As long as several men in assembly regard themselves as a single body, they have only a single will which is concerned with their common preservation and general well-being.
集会中の多数の人々が自分たちを単一の身体と見なす限り、彼らは共通の保存と一般的な福祉に関わる単一の意志しか持たない。
In this case, all the springs of the State are vigorous and simple and its rules clear and luminous;
spring
(原動力)
[名]
a source of supply
vigorous
(活発な)
[形]
strong and active
luminous
(明快な)
[形]
bright or shining
この場合、国家のすべての原動力は活発で単純であり、その規則は明確で明快である。
there are no embroilments or conflicts of interests;
embroilment
(争い)
[名]
a state of confusion or disorder
conflict
(対立)
[名]
a state of opposition between persons or ideas or interests
利害の争いや対立はない。
the common good is everywhere clearly apparent, and only good sense is needed to perceive it.
apparent
(現れる)
[形]
readily perceived or understood
perceive
(知覚する)
[動]
become aware of directly through any of the senses, especially sight or hearing
good sense
(良識)
[名]
sound practical judgment that is independent of specialized knowledge, training, or the like
共通善はどこにでもはっきりと現れており、それを知覚するためには良識だけが必要である。
Peace, unity and equality are the enemies of political subtleties.
平和、統一、平等は政治的微妙さの敵である。
Men who are upright and simple are difficult to deceive because of their simplicity;
deceive
(騙す)
[動]
cause to believe something that is not true
正直で単純な人は、その単純さゆえに騙されにくい。
lures and ingenious pretexts fail to impose upon them, and they are not even subtle enough to be dupes.
lure
(誘惑)
[名]
something that attracts or entices
ingenious
(巧妙な)
[形]
clever, original, and inventive
dupe
(騙される)
[動]
deceive or trick
誘惑や巧妙な口実も彼らを欺くことはできず、彼らは騙されるほど繊細でもない。
When, among the happiest people in the world, bands of peasants are seen regulating affairs of State under an oak, and always acting wisely, can we help scorning the ingenious methods of other nations, which make themselves illustrious and wretched with so much art and mystery?
happiest
(最も幸せな)
[形]
feeling or showing great pleasure or contentment
band
(一団)
[名]
a group of musicians who play together
peasant
(農民)
[名]
a poor farmer of low social status who owns or rents a small piece of land for cultivation
wisely
(賢明に)
[副]
in a wise manner
scorn
(軽蔑する)
[動]
to treat with contempt or disdain
mystery
(神秘)
[名]
something that is difficult or impossible to understand or explain
世界で最も幸せな人々の中で、農民の一団が樫の木の下で国政を統制し、常に賢明に行動しているのを見ると、多くの芸術と神秘で自分たちを輝かしく惨めにしている他の国の巧妙な方法を軽蔑せずにはいられないだろうか?
A State so governed needs very few laws;
このように統治された国家は、ほとんど法律を必要としない。
and, as it becomes necessary to issue new ones, the necessity is universally seen.
as
(もし)
[接]
on the condition that; in the event that
become necessary
(必要になる)
[動]
become essential or required
issue
(制定する)
[動]
make or produce
one
(法律)
[名]
a law or rule
universally
(普遍的に)
[副]
in a way that relates to or affects all or the whole
そして、新しい法律を制定する必要が生じれば、その必要性は普遍的に理解される。
The first man to propose them merely says what all have already felt, and there is no question of factions or intrigues or eloquence in order to secure the passage into law of what every one has already decided to do, as soon as he is sure that the rest will act with him.
eloquence
(雄弁)
[名]
fluent or persuasive speaking or writing
それを最初に提案した人は、誰もがすでに感じていることを述べているにすぎず、他の人々が自分と一緒に行動してくれると確信した時点で、誰もがすでに行おうと決めていることを法律に成立させるために、派閥や陰謀や雄弁の問題は起こらない。
Theorists are led into error because, seeing only States that have been from the beginning wrongly constituted, they are struck by the impossibility of applying such a policy to them.
theorist
(理論家)
[名]
a person who develops theories
lead into
(導く)
[動]
cause to go into
from the beginning
(最初から)
[副]
from the very start
strike
(驚く)
[動]
have a sudden and strong effect on
impossibility
(不可能)
[名]
the quality of being impossible
理論家たちは、最初から間違って構成された国家しか見ていないので、そのような政策を適用することが不可能であることに驚き、誤りに導かれる。
They make great game of all the absurdities a clever rascal or an insinuating speaker might get the people of Paris or London to believe.
make great game of
(大いに楽しむ)
[動]
to make fun of
absurdity
(不条理)
[名]
the quality or state of being ridiculous or wildly unreasonable
clever
(賢い)
[形]
having or showing an ability to learn and understand things quickly and easily
rascal
(悪党)
[名]
a mischievous person
insinuating
(巧みな)
[形]
suggesting or hinting something unpleasant or derogatory in an indirect and subtle way
speaker
(弁舌家)
[名]
a person who delivers a public speech
get
(信じ込ませる)
[動]
to cause to be in a specified state
彼らは、賢い悪党や巧みな弁舌家がパリやロンドンの人々に信じ込ませるかもしれないあらゆる不条理を大いに楽しんでいる。
They do not know that Cromwell would have been put to “the bells” by the people of Berne, and the Due de Beaufort on the treadmill by the Genevese.
Cromwell
(クロムウェル)
[名]
English military and political leader
Berne
(ベルン)
[名]
the capital of Switzerland
Due de Beaufort
(ブフォール公爵)
[名]
French nobleman
Genevese
(ジュネーブ人)
[名]
a native or inhabitant of Geneva
彼らは、クロムウェルがベルンの人々によって「鐘」にかけられたであろうこと、そしてブフォール公爵がジュネーブ人によって踏み車に乗せられたであろうことを知らない。
But when the social bond begins to be relaxed and the State to grow weak, when particular interests begin to make themselves felt and the smaller societies to exercise an influence over the larger, the common interest changes and finds opponents:
social bond
(社会的な結びつき)
[名]
the relationship between people in a society
begin
(始まる)
[動]
start to happen or exist
grow weak
(弱まる)
[動]
become less strong or powerful
particular interest
(個々の利害)
[名]
the interest of a particular person or group
make oneself felt
(感じられるようになる)
[動]
make one's presence or influence felt
smaller society
(小さな社会)
[名]
a society with a small number of people
larger society
(大きな社会)
[名]
a society with a large number of people
common interest
(共通の利害)
[名]
an interest that is shared by all members of a group
opponent
(反対者)
[名]
a person who opposes something or someone
しかし、社会的な結びつきが緩み、国家が弱まり始めると、個々の利害が感じられるようになり、小さな社会が大きな社会に影響力を及ぼすようになると、共通の利害は変化し、反対者を見つける。
opinion is no longer unanimous;
unanimous
(全会一致)
[形]
fully in agreement; having the agreement and consent of all
意見はもはや全会一致ではない。
the general will ceases to be the will of all;
一般意志は万人の意志ではなくなる。
contradictory views and debates arise;
contradictory
(相反する)
[形]
opposite in meaning or effect
相反する見解や議論が生じる。
and the best advice is not taken without question.
advice
(アドバイス)
[名]
guidance or recommendations concerning prudent future action
without question
(疑問なく)
[副]
without doubt; certainly
そして、最善のアドバイスは疑問なく受け入れられるわけではない。
Finally, when the State, on the eve of ruin, maintains only a vain, illusory and formal existence, when in every heart the social bond is broken, and the meanest interest brazenly lays hold of the sacred name of “public good,” the general will becomes mute:
ruin
(滅亡)
[名]
the state of decay, collapse, or destruction
illusory
(幻想的な)
[形]
based on or having the nature of an illusion
formal
(形式的な)
[形]
done in accordance with rules of convention or etiquette
break
(壊れる)
[動]
separate into pieces as a result of impact or force
mean
(卑劣な)
[形]
unkind, spiteful, or unfair
brazenly
(厚かましく)
[副]
in a bold and confident way
lay hold of
(握る)
[動]
take hold of
mute
(沈黙する)
[形]
unable to speak
最後に、国家が滅亡の前夜に、無駄で幻想的で形式的な存在しか維持していないとき、すべての心の中で社会的絆が壊れ、卑劣な利益が「公共の利益」という神聖な名前を厚かましく握ったとき、一般意志は沈黙する。
all men, guided by secret motives, no more give their views as citizens than if the State had never been;
all men
(すべての人)
[名]
all people
motive
(動機)
[名]
a reason for doing something
give
(述べる)
[動]
express (an opinion or reaction)
すべての人は、秘密の動機に導かれ、国家が存在しなかったかのように、もはや市民としての見解を述べない。
and iniquitous decrees directed solely to private interest get passed under the name of laws.
get passed
(可決される)
[動]
be approved by a vote
そして、私益のみに向けられた不法な法令が、法律の名の下に可決される。
Does it follow from this that the general will is exterminated or corrupted?
exterminate
(絶滅する)
[動]
destroy completely
これから、一般意志が絶滅したり、堕落したりすることになるのだろうか?
Not at all: it is always constant, unalterable and pure;
not at all
(決してそうではない)
[副]
not in the least; not at all
unalterable
(不変)
[形]
not able to be changed
pure
(純粋)
[形]
not mixed or adulterated with any other substance or material
決してそうではない。それは常に一定で、不変で、純粋である。
but it is subordinated to other wills which encroach upon its sphere.
sphere
(領域)
[名]
a region of activity or influence
しかし、それはその領域を侵害する他の意志に従属している。
Each man, in detaching, his interest from the common interest, sees clearly that he cannot entirely separate them;
detach
(切り離す)
[動]
separate or disconnect
entirely
(完全に)
[副]
completely; totally
各人は、自分の利益を共通の利益から切り離す際に、それらを完全に分離することはできないことをはっきりと理解している。
but his share in the public mishaps seems to him negligible beside the exclusive good he aims at making his own.
mishap
(災難)
[名]
an unlucky accident
negligible
(無視できる)
[形]
so small or unimportant as to be not worth considering
beside
(横)
[前]
at the side of; next to
exclusive
(排他的な)
[形]
not shared with others
しかし、公の災難における彼の分け前は、彼が自分のものにしようとしている排他的な善の横では無視できるもののように思われる。
Apart from this particular good, he wills the general good in his own interest, as strongly as any one else.
strongly
(強く)
[副]
with a great deal of force or energy
anyone
(誰か)
[代]
some person; somebody
この特定の善とは別に、彼は他の誰よりも強く、自分の利益のために一般的な善を望んでいる。
Even in selling his vote for money, he does not extinguish in himself the general will, but only eludes it.
extinguish
(消す)
[動]
cause to stop burning or shining
elude
(回避する)
[動]
evade or escape from, especially by guile or trickery
金のために自分の票を売ることにおいてさえ、彼は自分の中で一般意志を消すのではなく、ただそれを回避するだけである。
The fault he commits is that of changing the state of the question, and answering something different from what he is asked.
fault
(過ち)
[名]
a mistake or an error
彼が犯す過ちは、問題の状態を変え、尋ねられたこととは違うことに答えることである。
Instead of saying, by his vote, “It is to the advantage of the State,” he says, “It is of advantage to this or that man or party that this or that view should prevail.”
prevail
(優勢になる)
[動]
prove more powerful or successful
彼は自分の投票によって「それは国家の利益になる」と言う代わりに、「この見解やあの見解が優勢になることは、この人やあの人や党の利益になる」と言う。
Thus the law of public order in assemblies is not so much to maintain in them the general will as to secure that the question be always put to it, and the answer always given by it.
public order
(公序良俗)
[名]
the rules of behavior that are accepted in a particular society
put
(提起する)
[動]
present for consideration or discussion
answer
(回答)
[名]
something spoken or written in reply to a question
give
(得る)
[動]
cause to have or receive
したがって、議会における公序良俗の法則は、議会において一般意志を維持することではなく、常に問題が提起され、常に回答が得られるようにすることである。
I could here set down many reflections on the simple right of voting in every act of Sovereignty—a right which no-one can take from the citizens—and also on the right of stating views, making proposals, dividing and discussing, which the government is always most careful to leave solely to its members;
set down
(記す)
[動]
write down
reflection
(考察)
[名]
a thought or opinion resulting from careful consideration
stating
(表明)
[動]
express clearly in words
view
(意見)
[名]
a belief or opinion
making
(行う)
[動]
cause to happen or exist
proposal
(提案)
[名]
a plan or suggestion, especially a formal or written one, put forward for consideration or discussion
dividing
(分割)
[動]
separate into parts
discussing
(議論)
[動]
talk about something with someone
私はここで、主権のあらゆる行為における単純な投票権、誰も市民から奪うことのできない権利、そして政府が常に最も注意深くその構成員だけに委ねている意見表明、提案、分割、議論の権利について多くの考察を記すことができる。
but this important subject would need a treatise to itself, and it is impossible to say everything in a single work.
しかし、この重要な主題はそれ自体で論文が必要であり、一冊の本ですべてを語ることは不可能である。