This formula shows us that the act of association comprises a mutual undertaking between the public and the individuals, and that each individual, in making a contract, as we may say, with himself, is bound in a double capacity;
comprise
(含む)
[動]
be made up of
undertaking
(約束)
[名]
a promise or pledge
himself
(自分自身)
[代]
that male person or animal
bound
(拘束される)
[動]
tie or fasten securely
double
(二重の)
[形]
having two parts, elements, or aspects
capacity
(資格)
[名]
the ability or power to do something
この公式は、結社の行為が公衆と個人の間の相互の約束を含み、各個人が、いわば自分自身と契約を結ぶ際に、二重の資格で拘束されることを示している。
as a member of the Sovereign he is bound to the individuals, and as a member of the State to the Sovereign.
as a member of
(一員として)
[名]
being a member of
the Sovereign
(主権者)
[名]
the person or group of people who have supreme power in a country
he is bound to
(彼は拘束される)
[動]
he is obliged to
the individuals
(個人)
[名]
a single human being as distinguished from a group
and as a member of
(一員として)
[名]
being a member of
the State
(国家)
[名]
a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory
to the Sovereign
(主権者に)
[名]
to the person or group of people who have supreme power in a country
主権者の一員として、彼は個人に拘束され、国家の一員として主権者に拘束される。
But the maxim of civil right, that no one is bound by undertakings made to himself, does not apply in this case;
maxim
(格言)
[名]
a short, pithy statement expressing a general truth or rule of conduct
civil right
(民法)
[名]
the body of law that deals with the rights and duties of individuals and organizations, as opposed to criminal matters
apply
(適用される)
[動]
be pertinent or relevant
しかし、誰も自分自身に対して行った約束に拘束されないという民法の格言は、この場合には適用されない。
for there is a great difference between incurring an obligation to yourself and incurring one to a whole of which you form a part.
incur
(負う)
[動]
become subject to
yourself
(自分自身)
[代]
the person that you are
なぜなら、自分自身に対して義務を負うことと、自分がその一部を成す全体に対して義務を負うことの間には大きな違いがあるからである。
Attention must further be called to the fact that public deliberation, while competent to bind all the subjects to the Sovereign, because of the two different capacities in which each of them may be regarded, cannot, for the opposite reason, bind the Sovereign to itself;
public deliberation
(公衆の審議)
[名]
the process of considering a matter in public
bind
(拘束する)
[動]
to tie or fasten together
two different capacities
(二つの異なる資格)
[名]
two different abilities or powers
opposite reason
(反対の理由)
[名]
a reason that is the opposite of another
さらに、公衆の審議は、各人が二つの異なる資格を持つと見なされるため、すべての臣民を主権者に拘束する権限を持つが、反対の理由で主権者を拘束することはできないという事実にも注意を払わなければならない。
and that it is consequently against the nature of the body politic for the Sovereign to impose on itself a law which it cannot infringe.
consequently
(したがって)
[副]
as a result; therefore
against
(反する)
[前]
in opposition to
impose
(課す)
[動]
force (something unwelcome) to be accepted or put in place
infringe
(侵害する)
[動]
act in contravention of (a law, treaty, or other formal or informal agreement)
したがって、主権者が侵害できない法律を自らに課すことは、政治体制の本質に反する。
Being able to regard itself in only one capacity, it is in the position of an individual who makes a contract with himself;
be able to
(できる)
[動]
have the ability to do something
regard
(見なす)
[動]
consider or think of in a specified way
only one
(一つだけ)
[形]
the only one
position
(立場)
[名]
the place where someone or something is located
make a contract
(契約を結ぶ)
[動]
enter into a formal agreement
主権者は、自分自身を一つだけの資格でしか見ることができないので、自分自身と契約を結ぶ個人の立場にある。
and this makes it clear that there neither is nor can be any kind of fundamental law binding on the body of the people—not even the social contract itself.
make clear
(明らかにする)
[動]
to make something easy to understand
fundamental law
(基本法)
[名]
a law or rule that is essential and serves as a foundation
body of the people
(人民の集団)
[名]
the people as a whole
social contract
(社会契約)
[名]
an implicit agreement among the members of a society to cooperate for social benefits
そして、このことから、社会契約そのものでさえも、人民の集団を拘束するいかなる基本法も存在せず、また存在し得ないことが明らかとなる。
This does not mean that the body politic cannot enter into undertakings with others, provided the contract is not infringed by them;
enter into
(結ぶ)
[動]
make or enter into a contract or agreement
other
(他者)
[名]
a person or thing that is different or distinct from the one or ones already mentioned or implied
provided
(侵害されない限り)
[接]
on the condition or understanding that
これは、政治体制が、契約が侵害されない限り、他者と契約を結ぶことができないという意味ではない。
for in relation to what is external to it, it becomes a simple being, an individual.
in relation to
(に関して)
[前]
with regard to
external
(外部)
[形]
on or from the outside
being
(存在)
[名]
the state or fact of existing
なぜなら、政治体制は、外部との関係においては、単純な存在、つまり個人になるからである。
But the body politic or the Sovereign, drawing its being wholly from the sanctity of the contract, can never bind itself, even to an outsider, to do anything derogatory to the original act, for instance, to alienate any part of itself, or to submit to another Sovereign.
draw
(引き出す)
[動]
pull or move something toward oneself
wholly
(完全に)
[副]
completely
sanctity
(神聖性)
[名]
the state or quality of being holy
outsider
(外部者)
[名]
a person who is not a member of a particular group
derogatory
(損なう)
[形]
showing a critical or disrespectful attitude
original
(元の)
[形]
existing from the beginning
submit
(服従する)
[動]
accept or yield to a superior force or to the authority or will of another person
しかし、政治体制または主権者は、その存在を完全に契約の神聖性から引き出しているので、外部者に対してでさえ、例えば、自分自身の一部を疎外したり、別の主権者に服従したりするなど、元の行為を損なうようなことをするよう自分自身を拘束することはできない。
Violation of the act by which it exists would be self-annihilation; and that which is itself nothing can create nothing.
self-annihilation
(自己消滅)
[名]
the destruction of oneself or itself
政治体制が存在する行為に違反することは、自己消滅であり、それ自体が何物でもないものは、何物も生み出せない。
As soon as this multitude is so united in one body, it is impossible to offend against one of the members without attacking the body, and still more to offend against the body without the members resenting it.
be united
(まとまる)
[動]
be joined or connected
body
(集団)
[名]
a group of people
offend
(攻撃する)
[動]
cause to feel upset, annoyed, or resentful
resent
(憤慨する)
[動]
feel bitter indignation at having been treated unfairly
この集団が一つにまとまると、集団を攻撃せずにその構成員の一人を攻撃することは不可能であり、また、構成員が憤慨せずに集団を攻撃することはさらに不可能である。
Duty and interest therefore equally oblige the two contracting parties to give each other help;
oblige
(義務付ける)
[動]
make someone do something
two
(二つの)
[形]
one more than one
contracting
(契約する)
[形]
becoming shorter or smaller
party
(当事者)
[名]
a person or group involved in a situation or event
give
(助け合う)
[動]
cause someone to have something
help
(助け)
[名]
the action of helping someone by sharing work
したがって、義務と利益は、契約する二つの当事者に互いに助け合うことを等しく義務付けている。
and the same men should seek to combine, in their double capacity, all the advantages dependent upon that capacity.
men
(人々)
[名]
a human being of either sex; a person
should
(べきである)
[助]
used to express obligation, duty, or correctness
seek
(求める)
[動]
try to obtain or achieve
combine
(組み合わせる)
[動]
join or merge
in
(において)
[前]
used to indicate a place, time, or situation
dependent
(依存する)
[形]
relying on someone or something for aid, support, or the like
upon
(において)
[前]
on
that
(その)
[限]
used to identify a specific person or thing observed or heard by the speaker
そして、同じ人々が、二重の能力において、その能力に依存するすべての利点を組み合わせることを求めるべきである。
Again, the Sovereign, being formed wholly of the individuals who compose it, neither has nor can have any interest contrary to theirs;
again
(再び)
[副]
once more; another time
be formed
(形成される)
[動]
be made or created
再び、主権者は、それを構成する個人から完全に形成されているので、彼らの利益に反する利益を有することも、有することもできない。
and consequently the sovereign power need give no guarantee to its subjects, because it is impossible for the body to wish to hurt all its members.
sovereign power
(主権者)
[名]
the supreme authority within a political unit
give no guarantee
(保証を与えない)
[動]
not give a promise or assurance
hurt
(傷つける)
[動]
feel pain in a part of your body
したがって、主権者はその臣民に保証を与える必要はない。なぜなら、集団がその構成員全員を傷つけようと望むことは不可能だからである。
We shall also see later on that It cannot hurt any in particular.
see
(見る)
[動]
perceive with the eyes
later on
(後で)
[副]
at a later time
後でまた見るように、それは特に誰かを傷つけることはできない。
The Sovereign, merely by virtue of what it is, is is always what it should be.
by virtue of
(によって)
[前]
because of
what
(何)
[代]
the thing that
be
(である)
[動]
to exist or live
主権者は、単にそれが何であるかによって、常にそうあるべきものである。
In fact, each individual, as a man, may have a particular will contrary or dissimilar to the general will which he has as a citizen.
in fact
(実際)
[副]
used to introduce a statement that is true or to add emphasis to a statement
may
(かもしれない)
[助]
expressing possibility
particular
(特定の)
[形]
of or relating to a single person, thing, or group
dissimilar
(似ていない)
[形]
not alike; different
general
(一般)
[形]
affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things
実際、各個人は、人間として、市民として持っている一般意志とは反対の、または似ていない特定の意志を持つかもしれない。
His particular interest may speak to him quite differently from the common interest: his absolute and naturally independent existence may make him look upon what he owes to the common cause as a gratuitous contribution, the loss of which will do less harm to others than the payment of it is burdensome to himself;
particular interest
(特定の利益)
[名]
a benefit that is specific to a particular person or group
independent
(独立した)
[形]
not dependent on or connected with others
existence
(存在)
[名]
the fact or state of living or having objective reality
common cause
(共通の原因)
[名]
a goal or purpose that is shared by all members of a group
gratuitous
(無償の)
[形]
given or done free of charge
contribution
(貢献)
[名]
a gift or payment
loss
(損失)
[名]
the fact or process of losing something
harm
(害)
[名]
physical or mental damage or injury
payment
(支払い)
[名]
the action or process of paying someone or something
彼の特定の利益は、共通の利益とは全く異なることを彼に語りかけるかもしれない。彼の絶対的で自然に独立した存在は、彼が共通の原因に負っているものを無償の貢献と見なし、その損失は、支払いが自分にとって負担であるよりも他人に害を与えないかもしれない。
and, regarding the moral person which constitutes the State as a persona ficta, because not a man, he may wish to enjoy the rights of citizenship without being ready to fulfil the duties of a subject.
persona ficta
(人格フィクタ)
[名]
a legal fiction
そして、国家を構成する道徳的人格を人格フィクタと見なし、人間ではないため、臣民の義務を果たす準備ができていなくても、市民権の権利を享受したいと思うかもしれない。
The continuance of such an injustice could not but prove the undoing of the body politic.
injustice
(不正義)
[名]
unfairness
undoing
(崩壊)
[名]
the action of unfastening or loosening something
そのような不正義の継続は、政治体制の崩壊を証明する以外になかった。
In order then that the social compact may not be an empty formula, it tacitly includes the undertaking, which alone can give force to the rest, that whoever refuses to obey the general will shall be compelled to do so by the whole body.
empty formula
(空虚な公式)
[名]
a formula that does not have any meaning or significance
alone
(唯一)
[形]
without any other people or things
give force to
(力を与える)
[動]
to make something more effective or powerful
shall be compelled to
(強制される)
[動]
to be forced to do something
whole body
(全身)
[名]
the entire body of a person or animal
社会契約が空虚な公式にならないように、それは暗黙のうちに、一般意志に従うことを拒否する者は誰でも全身によってそうすることを強制されるという、残りの部分に力を与えることができる唯一の約束を含んでいる。
This means nothing less than that he will be forced to be free;
nothing less than
(に他ならない)
[副]
exactly; precisely
be forced to
(強制される)
[動]
be compelled to do something
be free
(自由になる)
[動]
be able to act or be done without constraint
これは、彼が自由になることを強制されることに他ならない。
for this is the condition which, by giving each citizen to his country, secures him against all personal dependence.
this
(これ)
[代]
the thing that is being discussed
secure
(守る)
[動]
make or keep safe or secure
dependence
(依存)
[名]
the state of relying on or needing someone or something
なぜなら、これは各市民を国に与えることによって、すべての個人的な依存から彼を守る条件だからである。
In this lies the key to the working of the political machine;
lie
(ある)
[動]
be in a certain state or condition
key
(鍵)
[名]
something that is of crucial importance
working
(働き)
[名]
the way in which something operates or functions
political machine
(政治機構)
[名]
a political organization that is highly disciplined and controlled by a boss or small group
ここに政治機構の働きの鍵がある。
this alone legitimizes civil undertakings, which, without it, would be absurd, tyrannical, and liable to the most frightful abuses.
this alone
(これだけ)
[代]
this and nothing else
legitimize
(正当性を与える)
[動]
make lawful or legitimate
civil undertaking
(市民の事業)
[名]
an enterprise or other undertaking carried out for the benefit of the public
liable
(受けることになる)
[形]
responsible by law; legally answerable
frightful
(恐ろしい)
[形]
causing fear or alarm
これだけが市民の事業に正当性を与え、それがなければ、事業は不条理で、暴君的で、最も恐ろしい虐待を受けることになる。