I have already defined civil liberty;
私はすでに市民的自由を定義した。
by equality, we should understand, not that the degrees of power and riches are to be absolutely identical for everybody;
degree
(程度)
[名]
the amount, level, or extent to which something happens or is present
riches
(富)
[名]
a great quantity of money or valuable possessions
identical
(同一)
[形]
being the same in every detail
平等とは、権力や富の程度が万人にとって絶対的に同一であることではなく、
but that power shall never be great enough for violence, and shall always be exercised by virtue of rank and law;
exercise
(行使する)
[動]
use or apply
rank
(地位)
[名]
a position or grade in the armed forces
権力が暴力を行使できるほど大きくならず、常に地位と法の力によって行使されることを意味する。
and that, in respect of riches, no citizen shall ever be wealthy enough to buy another, and none poor enough to be forced to sell himself: which implies, on the part of the great, moderation in goods and position, and, on the side of the common sort, moderation in avarice and covetousness.
wealthy
(裕福な)
[形]
having a great deal of money or property
common
(一般の)
[形]
of or relating to the great body of people
sort
(人)
[名]
a category of people
avarice
(貪欲)
[名]
an excessive or insatiable desire for wealth or gain
covetousness
(強欲)
[名]
an inordinate desire for wealth or possessions
そして富に関して言えば、市民は誰も他人を買えるほど裕福であってはならず、また誰も自分を売らざるを得ないほど貧乏であってはならない。これは、偉大な者にとっては、財産や地位の節度を意味し、一般人にとっては、貪欲や強欲の節度を意味する。
But these general objects of every good legislative system need modifying in every country in accordance with the local situation and the temper of the inhabitants;
modifying
(修正する)
[動]
make partial or minor changes to (something)
accordance
(応じて)
[名]
the action or fact of agreeing with or conforming to something
local
(各国の)
[形]
belonging or relating to a particular area or neighborhood
しかし、あらゆる優れた立法制度のこれらの一般的な目的は、各国の状況や住民の気質に応じて修正する必要がある。
and these circumstances should determine, in each case, the particular system of institutions which is best, not perhaps in itself, but for the State for which it is destined.
destined
(運命づけられている)
[動]
to be intended for a particular purpose or end
そして、これらの状況は、それぞれの場合に、おそらくそれ自体ではなく、それが運命づけられている国家にとって最良である特定の制度体系を決定するべきである。
If, for instance, the soil is barren and unproductive, or the land too crowded for its inhabitants, the people should turn to industry and the crafts, and exchange what they produce for the commodities they lack.
unproductive
(非生産的な)
[形]
not producing or capable of producing
crowded
(過密な)
[形]
full of people or things
turn to
(目を向ける)
[動]
direct one's attention to
industry
(工業)
[名]
economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories
craft
(工芸)
[名]
an activity involving skill in making things by hand
exchange
(交換する)
[動]
give and receive (something) in return for something else
commodity
(商品)
[名]
a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold
例えば、土壌が不毛で非生産的であったり、土地が住民に対して過密な場合、人々は工業や工芸に目を向け、生産したものを不足している商品と交換するべきである。
If, on the other hand, a people dwells in rich plains and fertile slopes, or, in a good land, lacks inhabitants, it should give all its attention to agriculture, which causes men to multiply, and should drive out the crafts, which would only result in depopulation, by grouping in a few localities the few inhabitants there are.
dwell
(住む)
[動]
live in or at
lack
(不足している)
[動]
be without or not have enough of
give all its attention to
(全力を注ぐ)
[動]
concentrate all one's efforts on
agriculture
(農業)
[名]
the science or practice of farming
cause
(増殖させる)
[動]
make something happen
drive out
(追い出す)
[動]
force to leave
result in
(をもたらす)
[動]
have as a result
depopulation
(過疎化)
[名]
a reduction in the number of people living in an area
grouping
(集団化する)
[動]
form into a group
locality
(地域)
[名]
a place or area
一方、豊かな平野や肥沃な斜面に住んでいる人々や、良い土地に住んでいる人々が不足している場合、人々は農業に全力を注ぐべきであり、農業は人々を増殖させ、工芸品を追い出すべきであり、工芸品は少数の地域に少数の住民を集団化することで過疎化をもたらすだけである。
If a nation dwells on an extensive and convenient coast-line, let it cover the sea with ships and foster commerce and navigation.
extensive
(広大な)
[形]
covering a large area
convenient
(便利な)
[形]
easy to use or to do
coast-line
(海岸線)
[名]
the line along which the sea meets the land
cover
(覆う)
[動]
be spread over the surface of
ship
(船)
[名]
a large vessel for traveling on water
foster
(育てる)
[動]
help to grow or develop
navigation
(航海)
[名]
the process or activity of directing the course of a ship, aircraft, or other type of vehicle
国が広大で便利な海岸線に住んでいるなら、海を船で覆い、商業と航海を育てよう。
It will have a life that will be short and glorious.
have a life
(人生を送る)
[動]
live a life
glorious
(栄光に満ちた)
[形]
having or worthy of glory
それは短く栄光に満ちた人生を送るだろう。
If, on its coasts, the sea washes nothing but almost inaccessible rocks, let it remain barbarous and ichthyophagous: it will have a quieter, perhaps a better, and certainly a happier life.
sea
(海)
[名]
a large expanse of salt water covering most of the earth's surface and surrounding its land masses
wash
(洗い流す)
[動]
clean with water
let
(~のままにしておこう)
[動]
not prevent or forbid
ichthyophagous
(魚食の)
[形]
fish-eating
quieter
(より静かな)
[形]
more quiet
happier
(より幸せな)
[形]
more happy
もし、その海岸で、海がほとんど近づきがたい岩以外何も洗い流さないなら、それを野蛮で魚食のままにしておこう。それはより静かで、おそらくより良く、そして確かにより幸せな生活を送るだろう。
In a word, besides the principles that are common to all, every nation has in itself something that gives them a particular application, and makes its legislation peculiarly its own.
besides
(他に)
[前]
in addition to
peculiarly
(独自に)
[副]
in a strange or unusual way
一言で言えば、すべての国に共通する原則の他に、どの国にもそれ自体に特別な適用を与え、その立法を独自のものにする何かがある。
Thus, among the Jews long ago and more recently among the Arabs, the chief object was religion, among the Athenians letters, at Carthage and Tyre commerce, at Rhodes shipping, at Sparta war, at Rome virtue.
Jews
(ユダヤ人)
[名]
a member of the people and cultural community whose traditional religion is Judaism and who trace their origins through the ancient Hebrew people of Israel to Abraham
long ago
(昔)
[副]
a long time in the past
more recently
(最近)
[副]
not long ago; in the recent past
Arabs
(アラブ人)
[名]
a member of a Semitic people originally from the Arabian peninsula and now inhabiting much of the Middle East and North Africa
Athenians
(アテネ人)
[名]
a native or inhabitant of Athens
letters
(文学)
[名]
the study of literature
Carthage
(カルタゴ)
[名]
an ancient city on the coast of North Africa near modern Tunis
Tyre
(ティルス)
[名]
an ancient Phoenician city on the Mediterranean coast
Rhodes
(ロードス)
[名]
a Greek island in the Aegean Sea
shipping
(海運)
[名]
the transport of people or goods by sea
このように、昔のユダヤ人の間では、そして最近ではアラブ人の間では、主な目的は宗教であり、アテネ人の間では文学、カルタゴとティルスでは商業、ロードスでは海運、スパルタでは戦争、ローマでは美徳であった。
The author of The Spirit of the Laws has shown with many examples by what art the legislator directs the constitution towards each of these objects.
The Spirit of the Laws
(法の精神)
[名]
a book by Montesquieu
example
(例)
[名]
a particular fact, event, or thing that is used to show that something is true or possible
direct
(向ける)
[動]
to control the course of
法の精神の著者は、立法者がどのような技術によって憲法をこれらの目的のそれぞれに向けるかを多くの例で示した。
What makes the constitution of a State really solid and lasting is the due observance of what is proper, so that the natural relations are always in agreement with the laws on every point, and law only serves, so to speak, to assure, accompany and rectify them.
solid
(堅固な)
[形]
strong and firm
due observance
(適切な遵守)
[名]
the act of following a rule or law
natural relation
(自然の関係)
[名]
a relationship that is based on the nature of things
serve
(役立つ)
[動]
be of use to
accompany
(伴う)
[動]
go with
rectify
(是正する)
[動]
put right; correct
国家の憲法を本当に堅固で永続的なものにしているのは、自然の関係が常にあらゆる点で法律と一致し、法律は、いわば、それらを保証し、伴い、是正するためにのみ役立つように、適切なものを適切に守ることである。
But if the legislator mistakes his object and adopts a principle other than circumstances naturally direct;
mistake
(誤る)
[動]
be wrong about
しかし、立法者が自分の目的を誤り、状況が自然に指示する以外の原則を採用した場合、
if his principle makes for servitude while they make for liberty, or if it makes for riches, while they make for populousness, or if it makes for peace, while they make for conquest—the laws will insensibly lose their influence, the constitution will alter, and the State will have no rest from trouble till it is either destroyed or changed, and nature has resumed her invincible sway.
make for
(のために作られる)
[動]
to be conducive to
populousness
(人口)
[名]
the state of having a large population
destroy
(破壊される)
[動]
to cause the complete ruin or wreckage of
change
(変わる)
[動]
to make or become different
resume
(取り戻す)
[動]
to return to a previous position or condition
もし彼の原則が自由のために作られている間に奴隷制のために作られているなら、あるいはそれが富のために作られているなら、彼らが人口のために作られているなら、あるいはそれが平和のために作られているなら、彼らが征服のために作られているなら、法律はいつの間にかその影響力を失い、憲法は変わり、国家は破壊されるか変わるまで問題から解放されることはなく、自然は彼女の無敵の支配を取り戻す。