As nature has set bounds to the stature of a well-made man, and, outside those limits, makes nothing but giants or dwarfs, similarly, for the constitution of a State to be at its best, it is possible to fix limits that will make it neither too large for good government, nor too small for self-maintenance.
set bounds
(限界を設ける)
[動]
set a limit to
stature
(大きさ)
[名]
the height of a person
well-made
(立派な)
[形]
of good quality
limit
(限界)
[名]
a point beyond which something does not or may not extend or pass
make
(作らない)
[動]
create or produce
nothing but
(しか)
[副]
only
giant
(巨人)
[名]
a person of very great stature
dwarf
(小人)
[名]
a person of very small stature
similarly
(同じように)
[副]
in a similar way
constitution
(体制)
[名]
the system of fundamental principles according to which a state or other organization is governed
at its best
(最善の状態)
[形]
of the highest quality
too large
(大きすぎず)
[形]
of a size greater than is usual or necessary
good government
(良い統治)
[名]
the administration of a country or area
too small
(小さすぎず)
[形]
of a size less than is usual or necessary
self-maintenance
(自己維持)
[名]
the ability to maintain oneself
自然が立派な人間の大きさに限界を設け、その限界を超えると巨人や小人しか作らないのと同じように、国家の体制が最善の状態になるためには、良い統治には大きすぎず、自己維持には小さすぎないような限界を定めることが可能である。
In every body politic there is a maximum strength which it cannot exceed and which it only loses by increasing in size.
size
(規模)
[名]
the relative extent of something
あらゆる政治体には、それを超えることができない最大の強さがあり、それは規模を拡大することによってのみ失われる。
Every extension of the social tie means its relaxation;
extension
(拡大)
[名]
the action of extending something
social tie
(社会的結びつき)
[名]
a bond or connection between people
relaxation
(緩和)
[名]
the state of being relaxed
社会的結びつきの拡大は、その緩和を意味する。
and, generally speaking, a small State is stronger in proportion than a great one.
generally speaking
(一般的に言えば)
[副]
in most cases
small
(小さな)
[形]
of a size that is less than average or usual
proportion
(比例)
[名]
a relationship in which one quantity is equal to a fraction of another
そして、一般的に言えば、小さな国家は大きな国家よりも比例して強い。
A thousand arguments could be advanced in favour of this principle.
argument
(議論)
[名]
a statement or series of statements for or against something
favour
(支持する)
[動]
approve of or be in favour of
この原則を支持する議論は数多くある。
First, long distances make administration more difficult, just as a weight becomes heavier at the end of a longer lever.
long distance
(長い距離)
[名]
a long way
just as
(ちょうど~のように)
[接]
in the same way that
weight
(重り)
[名]
a body having mass and therefore subject to the force of gravity
heavy
(重い)
[形]
having a large mass or weight
lever
(レバー)
[名]
a simple machine consisting of a rigid object pivoted on a fixed point
第一に、長い距離は、長いレバーの端で重りが重くなるのと同じように、管理をより困難にする。
Administration therefore becomes more and more burdensome as the distance grows greater;
burdensome
(煩雑な)
[形]
causing trouble or difficulty
したがって、距離が遠くなるほど、管理はますます煩雑になる。
for, in the first place, each city has its own, which is paid for by the people:
in the first place
(第一に)
[副]
first of all
its own
(独自の)
[形]
belonging to or connected with the thing mentioned
which
(それは)
[代]
that which; the thing that
be paid for
(支払われる)
[動]
have the cost of something met
the people
(人々)
[名]
human beings in general or considered collectively
第一に、各都市には独自の都市があり、それは人々によって支払われている。
each district its own, still paid for by the people:
district
(地区)
[名]
an administrative division of a country
pay for
(支払う)
[動]
give money in exchange for goods or services
各地区には独自の地区があり、それは人々によって支払われている。
then comes each province, and then the great governments, satrapies, and vice-royalties, always costing more the higher you go, and always at the expense of the unfortunate people.
province
(州)
[名]
an administrative division of a country
satrapy
(サトラップ)
[名]
a province of the ancient Persian empire
vice-royalty
(副王権)
[名]
the office or jurisdiction of a viceroy
cost
(かかる)
[動]
require the payment of
unfortunate
(不幸な)
[形]
having or marked by bad luck or adverse circumstances
次に各州が来て、それから大政府、サトラップ、副王権が来るが、上に行けば行くほど常に費用がかかり、常に不幸な人々の犠牲になる。
Last of all comes the supreme administration, which eclipses all the rest.
last of all
(最後に)
[副]
after all others
eclipse
(凌駕する)
[動]
be much greater or better than
最後に、他のすべてを凌駕する最高の行政が来る。
All these overcharges are a continual drain upon the subjects;
overcharge
(過大請求)
[名]
a charge that is too high
continual
(絶えず)
[形]
happening or done without interruption
drain
(消耗)
[名]
a gradual loss of energy or resources
これらの過大請求はすべて、被験者を絶えず消耗させている。
so far from being better governed by all these different orders, they are worse governed than if there were only a single authority over them.
be governed by
(によって統治される)
[動]
be ruled by
all these different
(これらの異なる)
[形]
not the same
order
(命令)
[名]
a command or instruction
worse
(より悪く)
[形]
of poorer quality or lower standard
これらの異なる命令によってよりよく統治されるどころか、彼らは彼らを支配する権限が1つしかない場合よりもより悪く統治されている。
In the meantime, there scarce remain resources enough to meet emergencies;
in the meantime
(その間)
[副]
during the intervening period of time
scarce
(ほとんどない)
[形]
not enough; insufficient
meet
(対応する)
[動]
come into the presence of
emergency
(緊急事態)
[名]
a sudden, urgent, usually unexpected occurrence or occasion requiring immediate action
その間、緊急事態に対応するのに十分な資源はほとんど残っていない。
and, when recourse must be had to these, the State is always on the eve of destruction.
recourse
(頼る)
[名]
a source of help in a difficult situation
eve
(前夜)
[名]
the day or period of time immediately before an event
そして、これらに頼らざるを得ないとき、国家は常に破壊の前夜にある。
This is not all; not only has the government less vigour and promptitude for securing the observance of the laws, preventing nuisances, correcting abuses, and guarding against seditious undertakings begun in distant places;
This is not all
(これだけではない)
[句]
there is more to it than this
less
(欠けている)
[形]
not as much or as many as
promptitude
(迅速性)
[名]
speed or efficiency in dealing with something
securing
(確保する)
[動]
make certain of getting
observance
(遵守)
[名]
the action of following a particular law, rule, or custom
preventing
(防止する)
[動]
keep from happening or arising
nuisance
(迷惑行為)
[名]
a person, thing, or circumstance causing inconvenience or annoyance
correcting
(是正する)
[動]
set or make right
guarding
(防ぐ)
[動]
protect from harm or danger
seditious
(扇動的な)
[形]
inciting or causing people to rebel against the authority of a state or monarch
これだけではない。政府は、法律の遵守を確保し、迷惑行為を防止し、不正行為を是正し、遠隔地で始まった扇動的な事業を防ぐための活力と迅速性に欠けているだけでなく、
the people has less affection for its rulers, whom it never sees, for its country, which, to its eyes, seems like the world, and for its fellow-citizens, most of whom are unknown to it.
affection
(愛情)
[名]
a feeling of love or strong or constant liking
fellow-citizen
(同胞)
[名]
a person who is a citizen of the same country as another
unknown
(知らない)
[形]
not known or familiar
国民は、決して目にすることのない支配者や、世界のように見える国、そしてほとんどが知らない同胞に対して、あまり愛情を抱いていない。
The same laws cannot suit so many diverse provinces with different customs, situated in the most various climates, and incapable of enduring a uniform government.
so many
(非常に多くの)
[副]
a lot of
diverse
(多様な)
[形]
showing a great deal of variety
situated
(位置する)
[動]
be in a particular place or position
various
(多様な)
[形]
showing a great deal of variety
climate
(気候)
[名]
the weather conditions prevailing in an area in general or over a long period
incapable
(耐えられない)
[形]
not having the necessary skill, knowledge, or ability to do something
uniform
(統一された)
[形]
not varying; the same throughout
同じ法律は、最も多様な気候に位置し、統一された政府に耐えることができない、異なる習慣を持つ非常に多くの多様な州に適合することはできない。
Different laws lead only to trouble and confusion among peoples which, living under the same rulers and in constant communication one with another, intermingle and intermarry, and, coming under the sway of new customs, never know if they can call their very patrimony their own.
trouble
(トラブル)
[名]
difficulty or problems
confusion
(混乱)
[名]
a state of being uncertain about something
live
(生活する)
[動]
to be alive
communication
(コミュニケーション)
[名]
the act or process of communicating
one another
(互いに)
[代]
each other
intermingle
(混ざり合う)
[動]
to mix or be mixed together
intermarry
(結婚する)
[動]
to marry someone from a different group
sway
(影響)
[名]
a controlling influence
patrimony
(遺産)
[名]
property inherited from one's father or ancestor
異なる法律は、同じ支配者の下で生活し、互いに絶えずコミュニケーションを取り、混ざり合い、結婚し、新しい習慣の影響下にある人々の間にトラブルと混乱をもたらすだけであり、彼らが自分たちの遺産を自分たちのものだと呼ぶことができるかどうかは決してわからない。
Talent is buried, virtue unknown and vice unpunished, among such a multitude of men who do not know one another, gathered together in one place at the seat of the central administration.
talent
(才能)
[名]
a special natural ability or aptitude
bury
(埋もれる)
[動]
be hidden or concealed
virtue
(美徳)
[名]
a quality considered morally good or desirable
unknown
(知られていない)
[形]
not known
unpunished
(罰せられない)
[形]
not punished
gather
(集まる)
[動]
come together
one place
(一か所)
[名]
a single location
seat
(所在地)
[名]
a place where someone or something is located
central administration
(中央政府)
[名]
the government of a country
中央政府の所在地に集まった、互いに知らない多くの人々の中で、才能は埋もれ、美徳は知られず、悪徳は罰せられない。
The leaders, overwhelmed with business, see nothing for themselves;
leader
(指導者)
[名]
a person who leads or commands a group, organization, or country
overwhelm
(忙殺する)
[動]
defeat completely
business
(仕事)
[名]
a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade
仕事に忙殺された指導者たちは、自分たちの目で何も見ていない。
the State is governed by clerks.
clerk
(書記官)
[名]
a person who works in an office, especially one who keeps records or accounts
国家は書記官によって統治されている。
Finally, the measures which have to be taken to, maintain the general authority, which all these distant officials wish to escape or to impose upon, absorb all the energy of the public, so that there is none left for the happiness of the people.
measure
(措置)
[名]
an action that is taken to achieve a particular purpose
take
(取る)
[動]
to get into one's possession, power, or control
general authority
(一般的な権限)
[名]
the power to give orders and enforce obedience
official
(役人)
[名]
a person appointed or elected to an office or charged with a public duty
impose
(押し付ける)
[動]
to force (something unwelcome or unfamiliar) to be accepted or put in place
absorb
(吸収する)
[動]
to take in or soak up
energy
(エネルギー)
[名]
the ability to be active
最後に、これらすべての遠くにいる役人が逃れようとしたり、押し付けようとしたりする一般的な権限を維持するために取らなければならない措置は、国民のすべてのエネルギーを吸収し、国民の幸福のために残されるものは何もない。
There is hardly enough to defend it when need arises, and thus a body which is too big for its constitution gives way and falls crushed under its own weight.
hardly
(ほとんどない)
[副]
almost not
constitution
(体格)
[名]
the physical composition of a person
give way
(道を譲る)
[動]
allow someone or something to go first
crush
(押しつぶす)
[動]
press or squeeze with a lot of force
必要が生じたときにそれを守るのに十分なものはほとんどなく、その結果、その体格には大きすぎる身体が道を譲り、自らの重みで押しつぶされてしまう。
Again, the State must assure itself a safe foundation, if it is to have stability, and to be able to resist the shocks it cannot help experiencing, as well as the efforts it will be forced to make for its maintenance;
safe
(安全な)
[形]
free from danger or risk
shock
(衝撃)
[名]
a sudden upsetting or surprising event or experience
experience
(経験)
[名]
practical contact with and observation of facts or events
effort
(努力)
[名]
a vigorous or determined attempt
再び、国家は、安定性を持つために、そして、経験せざるを得ない衝撃や、維持のために行わざるを得ない努力に抵抗することができるようにするためには、安全な基盤を確保しなければならない。
for all peoples have a kind of centrifugal force that makes them continually act one against another, and tend to aggrandise themselves at their neighbours' expense, like the vortices of Descartes.
centrifugal force
(遠心力)
[名]
the apparent force that is felt by an object moving in a curved path that acts outwardly away from the center of curvature of the path
Descartes
(デカルト)
[名]
a French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist
すべての民族は、デカルトの渦のように、絶えず互いに反発し合い、隣人の犠牲で自分たちを拡大しようとする一種の遠心力を持っているからである。
Thus the weak run the risk of being soon swallowed up;
weak
(弱者)
[名]
a person who is not strong
run the risk
(危険を冒す)
[動]
expose oneself to the chance of injury or loss
こうして弱者はすぐに飲み込まれる危険を冒す。
and it is almost impossible for any one to preserve itself except by putting itself in a state of equilibrium with all, so that the pressure is on all sides practically equal.
it is almost impossible
(ほとんど不可能である)
[動]
it is not possible
equilibrium
(平衡)
[名]
a state in which opposing forces or influences are balanced
pressure
(圧力)
[名]
the force exerted on a surface by an object
side
(側)
[名]
a position to the left or right of an object
practically
(事実上)
[副]
in a practical manner
そして、すべての側にかかる圧力が事実上等しくなるように、自分自身をすべてのものとの平衡状態に置く以外に、自分自身を維持することはほとんど不可能である。
It may therefore be seen that there are reasons for expansion and reasons for contraction;
expansion
(拡大)
[名]
the action of becoming larger or more extensive
contraction
(縮小)
[名]
the action of becoming smaller or shorter
したがって、拡大の理由と縮小の理由があることがわかる。
and it is no small part of the statesman's skill to hit between them the mean that is most favourable to the preservation of the State.
hit
(見つける)
[動]
reach or come to
mean
(平均値)
[名]
the average of a set of numbers
そして、国家の維持に最も有利な平均値をそれらの間で見つけることは、政治家の技能の少なからぬ部分である。
It may be said that the reason for expansion, being merely external and relative, ought to be subordinate to the reasons for contraction, which are internal and absolute.
external
(外的)
[形]
belonging to or connected with the outside of a person, place, or thing
relative
(相対的)
[形]
existing or having its meaning in relation to something else
ought to
(従属するべきである)
[助]
used to express a moral obligation or to give advice
internal
(内的)
[形]
situated or existing within or on the inside
拡大の理由は、単に外的で相対的なものであるため、内的で絶対的な縮小の理由に従属するべきであると言えるかもしれない。
A strong and healthy constitution is the first thing to look for;
healthy
(健康な)
[形]
being in a good physical or mental condition
constitution
(体質)
[名]
the physical or mental state of a person
look for
(求める)
[動]
try to find or obtain
強くて健康な体質が最初に求めるべきものである。
and it is better to count on the vigour which comes of good government than on the resources a great territory furnishes.
count on
(頼る)
[動]
depend on
good government
(良い政府)
[名]
a government that is effective and efficient
great territory
(広大な領土)
[名]
a large area of land
そして、広大な領土が提供する資源よりも、良い政府から来る活力に頼る方が良い。