A body politic may be measured in two ways—either by the extent of its territory, or by the number of its people;
measure
(測る)
[動]
ascertain the size, amount, or degree of (something) by using an instrument or device marked in standard units or by comparing it with an object of known size
extent
(広さ)
[名]
the area covered by something
政治体は、その領土の広さによってか、その人民の数によってか、二つの方法で測ることができる。
and there is, between these two measurements, a right relation which makes the State really great.
measurement
(測定)
[名]
the action of measuring something
そして、この二つの測定の間に、国家を真に偉大にする正しい関係がある。
The men make the State, and the territory sustains the men;
sustain
(支える)
[動]
strengthen or support
人民が国家を作り、領土が人民を支える。
the right relation therefore is that the land should suffice for the maintenance of the inhabitants, and that there should be as many inhabitants as the land can maintain.
suffice
(十分である)
[動]
be enough or adequate
as many as
(できるだけ多くの)
[副]
the greatest number or amount possible
したがって、正しい関係とは、土地が住民の維持に十分であり、土地が維持できるだけの住民がいることである。
In this proportion lies the maximum strength of a given number of people;
in this proportion
(この比率に)
[副]
in this ratio
maximum
(最大の)
[形]
of the greatest possible amount or degree
given number
(一定数)
[名]
a fixed number
この比率に、一定数の人民の最大の強さがある。
for if there is too much land, it is troublesome to guard and inadequately cultivated, produces more than is needed, and soon gives rise to wars of defence;
too much
(あまりに多い)
[形]
more than is wanted or needed
it is
(である)
[動]
be
troublesome
(面倒)
[形]
causing difficulty or problems
to guard
(守る)
[動]
to protect or defend
inadequately
(十分に)
[副]
not enough
cultivated
(耕作される)
[動]
to prepare and use land for growing crops
produces
(生産する)
[動]
to make or create something
more than
(以上)
[形]
greater in number or amount than
is needed
(必要である)
[動]
be required or essential
gives rise to
(起こる)
[動]
to cause to happen or exist
wars
(戦争)
[名]
a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state
なぜなら、土地があまりに多いと、守るのが面倒で、十分に耕作されず、必要以上に生産され、すぐに防衛戦争が起こるからである。
if there is not enough, the State depends on its neighbours for what it needs over and above, and this soon gives rise to wars of offence.
there is not enough
(十分でない)
[動]
not enough
depend on
(依存する)
[動]
be controlled or determined by
its neighbours
(隣国)
[名]
a country next to another
what it needs
(必要)
[名]
a thing that is wanted or required
over and above
(必要以上)
[副]
in addition to; besides
give rise to
(起こる)
[動]
cause to happen or exist
土地が十分でない場合、国家は必要以上のものを隣国に依存し、すぐに侵略戦争が起こる。
Every people, to which its situation gives no choice save that between commerce and war, is weak in itself: it depends on its neighbours, and on circumstances;
situation
(状況)
[名]
the combination of circumstances at a given moment
choice
(選択肢)
[名]
the right or ability to choose
save
(除いて)
[前]
except
commerce
(商業)
[名]
the activity of buying and selling goods and services
depend
(依存する)
[動]
be controlled or determined by
neighbour
(隣国)
[名]
a person living next door or very close
circumstance
(状況)
[名]
a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action
状況が商業と戦争のどちらかしか選択肢を与えない人民は、それ自体が弱い。それは隣国や状況に依存している。
its existence can never be more than short and uncertain.
short
(短い)
[形]
having little length or height
その存在は短く不確実なものでしかない。
It either conquers others, and changes its situation, or it is conquered and becomes nothing.
他の国を征服して状況を変えるか、征服されて無になるかのどちらかである。
Only insignificance or greatness can keep it free.
insignificance
(取るに足りないこと)
[名]
the quality or state of being unimportant or insignificant
keep
(保つ)
[動]
continue to have, hold, or maintain
取るに足りない国か偉大な国だけが自由を保つことができる。
No fixed relation can be stated between the extent of the territory and the population that are adequate one to the other, both because of the differences in the quality of land, in its fertility, in the nature of its products, and in the influence of climate, and because of the different tempers of those who inhabit it;
population
(人口)
[名]
all the inhabitants of a particular town, area, or country
fixed
(固定した)
[形]
not changing or varying
quality
(質)
[名]
the standard of something as measured against other things of a similar kind; the degree of excellence of something
fertility
(肥沃度)
[名]
the ability to produce young or fruit
product
(産物)
[名]
an article or substance that is manufactured or refined for sale
temper
(気質)
[名]
a person's state of mind seen in terms of their being angry or calm
inhabit
(住む)
[動]
live in or occupy
土地の質、肥沃度、産物の性質、気候の影響の違い、またそこに住む人々の気質の違いから、領土の広さと人口の間には、互いに適切な固定した関係を示すことはできない。
for some in a fertile country consume little, and others on an ungrateful soil much.
fertile
(肥沃な)
[形]
producing many offspring or much fruit or vegetation
consume
(消費する)
[動]
eat, drink, or ingest
little
(少ない)
[形]
small in size, amount, or degree
others
(他の人々)
[代]
the remaining people or things
ungrateful
(不毛な)
[形]
not showing or feeling gratitude
soil
(土地)
[名]
the upper layer of earth in which plants grow, a black or dark brown material typically consisting of a mixture of organic remains, clay, and rock particles
much
(多い)
[形]
great in quantity or degree
肥沃な国の人々は消費量が少なく、不毛な土地の人々は消費量が多いからである。
The greater or less fecundity of women, the conditions that are more or less favourable in each country to the growth of population, and the influence the legislator can hope to exercise by his institutions, must also be taken into account.
fecundity
(多産性)
[名]
the ability to produce offspring
女性の多産性、各国で人口増加に有利な条件、立法者が制度によって行使できる影響力も考慮に入れなければならない。
The legislator therefore should not go by what he sees, but by what he foresees;
go by
(従う)
[動]
follow or be guided by
foresee
(予見する)
[動]
be aware of beforehand
だから立法者は、目に映るものではなく、予見するものに従うべきである。
he should stop not so much at the state in which he actually finds the population, as at that to which it ought naturally to attain.
stop
(留まる)
[動]
cease from doing something
attain
(到達する)
[動]
reach or achieve a goal
立法者は、実際に人口が存在する状態ではなく、自然に到達するべき状態に留まるべきである。
Lastly, there are countless cases in which the particular local circumstances demand or allow the acquisition of a greater territory than seems necessary.
local
(地域の)
[形]
of or relating to a particular area or place
allow
(許す)
[動]
permit; let
acquisition
(獲得)
[名]
the action of gaining or attaining something
最後に、特定の地域の状況によって、必要と思われるよりも広い領域の獲得が要求されたり、許されたりするケースは数え切れないほどある。
Thus, expansion will be great in a mountainous country, where the natural products, i.e. woods and pastures, need less labour, where we know from experience that women are more fertile than in the plains, and where a great expanse of slope affords only a small level tract that can be counted on for vegetation.
mountainous
(山国)
[形]
having many mountains
natural product
(天然産物)
[名]
a product that is found in nature and has not been changed by people
pasture
(牧草地)
[名]
a field where animals such as cows or sheep can eat grass
plain
(平地)
[名]
a large area of flat land with few trees
slope
(斜面)
[名]
a surface of land that is not level
afford
(提供する)
[動]
provide or supply
vegetation
(植生)
[名]
the plants in a particular area
このように、山国では、天然産物、つまり森や牧草地に必要な労働力が少なく、経験から平地よりも女性が肥沃であり、広大な斜面が植生に頼れる小さな平地しか提供していないため、拡大は大きくなる。
On the other hand, contraction is possible on the coast, even in lands of rocks and nearly barren sands, because there fishing makes up to a great extent for the lack of land-produce, because the inhabitants have to congregate together more in order to repel pirates, and further because it is easier to unburden the country of its superfluous inhabitants by means of colonies.
on the other hand
(一方)
[副]
from another point of view
coast
(海岸)
[名]
the land next to the sea
rock
(岩)
[名]
a large mass of stone, especially one projecting out of the ground or water
nearly
(ほとんど)
[副]
very close to; almost
barren
(不毛の)
[形]
unable to produce fruit or offspring
sand
(砂)
[名]
a loose granular material blanketing the beaches, riverbeds and deserts of the world
make up
(補う)
[動]
to compensate for
lack
(不足)
[名]
the state or fact of not having enough of something
to a great extent
(大きく)
[副]
to a large degree
congregate
(集結する)
[動]
to come together in a group
repel
(撃退する)
[動]
to drive back
pirate
(海賊)
[名]
a person who attacks and robs ships at sea
further
(さらに)
[副]
to a greater extent or degree
unburden
(取り除く)
[動]
to relieve of a burden
by means of
(によって)
[前]
with the help of
colony
(植民地)
[名]
a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country
一方、海岸では、岩やほとんど不毛の砂地でさえも縮小が可能である。なぜなら、そこでは漁業が土地生産物の不足を大きく補っており、住民は海賊を撃退するためにより集結しなければならず、さらに植民地によって余計な住民の負担を国から取り除きやすいからである。
To these conditions of law-giving must be added one other which, though it cannot take the place of the rest, renders them all useless when it is absent.
law-giving
(立法)
[名]
the process of making laws
これらの立法条件に、他の条件を加えなければならない。それは、他の条件に取って代わることはできないが、それがなければ他の条件はすべて無意味になってしまう。
This is the enjoyment of peace and plenty;
plenty
(豊かさ)
[名]
a state or condition of abundance
それは平和と豊かさの享受である。
for the moment at which a State sets its house in order is, like the moment when a battalion is forming up, that when its body is least capable of offering resistance and easiest to destroy.
set one's house in order
(整える)
[動]
to organize or arrange something
battalion
(大隊)
[名]
a large group of soldiers
form up
(編成する)
[動]
to come together as a group
least
(最も低い)
[形]
smallest in amount or degree
offer
(与える)
[動]
to present something to someone
easiest
(最も簡単な)
[形]
most easy
国家がその家を整える瞬間は、大隊が編成される瞬間のように、その身体が抵抗する能力が最も低く、破壊するのが最も簡単な時である。
A better resistance could be made at a time of absolute disorganisation than at a moment of fermentation, when each is occupied with his own position and not with the danger.
a time of
(時)
[名]
a period of time
disorganisation
(混乱)
[名]
a lack of order or organization
a moment of
(瞬間)
[名]
a very brief period of time
fermentation
(混乱)
[名]
a state of agitation or excitement
be occupied with
(気を取られる)
[動]
be busy doing something
could be made
(できる)
[動]
be able to be done or made
各人が危険ではなく自分の立場に気を取られている混乱の瞬間よりも、絶対的な混乱の時に、より良い抵抗ができる。
If war, famine, or sedition arises at this time of crisis, the State will inevitably be overthrown.
famine
(飢饉)
[名]
extreme scarcity of food
sedition
(内乱)
[名]
conduct or speech inciting people to rebel against the authority of a state or monarch
arise
(起こる)
[動]
come into being or existence
crisis
(危機)
[名]
a time of intense difficulty or danger
be overthrown
(転覆する)
[動]
be removed from power or office in a sudden and violent way
この危機の時に戦争、飢饉、あるいは内乱が起これば、国家は必然的に転覆するだろう。
Not that many governments have not been set up during such storms;
not that
(わけではない)
[接]
it is not the case that
set up
(設立される)
[動]
establish or start
during
(間に)
[前]
in or throughout the course of
このような嵐の間に多くの政府が設立されなかったわけではない。
but in such cases these governments are themselves the State's destroyers.
in such cases
(そのような場合には)
[副]
in the case that
themselves
(自体)
[代]
used to emphasize the identity of the subject
destroyer
(破壊者)
[名]
a person or thing that destroys
しかし、そのような場合には、これらの政府自体が国家の破壊者である。
Usurpers always bring about or select troublous times to get passed, under cover of the public terror, destructive laws, which the people would never adopt in cold blood.
bring about
(もたらす)
[動]
cause to happen
select
(選択する)
[動]
choose from a number of possibilities
troublous
(混乱した)
[形]
full of trouble or difficulty
terror
(恐怖)
[名]
a state of intense fear
destructive
(破壊的な)
[形]
causing great and irreparable damage or harm
cold blood
(冷静な状態)
[名]
a state of mind in which one is not affected by emotion or passion
簒奪者は常に、人々が冷静な状態では決して採用しないような破壊的な法律を、国民の恐怖を隠れ蓑にして通過させるために、混乱した時代をもたらすか、選択する。
The moment chosen is one of the surest means of distinguishing the work of the legislator from that of the tyrant.
surest
(最も確実な)
[形]
most certain
選ばれた瞬間は、立法者の仕事を暴君の仕事と区別する最も確実な手段の一つである。
What people, then, is a fit subject for legislation?
what
(どのような)
[形]
of what type or quality
then
(では)
[副]
at that time; at the time in question
fit
(適した)
[形]
of a suitable quality, standard, or type
では、どのような人々が立法に適した対象なのだろうか。
One which, already bound by some unity of origin, interest, or convention, has never yet felt the real yoke of law;
one
(人々)
[名]
a person
bound
(縛られている)
[動]
tie or fasten with a rope or other cord
すでに起源、利害、慣習の統一によって縛られているが、まだ法の本当のくびきを感じたことのない人々である。
one that has neither customs nor superstitions deeply ingrained, one which stands in no fear of being overwhelmed by sudden invasion;
superstition
(迷信)
[名]
a belief or practice resulting from ignorance, fear of the unknown, trust in magic or chance, or a false conception of causation
deeply ingrained
(深く根付いている)
[形]
firmly established or having taken deep root
invasion
(侵略)
[名]
an incursion by a large number of people or things into a place or sphere of activity
習慣も迷信も深く根付いていない人々であり、突然の侵略に圧倒されることを恐れない人々である。
one which, without entering into its neighbours' quarrels, can resist each of them single-handed, or get the help of one to repel another;
quarrel
(争い)
[名]
an angry argument or disagreement
resist
(抵抗する)
[動]
oppose or fight against
single-handed
(一人で)
[形]
done without help from other people
隣人の争いに巻き込まれることなく、一人で抵抗したり、他の人を撃退するために助けを得ることができる人々である。
one in which every member may be known by every other, and there is no need to lay on any man burdens too heavy for a man to bear;
lay on
(負担をかける)
[動]
to put a burden on someone
すべてのメンバーが他のすべてのメンバーに知られており、誰にも負担をかける必要がない人々である。
one which can do without other peoples, and without which all others can do;
do without
(なしでやっていける)
[動]
manage without
他の人々なしでやっていける人々であり、その人々なしで他の人々はやっていける人々である。
one which is neither rich nor poor, but self-sufficient;
poor
(貧しい)
[形]
having little or no money, goods, or other means of support
self-sufficient
(自給自足できる)
[形]
able to supply one's own needs without external assistance
豊かでも貧しくもないが、自給自足できる人々である。
and, lastly, one which unites the consistency of an ancient people with the docility of a new one.
consistency
(一貫性)
[名]
the quality of being consistent; the quality of being in agreement or harmony
そして最後に、古代人の一貫性と新しい人の従順さを結びつける人々である。
Legislation is made difficult less by what it is necessary to build up than by what has to be destroyed;
make difficult
(困難にする)
[動]
cause difficulty or problems for
build up
(構築する)
[動]
construct or create
立法は、構築する必要があるものよりも破壊しなければならないものによって困難になる。
and what makes success so rare is the impossibility of finding natural simplicity together with social requirements.
success
(成功)
[名]
the accomplishment of an aim or purpose
simplicity
(単純性)
[名]
the quality or condition of being easy to understand or do
together
(共に)
[副]
with or at the same time as another person or thing
requirement
(要件)
[名]
a thing that is needed or wanted
そして、成功をとてもまれなものにしているのは、社会的要件と共に自然な単純性を見つけることが不可能であることである。
All these conditions are indeed rarely found united, and therefore few States have good constitutions.
therefore
(そのため)
[副]
for that reason; consequently
これらの条件がすべて揃うことは確かにまれであり、そのため良い憲法を持つ国家は少ない。