sentiment of liberty is the strongest, is a case where, in my view, it is altogether misplaced.

misplaced (見当違い) [形] put in the wrong place

そして、現代ヨーロッパ世界において、自由の感情が最も強いケースの1つは、私の見解では、それが全く見当違いであるケースである。

A person should be free to do as he likes in his own concerns;

do as one likes (好きなように行う) [動] do whatever one wants

人は自分の関心事において好きなように行う自由があるべきである。

but he ought not to be free to do as he likes in acting for another, under the pretext that the affairs of another are his own affairs.

be free to (~する自由がある) [動] be allowed to

like (好む) [動] find agreeable, enjoyable, or satisfactory

under the pretext that (~という口実のもと) [名] a reason that is given in order to hide the real reason for doing something

しかし、他人のことは自分のことだという口実のもと、他人のために行動する際には、自分の好きなように行動する自由があってはならない。

The State, while it respects the liberty of each in what specially regards himself, is bound to maintain a vigilant control over his exercise of any power which it allows him to possess over others.

vigilant (厳重な) [形] keeping careful watch for possible danger or difficulties

国家は、各自の自由を尊重する一方で、他人に対して持つことを許している権力の行使については、厳重な管理を維持する義務がある。

This obligation is almost entirely disregarded in the case of the family relations, a case, in its direct influence on human happiness, more important than all others taken together.

この義務は、家族関係の場合にはほとんど完全に無視されているが、この関係は、人間の幸福に直接影響を与えるという点で、他のすべてを合わせたよりも重要である。

The almost despotic power of husbands over wives need not be enlarged upon here because nothing more is needed for the complete removal of the evil, than that wives should have the same rights, and should receive the protection of law in the same manner, as all other persons;

husband (夫) [名] a married man

夫の妻に対するほとんど専制的な権力については、ここでは拡大する必要はない。なぜなら、妻が他のすべての人と同じ権利を持ち、同じ方法で法律の保護を受けること以外に、この悪を完全に取り除くために必要なことは何もないからである。

and because, on this subject, the defenders of established injustice do not avail themselves of the plea of liberty, but stand forth openly as the champions of power.

on this subject (この問題に関して) [名] about this topic

defenders (擁護者) [名] someone who defends someone or something

established (確立された) [形] having been in existence for a long time and therefore recognized and generally accepted

avail oneself of (嘆願する) [動] to make use of something

stand forth (立ち上がる) [動] to be noticeable or prominent

champions (擁護者) [名] someone who fights or argues for a cause or on behalf of someone else

そして、この問題に関して、確立された不正義の擁護者は自由の嘆願をせず、権力の擁護者として公然と立ち上がるからである。

It is in the case of children, that misapplied notions of liberty are a real obstacle to the fulfilment by the State of its duties.

子供たちの場合、自由の概念の誤用が国家の義務の履行を妨げる真の障害となっている。

One would almost think that a man's children were supposed to be literally, and not metaphorically, a part of himself, so jealous is opinion of the smallest interference of law with his absolute and exclusive control over them;

One (人) [名] a person

metaphorically (比喩的に) [副] in a metaphorical manner

jealous (嫌う) [形] feeling or showing an envious resentment of someone or their achievements and advantages

人の子供は比喩的にではなく文字通り自分の一部であると考えられているのではないかと思えるほど、子供に対する絶対的かつ排他的な支配に対する法律の干渉を嫌う意見がある。

more jealous than of almost any interference with his own freedom of action:

自分の行動の自由に対するほとんどどんな干渉よりも嫉妬深い。

so much less do the generality of mankind value liberty than power.

value (重視する) [動] regard something as important or worthy

人類の一般性は権力よりも自由を重視していない。

Consider, for example, the case of education.

例えば、教育の場合を考えてみよう。

Is it not almost a self-evident axiom, that the State should require and compel the education, up to a certain standard, of every human being who is born its citizen?

citizen (国民) [名] a legally recognized subject or national of a state or commonwealth, either native or naturalized

axiom (公理) [名] a statement or proposition which, on the basis of logic or reason, is taken for granted, or one which is generally accepted as true and which is used as a foundation or starting point for further reas...

国家は、国民として生まれたすべての人間に対して、一定の基準に達するまでの教育を要求し、強制すべきであるということは、ほとんど自明の公理ではないだろうか。

Yet who is there that is not afraid to recognise and assert this truth?

しかし、この真理を認め、主張することを恐れない人がいるだろうか。

Hardly any one indeed will deny that it is one of the most sacred duties of the parents (or, as law and usage now stand, the father), after summoning a human being into the world, to give to that being an education fitting him to perform his part well in life towards others and towards himself.

parent (親) [名] a father or mother

summon (召喚する) [動] authoritatively or urgently call on (someone) to be present

part (役割) [名] a piece or segment of something such as an object, area, or period of time

well (十分に) [副] in a good or satisfactory manner

人間をこの世に召喚した後、その人間が他人に対しても自分に対しても人生において自分の役割を十分に果たすのにふさわしい教育を与えることは、親(あるいは、現在の法律や慣習では父親)の最も神聖な義務の一つであることを否定する人はほとんどいないだろう。

But while this is unanimously declared to be the father's duty, scarcely anybody, in this country, will bear to hear of obliging him to perform it.

oblige (義務付ける) [動] make someone do something

しかし、これが父親の義務であると満場一致で宣言されている一方で、この国では、父親にそれを履行させる義務があると聞いて耐えられる人はほとんどいない。

Instead of his being required to make any exertion or sacrifice for securing education to the child, it is left to his choice to accept it or not when it is provided gratis!

being required to (要求される) [動] be asked to do something

make (払う) [動] produce or create

securing (受けさせる) [動] obtain or achieve

being left to (任されている) [動] be given the responsibility for

is provided (提供される) [動] to give or make available for use; supply

gratis (無償で) [副] without charge or payment

子供に教育を受けさせるために努力や犠牲を払うことを要求される代わりに、無償で提供された教育を受け入れるかどうかは父親の選択に任されている。

It still remains unrecognised, that to bring a child into existence without a fair prospect of being able, not only to provide food for its body, but instruction and training for its mind, is a moral crime, both against the unfortunate offspring and against society;

bring into existence (産む) [動] cause to come into being

fair prospect (公正な見通し) [名] a good chance of success

not only ... but also (だけでなく...も) [接] used to introduce a second item in a list

food (食べ物) [名] any substance that can be eaten

moral crime (道徳的な犯罪) [名] an act that is considered to be wrong and unacceptable

offspring (子孫) [名] a person's child or children

子供の身体に食べ物を与えるだけでなく、心の指導や訓練を行うことができるという公正な見通しなしに子供を産むことは、不幸な子孫に対しても社会に対しても道徳的な犯罪であるということは、まだ認識されていない。

and that if the parent does not fulfil this obligation, the State ought to see it fulfilled, at the charge, as far as possible, of the parent.

charge (負担) [名] a financial burden

as far as possible (可能な限り) [副] to the greatest extent or degree possible

そして、親がこの義務を果たさない場合、国家は、可能な限り親の負担で、それが果たされるようにするべきである。

Were the duty of enforcing universal education once admitted, there would be an end to the difficulties about what the State should teach, and how it should teach, which now convert the subject into a mere battle-field for sects and parties, causing the time and labour which should have been spent in educating, to be wasted in quarrelling about education.

difficulty (問題) [名] a thing that is hard to do or understand

convert (変える) [動] to change from one form or use to another

cause (費やす) [動] to make something happen

spend (費やす) [動] to pay out (money)

普遍的な教育を義務付ける義務が一度認められれば、国家が何を教えるべきか、どのように教えるべきかという問題は終わり、現在ではこの問題は宗派や政党の単なる戦場と化し、教育に費やされるべき時間と労力が教育を巡る争いに浪費されている。

If the government would make up its mind to require for every child a good education, it might save itself the trouble of providing one.

make up one's mind (決心する) [動] reach, make, or come to a decision about something

require (義務付ける) [動] officially or legally demand

政府がすべての子供に良い教育を義務付けようと決心すれば、教育を提供する手間を省くことができるかもしれない。

It might leave to parents to obtain the education where and how they pleased, and content itself with helping to pay the school fees of the poorer class of children, and defraying the entire school expenses of those who have no one else to pay for them.

leave to (任せる) [動] allow someone to do something

school fee (学費) [名] the money that a student pays to a school or college

poorer (より貧しい) [形] having little money or few possessions

defray (負担する) [動] provide money to pay for

school expense (学費) [名] the money that a student pays to a school or college

pay for (支払う) [動] give (someone) money that is owed for work done, goods received, or a service provided

親がどこでどのように教育を受けるかを任せ、貧しい階級の子供たちの学費を援助したり、誰も支払う人がいない子供たちの学費を全額負担したりすることで満足するかもしれない。

The objections which are urged with reason against State education, do not apply to the enforcement of education by the State, but to the State's taking upon itself to direct that education;

State education (国家教育) [名] education provided by the state

take upon oneself (引き受ける) [動] to assume responsibility for something

direct (指揮する) [動] to control the operations of

国家教育に対して理をもって主張される異議は、国家による教育の強制には当てはまらないが、国家がその教育を指揮することを自ら引き受けることに対しては当てはまる。

which is a totally different thing.

different (別の) [形] not the same as another or each other; unlike in nature, form, or quality

それは全く別のことだ。

That the whole or any large part of the education of the people should be in State hands, I go as far as any one in deprecating.

large part (大部分) [名] a significant portion of something

hand (手) [名] the end of an arm

go as far as (非難する) [動] to do something to the greatest extent possible

deprecating (非難する) [動] to express disapproval of

国民の教育の全部または大部分が国家の手に委ねられるべきであるということは、私は誰よりも非難する。

All that has been said of the importance of individuality of character, and diversity in opinions and modes of conduct, involves, as of the same unspeakable importance, diversity of education.

unspeakable (言葉では言い表せない) [形] too bad or shocking to be expressed in words

人格の個性、意見や行動様式の多様性の重要性について述べてきたことはすべて、教育の多様性も同様に言葉では言い表せないほど重要であることを含んでいる。

A general State education is a mere contrivance for moulding people to be exactly like one another;

mould (形作る) [動] to make something into a particular shape

一般的な国家教育は、人々を互いに全く同じにするための単なる工夫である。

and as the mould in which it casts them is that which pleases the predominant power in the government, whether this be a monarch, a priesthood, an aristocracy, or the majority of the existing generation, in proportion as it is efficient and successful, it establishes a despotism over the mind, leading by natural tendency to one over the body.

cast (鋳造する) [動] to form (an object) by pouring molten metal or other material into a mold

predominant (支配的な) [形] having more power or influence than others

monarch (君主) [名] a king or queen

priesthood (聖職者) [名] the position or work of a priest

efficient (効率的な) [形] working well and not wasting time, energy, or materials

successful (成功している) [形] having achieved success

そして、それが人々を鋳造する型は、それが君主、聖職者、貴族、または現存する世代の過半数であろうと、政府の支配的な権力を喜ばせるものであるため、それが効率的で成功しているほど、それは精神に対する専制政治を確立し、自然な傾向によって身体に対する専制政治へと導く。

An education established and controlled by the State, should only exist, if it exist at all, as one among many competing experiments, carried on for the purpose of example and stimulus, to keep the others up to a certain standard of excellence.

compete (競合する) [動] to strive to gain or win something by defeating or establishing superiority over others

stimulus (刺激) [名] something that rouses or incites to action or that produces a response

standard (水準) [名] something established by authority, custom, or general consent as a model or example

国家によって確立され、管理されている教育は、もし存在するとしても、他の教育を一定の優秀な水準に保つために、模範と刺激を与える目的で行われ、多くの競合する実験の一つとしてのみ存在するべきである。

Unless, indeed, when society in general is in so backward a state that it could not or would not provide for itself any proper institutions of education, unless the government undertook the task;

institution (機関) [名] an organization founded for a religious, educational, social, or similar purpose

実際、社会全体があまりにも後進的な状態にあり、政府がその任務を引き受けなければ、適切な教育機関を自ら提供できないか、提供しようとしない場合にのみ、そうである。

then, indeed, the government may, as the less of two great evils, take upon itself the business of schools and universities, as it may that of joint stock companies, when private enterprise, in a shape fitted for undertaking great works of industry, does not exist in the country.

less (小さい方) [形] not as great or as much as the other or the average

university (大学) [名] an institution of higher education and research, which awards academic degrees in various academic disciplines

joint stock company (株式会社) [名] a company whose capital is divided into shares owned by the shareholders

private enterprise (民間企業) [名] a business or industry not owned or controlled by the government

実際、その場合には、政府は、二つの大きな悪のうち小さい方として、学校や大学の事業を引き受けるかもしれないし、また、産業の大事業を引き受けるのに適した形態の民間企業が国内に存在しない場合には、株式会社の事業を引き受けるかもしれない。

But in general, if the country contains a sufficient number of persons qualified to provide education under government auspices, the same persons would be able and willing to give an equally good education on the voluntary principle, under the assurance of remuneration afforded by a law rendering education compulsory, combined with State aid to those unable to defray the expense.

qualified (資格のある) [形] officially recognized as having the necessary skill or knowledge to do a particular job

auspices (支援) [名] a kind act that is intended to help someone

able (できる) [形] having the power or skill to do something

equally (同等に) [副] in a way that is the same in amount or value

unable (できない) [形] lacking the skill or power to do something

しかし、一般的に、国が政府の支援の下で教育を提供する資格のある十分な数の人々を抱えている場合、同じ人々は、教育を義務化する法律によって提供される報酬の保証の下で、費用を負担できない人々への国家援助と組み合わせて、自発的な原則に基づいて同等に良い教育を与えることができ、また喜んでそうするだろう。

The instrument for enforcing the law could be no other than public examinations, extending to all children, and beginning at an early age.

instrument (手段) [名] a means whereby something is achieved, performed, or furthered

public examination (公の試験) [名] a test of knowledge or skill

法律を施行するための手段は、すべての子供たちに及ぶ公の試験以外になく、幼い頃から始まる。

An age might be fixed at which every child must be examined, to ascertain if he (or she) is able to read.

fix (決める) [動] to decide or agree on something

すべての子供が読めるかどうかを調べるために、すべての子供が検査を受けなければならない年齢を決めることができる。

If a child proves unable, the father, unless he has some sufficient ground of excuse, might be subjected to a moderate fine, to be worked out, if necessary, by his labour, and the child might be put to school at his expense.

prove (判明する) [動] to be found to be; to turn out to be

excuse (言い訳) [名] a reason or explanation given to justify a fault or offense

subject (科せられる) [動] to cause to experience or undergo

work out (支払われる) [動] to calculate or determine

子供が読めない場合、父親は、十分な言い訳がない限り、適度な罰金を科せられ、必要に応じて労働によって支払われ、子供は父親の費用で学校に入れられるかもしれない。

Once in every year the examination should be renewed, with a gradually extending range of subjects, so as to make the universal acquisition, and what is more, retention, of a certain minimum of general knowledge, virtually compulsory.

every year (毎年) [名] the period of time during which the earth completes one revolution around the sun

renew (更新する) [動] make or become new, fresh, or strong again

range (範囲) [名] the area of variation between upper and lower limits on a particular scale

acquisition (習得) [名] the action of gaining or attaining something

retention (保持) [名] the action of keeping something

general knowledge (一般知識) [名] knowledge of a wide range of subjects

virtually (事実上) [副] almost entirely; nearly

毎年一度、試験は更新されるべきであり、徐々に科目の範囲を広げ、普遍的な習得、さらには、一定の最低限の一般知識の保持を事実上義務付けるようにするべきである。

Beyond that minimum, there should be voluntary examinations on all subjects, at which all who come up to a certain standard of proficiency might claim a certificate.

minimum (最低限) [名] the least or smallest amount or quantity possible

proficiency (習熟度) [名] a high degree of competence or skill

その最低限を超えて、すべての科目について自発的な試験があるべきであり、そこでは一定の習熟度に達した人は誰でも証明書を請求することができる。

To prevent the State from exercising, through these arrangements, an improper influence over opinion, the knowledge required for passing an examination (beyond the merely instrumental parts of knowledge, such as languages and their use) should, even in the higher class of examinations, be confined to facts and positive science exclusively.

pass (合格) [動] be successful in an examination, test, or course

higher (高等な) [形] of a more advanced level

science (科学) [名] the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment

国家がこれらの取り決めを通じて意見に不適切な影響を及ぼさないようにするためには、試験に合格するために必要な知識は、高等な試験であっても、事実と実証科学に限定されるべきである。

The examinations on religion, politics, or other disputed topics, should not turn on the truth or falsehood of opinions, but on the matter of fact that such and such an opinion is held, on such grounds, by such authors, or schools, or churches.

topic (話題) [名] the subject of a conversation or discussion

turn on (基づく) [動] depend on or be conditional on

宗教、政治、その他の論争のある話題に関する試験は、意見の真偽ではなく、そのような意見がそのような根拠に基づいて、そのような著者、学校、または教会によって保持されているという事実に基づくべきである。

Under this system, the rising generation would be no worse off in regard to all disputed truths, than they are at present;

under this system (この制度の下では) [名] under this system

no worse off (悪くなることはない) [形] not in a worse situation

in regard to (に関して) [前] about

disputed truth (論争のある真理) [名] a truth that is disputed

この制度の下では、新しく生まれる世代は、論争のある真理に関して、現在よりも悪くなることはない。

they would be brought up either churchmen or dissenters as they now are, the state merely taking care that they should be instructed churchmen, or instructed dissenters.

bring up (育てる) [動] to care for and educate a child

dissenter (反対派) [名] a person who opposes or disagrees with something

instruct (教育する) [動] to teach or train someone

彼らは現在のように教会員か反対派として育てられるだろうが、国家は彼らが教会員か反対派として教育されるように注意を払うだけである。

There would be nothing to hinder them from being taught religion, if their parents chose, at the same schools where they were taught other things.

彼らが他の科目を学んでいる同じ学校で、両親が望むなら、宗教を学ぶことを妨げるものは何もない。

All attempts by the state to bias the conclusions of its citizens on disputed subjects, are evil;

bias (偏らせる) [動] to cause to feel or show inclination or prejudice for or against someone or something

論争のある問題について国民の結論を偏らせようとする国家のあらゆる試みは悪である。

but it may very properly offer to ascertain and certify that a person possesses the knowledge, requisite to make his conclusions, on any given subject, worth attending to.

certify (証明する) [動] confirm or state officially that something is true or that someone has a particular status or qualification

attend to (注目する) [動] to give care or attention to someone or something

しかし、国家は、ある人が、注目に値する任意の与えられた主題について、自分の結論を出すのに必要な知識を持っていることを確認して証明することを申し出ることは、非常に適切なことかもしれない。

A student of philosophy would be the better for being able to stand an examination both in Locke and in Kant, whichever of the two he takes up with, or even if with neither: and there is no reasonable objection to examining an atheist in the evidences of Christianity, provided he is not required to profess a belief in them.

student (学生) [名] a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution

Locke (ロック) [名] John Locke, an English philosopher and physician, widely regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers and commonly known as the "Father of Liberalism"

Kant (カント) [名] Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher who is considered the central figure of modern philosophy

there is no (~はない) [他] not exist

examining (調べる) [動] inspect closely and thoroughly

provided (~であれば) [接] on the condition or understanding that

哲学の学生は、ロックとカントのどちらを学ぼうとも、あるいはどちらも学ばなくても、両方の試験に耐えられる方がよいだろう。また、キリスト教の証拠について無神論者を調べることには、信仰を告白する必要がなければ、合理的な異議はない。

The examinations, however, in the higher branches of knowledge should, I conceive, be entirely voluntary.

higher (より高度な) [形] of greater importance or rank

しかし、知識のより高度な分野での試験は、私の考えでは、完全に自発的であるべきだ。

It would be giving too dangerous a power to governments, were they allowed to exclude any one from professions, even from the profession of teacher, for alleged deficiency of qualifications:

政府が、資格不足を理由に、教師の職業からでさえも、誰かを職業から排除することを許されるなら、それは政府にあまりにも危険な権力を与えることになるだろう。

and I think, with Wilhelm von Humboldt, that degrees, or other public certificates of scientific or professional acquirements, should be given to all who present themselves for examination, and stand the test;

degree (学位) [名] a title conferred by a college or university upon completion of a course of study

public certificate (公的証明書) [名] a document issued by a government or other official body that attests to the truth of a particular fact

professional (専門的) [形] of or relating to a profession

acquirement (習得) [名] the act of acquiring something

そして私は、ヴィルヘルム・フォン・フンボルトと共に、学位や科学的または専門的な習得の他の公的証明書は、試験に出席して試験に合格したすべての人に与えられるべきだと考える。

but that such certificates should confer no advantage over competitors, other than the weight which may be attached to their testimony by public opinion.

confer (与える) [動] give or grant something to someone

other than (以外に) [前] apart from; besides

しかし、そのような証明書は、世論によって彼らの証言に付けられるかもしれない重み以外に、競合他社に対して何の利点も与えるべきではない。

It is not in the matter of education only, that misplaced notions of liberty prevent moral obligations on the part of parents from being recognised, and legal obligations from being imposed, where there are the strongest grounds for the former always, and in many cases for the latter also.

教育の問題だけではないのだが、自由の誤った概念は、親の側の道徳的義務が認められず、法的義務が課せられるのを妨げている。前者には常に、そして多くの場合には後者にも、最も強固な根拠があるにもかかわらずである。

The fact itself, of causing the existence of a human being, is one of the most responsible actions in the range of human life.

人間の存在を引き起こすという事実そのものは、人間の生活の範囲内で最も責任のある行動の一つである。

To undertake this responsibility—to bestow a life which may be either a curse or a blessing—unless the being on whom it is to be bestowed will have at least the ordinary chances of a desirable existence, is a crime against that being.

curse (呪い) [名] a solemn utterance intended to invoke a supernatural power to inflict harm or punishment on someone or something

blessing (祝福) [名] the act of giving approval or encouragement

この責任を負うこと、つまり呪いにも祝福にもなりうる命を与えることは、その命を与えられる存在が少なくとも望ましい存在であるための普通の機会を得られない限り、その存在に対する犯罪である。

And in a country either over-peopled, or threatened with being so, to produce children, beyond a very small number, with the effect of reducing the reward of labour by their competition, is a serious offence against all who live by the remuneration of their labour.

over-peopled (過密な) [形] having too many people

threatened (危機にある) [形] being in danger

produce (産む) [動] make or create

very small number (ごく少数) [名] a very small amount

そして、過密な国、あるいは過密の危機にある国では、ごく少数を超えて子供を産み、その競争によって労働の報酬を減らすことは、労働の報酬で生きているすべての人に対する重大な犯罪である。

The laws which, in many countries on the Continent, forbid marriage unless the parties can show that they have the means of supporting a family, do not exceed the legitimate powers of the state: and whether such laws be expedient or not (a question mainly dependent on local circumstances and feelings), they are not objectionable as violations of liberty.

expedient (好ましい) [形] convenient and practical although possibly improper or immoral

local (地域の) [形] belonging or relating to a particular area or neighborhood, typically a small one

大陸の多くの国では、当事者が家族を養う手段があることを示せない限り結婚を禁じる法律は、国家の正当な権限を超えるものではない。そして、そのような法律が好ましいか否か(主に地域の状況や感情に依存する問題)は、自由の侵害として異議を唱えることはできない。

Such laws are interferences of the state to prohibit a mischievous act—an act injurious to others, which ought to be a subject of reprobation, and social stigma, even when it is not deemed expedient to superadd legal punishment.

expedient (好都合な) [形] suitable for achieving a particular end

そのような法律は、いたずら行為、つまり他人に害を与える行為を禁止するための国家の干渉であり、法的処罰を加えることが好ましくないと考えられる場合であっても、非難や社会的偏見の対象となるべきである。

Yet the current ideas of liberty, which bend so easily to real infringements of the freedom of the individual, in things which concern only himself, would repel the attempt to put any restraint upon his inclinations when the consequence of their indulgence is a life, or lives, of wretchedness and depravity to the offspring, with manifold evils to those sufficiently within reach to be in any way affected by their actions.

bend (曲げる) [動] to cause to assume a curved or angular form

concern (関係) [動] to be about or connected with

repel (退ける) [動] to force or drive back

put (置く) [動] to move or cause to be in a specified place or position

wretchedness (悲惨) [名] the state of being extremely unhappy or unfortunate

depravity (堕落) [名] moral corruption; wickedness

しかし、個人の自由を実際に侵害するような現在の自由の考え方は、自分だけに関係する事柄において、その耽溺の結果が子孫にとって悲惨で堕落した人生である場合、その人の傾向に何らかの制約を加えようとする試みを退けるだろう。

When we compare the strange respect of mankind for liberty, with their strange want of respect for it, we might imagine that a man had an indispensable right to do harm to others, and no right at all to please himself without giving pain to any one.

compare (比較する) [動] estimate, measure, or note the similarity or dissimilarity between

人類の自由に対する奇妙な尊敬と、自由に対する奇妙な尊敬の欠如を比較すると、人は他人に害を与える不可欠な権利を持ち、誰にも苦痛を与えずに自分を喜ばせる権利は全くないと想像できるかもしれない。

I have reserved for the last place a large class of questions respecting the limits of government interference, which, though closely connected with the subject of this Essay, do not, in strictness, belong to it.

reserve (残しておく) [動] keep or save for a particular purpose or time

large (大規模な) [形] of great or more than average size, extent, or capacity

closely (密接に) [副] in a way that is very near or connected

connect (関連する) [動] bring together or into contact so that a real or notional link is established

私は、この論文の主題と密接に関連しているが、厳密にはそれに属さない、政府の干渉の限界に関する大規模な質問を最後に残しておいた。

These are cases in which the reasons against interference do not turn upon the principle of liberty: the question is not about restraining the actions of individuals, but about helping them: it is asked whether the government should do, or cause to be done, something for their benefit, instead of leaving it to be done by themselves, individually, or in voluntary combination.

turn upon (依存する) [動] to depend on or be determined by

これらは、干渉に反対する理由が自由の原則に依存しないケースである。問題は個人の行動を抑制することではなく、彼らを助けることである。政府が彼らのために何かをすべきか、あるいは彼らが自ら、個別に、あるいは自発的に組み合わせて行うことを許すのではなく、彼らのために何かをさせるべきか、という問題である。

The objections to government interference, when it is not such as to involve infringement of liberty, may be of three kinds.

政府の干渉に対する異議は、それが自由の侵害を伴うものでない場合、3種類ある。

The first is, when the thing to be done is likely to be better done by individuals than by the government.

thing (行われるべきこと) [名] that which is done, made, or performed

1つ目は、行われるべきことが政府よりも個人によってよりよく行われる可能性が高い場合である。

Speaking generally, there is no one so fit to conduct any business, or to determine how or by whom it shall be conducted, as those who are personally interested in it.

personally (個人的に) [副] in a way that relates to a particular person

一般的に言えば、どんな事業を行うにも、また、どのように、誰によって行われるかを決定するのにも、その事業に個人的に関心を持つ人ほど適任な人はいない。

This principle condemns the interferences, once so common, of the legislature, or the officers of government, with the ordinary processes of industry.

この原則は、かつて非常に一般的だった立法府や政府の役人が産業の通常のプロセスに干渉することを非難している。

But this part of the subject has been sufficiently enlarged upon by political economists, and is not particularly related to the principles of this Essay.

political economist (政治経済学者) [名] a person who studies political economy

しかし、この主題のこの部分は政治経済学者によって十分に拡大されており、この論文の原則とは特に関係がない。

The second objection is more nearly allied to our subject.

nearly (もっと近い) [副] very close or almost

allied (主題) [形] joined or connected by a shared interest or purpose

2つ目の異議は、私たちの主題にもっと近い。

In many cases, though individuals may not do the particular thing so well, on the average, as the officers of government, it is nevertheless desirable that it should be done by them, rather than by the government, as a means to their own mental education—a mode of strengthening their active faculties, exercising their judgment, and giving them a familiar knowledge of the subjects with which they are thus left to deal.

deal (扱う) [動] take action with or in regard to

多くの場合、個人は平均的には政府の役人ほど特定のことをうまくできないかもしれないが、それでも、彼ら自身の精神教育の手段として、政府ではなく彼らによって行われることが望ましい。彼らの活動能力を強化し、判断力を行使し、彼らが扱うべき対象について身近な知識を与える方法である。

This is a principal, though not the sole, recommendation of jury trial (in cases not political);

recommendation (推奨) [名] a suggestion or proposal as to the best course of action, especially one put forward by an authoritative body

jury (陪審員) [名] a body of people (typically twelve in number) sworn to give a verdict in a legal case on the basis of evidence submitted to them in court

trial (裁判) [名] a formal examination of evidence before a judge, and typically before a jury, in order to decide guilt in a case of criminal or civil proceedings

これが、陪審員裁判(政治的でない事件の場合)の唯一ではないが主要な推奨である。

of free and popular local and municipal institutions;

popular (人気のある) [形] liked or admired by many people

municipal (自治体の) [形] of or relating to a city or town or its local government

自由で人気のある地方自治体制度の推奨である。

of the conduct of industrial and philanthropic enterprises by voluntary associations.

conduct (実施) [名] the way in which someone behaves

industrial (産業的) [形] of or relating to industry

enterprise (事業) [名] a business or company

自発的な協会による産業的、慈善的事業の実施の推奨である。

These are not questions of liberty, and are connected with that subject only by remote tendencies;

connect (結びつく) [動] to join or fasten together

これらは自由の問題ではなく、その問題とは遠い傾向によってのみ結びついている。

but they are questions of development.

しかし、それらは発展の問題である。

It belongs to a different occasion from the present to dwell on these things as parts of national education;

belong to (属する) [動] be a member of

dwell on (論じる) [動] think or write about at length

part (一環) [名] something that is less than the whole

national (国民) [形] of or relating to a nation or country

国民教育の一環としてこれらの事柄を論じるのは、本書の目的とは異なる。

as being, in truth, the peculiar training of a citizen, the practical part of the political education of a free people, taking them out of the narrow circle of personal and family selfishness, and accustoming them to the comprehension of joint interests, the management of joint concerns—habituating them to act from public or semi-public motives, and guide their conduct by aims which unite instead of isolating them from one another.

as being (である) [動] to have the quality or state of

take (連れ出す) [動] to go with or accompany someone to a place

selfishness (利己主義) [名] the quality or state of being selfish

accustom (慣れさせる) [動] to make someone used to something

joint (共同の) [形] shared by or done with two or more people or groups

management (管理) [名] the process of dealing with or controlling things or people

habituate (習慣づける) [動] to make someone used to something

semi-public (半公的な) [形] partly public

isolate (孤立させる) [動] to cause someone or something to be or remain alone or apart from others

実際、それは市民の特別な訓練であり、自由な人々の政治教育の実践的な部分であり、彼らを個人や家族の利己主義の狭い輪から連れ出し、共同利益の理解、共同関心事の管理に慣れさせ、公的または半公的動機から行動することを習慣づけ、互いに孤立させるのではなく、団結させる目的によって行動を導くものである。

Without these habits and powers, a free constitution can neither be worked nor preserved, as is exemplified by the too-often transitory nature of political freedom in countries where it does not rest upon a sufficient basis of local liberties.

constitution (憲法) [名] the basic principles and laws of a nation, state, or social group that determine the powers and duties of the government and guarantee certain rights to the people in it

work (機能する) [動] operate or cause to operate

rest (支えられる) [動] lie or be supported on something

too-often (あまりにもしばしば) [副] very often

transitory (一時的) [形] lasting only for a short time; temporary

これらの習慣や権限がなければ、自由な憲法は機能することも維持することもできない。地方の自由の十分な基盤に支えられていない国では、政治的自由があまりにもしばしば一時的なものであることに例証されている。

The management of purely local business by the localities, and of the great enterprises of industry by the union of those who voluntarily supply the pecuniary means, is further recommended by all the advantages which have been set forth in this Essay as belonging to individuality of development, and diversity of modes of action.

locality (地方) [名] a particular area or place

set forth (述べる) [動] to state or describe in words

純粋に地方の事業は地方が管理し、大規模な産業は資金を自発的に提供する人々の連合によって管理することは、本書で展開の個性と行動様式の多様性に属するものとして述べられたすべての利点によってさらに推奨される。

Government operations tend to be everywhere alike.

operation (運営) [名] the running of a business, organization, etc.

tend to (〜しがちである) [動] be likely to do something

everywhere (どこでも) [副] in all places

政府の運営はどこでも同じようになりがちである。

With individuals and voluntary associations, on the contrary, there are varied experiments, and endless diversity of experience.

逆に、個人や自発的な協会では、さまざまな実験や経験の無限の多様性がある。

What the State can usefully do, is to make itself a central depository, and active circulator and diffuser, of the experience resulting from many trials.

usefully (有益に) [副] in a way that is helpful or beneficial

central depository (中央保管庫) [名] a place where things are stored

circulator (回覧) [名] a person or thing that circulates something

diffuser (普及) [名] a person or thing that diffuses something

trial (試行) [名] a test or experiment to find out how well something works

国家が有益にできることは、自らを中央保管庫とし、多くの試行から得られた経験を積極的に回覧し、普及させることである。

Its business is to enable each experimentalist to benefit by the experiments of others, instead of tolerating no experiments but its own.

enable (支援する) [動] to make possible, practical, or easy

国家の仕事は、自分以外の実験を許さないのではなく、各実験者が他の実験から利益を得られるよう支援することである。

The third, and most cogent reason for restricting the interference of government, is the great evil of adding unnecessarily to its power.

cogent (説得力のある) [形] convincing or persuasive

unnecessarily (不必要に) [副] in an unnecessary manner

add (増大させる) [動] join or combine two or more things together

政府の干渉を制限する第三の、そして最も説得力のある理由は、その権力を不必要に増大させることの大きな害悪である。

Every function superadded to those already exercised by the government, causes its influence over hopes and fears to be more widely diffused, and converts, more and more, the active and ambitious part of the public into hangers-on of the government, or of some party which aims at becoming the government.

diffuse (拡散する) [動] spread out or cause to spread out and cover a wide area

ambitious (野心的な) [形] having or showing a strong desire and determination to succeed

hanger-on (取り巻き) [名] a person who associates with another for personal gain

政府がすでに行使している機能に追加されるすべての機能は、希望と恐怖に対する影響がより広く拡散され、国民の活動的で野心的な部分をますます政府や政府になることを目指す政党の取り巻きに変える。

If the roads, the railways, the banks, the insurance offices, the great joint-stock companies, the universities, and the public charities, were all of them branches of the government;

road (道路) [名] a way on land between two places that has been paved to allow travel by transport

bank (銀行) [名] a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money

insurance office (保険会社) [名] a company that provides insurance

joint-stock company (株式会社) [名] a company whose capital is divided into shares

public charity (公的慈善団体) [名] a charity that is open to the public

道路、鉄道、銀行、保険会社、大手株式会社、大学、公的慈善団体がすべて政府の支部であったら、

if, in addition, the municipal corporations and local boards, with all that now devolves on them, became departments of the central administration;

corporation (法人) [名] a company or group of people authorized to act as a single entity (legally a person) and recognized as such in law

board (委員会) [名] a group of people who manage or direct an organization

central (中央の) [形] in or near the middle of something

administration (政府) [名] the management of a country or area

さらに、地方自治体や地方委員会が、現在委任されているすべての権限をもって中央政府の部門になったら、

if the employés of all these different enterprises were appointed and paid by the government, and looked to the government for every rise in life;

enterprises (事業) [名] a business or company

employés (従業員) [名] a person employed for wages or salary, especially at a non-executive level

appointed (任命される) [動] officially choose someone for a job or position

paid (支払われる) [動] give (someone) money that is due for work done, goods received, or a debt incurred

looked to (頼る) [動] hope for help or support from

rise (昇進) [名] an increase in the amount, value, or importance of something

これらすべての異なる事業の従業員が政府によって任命され、支払いを受け、人生のあらゆる昇進を政府に頼っていたら、

not all the freedom of the press and popular constitution of the legislature would make this or any other country free otherwise than in name.

freedom of the press (報道の自由) [名] the right to publish news or opinions without censorship

popular constitution (民主的な憲法) [名] a constitution that is based on the will of the people

報道の自由や立法府の民主的な憲法がすべて揃っていたとしても、この国や他の国を名目上以外に自由にすることはできないだろう。

And the evil would be greater, the more efficiently and scientifically the administrative machinery was constructed—the more skilful the arrangements for obtaining the best qualified hands and heads with which to work it.

efficiently (効率的に) [副] in a way that is effective or productive

scientifically (科学的に) [副] in a way that is based on or characterized by the methods and principles of science

administrative (行政上の) [形] of or relating to the management of a business or organization

machinery (機構) [名] a set of interconnected parts or components that work together to perform a task

arrangement (手配) [名] an organized event or series of events

work (動かす) [動] to operate or cause to operate

そして、行政機構がより効率的かつ科学的に構築されればされるほど、また、それを動かすために最も有能な手と頭を得るための手配がより巧みになればなるほど、悪はより大きくなるだろう。

In England it has of late been proposed that all the members of the civil service of government should be selected by competitive examination, to obtain for those employments the most intelligent and instructed persons procurable;

of late (最近) [副] recently

civil service (公務員) [名] the body of government officials

competitive examination (競争試験) [名] a test in which people compete for a job or a place at a university

イギリスでは最近、政府の公務員の全員を競争試験で選抜し、その職に就くために最も知的で教育を受けた人材を確保することが提案されている。

and much has been said and written for and against this proposal.

そして、この提案に賛成、反対の意見が数多く述べられ、書かれている。

One of the arguments most insisted on by its opponents, is that the occupation of a permanent official servant of the State does not hold out sufficient prospects of emolument and importance to attract the highest talents, which will always be able to find a more inviting career in the professions, or in the service of companies and other public bodies.

opponent (反対派) [名] someone who disagrees with and fights against a particular person or group

permanent (常勤) [形] lasting forever

official (公務員) [名] a person who works for a government department or other public body

servant (使用人) [名] a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties or as a personal attendant

hold out (見通しが立たない) [動] to continue to do something for a period of time

attract (引き付ける) [動] to cause to come to oneself or itself, as by magnetic or gravitational force

talent (人材) [名] a special natural ability or aptitude

inviting (魅力的な) [形] attractive or tempting

career (キャリア) [名] an occupation undertaken for a significant period of a person's life and with opportunities for progress

company (企業) [名] a commercial business

body (機関) [名] a group of people with an official function

反対派が最も主張する議論の1つは、国家の常勤公務員という職業は、専門職や企業やその他の公的機関での勤務において、常にもっと魅力的なキャリアを見つけることができる最高の人材を引き付けるのに十分な報酬と重要性の見通しが立たないというものだ。

One would not have been surprised if this argument had been used by the friends of the proposition, as an answer to its principal difficulty.

friend (支持者) [名] a person whom one knows and with whom one has a bond of mutual affection

この議論が、提案の支持者によって、その主な困難に対する答えとして使われていたとしても、驚くことではなかっただろう。

Coming from the opponents it is strange enough.

come from (出てくる) [動] to have a particular origin or source

反対派から出てきたことは、十分に奇妙なことだ。

What is urged as an objection is the safety-valve of the proposed system.

objection (異議申し立て) [名] an expression or statement of disapproval

safety-valve (安全弁) [名] a device that allows steam or other gases to escape from a boiler or other system when the pressure becomes too high

proposed (提案された) [形] put forward for consideration or discussion

system (制度) [名] a set of principles or procedures according to which something is done or organized

異議申し立てとして主張されているのは、提案された制度の安全弁である。

If indeed all the high talent of the country could be drawn into the service of the government, a proposal tending to bring about that result might well inspire uneasiness.

be drawn into (引き寄せられる) [動] to be attracted to or involved in something

proposal (提案) [名] a plan or suggestion, especially a formal or written one, put forward for consideration or discussion

inspire (抱かせる) [動] fill (someone) with the urge or ability to do or feel something, especially to do something creative

もし本当に国のすべての優秀な人材が政府の奉仕に引き寄せられるとしたら、そのような結果をもたらす傾向のある提案は、不安を抱かせるかもしれない。

If every part of the business of society which required organised concert, or large and comprehensive views, were in the hands of the government, and if government offices were universally filled by the ablest men, all the enlarged culture and practised intelligence in the country, except the purely speculative, would be concentrated in a numerous bureaucracy, to whom alone the rest of the community would look for all things: the multitude for direction and dictation in all they had to do;

organised concert (組織的な協調) [名] a situation in which people or groups work together in a planned and efficient way

universally (普遍的に) [副] in every case or on every occasion

able (有能な) [形] having or showing the necessary skill, knowledge, or experience to do something well

enlarged (拡大された) [形] made or become larger or more extensive

practised (実践された) [形] regularly or frequently done

concentrated (集中する) [動] focus all of one's attention or mental effort on a particular object or activity

bureaucracy (官僚機構) [名] a system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected representatives

direction (指示) [名] the action of directing or guiding

dictation (命令) [名] the action of saying words aloud to be typed, written down, or recorded

had to (しなければならなかった) [助] be obliged to; must

もし組織的な協調や大規模で包括的な見解を必要とする社会の業務のあらゆる部分が政府の手に委ねられ、政府の役職が普遍的に最も有能な人々によって占められていたら、純粋に投機的なものを除いて、国中のすべての拡大された文化と実践された知性は、多数の官僚機構に集中し、コミュニティの残りの人々は、彼らだけにすべてのことを期待するだろう。

the able and aspiring for personal advancement.

有能で個人的な昇進を熱望している。

To be admitted into the ranks of this bureaucracy, and when admitted, to rise therein, would be the sole objects of ambition.

be admitted (受け入れられる) [動] be allowed to enter

この官僚機構の階級に受け入れられ、受け入れられたら、そこで昇進することが、野心の唯一の対象となるだろう。

Under this régime, not only is the outside public ill-qualified, for want of practical experience, to criticise or check the mode of operation of the bureaucracy, but even if the accidents of despotic or the natural working of popular institutions occasionally raise to the summit a ruler or rulers of reforming inclinations, no reform can be effected which is contrary to the interest of the bureaucracy.

Under this régime (この体制の下では) [句] in this system

outside public (外部の一般市民) [名] people who are not part of the government

ill-qualified (資格がない) [形] not having the necessary qualifications

practical experience (実務経験) [名] experience gained through practice

criticise (批判する) [動] to express disapproval of someone or something

check (チェックする) [動] to examine or inspect something

mode of operation (運営方法) [名] the way in which something operates

despotic (独裁的な) [形] having absolute power or control

natural working (自然な働き) [名] the way in which something works naturally

popular institutions (大衆的な制度) [名] institutions that are popular with the people

raise to the summit (頂点に上り詰める) [句] to reach the highest point

reforming inclinations (改革志向) [名] a tendency to want to reform things

contrary to (反する) [句] opposite to

この体制の下では、外部の一般市民は実務経験がないため、官僚機構の運営方法を批判したりチェックしたりする資格がないだけでなく、独裁的な事故や大衆的な制度の自然な働きによって、改革志向の支配者が時折頂点に上り詰めたとしても、官僚機構の利益に反する改革は実施できない。

Such is the melancholy condition of the Russian empire, as is shown in the accounts of those who have had sufficient opportunity of observation.

melancholy (憂鬱な) [形] a feeling of sadness, usually with no obvious cause

Russian empire (ロシア帝国) [名] a state that existed from 1721 until the Russian Revolution of 1917

十分な観察の機会を得た人々の報告に示されているように、ロシア帝国の憂鬱な状況はそのようなものだ。

The Czar himself is powerless against the bureaucratic body;

Czar (皇帝) [名] the emperor of Russia before 1917

bureaucratic (官僚的な) [形] relating to a system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected representatives

body (機構) [名] an organized group of people with a particular purpose

皇帝自身も官僚機構に対して無力である。

he can send any one of them to Siberia, but he cannot govern without them, or against their will.

Siberia (シベリア) [名] a region in northern Asia

皇帝は官僚の誰かをシベリアに送ることはできるが、官僚なしに、あるいは官僚の意志に反して統治することはできない。

On every decree of his they have a tacit veto, by merely refraining from carrying it into effect.

decree (命令) [名] an official order or decision

have a veto (拒否権を持つ) [動] have the power to reject a decision or proposal made by a law-making body

carry into effect (実行に移す) [動] put into operation; implement

皇帝のあらゆる命令に対して、官僚はそれを実行に移さないことで暗黙の拒否権を持っている。

In countries of more advanced civilisation and of a more insurrectionary spirit, the public, accustomed to expect everything to be done for them by the State, or at least to do nothing for themselves without asking from the State not only leave to do it, but even how it is to be done, naturally hold the State responsible for all evil which befalls them, and when the evil exceeds their amount of patience, they rise against the government and make what is called a revolution;

advanced (進んだ) [形] far on in development or progress

insurrectionary (反抗的な) [形] of or relating to insurrection

accustomed (慣れている) [形] used to something

leave (許可) [名] permission to do something

exceed (超える) [動] be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)

patience (忍耐) [名] the capacity to accept or tolerate delay, problems, or suffering without becoming annoyed or anxious

make (起こす) [動] cause to happen or exist

より進んだ文明とより反抗的な精神の国々では、国家が自分たちのためにすべてをしてくれること、あるいは少なくとも国家に許可を求めずに自分たちのために何もしないことに慣れている国民は、当然のことながら、自分たちに降りかかるすべての悪に対して国家に責任を負わせ、その悪が忍耐の限界を超えると、政府に対して立ち上がり、いわゆる革命を起こす。

whereupon somebody else, with or without legitimate authority from the nation, vaults into the seat, issues his orders to the bureaucracy, and everything goes on much as it did before;

whereupon (すると) [接] after which; and then

somebody else (誰か) [名] some other person

with or without (有無にかかわらず) [接] regardless of whether there is or is not

legitimate authority (正当な権限) [名] the right and power to command, enforce laws, exact obedience, determine, or judge

vault (就く) [動] to leap or spring

seat (座) [名] a place or thing to sit on

order (命令) [名] a command, direction, or instruction

go on (進む) [動] to continue

すると、国民からの正当な権限の有無にかかわらず、誰かがその座に就き、官僚機構に命令を出し、すべてが以前と同じように進む。

the bureaucracy being unchanged, and nobody else being capable of taking their place.

be unchanged (変わらない) [動] remain the same

take one's place (地位に就く) [動] to be in the position that someone else previously had

官僚機構は変わらず、誰もその地位に就くことができない。

A very different spectacle is exhibited among a people accustomed to transact their own business.

very (とても) [副] to a high degree; extremely; much

spectacle (光景) [名] something that is impressive, striking, or remarkable

exhibit (見られる) [動] to show or make evident

accustomed (慣れた) [形] used to something; familiar with

transact (こなす) [動] to carry out or conduct

自分たちの仕事をこなすことに慣れた人々の間では、まったく異なる光景が見られる。

In France, a large part of the people having been engaged in military service, many of whom have held at least the rank of non-commissioned officers, there are in every popular insurrection several persons competent to take the lead, and improvise some tolerable plan of action.

France (フランス) [名] a country in Europe

engage in (従事する) [動] be involved in

military service (兵役) [名] the time that a person spends in the military

many of whom (その多くが) [関] a large number of people

non-commissioned officer (下士官) [名] a member of the armed forces who does not hold a commission

popular insurrection (民衆蜂起) [名] a rebellion of the people

several (何人か) [形] more than two but not many

take the lead (先頭に立つ) [動] be in charge of something

improvise (即興で立てる) [動] make or produce something without any preparation

tolerable (ある程度の) [形] able to be endured

フランスでは、国民の大部分が兵役に従事しており、その多くが少なくとも下士官の階級を保持しているため、あらゆる民衆蜂起には、先頭に立って、ある程度の行動計画を即興で立てることができる有能な人物が何人かいる。

What the French are in military affairs, the Americans are in every kind of civil business;

French (フランス人) [名] a person from France

military (軍事) [形] relating to or characteristic of soldiers or armed forces

American (アメリカ人) [名] a person from the United States

フランス人が軍事問題に長けているのと同じように、アメリカ人はあらゆる種類の民事問題に長けている。

let them be left without a government, every body of Americans is able to improvise one, and to carry on that or any other public business with a sufficient amount of intelligence, order, and decision.

let (放っておく) [動] allow to happen

improvise (即興で作る) [動] create or produce something spontaneously or without preparation

public business (公務) [名] the business of the government or the people as a whole

政府なしに放っておけば、アメリカ人の誰もが即興で政府を作り、十分な知性、秩序、決断力を持って、政府やその他の公務を遂行することができる。

This is what every free people ought to be: and a people capable of this is certain to be free;

capable of (できる) [形] having the ability to do something

certain (必ず) [形] having or showing no doubt

これがすべての自由な人々のあるべき姿であり、これができる人々は必ず自由である。

it will never let itself be enslaved by any man or body of men because these are able to seize and pull the reins of the central administration.

be enslaved (奴隷にされる) [動] be forced to work for someone without pay

seize (握る) [動] take hold of suddenly and forcibly

pull (引っ張る) [動] move or cause to move towards oneself or the origin of the force

central administration (中央政府) [名] the administration of a central government

中央政府の手綱を握って引っ張ることができるからといって、一人の人間や集団に奴隷にされることは決してない。

No bureaucracy can hope to make such a people as this do or undergo anything that they do not like.

どんな官僚機構も、このような人々に、彼らが好まないことをさせたり、受けさせたりすることはできない。

But where everything is done through the bureaucracy, nothing to which the bureaucracy is really adverse can be done at all.

be done (行われる) [動] be finished or completed

be adverse (嫌がる) [動] harmful or unfavorable

can be done (できる) [動] be possible or feasible

しかし、すべてが官僚機構を通して行われるところでは、官僚機構が本当に嫌がることは何もできない。

The constitution of such countries is an organisation of the experience and practical ability of the nation, into a disciplined body for the purpose of governing the rest;

organisation (組織) [名] an organized group of people with a particular purpose, such as a business or government department

そのような国の憲法は、国民の経験と実践的能力を組織し、残りの部分を統治する目的で規律ある組織にすることである。

and the more perfect that organisation is in itself, the more successful in drawing to itself and educating for itself the persons of greatest capacity from all ranks of the community, the more complete is the bondage of all, the members of the bureaucracy included.

draw (引き寄せる) [動] to cause to come to oneself or itself, as by an invisible force

bondage (束縛) [名] the state of being a slave

そして、その組織がそれ自体でより完璧であればあるほど、コミュニティのあらゆる階層から最も能力のある人々を引き寄せ、自分たちのために教育することに成功すればするほど、官僚機構のメンバーも含めたすべての人の束縛はより完全なものとなる。

For the governors are as much the slaves of their organisation and discipline, as the governed are of the governors.

統治者は、被統治者が統治者の奴隷であるのと同じように、組織と規律の奴隷である。

A Chinese mandarin is as much the tool and creature of a despotism as the humblest cultivator.

mandarin (官僚) [名] a member of any of the nine ranks of public officials in the Chinese Empire

tool (道具) [名] a device or implement, especially one held in the hand, used to carry out a particular function

humblest (最も卑しい) [形] having or showing a modest or low estimate of one's own importance

cultivator (農民) [名] a person who grows crops

中国の官僚は、最も卑しい農民と同じように専制政治の道具であり、被造物である。

An individual Jesuit is to the utmost degree of abasement the slave of his order, though the order itself exists for the collective power and importance of its members.

Jesuit (イエズス会員) [名] a member of the Society of Jesus

utmost (最大限の) [形] of the highest degree or amount

abasement (卑屈さ) [名] a state of low morale or degradation

order (会) [名] a society or organization of people with a particular shared interest

イエズス会員は、その会自体が会員の集団的な力と重要性のために存在しているにもかかわらず、その会の奴隷であるという最大限の卑屈さである。

It is not, also, to be forgotten, that the absorption of all the principal ability of the country into the governing body is fatal, sooner or later, to the mental activity and progressiveness of the body itself.

governing body (統治機関) [名] a group of people with authority to govern

sooner or later (遅かれ早かれ) [副] eventually, in the end

mental activity (精神活動) [名] the activity of the mind

progressiveness (進歩性) [名] the quality of being progressive

また、国の主要な能力のすべてを統治機関に吸収してしまうことは、遅かれ早かれ、その機関自体の精神活動や進歩性に致命的な影響を与えることを忘れてはならない。

Banded together as they are—working a system which, like all systems, necessarily proceeds in a great measure by fixed rules—the official body are under the constant temptation of sinking into indolent routine, or, if they now and then desert that mill-horse round, of rushing into some half-examined crudity which has struck the fancy of some leading member of the corps: and the sole check to these closely allied, though seemingly opposite, tendencies, the only stimulus which can keep the ability of the body itself up to a high standard, is liability to the watchful criticism of equal ability outside the body.

band together (団結する) [動] to unite or join together

work a system (制度を運営する) [動] to operate a system

fixed rule (固定した規則) [名] a rule that is not subject to change

official body (官僚機構) [名] the body of officials in a government or organization

sink into (陥る) [動] to fall or go down into something

indolent routine (怠惰な日常) [名] a lazy or inactive lifestyle

desert (放棄する) [動] to leave or abandon someone or something

mill-horse round (単調な仕事) [名] a monotonous or repetitive task

rush into (突き進む) [動] to move or act quickly and without careful thought

half-examined (十分に検討されていない) [形] not fully investigated or considered

crudity (未熟な考え) [名] the state of being crude or unrefined

strike the fancy of (空想を掻き立てる) [動] to appeal to someone's imagination or sense of humor

keep up to (保つ) [動] to maintain or continue at a certain level

high standard (高い水準) [名] a high level of quality or achievement

liability (受けること) [名] the state or quality of being liable

watchful criticism (注意深い批判) [名] criticism that is careful and observant

equal ability (同等の能力) [名] the same level of skill or knowledge

outside (外部) [名] the part of something that is on the outside

彼らは団結して、あらゆる制度がそうであるように、必然的に固定した規則によって大きく進む制度を運営しているが、官僚機構は怠惰な日常に陥る誘惑に常にさらされているし、あるいは、時折その単調な仕事を放棄して、幹部の誰かの空想を掻き立てた、十分に検討されていない未熟な考えに突き進む誘惑にさらされている。そして、これらの密接に結びついた、しかし一見相反する傾向に対する唯一の抑止力であり、組織自体の能力を高い水準に保つことができる唯一の刺激は、組織外部の同等の能力を持つ人々からの注意深い批判を受けることである。

It is indispensable, therefore, that the means should exist, independently of the government, of forming such ability, and furnishing it with the opportunities and experience necessary for a correct judgment of great practical affairs.

independently (独立して) [副] without being influenced or controlled by others

furnish (提供する) [動] supply or provide

したがって、政府とは独立して、そのような能力を形成し、大きな実務を正しく判断するために必要な機会と経験を提供する手段が存在することが不可欠である。

If we would possess permanently a skilful and efficient body of functionaries—above all, a body able to originate and willing to adopt improvements;

permanently (永続的に) [副] for all time; forever

efficient (有能な) [形] producing desired results with little or no waste

私たちが永続的に熟練した有能な役人団を持ちたいのであれば、何よりも、改善を創始し、採用する意欲のある団体である。

if we would not have our bureaucracy degenerate into a pedantocracy, this body must not engross all the occupations which form and cultivate the faculties required for the government of mankind.

degenerate (堕落する) [動] become worse or lower in quality

pedantocracy (衒学政治) [名] a system of government in which power is held by those who are considered to be learned or scholarly

官僚制が衒学政治に堕落しないようにするためには、この団体が人類の統治に必要な能力を形成し、育成するすべての職業を独占してはならない。

To determine the point at which evils, so formidable to human freedom and advancement, begin, or rather at which they begin to predominate over the benefits attending the collective application of the force of society, under its recognised chiefs, for the removal of the obstacles which stand in the way of its well-being;

attend (伴う) [動] be present at or take part in

chief (指導者) [名] the head of a tribe or other social group

stand in the way of (妨げる) [動] be an obstacle to

人間の自由と進歩にとって非常に手強い悪が始まる時点、あるいはむしろ、社会の福祉を妨げる障害を取り除くために、社会の力をその認められた指導者のもとで集団的に適用することによる利益よりも悪が優勢になり始める時点を決定することである。

to secure as much of the advantages of centralised power and intelligence, as can be had without turning into governmental channels too great a proportion of the general activity, is one of the most difficult and complicated questions in the art of government.

centralised (中央集権的な) [形] having power or authority concentrated in a central government or authority

channel (チャンネル) [名] a means of communication or access

art (術) [名] a skill at doing a specified thing, typically one acquired through practice

一般的な活動のあまりにも大きな割合を政府のチャンネルに変えずに得ることができる限り、中央集権的な権力と知性の利点をできるだけ確保することは、統治術において最も困難で複雑な問題の1つである。

It is, in a great measure, a question of detail, in which many and various considerations must be kept in view, and no absolute rule can be laid down.

in a great measure (大いに) [副] to a great extent

view (視野) [名] the range of vision that can be seen at any one time

それは、大いに細部の問題であり、多くの様々な考慮を視野に入れなければならず、絶対的なルールを定めることはできない。

But I believe that the practical principle in which safety resides, the ideal to be kept in view, the standard by which to test all arrangements intended for overcoming the difficulty, may be conveyed in these words:

reside (存在する) [動] live permanently as a resident

keep in view (視野に入れておく) [動] to keep in mind or consider

convey (伝える) [動] to communicate or express (something)

しかし、安全が存在する実践的な原則、視野に入れておくべき理想、困難を克服するためのすべての取り決めをテストするための基準は、次の言葉で伝えることができると私は信じる。

the greatest dissemination of power consistent with efficiency;

dissemination (普及) [名] the spreading of something, especially information, widely

efficiency (効率性) [名] the ratio of the useful work performed by a machine or in a process to the total energy expended or heat taken in

効率性と一致する権力の最大の普及である。

but the greatest possible centralisation of information, and diffusion of it from the centre.

centralisation (集中化) [名] the concentration of power at a central point

information (情報) [名] knowledge communicated or received concerning a particular fact or circumstance

しかし、情報の最大限の集中化と、中心からの普及である。

Thus, in municipal administration, there would be, as in the New England States, a very minute division among separate officers, chosen by the localities, of all business which is not better left to the persons directly interested;

municipal administration (地方行政) [名] the management of the affairs of a town or city

New England States (ニューイングランド諸州) [名] the six states in the northeastern part of the U.S.

separate (別々の) [形] not connected or joined

interested (利害関係者) [形] having a stake in something

したがって、地方行政では、ニューイングランド諸州のように、直接利害関係者に任せておく方がよいすべての業務を、地方によって選ばれた別々の役人の間に非常に細かく分割することになる。

but besides this, there would be, in each department of local affairs, a central superintendence, forming a branch of the general government.

besides (以外にも) [前] in addition to; as well as

local affairs (地方行政) [名] the administration of a local government

central superintendence (中央監督官) [名] the person who is in charge of a central government

general government (中央政府) [名] the government of a country as a whole

しかし、これ以外にも、地方行政の各部門に中央政府の支部を形成する中央監督官がいることになる。

The organ of this superintendence would concentrate, as in a focus, the variety of information and experience derived from the conduct of that branch of public business in all the localities, from everything analogous which is done in foreign countries, and from the general principles of political science.

superintendence (監督) [名] the action of directing and supervising the execution of a task or project

concentrate (集中する) [動] focus all of one's attention on something

focus (焦点) [名] the center of interest or activity

foreign (外国) [形] of, from, in, or characteristic of a country or language other than one's own

analogous (同様) [形] comparable in certain respects

everything (あらゆる) [名] all that exists; all that is

この監督官の機関は、焦点を合わせるように、すべての地方における公務のその部門の運営から、外国で行われていることと同様のあらゆることから、そして政治学の一般原則から得られるさまざまな情報と経験を集中させることになる。

This central organ should have a right to know all that is done, and its special duty should be that of making the knowledge acquired in one place available for others.

central organ (中央機関) [名] the main part of an organization

all that is done (行われていることすべて) [名] everything that is done

special duty (特別な義務) [名] a duty that is not ordinary

be that of (であるべきだ) [動] be the same as

making (利用できるようにすること) [動] the action of making or producing something

acquired (得られた) [動] gained or obtained

one place (ある場所) [名] a particular place

available (利用できる) [形] able to be used or obtained

others (他の場所) [名] other people or things

この中央機関は、行われていることすべてを知る権利を持つべきであり、その特別な義務は、ある場所で得られた知識を他の場所で利用できるようにすることであるべきだ。

Emancipated from the petty prejudices and narrow views of a locality by its elevated position and comprehensive sphere of observation, its advice would naturally carry much authority;

emancipate (解放する) [動] free someone from slavery, imprisonment, or oppression

petty (ささいな) [形] of little importance

elevated (高尚な) [形] raised above the ground

advice (助言) [名] guidance or recommendations offered with regard to prudent future action

carry (持つ) [動] to move or be moved from one place to another

その高尚な地位と包括的な観察範囲によって、地方のささいな偏見や狭い見解から解放され、その助言は当然、多くの権威を持つことになる。

but its actual power, as a permanent institution, should, I conceive, be limited to compelling the local officers to obey the laws laid down for their guidance.

actual (実際の) [形] existing in fact or reality

しかし、常設機関としてのその実際の権力は、地方の役人に彼らの指導のために定められた法律に従うことを強制することに限定されるべきだと私は考える。

In all things not provided for by general rules, those officers should be left to their own judgment, under responsibility to their constituents.

general rule (一般的な規則) [名] a rule that applies to most cases

constituent (選挙区民) [名] a member of a constituency

一般的な規則で定められていないすべての事柄については、これらの役人は、選挙区民に対する責任のもと、自分たちの判断に任されるべきである。

For the violation of rules, they should be responsible to law, and the rules themselves should be laid down by the legislature;

規則違反については、彼らは法律に責任を負うべきであり、規則自体は立法府によって定められるべきである。

the central administrative authority only watching over their execution, and if they were not properly carried into effect, appealing, according to the nature of the case, to the tribunal to enforce the law, or to the constituencies to dismiss the functionaries who had not executed it according to its spirit.

central administrative authority (中央行政機関) [名] the central government

watch over (監視する) [動] to look after and protect someone or something

execution (執行) [名] the carrying out of a sentence of death on a legally condemned person

carry into effect (実施する) [動] to put into operation

constituency (選挙区) [名] an area having its own representative in a legislative body

dismiss (解任する) [動] to discharge from office or employment

中央行政機関は、その執行を監視するだけで、適切に実施されなかった場合は、事件の性質に応じて、裁判所に法律の執行を訴えたり、選挙区にその精神に従って執行しなかった役人の解任を訴えたりする。

Such, in its general conception, is the central superintendence which the Poor Law Board is intended to exercise over the administrators of the Poor Rate throughout the country.

Poor Law Board (救貧法委員会) [名] a government body that was responsible for the administration of the Poor Law in England and Wales from 1834 to 1847

Poor Rate (救貧税) [名] a tax that was levied in England and Wales to fund the Poor Law

throughout (全国) [前] in every part of

central superintendence (中央監督) [名] the supervision of a group of people or organizations by a central authority

これが、一般的な概念では、救貧法委員会が全国の救貧税の管理者に対して行使することを意図している中央監督である。

Whatever powers the Board exercises beyond this limit, were right and necessary in that peculiar case, for the cure of rooted habits of maladministration in matters deeply affecting not the localities merely, but the whole community;

cure (是正) [名] a method or course of medical treatment intended to relieve or heal a disorder

rooted (根深い) [形] firmly established

maladministration (行政の悪習) [名] bad or inefficient administration

委員会がこの限界を超えて行使する権限は、その特殊な場合には、単に地方だけでなく、地域社会全体に深く影響を与える問題における根深い行政の悪習を是正するために、正しく、必要であった。

since no locality has a moral right to make itself by mismanagement a nest of pauperism, necessarily overflowing into other localities, and impairing the moral and physical condition of the whole labouring community.

nest (巣窟) [名] a place where a bird lays eggs and shelters its young

pauperism (貧困) [名] the state of being extremely poor

overflow (溢れ出る) [動] flow over the brim of a container

impair (損なう) [動] weaken or damage something

なぜなら、どの地方も、管理不行き届きによって貧困の巣窟となり、必然的に他の地方に溢れ出て、労働者コミュニティ全体の道徳的・身体的状態を損なうような道徳的権利を持たないからである。

The powers of administrative coercion and subordinate legislation possessed by the Poor Law Board (but which, owing to the state of opinion on the subject, are very scantily exercised by them), though perfectly justifiable in a case of first-rate national interest, would be wholly out of place in the superintendence of interests purely local.

administrative coercion (行政的強制) [名] the use of force or threats to make someone do something

subordinate legislation (従属的立法) [名] legislation made by a person or body other than the legislature

state of opinion (世論) [名] the views or beliefs of the majority of people

scantily (ほとんど~ない) [副] in a very small amount or to a very small extent

first-rate (一流の) [形] of the highest quality

national interest (国益) [名] the interests of a nation as a whole

救貧法委員会が持つ行政的強制力と従属的立法権(しかし、この問題に関する世論の状況から、彼らによってほとんど行使されていない)は、一流の国益に関する場合には完全に正当化されるが、純粋に地方の利益の監督には全く不適切であろう。

But a central organ of information and instruction for all the localities, would be equally valuable in all departments of administration.

しかし、すべての地方のための情報と指導の中央機関は、行政のすべての部門において等しく価値があるだろう。

A government cannot have too much of the kind of activity which does not impede, but aids and stimulates, individual exertion and development.

政府は、個人の努力や発展を妨げるのではなく、助け、刺激するような活動をあまり多く持つことはできない。

The mischief begins when, instead of calling forth the activity and powers of individuals and bodies, it substitutes its own activity for theirs;

mischief (問題) [名] trouble or difficulty caused by someone or something

theirs (彼らの) [代] belonging to or connected with the people or things previously mentioned

個人や団体の活動や力を呼び起こす代わりに、政府が彼らの活動を自分の活動に置き換えたときに、問題が始まる。

when, instead of informing, advising, and, upon occasion, denouncing, it makes them work in fetters, or bids them stand aside and does their work instead of them.

inform (知らせる) [動] give (someone) facts or information

bid (命令する) [動] order or command

stand aside (脇に追いやる) [動] move to the side

instead (代わりに) [前] as an alternative to; rather than

政府が、情報提供、助言、場合によっては非難の代わりに、彼らを束縛して働かせたり、彼らを脇に追いやって代わりに仕事をしたりするときに、問題が始まる。

The worth of a State, in the long run, is the worth of the individuals composing it;

long run (長期的) [名] a period of time in which all factors of production can be varied

compose (構成する) [動] to form by putting together

長期的に見れば、国家の価値はそれを構成する個人の価値である。

and a State which postpones the interests of their mental expansion and elevation, to a little more of administrative skill, or of that semblance of it which practice gives, in the details of business;

postpone (先送りする) [動] cause or arrange for (something) to take place at a later time

expansion (拡大) [名] the action of becoming larger or more extensive

elevation (向上) [名] the action of raising or lifting something

a little more (もう少し) [名] a small additional amount

administrative (管理) [形] relating to the management of a business, organization, or system

そして、彼らの精神的拡大と向上の利益を、もう少しの管理能力や、業務の細部における実践によって得られるそれに似た能力に先送りする国家は、

a State which dwarfs its men, in order that they may be more docile instruments in its hands even for beneficial purposes, will find that with small men no great thing can really be accomplished;

dwarf (矮小化する) [動] make something seem small

even (たとえ) [接] used to introduce an extreme or unlikely case

find (気づく) [動] become aware of

really (本当に) [副] in fact; actually

たとえ有益な目的のためであっても、国民をより従順な道具にするために国民を矮小化する国家は、小さな人間では本当に大きなことは成し遂げられないことに気づくだろう。

and that the perfection of machinery to which it has sacrificed everything, will in the end avail it nothing, for want of the vital power which, in order that the machine might work more smoothly, it has preferred to banish.

avail (役に立つ) [動] to be of use or benefit to

smoothly (スムーズに) [副] in a smooth manner

banish (追放する) [動] to send (someone) away from a country or place as a punishment

そして、すべてを犠牲にして完成させた機械は、機械がよりスムーズに動くように追放した生命力がないため、結局は何の役にも立たないことに気づくだろう。