The question is often asked how individuals, having no right to dispose of their own lives, can transfer to the Sovereign a right which they do not possess.
transfer
(移転する)
[動]
move from one place to another
自分の命を処分する権利を持たない個人が、どのようにして自分が持っていない権利を主権者に移転できるのか、という疑問がよく提起される。
The difficulty of answering this question seems to me to lie in its being wrongly stated.
difficulty
(難しさ)
[名]
the state or quality of being difficult
wrongly
(間違って)
[副]
in a wrong manner
この質問に答えることの難しさは、それが間違って述べられていることにあるように思われる。
Every man has a right to risk his own life in order to preserve it.
every man
(誰もが)
[名]
each person
have a right to
(権利を持っている)
[動]
be entitled to
risk
(危険にさらす)
[動]
expose to danger
誰もが自分の命を守るために自分の命を危険にさらす権利を持っている。
Has it ever, been said that a man who throws himself out of the window to escape from a fire is guilty of suicide?
throw oneself out of
(身を投げ出す)
[動]
jump out of
window
(窓)
[名]
an opening in a wall or roof that allows light and air to enter
fire
(火事)
[名]
a large, uncontrolled fire that destroys a building or area
suicide
(自殺)
[名]
the act of intentionally taking one's own life
火事から逃れるために窓から身を投げ出した人が自殺の罪を犯したと言われたことがあっただろうか?
Has such a crime ever been laid to the charge of him who perishes in a storm because, when he went on board, he knew of the danger?
crime
(罪)
[名]
an act that is illegal
lay to the charge of
(告発する)
[動]
accuse of
perish
(死んでしまう)
[動]
die
storm
(嵐)
[名]
a violent disturbance of the atmosphere with strong winds and usually rain, snow, or hail
when
(とき)
[接]
at or during the time that
go on board
(乗る)
[動]
get on a ship, train, or aircraft
know
(知る)
[動]
be aware of through observation, inquiry, or information
船に乗ったときに危険を知っていたのに嵐で死んでしまった人が、そのような罪を犯したとして告発されたことがあるだろうか?
The social treaty has for its end the preservation of the contracting parties.
social treaty
(社会契約)
[名]
a contract between members of a society
社会契約は、契約当事者の保護を目的としている。
He who wills the end wills the means also, and the means must involve some risks, and even some losses.
will
(望む)
[動]
want or wish for
目的を望む者は手段も望むものであり、手段には多少の危険や損失も伴う。
He who wishes to preserve his life at others expense should also, when it is necessary, be ready to give it up for their sake.
give up
(捨てる)
[動]
stop doing or having something
sake
(ため)
[名]
purpose; reason
他人を犠牲にして自分の命を守りたいと思う者は、必要に応じて他人のために命を捨てる覚悟もしなければならない。
Furthermore, the citizen is no longer the judge of the dangers to which the law desires him to expose himself;
さらに、市民はもはや法律が彼にさらすことを望んでいる危険の裁判官ではない。
and when the prince says to him: “It is expedient for the State that you should die,” he ought to die, because it is only on that condition that he has been living in security up to the present, and because his life is no longer a mere bounty of nature, but a gift made conditionally by the State.
expedient
(好都合)
[形]
advantageous; convenient
die
(死ぬ)
[動]
stop living
present
(現在)
[名]
the time that is happening now
conditionally
(条件付きで)
[副]
on or subject to one or more conditions
そして、君主が彼に「あなたが死ぬことは国家にとって好都合である」と言うとき、彼は死ぬべきである。なぜなら、彼が現在まで安全に暮らしてきたのは、その条件のもとでのみであり、彼の命はもはや単なる自然の恵みではなく、国家から条件付きで与えられた贈り物だからである。
The death-penalty inflicted upon criminals may be looked on in much the same light: it is in order that we may not fall victims to an assassin that we consent to die if we ourselves turn assassins.
death-penalty
(死刑)
[名]
the punishment of death
inflict
(課する)
[動]
cause (something unpleasant or painful) to be suffered by someone or something
criminal
(犯罪者)
[名]
a person who has committed a crime
look on
(見ることができる)
[動]
regard or consider in a specified way
light
(同じように)
[名]
the natural agent that stimulates sight and makes things visible
fall victim
(犠牲になる)
[動]
be harmed or killed as a result of an unfortunate event or action
assassin
(暗殺者)
[名]
a murderer of an important person in a surprise attack for political or religious reasons
turn
(なる)
[動]
change or cause to change from one thing to another
犯罪者に課せられる死刑も、ほぼ同じように見ることができる。私たちが暗殺者の犠牲にならないために、私たち自身が暗殺者になった場合に死ぬことに同意するのである。
In this treaty, so far from disposing of our own lives, we think only of securing them, and it is not to be assumed that any of the parties then expects to get hanged.
hang
(絞首刑にする)
[動]
kill by hanging
この条約では、自分の命を処分するどころか、命を守ることしか考えていないし、当事者の誰もが絞首刑になることを期待しているわけではない。
Again, every malefactor, by attacking social rights, becomes on forfeit a rebel and a traitor to his country;
malefactor
(犯罪者)
[名]
a person who commits a crime
attack
(攻撃する)
[動]
take aggressive action against (a place or enemy forces) with weapons or armed force, typically a concerted military operation
social right
(社会的権利)
[名]
a right that is believed to be held by all members of a society
forfeit
(没収)
[名]
the loss of something as a penalty for a mistake or crime
rebel
(反逆者)
[名]
a person who rises in opposition or armed resistance against an established government or ruler
traitor
(裏切り者)
[名]
a person who betrays a friend, country, principle, etc.
また、すべての犯罪者は、社会的権利を攻撃することによって、没収によって反逆者となり、祖国への裏切り者となる。
by violating its laws he ceases to be a member of it;
その法律に違反することによって、彼はその一員ではなくなる。
he even makes war upon it.
make war
(戦争を仕掛ける)
[動]
engage in a war
彼はそれに戦争を仕掛けさえする。
In such a case the preservation of the State is inconsistent with his own, and one or the other must perish;
inconsistent
(矛盾する)
[形]
not in agreement or harmony
one or the other
(どちらか)
[名]
one of two or more things
そのような場合、国家の保全は彼自身の保全と矛盾し、どちらかが滅びなければならない。
in putting the guilty to death, we slay not so much the citizen as an enemy.
put to death
(死刑に処する)
[動]
kill someone as a punishment
guilty
(有罪者)
[名]
a person who has been found guilty of a crime
slay
(殺す)
[動]
kill someone in a violent way
有罪者を死刑に処するにあたって、我々は市民というよりは敵を殺すのである。
The trial and the judgment are the proofs that he has broken the social treaty, and is in consequence no longer a member of the State.
trial
(裁判)
[名]
a formal examination of evidence and of the law in a court of law to decide guilt in a case of criminal or civil proceedings
judgment
(判決)
[名]
the final decision of a court of law
proof
(証拠)
[名]
evidence or argument establishing or helping to establish a fact or the truth of a statement
break
(破る)
[動]
cause to separate into pieces as a result of impact or stress
裁判と判決は、彼が社会契約を破り、その結果もはや国家の一員ではないという証拠である。
Since, then, he has recognised himself to be such by living there, he must be removed by exile as a violator of the compact, or by death as a public enemy;
live
(住む)
[動]
have as one's home
exile
(追放)
[名]
the state of being barred from one's native country
violator
(違反者)
[名]
someone who breaks or does not obey a law or rule
public enemy
(公敵)
[名]
a person who is seen as a threat to the people or the state
death
(死刑)
[名]
the end of all life functions in an organism or cell
彼はそこに住むことによって、自分をそうであると認めたのだから、協定違反者として追放されるか、公敵として死刑に処せられなければならない。
for such an enemy is not a moral person, but merely a man;
not
(ではない)
[副]
a word used to express negation
merely
(単なる)
[副]
only; no more than
なぜなら、そのような敵は道徳的な人ではなく、単なる人間だからである。
and in such a case the right of war is to kill the vanquished.
そして、そのような場合には、戦争の権利は敗者を殺すことである。
But, it will be said, the condemnation of a criminal is a particular act.
condemnation
(有罪判決)
[名]
the expression of very strong disapproval
particular
(特別な)
[形]
relating to a particular person, thing, or situation
しかし、犯罪者の有罪判決は特別な行為である、と言われるであろう。
I admit it: but such condemnation is not a function of the Sovereign;
function
(機能)
[名]
the special, normal, or proper activity of a person or thing
私はそれを認める。しかし、そのような有罪判決は主権者の機能ではない。
it is a right the Sovereign can confer without being able itself to exert it.
confer
(授与する)
[動]
give or grant
exert
(行使する)
[動]
apply or bring to bear
それは主権者が行使できる権利ではなく、授与できる権利である。
All my ideas are consistent, but I cannot expound them all at once.
all at once
(一度に)
[副]
suddenly; unexpectedly
私の考えはすべて一貫しているが、一度にすべてを説明することはできない。
We may add that frequent punishments are always a sign of weakness or remissness on the part of the government.
frequent
(頻繁な)
[形]
happening often
punishment
(処罰)
[名]
the act of punishing
sign
(兆候)
[名]
an indication of something
weakness
(弱さ)
[名]
the quality or state of being weak
remissness
(怠慢)
[名]
the quality or state of being neglectful
付け加えると、頻繁な処罰は常に政府の弱さや怠慢の兆候である。
There is not a single ill-doer who could not be turned to some good.
There is not
(いない)
[動]
not exist
ill-doer
(悪人)
[名]
a person who does evil
turn to
(転じる)
[動]
change into
善に転じることができない悪人は一人もいない。
The State has no right to put to death, even for the sake of making an example, any one whom it can leave alive without danger.
have no right
(権利はない)
[動]
not be permitted or allowed to do something
make an example
(見せしめにする)
[動]
punish someone as a warning to others
leave alive
(生かしておける)
[動]
not kill
国家は、危険を伴わずに生かしておける者を、見せしめのためであれ、死刑にする権利はない。
The right of pardoning or exempting the guilty from a penalty imposed by the law and pronounced by the judge belongs only to the authority which is superior to both judge and law, i.e. the Sovereign; even its right in this matter is far from clear, and the cases for exercising it are extremely rare.
pardon
(赦免)
[動]
to release someone from punishment
exempt
(免除)
[動]
to free someone from an obligation or requirement
impose
(課する)
[動]
to force someone to accept something
pronounce
(宣告する)
[動]
to declare or announce officially
authority
(権限)
[名]
the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience
clear
(明確)
[形]
easy to understand
rare
(まれ)
[形]
not common or frequent
法律によって課せられ、裁判官によって宣告された刑罰から有罪者を赦免または免除する権利は、裁判官と法律の両方より優れた権限、すなわち主権者にのみ属する。この問題におけるその権利でさえ明確には程遠く、それを行使するケースは極めてまれである。
In a well-governed State, there are few punishments, not because there are many pardons, but because criminals are rare;
well-governed
(よく統治された)
[形]
governed well
few
(少ない)
[形]
a small number of
pardon
(恩赦)
[名]
the act of officially forgiving someone for a crime that they have committed
よく統治された国家では、処罰は少ないが、それは恩赦が多いからではなく、犯罪者が少ないからである。
it is when a State is in decay that the multitude of crimes is a guarantee of impunity.
decay
(衰退)
[名]
the process of decaying
crime
(犯罪)
[名]
an action or omission that constitutes an offense that may be prosecuted by the state and is punishable by law
国家が衰退している時こそ、犯罪の多さが免責の保証となる。
Under the Roman Republic, neither the Senate nor the Consuls ever attempted to pardon;
Roman Republic
(ローマ共和国)
[名]
the period of ancient Roman civilization from 509 BC to 27 BC
Senate
(元老院)
[名]
the upper house of the US Congress
Consuls
(執政官)
[名]
the highest elected political office of the Roman Republic
attempt
(試みる)
[動]
make an effort to achieve something
ローマ共和国の下では、元老院も執政官も恩赦を試みることはなかった。
even the people never did so, though it sometimes revoked its own decision.
even
(でさえ)
[副]
to a greater extent than usual
do so
(そうする)
[動]
do the same thing
though
(しかし)
[接]
despite the fact that; although
revoke
(撤回する)
[動]
officially cancel or withdraw
人民でさえ、時には自らの決定を撤回することはあったが、恩赦を試みることはなかった。
Frequent pardons mean that crime will soon need them no longer, and no-one can help seeing whither that leads.
help
(わかる)
[動]
be of use to
whither
(どこに)
[副]
to what place or state
lead
(つながる)
[動]
be a route or means of access to
恩赦が頻繁にあるということは、犯罪がすぐに恩赦を必要としなくなることを意味し、それがどこにつながるかは誰にもわからない。
But I feel my heart protesting and restraining my pen;
heart
(心)
[名]
the organ that pumps blood through the body
protest
(抗議する)
[動]
express an objection to what someone has said or done
restrain
(抑える)
[動]
hold back from doing something
しかし、私は自分の心が抗議し、ペンを抑えているのを感じている。
let us leave these questions to the just man who has never offended, and would himself stand in no need of pardon.
これらの問題は、決して罪を犯したことがなく、恩赦を必要としない正義の人に任せよう。