I suppose men to have reached the point at which the obstacles in the way of their preservation in the state of nature show their power of resistance to be greater than the resources at the disposal of each individual for his maintenance in that state.
point
(段階)
[名]
a particular place, especially one with an established purpose
obstacle
(障害)
[名]
something that blocks one's way or prevents or hinders progress
show
(示す)
[動]
demonstrate or exhibit something
resistance
(抵抗)
[名]
the refusal to accept or comply with something
resource
(資源)
[名]
a source of supply or support
disposal
(自由に使える)
[名]
the action or process of getting rid of something
maintenance
(維持)
[名]
the act of keeping something in good condition
私は、人間が自然状態での保存を妨げる障害が、その状態での維持のために各個人が自由に使える資源よりも抵抗力が大きいことを示す段階に達したと思う。
That primitive condition can then subsist no longer;
condition
(状態)
[名]
the state of something
もはやその原始的な状態は存続できない。
and the human race would perish unless it changed its manner of existence.
unless
(~しない限り)
[接]
except if; if not
そして、人類はその存在のあり方を変更しない限り滅びるだろう。
But, as men cannot engender new forces, but only unite and direct existing ones, they have no other means of preserving themselves than the formation, by aggregation, of a sum of forces great enough to overcome the resistance.
engender
(生み出す)
[動]
cause or give rise to
direct
(指揮する)
[動]
control the operations of
formation
(形成)
[名]
the action of forming or producing something
aggregation
(集合)
[名]
a collection or mass of things
sum
(総和)
[名]
the total amount resulting from the addition of two or more numbers, amounts, or items
overcome
(打ち勝つ)
[動]
succeed in dealing with (a problem or difficulty)
しかし、人間は新しい力を生み出すことはできず、既存の力を結集して指揮することしかできないので、抵抗に打ち勝つために十分な力の総和を集合させることによって形成する以外に、自分たちを守る手段はない。
These they have to bring into play by means of a single motive power, and cause to act in concert.
bring into play
(動かす)
[動]
cause to operate or act
single
(単一の)
[形]
only one
motive power
(動力)
[名]
a source of energy that provides the force to move something
act in concert
(協調して行動する)
[動]
act together in a coordinated way
これらを単一の動力によって動かし、協調して行動させる必要がある。
This sum of forces can arise only where several persons come together: but, as the force and liberty of each man are the chief instruments of his self-preservation, how can he pledge them without harming his own interests, and neglecting the care he owes to himself?
several
(複数の)
[形]
more than two but not very many
come together
(集まる)
[動]
come into the company of each other
chief
(主要な)
[形]
most important
self-preservation
(自己保存)
[名]
the protection of oneself from harm or death
pledge
(誓う)
[動]
solemnly promise to do something
harm
(損なう)
[動]
cause damage to
neglect
(怠る)
[動]
fail to care for properly
この力の総和は、複数の人が集まって初めて生じうる。しかし、各人の力と自由は、自己保存の主要な道具であるから、自分の利益を損なったり、自分に対する配慮を怠ったりせずに、どうやってそれを誓うことができるだろうか。
This difficulty, in its bearing on my present subject, may be stated in the following terms—
difficulty
(難題)
[名]
a problem or situation that is difficult to deal with
bearing
(関連)
[名]
the way in which something is related to or connected with something else
present
(現在の)
[形]
existing or happening now
state
(表現)
[動]
express clearly in words
term
(言葉)
[名]
a word or phrase used to describe a thing or to express a concept
この難題は、私の現在の主題に関連して、次のような言葉で表現できる。
“The problem is to find a form of association which will defend and protect with the whole common force the person and goods of each associate, and in which each, while uniting himself with all, may still obey himself alone, and remain as free as before.”
problem
(問題)
[名]
a question raised for inquiry, consideration, or solution
form
(形態)
[名]
the shape of a thing or person
association
(連合)
[名]
an organization of people with a shared interest
defend
(守る)
[動]
resist an attack made on (someone or something)
protect
(保護する)
[動]
keep safe from harm or injury
common
(共同の)
[形]
belonging to or shared by two or more people or things
associate
(構成員)
[名]
a partner or colleague in business or at work
alone
(自分だけ)
[形]
having no one else present
before
(以前)
[副]
earlier or previously
「問題は、各構成員の身体と財産を共同の力で守り保護するような連合の形態を見つけることであり、その中で各人は、自分を全体と結びつけながらも、自分だけに従い、以前と同じように自由でいられるようにすることである。」
This is the fundamental problem of which the Social Contract provides the solution.
fundamental
(根本的な)
[形]
forming a necessary base or core; of central importance
provide
(解決する)
[動]
give or supply
solution
(解決)
[名]
the action of solving a problem or question
これが社会契約が解決する根本的な問題である。
The clauses of this contract are so determined by the nature of the act that the slightest modification would make them vain and ineffective;
clause
(条項)
[名]
a separate and distinct article, stipulation, or provision in a document
contract
(契約)
[名]
a legally binding agreement
slightest
(わずかな)
[形]
very small in degree; inconsiderable
modification
(変更)
[名]
the action of changing something
vain
(無効)
[形]
producing no result; useless
ineffective
(無効)
[形]
not producing the intended or expected result
この契約の条項は、行為の性質によって決定されるので、わずかな変更でも無効になってしまう。
so that, although they have perhaps never been formally set forth, they are everywhere the same and everywhere tacitly admitted and recognised, until, on the violation of the social compact, each regains his original rights and resumes his natural liberty, while losing the conventional liberty in favour of which he renounced it.
set forth
(定める)
[動]
to state or describe in words
everywhere
(どこでも)
[副]
in all places
tacitly
(暗黙のうちに)
[副]
without being expressed or stated
recognise
(認識する)
[動]
to be aware of the existence or truth of
violation
(違反)
[名]
the act of breaking a law, rule, or agreement
favour
(代わりに)
[名]
an act of kindness or helpfulness
そのため、おそらく正式に定められたことはないが、社会契約に違反するまでは、どこでも同じであり、どこでも暗黙のうちに認められ、認識されている。社会契約に違反すると、各人は元の権利を取り戻し、自然の自由を取り戻す一方で、それを放棄した代わりに得た慣習的な自由を失う。
These clauses, properly understood, may be reduced to one—the total alienation of each associate, together with all his rights, to the whole community for, in the first place, as each gives himself absolutely, the conditions are the same for all;
properly
(正しく)
[副]
in a correct manner
understand
(理解する)
[動]
perceive the intended meaning of words, language, or a speaker
reduce
(まとめる)
[動]
make or become smaller or less in amount, degree, or size
total
(完全な)
[形]
complete in amount or degree
alienation
(疎外)
[名]
the state or experience of being isolated from a group or an activity to which one should belong or in which one should be involved
community
(共同体)
[名]
a group of people living in the same place or having a particular characteristic in common
absolutely
(絶対的に)
[副]
in a way that is complete or perfect
これらの条項は、正しく理解すれば、1つにまとめることができる。各構成員のすべての権利とともに、共同体全体への完全な疎外である。まず、各自が絶対的に自分自身を与えるので、条件はすべての人にとって同じである。
and, this being so, no one has any interest in making them burdensome to others.
this
(そうであれば)
[代]
the person or thing that is being discussed or referred to
have any interest in
(関心を持つ)
[動]
be interested in
burdensome
(負担)
[形]
causing hardship or difficulty
to others
(他人に)
[前]
used to indicate the person or thing affected by the action of a verb
そして、そうであれば、誰も他人に負担をかけることに関心を持つことはない。
Moreover, the alienation being without reserve, the union is as perfect as it can be, and no associate has anything more to demand:
moreover
(さらに)
[副]
in addition to what has been said or done
without reserve
(留保なしに)
[副]
without any reservation or hesitation
union
(連合)
[名]
the act of uniting or joining two or more things together
perfect
(完全)
[形]
having all the required or desirable elements, qualities, or characteristics; as good as it is possible to be
demand
(要求)
[動]
ask authoritatively or urgently for something
さらに、疎外は留保なしに行われるので、連合は可能な限り完全であり、構成員は何も要求することはない。
for, if the individuals retained certain rights, as there would be no common superior to decide between them and the public, each, being on one point his own judge, would ask to be so on all;
retain
(保持する)
[動]
keep in one's possession or power
certain
(特定の)
[形]
having a specific but not explicitly stated value
superior
(上位者)
[名]
a person who has a higher rank or position than another
decide
(決定する)
[動]
come to a resolution in the mind as a result of consideration
ask
(要求する)
[動]
say or write something in order to obtain something
なぜなら、もし個人が特定の権利を保持していたら、彼らと公衆の間で決定を下す共通の上位者がいないので、各自はある点では自分の裁判官であり、すべての点でそうであることを要求するだろうからである。
the state of nature would thus continue, and the association would necessarily become inoperative or tyrannical.
inoperative
(機能不全)
[形]
not working or functioning
tyrannical
(暴君的)
[形]
exercising power in a cruel or arbitrary way
こうして自然状態が続き、連合は必然的に機能不全に陥るか、暴君的になるだろう。
Finally, each man, in giving himself to all, gives himself to nobody;
nobody
(誰も)
[代]
no person; not a single person
最後に、各人は、自分をすべてに捧げることによって、誰にも自分を捧げない。
and as there is no associate over whom he does not acquire the same right as he yields others over himself, he gains an equivalent for everything he loses, and an increase of force for the preservation of what he has.
no
(いない)
[限]
not any
associate
(仲間)
[名]
a person who is involved with or connected to another person or group
over
(に対して)
[前]
above or higher than
whom
(誰)
[代]
what or which person
he
(彼)
[代]
a male person or animal that is being talked about
does not
(しない)
[助]
used to form the negative of the present simple tense
acquire
(得る)
[動]
come into possession or ownership of
the same
(同じ)
[限]
being the same one or ones
as
(として)
[接]
used to show that two things are happening at the same time
yields
(与える)
[動]
produce or provide
others
(他人)
[名]
a person other than oneself
gains
(得る)
[動]
come into possession or ownership of
an equivalent
(相当するもの)
[名]
something that is equal in value, amount, or importance to something else
for
(に対して)
[前]
in return for or in exchange for
loses
(失う)
[動]
no longer have something
an increase
(増加)
[名]
the action or fact of becoming or making greater in size or amount
of
(の)
[前]
used to show possession or belonging
for
(のために)
[前]
for the purpose of
the preservation
(維持)
[名]
the action of keeping something in its original state
what
(もの)
[代]
the thing or things that
has
(持っている)
[動]
hold or possess
そして、自分に対して他人に与えるのと同じ権利を獲得しない仲間はいないので、失ったものすべてに相当するものを得て、持っているものを守るための力を増すことになる。
“Each of us puts his person and all his power in common under the supreme direction of the general will, and, in our corporate capacity, we receive each member as an indivisible part of the whole.”
each
(一人一人)
[形]
every one of a group of people or things
put
(置く)
[動]
move something to a specified place
supreme
(最高)
[形]
highest in rank or authority
direction
(指示)
[名]
the management or guidance of a person or group
general will
(一般意志)
[名]
the will of the people as a whole
corporate
(法人)
[形]
relating to a corporation
capacity
(能力)
[名]
the ability to do something
receive
(受け取る)
[動]
be given, presented with, or paid
indivisible
(不可分)
[形]
unable to be divided or separated
「私たち一人一人は、自分の人とすべての力を、一般意志の最高の指示の下に共通のものとし、私たちの法人としての能力において、私たちは各メンバーを全体の不可分な部分として受け取る」
At once, in place of the individual personality of each contracting party, this act of association creates a moral and collective body, composed of as many members as the assembly contains votes, and receiving from this act its unity, its common identity, its life and its will.
at once
(すぐに)
[副]
immediately
in place of
(の代わりに)
[前]
instead of
individual
(個々の)
[形]
single; separate
personality
(人格)
[名]
the combination of characteristics or qualities that form an individual's distinctive character
contracting party
(契約当事者)
[名]
a person or group that has entered into a contract
act of association
(協会行為)
[名]
the act of associating or being associated
collective
(集団的)
[形]
done by or belonging to a group of people
body
(組織)
[名]
a group of people with a particular function
compose
(なる)
[動]
make up; constitute
as many as
(同じ数の)
[限]
the same number of
assembly
(議会)
[名]
a group of people who have been elected to make laws
contain
(投じる)
[動]
have or hold within
vote
(票)
[名]
a formal expression of opinion or choice
identity
(アイデンティティ)
[名]
the fact of being who or what a person or thing is
すぐに、この協会行為は、各契約当事者の個々の人格の代わりに、議会が票を投じるのと同じ数の議員からなる道徳的・集団的な組織を作り、この行為からその統一性、共通のアイデンティティ、生命、意志を受け取る。
This public person, so formed by the union of all other persons, formerly took the name of city, and now takes that of Republic or body politic;
public person
(公人)
[名]
a person who is known to the public
take the name of
(~の名前をとる)
[動]
to be called
city
(都市)
[名]
a large human settlement
republic
(共和国)
[名]
a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly by them
body politic
(政治団体)
[名]
a group of people organized under a single governmental authority
他のすべての人の連合によって形成されたこの公人は、以前は都市の名前をとり、現在は共和国または政治団体の名前をとっている。
it is called by its members State when passive, Sovereign when active, and Power when compared with others like itself.
passive
(受動的)
[形]
not active or energetic
active
(能動的)
[形]
characterized by energetic and forceful action or movement
compare
(比較される)
[動]
estimate, measure, or note the similarity or dissimilarity between
それは、受動的であるときは国家、能動的であるときは主権者、そして自分と同じ他のものと比較されるときは権力と呼ばれる。
Those who are associated in it take collectively the name of people, and severally are called citizens, as sharing in the sovereign power, and subjects, as being under the laws of the State.
be associated with
(関係している)
[動]
be connected with
take
(とる)
[動]
assume or adopt
collectively
(集合的に)
[副]
as a group
severally
(それぞれ)
[副]
separately
be called
(と呼ばれる)
[動]
be named or referred to as
sovereign
(主権)
[名]
supreme power or authority
それに関係している人々は、集合的に人民という名をとり、主権を共有する者として市民と呼ばれ、国家の法律の下にある者として臣民と呼ばれる。
But these terms are often confused and taken one for another: it is enough to know how to distinguish them when they are being used with precision.
often
(しばしば)
[副]
many times; frequently
confuse
(混同する)
[動]
mix up two or more things
take
(混同される)
[動]
to mistake one thing for another
distinguish
(区別する)
[動]
recognize as different
precision
(正確に)
[名]
the quality, condition, or fact of being exact or accurate
しかし、これらの用語はしばしば混同され、互いに混同される。正確に使用されているときに区別する方法を知るだけで十分である。