The body of the magistrate may be composed of a greater or a less number of members.
greater
(より多い)
[形]
larger in size or amount
less
(より少ない)
[形]
smaller in size or amount
行政官の集団は、多かれ少なかれ多くのメンバーで構成される。
We said that the relation of the Sovereign to the subjects was greater in proportion as the people was more numerous, and, by a clear analogy, we may say the same of the relation of the government to the magistrates.
analogy
(類推)
[名]
a comparison between two things that are similar in some way
主権者と臣下の関係は、人民の数が多いほど比例して大きくなると述べたが、明確な類推によって、政府と行政官の関係についても同じことが言える。
But the total force of the government, being always that of the State, is invariable;
total
(総)
[形]
complete; entire
invariable
(不変)
[形]
not subject to variation or change
しかし、政府の総力は常に国家の力であり、不変である。
so that, the more of this force it expends on its own members, the less it has left to employ on the whole people.
the more
(より)
[限]
a greater or higher amount or degree
expend
(費やす)
[動]
spend or use up
the less
(より少なく)
[限]
a smaller amount or degree
left
(残す)
[動]
go away from a place
to
(に)
[前]
used to indicate the place or time of an action
employ
(費やす)
[動]
use or engage the services of (someone) in return for payment
the whole
(全体)
[限]
all of something
そのため、この力を自らの構成員に費やすほど、国民全体に費やす力が減ってしまう。
The more numerous the magistrates, therefore, the weaker the government.
the weaker
(より弱い)
[形]
a lesser or lower number
したがって、行政官の数が多ければ多いほど、政府は弱くなる。
This principle being fundamental, we must do our best to make it clear.
fundamental
(根本的)
[形]
serving as an essential component
do one's best
(最善を尽くす)
[動]
make the greatest effort possible
make clear
(明確にする)
[動]
make easy to understand
この原理は根本的なものなので、それを明確にするために最善を尽くさなければならない。
In the person of the magistrate we can distinguish three essentially different wills: first, the private will of the individual, tending only to his personal advantage;
essentially
(本質的に)
[副]
in or relating to the essential nature of something
tend
(追求する)
[動]
regularly or frequently behave in a particular manner
行政官の人物像には、本質的に異なる三つの意志を区別することができる。第一に、個人の私的な意志であり、それは個人の利益のみを追求する。
secondly, the common will of the magistrates, which is relative solely to the advantage of the prince, and may be called corporate will, being general in relation to the government, and particular in relation to the State, of which the government forms part;
common will
(共通の意志)
[名]
the will of the majority
relative
(関係する)
[形]
connected with or belonging to a person by blood or marriage
corporate will
(団体意志)
[名]
the will of a group of people
第二に、行政官の共通の意志であり、それは専ら君主の利益に関係するものであり、政府との関係では一般的であり、政府がその一部を形成する国家との関係では特殊であるため、団体意志と呼ぶことができる。
and, in the third place, the will of the people or the sovereign will, which is general both in relation to the State regarded as the whole, and to the government regarded as a part of the whole.
in the third place
(第三に)
[副]
thirdly
そして第三に、人民の意志、または主権者の意志であり、それは全体と見なされる国家との関係においても、全体の一部と見なされる政府との関係においても一般的である。
In a perfect act of legislation, the individual or particular will should be at zero;
zero
(ゼロ)
[名]
the numerical symbol 0
完全な立法行為においては、個人または特定の意志はゼロでなければならない。
the corporate will belonging to the government should occupy a very subordinate position;
政府に属する団体意志は、非常に従属的な位置を占めるべきである。
and, consequently, the general or sovereign will should always predominate and should be the sole guide of all the rest.
predominate
(優勢である)
[動]
be greater in number or amount
guide
(指針)
[名]
a person who shows the way to others, especially one employed to show tourists around a place
そして、結果として、一般意志または主権者の意志が常に優勢であり、他のすべての唯一の指針となるべきである。
According to the natural order, on the other hand, these different wills become more active in proportion as they are concentrated.
natural order
(自然の秩序)
[名]
the natural arrangement of things
proportion
(つれて)
[名]
a relationship of size or quantity between two or more things
一方、自然の秩序によると、これらの異なる意志は集中するにつれてより活発になる。
Thus, the general will is always the weakest, the corporate will second, and the individual will strongest of all:
weakest
(最も弱い)
[形]
lacking the power to perform; lacking in physical or mental strength
individual will
(個人意志)
[名]
the will of a single person
strongest
(最も強い)
[形]
having the greatest power or force
このように、一般意志は常に最も弱く、団体意志は二番目であり、個人意志はすべての中で最も強い。
so that, in the government, each member is first of all himself, then a magistrate, and then a citizen —in an order exactly the reverse of what the social system requires.
social system
(社会システム)
[名]
a system of social organization
そのため、政府では、各メンバーはまず自分自身であり、次に行政官であり、次に市民である。これは、社会システムが必要とする順序とは正反対である。
This granted, if the whole government is in the hands of one man, the particular and the corporate will are wholly united, and consequently the latter is at its highest possible degree of intensity.
intensity
(強度)
[名]
the quality of being intense
これを認めると、政府全体が一人の人間の手に委ねられている場合、個別意志と団体意志は完全に一致しており、その結果、後者は可能な限り最高の強度になる。
But, as the use to which the force is put depends on the degree reached by the will, and as the absolute force of the government is invariable, it follows that the most active government is that of one man.
put
(行使)
[動]
use
しかし、力の行使は意志の程度に依存し、政府の絶対的な力は不変であるため、最も活動的な政府は一人の人間の政府であるということになる。
Suppose, on the other hand, we unite the government with the legislative authority, and make the Sovereign prince also, and all the citizens so many magistrates: then the corporate will, being confounded with the general will, can possess no greater activity than that will, and must leave the particular will as strong as it can possibly be.
legislative authority
(立法権)
[名]
the power to make laws
activity
(活動力)
[名]
the quality or state of being active
一方、政府を立法権と結びつけ、主権者を君主とし、すべての市民を行政官とすると、団体意志は一般意志と混同され、それ以上の活動力を持つことはできず、個別意志を可能な限り強く残さなければならない。
Thus, the government, having always the same absolute force, will be at the lowest point of its relative force or activity.
lowest
(最も低い)
[形]
of the least height
このように、政府は常に同じ絶対的な力を持つため、相対的な力や活動の最も低い点にあることになる。
These relations are incontestable, and there are other considerations which still further confirm them.
incontestable
(議論の余地がない)
[形]
not open to question or dispute
consideration
(考慮事項)
[名]
something that is taken into account when making a decision
confirm
(裏付ける)
[動]
establish the truth or correctness of
これらの関係は議論の余地がなく、さらにそれを裏付ける他の考慮事項がある。
We can see, for instance, that each magistrate is more active in the body to which he belongs than each citizen in that to which he belongs, and that consequently the particular will has much more influence on the acts of the government than on those of the Sovereign; for each magistrate is almost always charged with some governmental function, while each citizen, taken singly, exercises no function of Sovereignty.
active
(活動的)
[形]
doing or involving a lot of things
singly
(単独で)
[副]
alone
例えば、各行政官は、各市民が属する団体よりも、自分が属する団体においてより活動的であり、その結果、個別意志は、主権者の行為よりも政府の行為に対してより大きな影響力を持つことがわかる。なぜなら、各行政官はほとんど常に何らかの政府の機能を担っているが、各市民は単独では主権の機能を行使していないからである。
Furthermore, the bigger the State grows, the more its real force increases, though not in direct proportion to its growth;
the bigger
(大きくなればなるほど)
[形]
of great size or extent
grows
(成長する)
[動]
become larger or greater over a period of time
the more
(増大する)
[形]
a greater or additional amount or degree
increases
(増大する)
[動]
become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree
さらに、国家が大きくなればなるほど、その成長に正比例するわけではないが、その実質的な力は増大する。
but, the State remaining the same, the number of magistrates may increase to any extent, without the government gaining any greater real force;
しかし、国家が同じままであれば、行政官の数はいくら増えても、政府が実質的な力を増すことはない。
for its force is that of the State, the dimension of which remains equal.
dimension
(規模)
[名]
a measurable extent of some kind
なぜなら、その力は国家の力であり、その規模は同じままだからである。
Thus the relative force or activity of the government decreases, while its absolute or real force cannot increase.
activity
(活動)
[名]
the condition in which things are happening or being done
decrease
(減少する)
[動]
become or make smaller or fewer
このように、政府の相対的な力や活動は減少するが、絶対的または実質的な力は増加することができない。
Moreover, it is a certainty that promptitude in execution diminishes as more people are put in charge of it:
diminish
(低下する)
[動]
become or make smaller or less
certainty
(確かである)
[名]
the quality of being certain or inevitable
さらに、執行に携わる人が増えれば増えるほど、執行の迅速性が低下することは確かである。
where prudence is made too much of, not enough is made of fortune;
make too much of
(重視しすぎる)
[動]
to give too much importance to
not enough
(軽視する)
[形]
not sufficient
fortune
(運)
[名]
chance or luck as an external, arbitrary force affecting human affairs
慎重さを重視しすぎると、運を軽視することになる。
opportunity is let slip, and deliberation results in the loss of its object.
opportunity
(機会)
[名]
a time or set of circumstances that makes it possible to do something
let slip
(逃す)
[動]
fail to take advantage of
result in
(~になる)
[動]
have a particular outcome
機会を逃し、熟考の結果、目的を失うことになる。
I have just proved that the government grows remiss in proportion as the number of the magistrates increases;
grow remiss
(怠慢になる)
[動]
become careless or negligent
行政官の数が増えれば増えるほど、政府が怠慢になることを証明した。
and I previously proved that, the more numerous the people, the greater should be the repressive force.
previously
(以前に)
[副]
earlier; before
the more
(増えれば増えるほど)
[限]
used to refer to an amount or quantity that increases
the greater
(大きくなること)
[限]
used to refer to an amount or quantity that increases
そして、私は以前に、人民の数が増えれば増えるほど、抑圧的な力も大きくなることを証明した。
From this it follows that the relation of the magistrates to the government should vary inversely to the relation of the subjects to the Sovereign;
vary inversely
(反比例する)
[動]
be related in such a way that one quantity increases in inverse proportion to the other
このことから、行政官と政府の関係は、臣民と主権者との関係に反比例することになる。
that is to say, the larger the State, the more should the government be tightened, so that the number of the rulers diminish in proportion to the increase of that of the people.
that is to say
(つまり)
[副]
in other words
be tightened
(厳しく統制される)
[動]
to be made more strict or severe
the government
(政府)
[名]
the group of people with authority to govern it
the number
(数)
[名]
the total amount or quantity
the rulers
(統治者)
[名]
a person exercising government or dominion
in proportion to
(に比例して)
[副]
in a manner that is directly related to something else
the increase
(増加)
[名]
the action of increasing something
つまり、国家が大きければ大きいほど、政府はより厳しく統制されるべきであり、人民の数の増加に比例して統治者の数は減少することになる。
It should be added that I am here speaking of the relative strength of the government, and not of its rectitude: for, on the other hand, the more numerous the magistracy, the nearer the corporate will comes to the general will;
付け加えると、私はここで政府の相対的な強さについて話しているのであって、その正しさについて話しているわけではない。一方で、行政官の数が増えれば増えるほど、団体意志は一般意志に近づく。
while, under a single magistrate, the corporate will is, as I said, merely a particular will.
as I said
(私が言ったように)
[句]
as I have already said
一方、単独の行政官の下では、団体意志は、私が言ったように、単なる個別意志である。
Thus, what may be gained on one side is lost on the other, and the art of the legislator is to know how to fix the point at which the force and the will of the government, which are always in inverse proportion, meet in the relation that is most to the advantage of the State.
inverse proportion
(反比例)
[名]
a relationship between two quantities such that one increases in direct proportion as the other decreases
このように、一方で得られるものは他方で失われ、立法者の技は、常に反比例する政府の力と意志が、国家にとって最も有利な関係で出会う点をいかに定めるかを知ることにある。