He who makes the law knows better than any one else how it should be executed and interpreted.
better
(よりよく)
[副]
to a higher standard or more effectively
anyone
(誰も)
[代]
any person
else
(ほかに)
[副]
in addition; besides
execute
(執行する)
[動]
carry out or put into effect
interpret
(解釈する)
[動]
explain the meaning of
法律を作る者は、それがどのように執行され、解釈されるべきかを誰よりもよく知っている。
It seems then impossible to have a better constitution than that in which the executive and legislative powers are united;
executive
(執行権)
[名]
the power to put plans, actions, or laws into effect
unite
(合体する)
[動]
join together
すると、執行権と立法権が合体している憲法よりも良い憲法を持つことは不可能であるように思われる。
but this very fact renders the government in certain respects inadequate, because things which should be distinguished are confounded, and the prince and the Sovereign, being the same person, form, so to speak, no more than a government without government.
inadequate
(不十分)
[形]
lacking the quality or quantity required; insufficient
confound
(混同する)
[動]
cause to become mixed up or confused
same
(同一)
[形]
being the same one or ones
しかし、この事実そのものが、ある点で政府を不十分なものにしている。なぜなら、区別されるべきものが混同され、君主と主権者が同一人物であるため、いわば政府のない政府にすぎないからである。
It is not good for him who makes the laws to execute them, or for the body of the people to turn its attention away from a general standpoint and devote it to particular objects.
turn
(そらす)
[動]
change direction
standpoint
(観点)
[名]
a position from which something is viewed or considered
法律を作る者がそれを執行したり、人民全体が一般的な観点から注意をそらして特定の対象に専念したりすることは好ましくない。
Nothing is more dangerous than the influence of private interests in public affairs, and the abuse of the laws by the government is a less evil than the corruption of the legislator, which is the inevitable sequel to a particular standpoint.
private interest
(私利)
[名]
the interest of an individual or group of individuals
public affair
(公務)
[名]
the business of government
corruption
(腐敗)
[名]
dishonest or fraudulent conduct by those in power, typically involving bribery
particular standpoint
(特定の立場)
[名]
a specific point of view
sequel
(結果)
[名]
a published, broadcast, or recorded work that continues the story or develops the theme of an earlier one
公務における私利の影響ほど危険なものはなく、政府による法律の濫用は、特定の立場から必然的に生じる立法者の腐敗よりも害が少ない。
In such a case, the State being altered in substance, all reformation becomes impossible.
be altered
(変更される)
[動]
be changed
substance
(実質)
[名]
the real or essential part of something
そのような場合、国家は実質的に変更され、すべての改革は不可能になる。
A people that would never misuse governmental powers would never misuse independence;
misuse
(悪用する)
[動]
use wrongly or improperly
governmental
(政府の)
[形]
of or relating to a government
政府の権力を決して悪用しない国民は、独立を決して悪用しない。
a people that would always govern well would not need to be governed.
well
(うまく)
[副]
in a good manner
常にうまく統治する国民は、統治される必要がないだろう。
If we take the term in the strict sense, there never has been a real democracy, and there never will be.
厳密な意味でこの言葉をとれば、真の民主主義は存在したことがなく、また存在することもないだろう。
It is against the natural order for the many to govern and the few to be governed.
many
(多数)
[名]
a large number of people or things
few
(少数)
[名]
a small number of people or things
多数が統治し、少数が統治されるのは自然の秩序に反している。
It is unimaginable that the people should remain continually assembled to devote their time to public affairs, and it is clear that they cannot set up commissions for that purpose without the form of administration being changed.
assemble
(集まる)
[動]
come together as a group
commission
(委員会)
[名]
a group of people officially charged with a particular function
国民が公務に時間を割くために絶えず集まっていなければならないとは考えられないし、行政の形態を変えずにその目的のために委員会を設置することはできないことは明らかである。
In fact, I can confidently lay down as a principle that, when the functions of government are shared by several tribunals, the less numerous sooner or later acquire the greatest authority, if only because they are in a position to expedite affairs, and power thus naturally comes into their hands.
tribunal
(裁判所)
[名]
a court of justice
sooner or later
(遅かれ早かれ)
[副]
eventually
expedite
(迅速に処理する)
[動]
to make the progress of something happen more quickly
come into
(渡る)
[動]
to pass into the possession or use of
実際、私は自信を持って原則として、政府の機能が複数の裁判所によって共有されている場合、数が少ない方が遅かれ早かれ最大の権限を獲得する、なぜなら彼らは事態を迅速に処理する立場にあり、権力は自然に彼らの手に渡るからである。
Besides, how many conditions that are difficult to unite does such a government presuppose!
how many
(どれほど多くの)
[限]
what number of
unite
(統一する)
[動]
make or become one
その上、そのような政府はどれほど多くの統一しにくい条件を前提としているだろうか!
First, a very small State, where the people can readily be got together and where each citizen can with ease know all the rest;
readily
(すぐに)
[副]
without difficulty or hesitation
get together
(集まる)
[動]
come together; meet
第一に、国民がすぐに集まることができ、各市民が他のすべての市民を容易に知ることができる非常に小さな国家である。
secondly, great simplicity of manners, to prevent business from multiplying and raising thorny problems;
multiply
(増えて)
[動]
increase in number or quantity
thorny
(厄介な)
[形]
full of difficulties or problems
第二に、仕事が増えて厄介な問題が起こらないように、マナーを非常に単純にすることである。
next, a large measure of equality in rank and fortune, without which equality of rights and authority cannot long subsist;
next
(次に)
[副]
immediately after the time being considered
measure
(図ること)
[名]
a plan or course of action taken to achieve a particular end
rank
(身分)
[名]
a position in the hierarchy of a society
subsist
(続かない)
[動]
maintain or support oneself, especially at a minimal level
次に、身分や財産の平等を大いに図ることであり、これがなければ権利や権限の平等は長く続かない。
lastly, little or no luxury—for luxury either comes of riches or makes them necessary;
no
(全く)
[副]
not at all; in no way
luxury
(贅沢)
[名]
the state of great comfort and extravagant living
comes
(生じる)
[動]
move or travel toward or into a place thought of as near or familiar to the speaker
makes
(必要とする)
[動]
cause to be or become
最後に、贅沢はほとんど、あるいは全くないことである。贅沢は富から生じるか、富を必要とするからである。
it corrupts at once rich and poor, the rich by possession and the poor by covetousness;
corrupt
(堕落させる)
[動]
cause to act dishonestly
at once
(同時に)
[副]
immediately; without delay
rich
(富裕層)
[名]
a person who has a great deal of money
poor
(貧困層)
[名]
a person who has little or no money
covetousness
(貪欲)
[名]
a strong desire to have something that belongs to someone else
それは富裕層と貧困層を同時に堕落させ、富裕層は所有によって、貧困層は貪欲によって堕落させる。
it sells the country to softness and vanity, and takes away from the State all its citizens, to make them slaves one to another, and one and all to public opinion.
softness
(柔弱)
[名]
the quality or state of being soft
vanity
(虚栄)
[名]
excessive pride in oneself or one's appearance
one and all
(一人残らず)
[代]
every single person
それは国を柔弱と虚栄に売り渡し、国家からすべての市民を奪い、彼らを互いに奴隷にし、一人残らず世論の奴隷にする。
This is why a famous writer has made virtue the fundamental principle of Republics; for all these conditions could not exist without virtue.
this is why
(これが理由である)
[句]
this is the reason
famous
(有名な)
[形]
known about by many people
virtue
(徳)
[名]
behavior showing high moral standards
これが、ある有名な作家が徳を共和国の基本原理とした理由である。なぜなら、これらの条件はすべて徳がなければ存在し得ないからである。
But, for want of the necessary distinctions, that great thinker was often inexact, and sometimes obscure, and did not see that, the sovereign authority being everywhere the same, the same principle should be found in every well-constituted State, in a greater or less degree, it is true, according to the form of the government.
want
(欠く)
[名]
a lack or deficiency
inexact
(不正確な)
[形]
not exact; inaccurate
obscure
(不明瞭な)
[形]
not discovered or known about; uncertain
see
(気づく)
[動]
perceive or notice
well-constituted
(よく構成された)
[形]
having a good constitution or composition
greater or less degree
(程度の差こそあれ)
[名]
to a greater or lesser extent
しかし、この偉大な思想家は、必要な区別を欠いていたために、しばしば不正確で、時には不明瞭であり、主権はどこでも同じであるから、政府の形態に応じて、程度の差こそあれ、すべてのよく構成された国家に同じ原理が見出されるべきであることに気づいていなかった。
It may be added that there is no government so subject to civil wars and intestine agitations as democratic or popular government, because there is none which has so strong and continual a tendency to change to another form, or which demands more vigilance and courage for its maintenance as it is.
subject to
(さらされる)
[動]
be exposed to
intestine agitation
(内乱)
[名]
a state of confusion or disorder within a country
continual
(継続的な)
[形]
continuing in an uninterrupted manner
tendency
(傾向)
[名]
a general direction in which something is developing or changing
demand
(必要とする)
[動]
require (something) urgently or insistently
vigilance
(警戒心)
[名]
the action or state of keeping careful watch for possible danger or difficulties
courage
(勇気)
[名]
the ability to do something that frightens one
付け加えると、民主主義政府や人民政府ほど内戦や内乱にさらされる政府はない。なぜなら、他の形態に変化しようとする傾向がこれほど強く継続的なものはなく、現状維持のためにこれほど警戒心と勇気を必要とする政府はないからである。
Under such a constitution above all, the citizen should arm himself with strength and constancy, and say, every day of his life, what a virtuous Count Palatine said in the Diet of Poland: Malo periculosam libertatem quam quietum servitium.
arm
(武装する)
[動]
equip with weapons
constancy
(不変性)
[名]
the quality of being unchanging
virtuous
(高潔な)
[形]
having or showing high moral standards
Count Palatine
(パラティン伯爵)
[名]
a count who exercised royal authority in his own domains
Diet of Poland
(ポーランドの議会)
[名]
the national legislature of Poland
Malo periculosam libertatem quam quietum servitium
(Malo periculosam libertatem quam quietum servitium)
[名]
a Latin phrase meaning "I prefer dangerous freedom over peaceful slavery"
とりわけ、このような憲法の下では、市民は強さと不変性で武装し、人生の毎日、高潔なパラティン伯爵がポーランドの議会で言ったことを言うべきである。Malo periculosam libertatem quam quietum servitium。