As soon as public service ceases to be the chief business of the citizens, and they would rather serve with their money than with their persons, the State is not far from its fall.
public service
(公務)
[名]
a service provided by the government
rather
(むしろ)
[副]
more readily or willingly
serve
(奉仕する)
[動]
work as a servant
fall
(滅亡)
[名]
the act of becoming lower or less
公務が市民の主要な仕事でなくなり、彼らが自分の身体よりも金で奉仕しようとするやいなや、国家は滅亡から遠くない。
When it is necessary to march out to war, they pay troops and stay at home: when it is necessary to meet in council, they name deputies and stay at home.
march out
(出征する)
[動]
go out to fight in a war
stay at home
(家に居る)
[動]
not go out
meet
(出席する)
[動]
come together with someone by chance or arrangement
name
(指名する)
[動]
give a name to
戦争に出征する必要がある時、彼らは軍隊に給料を払って家に居る。会議に出席する必要がある時、彼らは代議員を指名して家に居る。
By reason of idleness and money, they end by having soldiers to enslave their country and representatives to sell it.
idleness
(怠惰)
[名]
the trait of being lazy or inactive
end
(至る)
[動]
reach a final point
怠惰と金銭のために、彼らはついに国を奴隷にする兵士と国を売る代表者を持つに至る。
It is through the hustle of commerce and the arts, through the greedy self-interest of profit, and through softness and love of amenities that personal services are replaced by money payments.
hustle
(喧騒)
[名]
a state of great activity or excitement
self-interest
(利己主義)
[名]
the interest or advantage of oneself
amenity
(快適さ)
[名]
a feature that makes a place pleasant, comfortable, or easy to live in
商業や芸術の喧騒、利益への貪欲な利己主義、そして快適さへの愛着や柔弱さによって、個人的な奉仕は金銭の支払いに取って代わられる。
Men surrender a part of their profits in order to have time to increase them at leisure.
leisure
(余暇)
[名]
time when you are not working or doing other duties
人々は、余暇に利益を増やす時間を持つために、利益の一部を放棄する。
Make gifts of money, and you will not be long without chains.
金銭の贈り物をすれば、すぐに鎖につながれるだろう。
The word finance is a slavish word, unknown in the city-state.
finance
(財政)
[名]
the management of money and other assets
slavish
(奴隷の)
[形]
of or like a slave
city-state
(都市国家)
[名]
an independent city that has its own government
財政という言葉は奴隷の言葉であり、都市国家では知られていない。
In a country that is truly free, the citizens do everything with their own arms and nothing by means of money;
truly
(真に)
[副]
in a true manner
真に自由な国では、市民はすべてを自分の腕でやり、金銭によって何もしない。
so far from paying to be exempted from their duties, they would even pay for the privilege of fulfilling them themselves.
be exempted from
(免除される)
[動]
be freed or excused from
even
(さえ)
[副]
to an extent or degree beyond what is usual or expected
義務を免除されるために支払うどころか、彼らは義務を果たす特権のために支払うだろう。
I am far from taking the common view: I hold enforced labour to be less opposed to liberty than taxes.
view
(見解)
[名]
a particular way of considering or regarding something; an attitude or opinion
enforced
(強制的な)
[形]
compelled or imposed by force or authority
opposed
(反対する)
[動]
be against or hostile to
tax
(税金)
[名]
a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions
私は一般的な見解をとるには程遠い。私は強制労働は税金よりも自由に反対するものではないと考える。
The better the constitution of a State is, the more do public affairs encroach on private in the minds of the citizens.
the better
(より良い)
[形]
to a higher standard or more advanced degree
encroach
(侵害する)
[動]
intrude on
国家の憲法が優れているほど、市民の心の中で公務が私事を侵害する。
Private affairs are even of much less importance, because the aggregate of the common happiness furnishes a greater proportion of that of each individual, so that there is less for him to seek in particular cares.
private affair
(私事)
[名]
a matter that is of concern to an individual
much less
(より少ない)
[副]
to a smaller extent
common happiness
(共通の幸福)
[名]
the happiness of all people
aggregate
(総計)
[名]
a whole formed by combining several parts or members
particular care
(特別な配慮)
[名]
special attention or consideration
私事はさらに重要性が低い。なぜなら、共通の幸福の総計が各個人の幸福のより大きな割合を占め、その人が特別な配慮を求める必要が減るからである。
In a well-ordered city every man flies to the assemblies: under a bad government no one cares to stir a step to get to them, because no one is interested in what happens there, because it is foreseen that the general will will not prevail, and lastly because domestic cares are all-absorbing.
well-ordered
(秩序の整った)
[形]
having a good order
fly
(参加する)
[動]
move through the air with wings or a winged structure
care
(気にかける)
[動]
feel concern or interest
step
(一歩)
[名]
the action of moving the foot forward
stir
(踏み出す)
[動]
move or cause to move slightly
interested
(興味がある)
[形]
having a feeling of wanting to know or learn about something or someone
prevail
(勝つ)
[動]
be victorious or successful
domestic
(家庭の)
[形]
of or relating to a home or family
care
(心配事)
[名]
a cause of anxiety; a worry
秩序の整った都市では、誰もが集会に参加する。悪い政府の下では、誰もそこに何が起こるかに興味がないので、誰もそこにたどり着くために一歩を踏み出そうとしない。なぜなら、一般意志が勝たないことが予見されているからであり、最後に、家庭の心配事がすべてを吸収してしまうからである。
Good laws lead to the making of better ones;
lead to
(つながる)
[動]
to be the cause of
make
(制定)
[動]
to cause to exist or happen
良い法律はより良い法律の制定につながる。
bad ones bring about worse.
悪い法律はより悪い法律をもたらす。
As soon as any man says of the affairs of the State What does it matter to me?
誰かが国家の情勢について「私には関係ない」と言うとすぐに、
the State may be given up for lost.
give up
(見なす)
[動]
to regard or consider in a specified way
lost
(失われた)
[形]
no longer possessed or owned
その国家は失われたと見なされるかもしれない。
The lukewarmness of patriotism, the activity of private interest, the vastness of States, conquest and the abuse of government suggested the method of having deputies or representatives of the people in the national assemblies.
lukewarmness
(冷淡さ)
[名]
the quality of being lukewarm
patriotism
(愛国心)
[名]
love of one's country
private interest
(私利私欲)
[名]
the interest of a private person
vastness
(広大さ)
[名]
the quality of being vast
suggest
(示唆する)
[動]
mention or introduce as a possibility
national assembly
(国民議会)
[名]
the legislature of a nation
愛国心の冷淡さ、私利私欲の活動、国家の広大さ、征服、政府の横暴は、国民議会に人民の代理人や代表者を置く方法を示唆した。
These are what, in some countries, men have presumed to call the Third Estate.
これらは、いくつかの国で、人々が第三身分と呼ぶことを想定しているものである。
Thus the individual interest of two orders is put first and second;
こうして、二つの身分の個々の利益が第一と第二に置かれる。
the public interest occupies only the third place.
公益は第三の場所を占めるにすぎない。
Sovereignty, for the same reason as makes it inalienable, cannot be represented;
be represented
(代表される)
[動]
be a symbol or image of
主権は、それを不可譲にするのと同じ理由で、代表することができない。
it lies essentially in the general will, and will does not admit of representation: it is either the same, or other;
representation
(代表)
[名]
the action of speaking or acting on behalf of someone or the state of being so represented
それは本質的に一般意志にあるが、意志は代表を認めない。それは同じか、そうでないかのどちらかである。
there is no intermediate possibility.
中間の可能性はない。
The deputies of the people, therefore, are not and cannot be its representatives: they are merely its stewards, and can carry through no definitive acts.
steward
(管理人)
[名]
a person who manages another's property or financial affairs
carry through
(行う)
[動]
to complete or finish
definitive
(決定的な)
[形]
decisive or final
したがって、人民の代理人は、その代表者ではなく、またそうであることができない。彼らは単にその管理人であり、決定的な行為を行うことはできない。
Every law the people has not ratified in person is null and void—is, in fact, not a law.
ratify
(批准する)
[動]
confirm or give formal consent to
人民が自ら批准していないすべての法律は無効であり、事実上、法律ではない。
The people of England regards itself as free;
イギリスの人民は、自分たちが自由だと思っている。
but it is grossly mistaken; it is free only during the election of members of parliament.
grossly
(大きく)
[副]
to a very large extent
mistaken
(間違っている)
[形]
wrong in one's opinion or judgment
しかし、それは大きな間違いである。彼らは国会議員の選挙の間だけ自由なのである。
As soon as they are elected, slavery overtakes it, and it is nothing.
elect
(選出する)
[動]
choose or select by voting
overtake
(襲う)
[動]
catch up with and pass
議員が選出されるとすぐに、奴隷制が彼らを襲い、彼らは無に帰す。
The use it makes of the short moments of liberty it enjoys shows indeed that it deserves to lose them.
彼らが享受する短い自由の瞬間の使い方は、確かに彼らがそれを失うに値することを示している。
The idea of representation is modern;
代表制という考えは近代的なものである。
it comes to us from feudal government, from that iniquitous and absurd system which degrades humanity and dishonours the name of man.
feudal
(封建的な)
[形]
relating to or characteristic of a system of feudalism
iniquitous
(不道徳な)
[形]
grossly unjust or unfair
humanity
(人類)
[名]
all human beings collectively
dishonour
(汚す)
[動]
bring shame or disgrace to
それは封建政府から、人類を堕落させ、人間の名を汚す不道徳で不条理な制度から来ている。
In ancient republics and even in monarchies, the people never had representatives;
古代共和国や君主制においてさえ、人民は代表者を持たなかった。
the word itself was unknown.
その言葉自体が知られていなかった。
It is very singular that in Rome, where the tribunes were so sacrosanct, it was never even imagined that they could usurp the functions of the people, and that in the midst of so great a multitude they never attempted to pass on their own authority a single plebiscitum.
sacrosanct
(神聖視される)
[形]
regarded as too important or valuable to be interfered with
plebiscitum
(プレビシタム)
[名]
a law enacted by the common people of ancient Rome
護民官が非常に神聖視されていたローマでは、彼らが人民の機能を奪うことができるとは想像もされなかったし、また、彼らが非常に多くの人々の中で、自分たちの権限で単一のプレビシタムを通過させようとしたことは一度もなかったというのは、非常に特異なことだ。
We can, however, form an idea of the difficulties caused sometimes by the people being so numerous, from what happened in the time of the Gracchi, when some of the citizens had to cast their votes from the roofs of buildings.
form an idea
(考えを形成する)
[動]
to create a thought or concept
numerous
(非常に多い)
[形]
very many
what happened
(起こったこと)
[名]
an event or occurrence
the Gracchi
(グラックス兄弟)
[名]
two Roman brothers who were political reformers
cast a vote
(投票する)
[動]
to give or register a vote
roof
(屋上)
[名]
the structure forming the upper covering of a building or vehicle
しかし、グラックス兄弟の時代に起こった、一部の市民が建物の屋上から投票しなければならなかったことから、人々が非常に多いことによって時々生じる困難について、私たちは考えを形成することができる。
Where right and liberty are everything, disadvantages count for nothing.
count for nothing
(何も意味がない)
[動]
be of no importance or significance
権利と自由がすべてであるところでは、不利な点は何も意味がない。
Among this wise people everything was given its just value, its lictors were allowed to do what its tribunes would never have dared to attempt;
value
(価値)
[名]
the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something
この賢明な国民の間では、すべてに正当な価値が与えられ、護民官が決してあえて試みようとしなかったことを、そのリクトルたちが行うことができた。
for it had no fear that its lictors would try to represent it.
have no fear
(恐れることはなかった)
[動]
not be afraid
lictor
(リクトル)
[名]
an ancient Roman official who carried the fasces and accompanied the chief magistrates
なぜなら、そのリクトルたちがそれを代表しようとするのではないかと恐れることはなかったからだ。
To explain, however, in what way the tribunes did sometimes represent it, it is enough to conceive how the government represents the Sovereign.
しかし、護民官が時々それをどのように代表していたかを説明するには、政府が主権者をどのように代表しているかを理解すれば十分である。
Law being purely the declaration of the general will, it is clear that, in the exercise of the legislative power, the people cannot be represented;
法律は純粋に一般意志の宣言であるから、立法権の行使において人民が代表され得ないことは明らかである。
but in that of the executive power, which is only the force that is applied to give the law effect, it both can and should be represented.
give effect
(効力を与える)
[動]
make something effective or valid
しかし、執行権の行使においては、それは法律に効力を与えるために適用される力にすぎないので、人民は代表されることができ、また代表されるべきである。
We thus see that if we looked closely into the matter we should find that very few nations have any laws.
look closely into
(綿密に調べる)
[動]
examine carefully
こうして、この問題を綿密に調べれば、法律を持つ国はほとんどないことがわかるだろう。
However that may be, it is certain that the tribunes, possessing no executive power, could never represent the Roman people by right of the powers entrusted to them, but only by usurping those of the senate.
however that may be
(いずれにせよ)
[副]
in any case
Roman people
(ローマ人民)
[名]
the people of ancient Rome
いずれにせよ、護民官は執行権を持たなかったので、彼らに委ねられた権限の権利によってローマ人民を代表することはできず、元老院の権限を奪うことによってのみ代表することができたのは確かである。
In Greece, all that the people had to do, it did for itself;
Greece
(ギリシャ)
[名]
a country in southeastern Europe
ギリシャでは、人民がしなければならないことはすべて、人民自身が行った。
it was constantly assembled in the public square.
public square
(公共広場)
[名]
an open area in a town or city
人民は常に公共広場に集まっていた。
The Greeks lived in a mild climate;
mild
(温暖な)
[形]
not very cold or hot
ギリシャ人は温暖な気候に住んでいた。
they had no natural greed;
greed
(貪欲)
[名]
a selfish and excessive desire for more of something (such as money) than is needed
彼らは生来貪欲ではなかった。
slaves did their work for them;
work
(仕事)
[名]
an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result
奴隷が彼らの仕事を代わりに行った。
their great concern was with liberty.
concern
(関心事)
[名]
a matter of interest or importance to someone
彼らの最大の関心事は自由だった。
Lacking the same advantages, how can you preserve the same rights?
同じ利点がなければ、どうやって同じ権利を守れるのか?
Your severer climates add to your needs;
severer
(厳しい)
[形]
very great; intense
add to
(増やす)
[動]
increase the amount or number of
厳しい気候があなた方の必要を増やす。
for half the year your public squares are uninhabitable;
for half the year
(一年の半分)
[名]
for six months
uninhabitable
(住めない)
[形]
not fit for living in
一年の半分は公共広場は住めない。
the flatness of your languages unfits them for being heard in the open air;
flatness
(単調さ)
[名]
the quality of being flat
language
(言語)
[名]
a system of communication using sounds or symbols that have meaning
unfit
(適していない)
[形]
not suitable or appropriate
open air
(野外)
[名]
the space outside of buildings
あなた方の言語の単調さは、野外で聞くのに適していない。
you sacrifice more for profit than for liberty, and fear slavery less than poverty.
poverty
(貧困)
[名]
the state of being extremely poor
あなた方は自由よりも利益のために多くを犠牲にし、貧困よりも奴隷制を恐れる。
What then? Is liberty maintained only by the help of slavery?
what then
(では、どうなのか)
[間]
what is the conclusion to be drawn from this
では、どうなのか? 自由は奴隷制の助けによってのみ維持されるのか?
Extremes meet.
extreme
(両極端)
[名]
the highest or lowest point or degree of something
両極端は出会う。
Everything that is not in the course of nature has its disadvantages, civil society most of all.
course
(道理)
[名]
the natural or proper order of things
civil society
(市民社会)
[名]
the aggregate of non-governmental organizations and institutions that manifest interests and will of citizens
自然の道理に従わないものはすべて欠点があり、市民社会はとりわけそうである。
There are some unhappy circumstances in which we can only keep our liberty at others' expense, and where the citizen can be perfectly free only when the slave is most a slave.
私たちが他人を犠牲にしてのみ自由を保つことができる不幸な状況があり、奴隷が最も奴隷であるときにのみ市民が完全に自由になることができる。
Such was the case with Sparta.
be the case
(そうである)
[動]
be the situation
スパルタがそうだった。
As for you, modern peoples, you have no slaves, but you are slaves yourselves;
as for
(~については)
[前]
with regard to; concerning
yourself
(あなた方自身)
[代]
used to emphasize that you are doing something
あなた方、現代の人々は、奴隷はいないが、あなた方自身が奴隷である。
you pay for their liberty with your own.
あなた方は彼らの自由のために自分自身の自由を支払っている。
It is in vain that you boast of this preference;
in vain
(無駄に)
[副]
to no purpose; without effect
boast
(自慢する)
[動]
speak too proudly about oneself or one's achievements
あなた方がこの選択を自慢しても無駄である。
I find in it more cowardice than humanity.
humanity
(人間性)
[名]
the quality of being human
私はそこに人間性よりも臆病さを見出す。
I do not mean by all this that it is necessary to have slaves, or that the right of slavery is legitimate:
all this
(これらすべて)
[名]
all of this
私はこれらすべてによって、奴隷を持つことが必要であるとか、奴隷制の権利が合法であるということを意味しているわけではない。
I am merely giving the reasons why modern peoples, believing themselves to be free, have representatives, while ancient peoples had none.
none
(誰もいない)
[代]
not any of the people or things previously mentioned; no one or nothing
私は単に、自分たちが自由であると信じている現代人が代表者を持ち、古代人は代表者を持たなかった理由を述べているにすぎない。
In any case, the moment a people allows itself to be represented, it is no longer free: it no longer exists.
いずれにせよ、国民が代表されることを許した瞬間、国民はもはや自由ではなく、もはや存在しない。
All things considered, I do not see that it is possible henceforth for the Sovereign to preserve among us the exercise of its rights, unless the city is very small.
all things considered
(あらゆることを考慮すると)
[副]
taking everything into account
do not see
(思えない)
[動]
fail to understand
it is possible
(可能である)
[形]
able to be done
henceforth
(今後)
[副]
from this time on
for the Sovereign
(主権者にとって)
[名]
a supreme ruler
to preserve
(維持する)
[動]
keep in its original state
among us
(私たちの間で)
[前]
in the middle of
the exercise of its rights
(その権利の行使)
[名]
the use of a right or power
the city
(都市)
[名]
a large human settlement
あらゆることを考慮すると、都市が非常に小さくない限り、主権者が私たちの間でその権利の行使を維持することが今後可能であるとは思えない。
But if it is very small, it will be conquered?
しかし、それが非常に小さい場合、それは征服されるだろうか?
No. I will show later on how the external strength of a great people may be combined with the convenient polity and good order of a small State.
no
(いいえ)
[間]
a negative response
show
(説明する)
[動]
make something clear or easy to understand
external
(外的な)
[形]
of or relating to the outside
いいえ。偉大な国民の外的な強さと、小国の便利な政治体制と秩序をどのように組み合わせることができるかについては、後で説明する。