Each member of the community gives himself to it, at the moment of its foundation, just as he is, with all the resources at his command, including the goods he possesses.
foundation
(設立)
[名]
the act of starting or creating something
moment
(瞬間)
[名]
a very brief period of time
command
(自由になる)
[名]
the authority to give orders
共同体の各構成員は、その設立の瞬間に、所有する財産を含む、自分の自由になるすべての資源をもって、ありのままの自分を共同体に捧げる。
This act does not make possession, in changing hands, change its nature, and becomes property in the hands of the Sovereign; but, as the forces of the city are incomparably greater than those of an individual, public possession is also, in fact, stronger and more irrevocable, without being any more legitimate, at any rate from the point of view of foreigners.
change
(変更)
[名]
the act of making or becoming different
public
(公共)
[形]
of or concerning the people as a whole
point of view
(観点)
[名]
a particular attitude or way of considering a matter
この行為によって、所有権は、所有者の変更によってその性質を変え、主権者の手の中で財産になるわけではないが、都市の力は個人の力とは比べ物にならないほど大きいので、公共の所有権も、少なくとも外国人の観点からは、より合法的なわけではなく、事実上、より強固で取消しがたいものである。
For the State, in relation to its members, is master of all their goods by the social contract, which, within the State, is the basis of all rights;
by
(によって)
[前]
through the action of
within
(内において)
[前]
inside
国家は、その構成員との関係において、国家内においてすべての権利の基礎である社会契約によって、彼らのすべての財産の主人であるからである。
but, in relation to other powers, it is so only by the right of the first occupier, which it holds from its members.
by the right of
(の権利によって)
[前]
by virtue of
which
(その)
[代]
that
hold
(得る)
[動]
have or possess
from
(から)
[前]
away from; at a distance from
しかし、他の権力との関係においては、国家は、その構成員から得た最初の占有者の権利によってのみそうである。
The right of the first occupier, though more real than the right of the strongest, becomes a real right only when the right of property has already been established.
stronger
(最強者)
[形]
having great power or strength
right of property
(所有権)
[名]
the right to possess, use, and dispose of property
already
(すでに)
[副]
before or by now or the time in question
最初の占有者の権利は、最強者の権利よりも現実的ではあるが、所有権がすでに確立されている場合にのみ現実の権利となる。
Every man has naturally a right to everything he needs;
every man
(人は誰でも)
[名]
all people
人は誰でも、自分に必要なものすべてに対する権利を自然に持っている。
but the positive act which makes him proprietor of one thing excludes him from everything else.
make
(なる)
[動]
become
proprietor
(所有者)
[名]
the owner of a business
exclude
(排除する)
[動]
prevent from entering or taking part in
しかし、ある物の所有者となる積極的な行為は、他のすべての物から彼を排除する。
Having his share, he ought to keep to it, and can have no further right against the community.
share
(分け前)
[名]
a part or portion of a whole
keep to
(守る)
[動]
continue doing something
彼は自分の分け前を得たので、それを守るべきであり、共同体に対してそれ以上の権利を持つことはできない。
This is why the right of the first occupier, which in the state of nature is so weak, claims the respect of every man in civil society.
weak
(弱い)
[形]
lacking the power to perform
claim
(要求する)
[動]
state or assert that something is the case
respect
(尊敬)
[名]
a feeling of deep admiration for someone or something elicited by their abilities, qualities or achievements
これが、自然状態では非常に弱い最初の占有者の権利が、市民社会ではすべての人の尊敬を要求する理由である。
In this right we are respecting not so much what belongs to another as what does not belong to ourselves.
in this right
(この権利において)
[名]
in this right
ourselves
(自分たち)
[代]
we or us
この権利において、私たちは他人のものであるものを尊重しているというよりは、自分たちのものではないものを尊重している。
In general, to establish the right of the first occupier over a plot of ground, the following conditions are necessary: first, the land must not yet be inhabited;
in general
(一般に)
[副]
usually; on the whole
plot
(区画)
[名]
a small piece of land
ground
(土地)
[名]
the solid surface of the earth
following
(以下の)
[形]
coming after something in time; next
necessary
(必要である)
[形]
required to be done, achieved, or present; needed
first
(第一に)
[副]
before anything else; in the first place
land
(土地)
[名]
the solid surface of the earth
must
(いけない)
[助]
be obliged to; should
yet
(まだ)
[副]
up until the present time; so far
be inhabited
(人が住む)
[動]
live in a place
一般に、一区画の土地に対する最初の占有者の権利を確立するためには、以下の条件が必要である。第一に、その土地にはまだ人が住んではいけない。
secondly, a man must occupy only the amount he needs for his subsistence;
secondly
(第二に)
[副]
in the second place
occupy
(占有する)
[動]
take up (a place or position)
amount
(分)
[名]
a quantity of something
第二に、人は生存に必要な分だけを占有しなければならない。
and, in the third place, possession must be taken, not by an empty ceremony, but by labour and cultivation, the only sign of proprietorship that should be respected by others, in default of a legal title.
third
(第三)
[形]
coming after second
ceremony
(儀式)
[名]
a formal religious or public occasion, especially one celebrating a particular event or anniversary
labour
(労働)
[名]
work, especially hard physical work
cultivation
(耕作)
[名]
the action of growing plants
only
(唯一の)
[形]
being the only one
sign
(しるし)
[名]
an object, quality, or event whose presence or occurrence indicates the probable presence or occurrence of something else
respect
(尊重される)
[動]
admire someone or something
legal
(法的)
[形]
of or relating to the law
そして第三に、所有は空虚な儀式によってではなく、労働と耕作によって行われなければならない。これは、法的権原がない場合に他人に尊重されるべき所有権の唯一のしるしである。
In granting the right of first occupancy to necessity and labour, are we not really stretching it as far as it can go?
grant
(与える)
[動]
give or allow something to someone
occupancy
(占有)
[名]
the action or fact of occupying a place
必要性と労働に最初の占有権を与えることで、私たちはそれを可能な限り拡大しているのではないだろうか?
Is it possible to leave such a right unlimited?
そのような権利を無制限のままにしておくことなどできるだろうか?
Is it to be enough to set foot on a plot of common ground, in order to be able to call yourself at once the master of it?
set foot
(足を踏み入れる)
[動]
to go to a place
common ground
(共通の土地)
[名]
a piece of land that is shared by two or more people or groups
共通の土地に足を踏み入れれば、すぐにそこの主人だと名乗れるようになるのだろうか?
Is it to be enough that a man has the strength to expel others for a moment, in order to establish his right to prevent them from ever returning?
be enough
(十分である)
[動]
be sufficient
expel
(追い出す)
[動]
force (someone) to leave a place, especially a country, or an organization
人が一時的に他人を追い出す力を持っているだけで、その人が二度と戻ってこないようにする権利を確立できるのだろうか?
How can a man or a people seize an immense territory and keep it from the rest of the world except by a punishable usurpation, since all others are being robbed, by such an act, of the place of habitation and the means of subsistence which nature gave them in common?
seize
(占領する)
[動]
take or keep in possession or under control, especially by force
immense
(広大な)
[形]
extremely large or great
territory
(領土)
[名]
an area of land under the jurisdiction of a ruler or state
except
(以外に)
[前]
not including; other than
punishable
(罰せられるべき)
[形]
deserving of punishment
usurpation
(横領)
[名]
the act of taking something for oneself by force or without right
since
(なぜなら)
[接]
for the reason that; because
being robbed
(奪われている)
[動]
take property unlawfully from a person or place by force or threat of force
habitation
(居住地)
[名]
a place where someone lives
一人の人や一つの民族が、広大な領土を占領し、それを世界の他の地域から守ることは、罰せられるべき横領以外にどのようにして可能だろうか? なぜなら、そのような行為によって、他のすべての人々は、自然が彼らに共通に与えた居住地と生存手段を奪われているからである。
When Nuñez Balbao, standing on the sea-shore, took possession of the South Seas and the whole of South America in the name of the crown of Castille, was that enough to dispossess all their actual inhabitants, and to shut out from them all the princes of the world?
Nuñez Balbao
(ヌニェス・バルボア)
[名]
a Spanish explorer, governor, and conquistador
sea-shore
(海岸)
[名]
the land that borders the sea
take possession of
(占領する)
[動]
to take control of something by force
South Seas
(南洋)
[名]
the seas south of the equator
South America
(南アメリカ)
[名]
the southern continent of the western hemisphere
Castille
(カスティーリャ)
[名]
a historical region of Spain
dispossess
(追い出す)
[動]
to deprive someone of their property or rights
shut out
(締め出す)
[動]
to prevent someone from entering or participating in something
ヌニェス・バルボアが海岸に立って、カスティーリャ王国の名のもとに南洋と南アメリカ全土を占領したとき、それは現地の住民をすべて追い出し、世界のすべての君主を締め出すのに十分だったのだろうか?
On such a showing, these ceremonies are idly multiplied, and the Catholic King need only take possession all at once, from his apartment, of the whole universe, merely making a subsequent reservation about what was already in the possession of other princes.
on such a showing
(このような見方では)
[名]
in this way of thinking
idly
(怠惰に)
[副]
in an idle manner
multiply
(増殖する)
[動]
increase in number
Catholic
(カトリック)
[形]
relating to the Roman Catholic Church
need only
(〜するだけでよい)
[動]
have to do nothing else but
take possession
(占領する)
[動]
take control of
apartment
(部屋)
[名]
a place where someone lives
make a reservation
(予約する)
[動]
arrange for something to be kept or used at a particular time
このような見方では、これらの儀式は怠惰に増殖し、カトリックの王は、自分の部屋から宇宙全体を一度に占領し、他の君主がすでに所有しているものについては後で予約するだけでよい。
We can imagine how the lands of individuals, where they were contiguous and came to be united, became the public territory, and how the right of Sovereignty, extending from the subjects over the lands they held, became at once real and personal.
contiguous
(隣接する)
[形]
touching or connected in an unbroken series
come to be
(なる)
[動]
become
united
(一体となった)
[形]
made or joined into a single unit
sovereignty
(主権)
[名]
supreme power or authority
extend
(及ぶ)
[動]
stretch out so as to reach or touch something
hold
(所有する)
[動]
have or keep in one's hand or hands
個人の土地が隣接して一体となった場所がどのように公共の領域となり、臣民から彼らが所有する土地にまで及ぶ主権の権利がどのようにして現実のものとなり、個人的なものとなったのかを想像することができる。
The possessors were thus made more dependent, and the forces at their command used to guarantee their fidelity.
possessor
(所有者)
[名]
a person who owns something
thus
(こうして)
[副]
in this way; therefore
force
(軍隊)
[名]
the military forces of a nation or group of nations
command
(指揮下)
[名]
the authority to command
guarantee
(保証)
[動]
to give a guarantee for
こうして所有者はより従属的になり、彼らの指揮下にある軍隊は彼らの忠誠を保証するために使われるようになった。
The advantage of this does not seem to have been felt by ancient monarchs, who called themselves King of the Persians, Scythians, or Macedonians, and seemed to regard themselves more as rulers of men than as masters of a country.
seem
(思われる)
[動]
appear to be; give the impression of being
Persian
(ペルシア人)
[名]
a native or inhabitant of Persia
Scythian
(スキタイ人)
[名]
a member of a nomadic people originally from the steppes of Eurasia
Macedonian
(マケドニア人)
[名]
a native or inhabitant of Macedonia
この利点は、自らをペルシア人、スキタイ人、マケドニア人の王と称し、自らを国の主人というよりは人間の支配者と考えていた古代の君主たちには感じられなかったようである。
Those of the present day more cleverly call themselves Kings of France, Spain, England, etc.: thus holding the land, they are quite confident of holding the inhabitants.
present day
(現代)
[名]
the time that is happening now
cleverly
(巧みに)
[副]
in a skillful or ingenious way
Spain
(スペイン)
[名]
a kingdom in southwestern Europe
England
(イギリス)
[名]
a country in northwestern Europe
be confident of
(確信する)
[動]
be certain of
現代の君主たちは、自分たちをフランス、スペイン、イギリスなどの王と呼び、土地を所有することで住民を支配できると確信している。
The peculiar fact about this alienation is that, in taking over the goods of individuals, the community, so far from despoiling them, only assures them legitimate possession, and changes usurpation into a true right and enjoyment into proprietorship.
peculiar
(特異な)
[形]
strange or odd; unusual
take over
(乗っ取る)
[動]
assume control of
despoiling
(略奪する)
[動]
steal goods from (a place or person), typically using force and in a time of war or civil disorder
change
(変える)
[動]
make or become different
true
(真の)
[形]
being in accordance with fact or reality
enjoyment
(享受)
[名]
the state or process of taking delight or pleasure in something
この疎外に関する特異な事実は、個人の財産を乗っ取る際に、共同体は彼らから略奪するどころか、彼らに正当な所有権を保証するだけで、横領を真の権利に変え、享受を所有権に変えてしまうことである。
Thus the possessors, being regarded as depositaries of the public good, and having their rights, respected by all the members of the State and maintained against foreign aggression by all its forces, have, by a cession which benefits both the public and still more themselves, acquired, so to speak, all that they gave up.
public good
(公共財)
[名]
a good that is both non-excludable and non-rivalrous
depositaries
(保管者)
[名]
a person who is entrusted with something
foreign
(外国の)
[形]
of or relating to a country other than one's own
aggression
(侵略)
[名]
the action or an act of attacking without provocation
benefit
(利益をもたらす)
[動]
be advantageous to
cession
(譲渡)
[名]
the formal giving up of rights, property, or territory by a state
give up
(放棄する)
[動]
decide to do or have no more of something
こうして所有者は、公共財の保管者とみなされ、その権利を国家のすべての構成員に尊重され、国家のすべての力によって外国の侵略から守られることによって、いわば、彼らが放棄したすべてのものを、公衆にも、さらには自分自身にも利益をもたらす譲渡によって獲得したのである。
This paradox may easily be explained by the distinction between the rights which the Sovereign and the proprietor have over the same estate, as we shall see later on.
paradox
(パラドックス)
[名]
a statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth
explain
(説明する)
[動]
make (something) clear or easy to understand
distinction
(違い)
[名]
a difference or contrast between similar things or people
estate
(財産)
[名]
all the money and property owned by a person or family
このパラドックスは、後で述べるように、主権者と所有者が同じ財産に対して持つ権利の違いによって簡単に説明できる。
It may also happen that men begin to unite one with another before they possess anything, and that, subsequently occupying a tract of country which is enough for all, they enjoy it in common, or share it out among themselves, either equally or according to a scale fixed by they Sovereign.
happen
(起こる)
[動]
take place; occur
another
(互いに)
[代]
one another; each other
possess
(所有する)
[動]
have as belonging to oneself or oneself and others
anything
(何か)
[代]
something
subsequently
(その後)
[副]
after a particular time
occupy
(占領する)
[動]
take control of a country or area by force
among
(間で)
[前]
in the middle of
themselves
(自分たちの)
[代]
the reflexive form of the third person plural pronoun
equally
(平等に)
[副]
in a way that is fair and just
according to
(従って)
[前]
as stated by or in
scale
(基準)
[名]
a system of ordered marks at fixed intervals used for measuring
fix
(定める)
[動]
decide or settle in advance
また、人々が何かを所有する前に互いに結びつき始め、その後、全員に十分な土地を占領して、それを共同で享受したり、平等に、あるいは主権者が定めた基準に従って、自分たちの間で分け合うようになることもある。
However the acquisition be made, the right which each individual has to his own estate is always subordinate to the right which the community has over all: without this, there would be neither stability in the social tie, nor real force in the exercise of Sovereignty.
acquisition
(取得)
[名]
the act of acquiring something
be made
(行われる)
[動]
be done or performed
subordinate
(従属する)
[形]
lower in rank or position
stability
(安定性)
[名]
the state of being stable
social
(社会的な)
[形]
relating to society or its organization
tie
(結びつき)
[名]
a bond or connection between people or things
exercise
(行使)
[名]
the use or application of a power or right
しかし、どのように取得しようとも、各個人が自分の財産に対して持つ権利は、常に共同体が全体に対して持つ権利に従属している。これがなければ、社会的な結びつきに安定性も、主権の行使に真の力も存在しないだろう。
I shall end this chapter and this book by remarking on a fact on which the whole social system should rest: i.e. that, instead of destroying natural inequality, the fundamental compact substitutes, for such physical inequality as nature may have set up between men, an equality that is moral and legitimate, and that men, who may be unequal in strength or intelligence, become every one equal by convention and legal right.
end
(終わる)
[動]
come or bring to a final point; finish
book
(書)
[名]
a written or printed work consisting of pages bound together between two covers
remark
(述べる)
[動]
say something as a comment
rest
(依拠する)
[動]
be based on
destroy
(破壊する)
[動]
cause to cease to exist; cause the destruction of
inequality
(不平等)
[名]
the condition of being unequal
substitute
(代用する)
[動]
use or serve in place of
physical
(物理的な)
[形]
relating to physics or the laws of physics
set up
(設定する)
[動]
put in place or establish
intelligence
(知性)
[名]
the ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills
私はこの章とこの書を、社会システム全体が依拠すべき事実について述べて終わろう。すなわち、自然の不平等を破壊する代わりに、基本的な協定は、自然が人間の間に設定したかもしれない物理的な不平等の代わりに、道徳的で合法的な平等を代用し、強さや知性に不平等があるかもしれない人間は、慣習と法的権利によって誰もが平等になるということである。