If an individual, says Grotius, can alienate his liberty and make himself the slave of a master, why could not a whole people do the same and make itself subject to a king?
individual
(個人)
[名]
a single human being as distinguished from a group
alienate
(奪う)
[動]
cause a person to become unfriendly or hostile
whole
(全体)
[形]
all of; the entire
people
(国民)
[名]
the inhabitants of a particular country or area
subject
(従属させる)
[動]
cause to experience or undergo
グロティウスは、もし個人が自分の自由を奪い、自分を主人の奴隷にすることができるのなら、なぜ国民全体が同じことをして、自分を王に従属させることができないのか、と述べている。
There are in this passage plenty of ambiguous words which would need explaining;
passage
(一節)
[名]
a section of a written work
plenty of
(たくさん)
[名]
a lot of
ambiguous
(曖昧な)
[形]
having more than one possible meaning
word
(言葉)
[名]
a unit of language
need
(要する)
[動]
require
explaining
(説明)
[名]
a statement or account that makes something clear
この一節には説明を要する曖昧な言葉がたくさんある。
but let us confine ourselves to the word alienate.
confine
(限定する)
[動]
keep or restrict someone or something within certain limits
しかし、ここでは「奪う」という言葉に限定しよう。
To alienate is to give or to sell.
give
(与える)
[動]
transfer the possession of something to someone
sell
(売る)
[動]
give or hand over in exchange for money
奪うということは、与えること、あるいは売ることである。
Now, a man who becomes the slave of another does not give himself;
Now
(さて)
[副]
at the present time; currently
another
(他人)
[名]
a person other than oneself
give
(差し出す)
[動]
freely transfer the possession of (something) to (someone)
さて、他人の奴隷になる人は、自分を差し出すわけではない。
he sells himself, at the least for his subsistence: but for what does a people sell itself?
subsistence
(生存)
[名]
the condition of remaining in existence; continued existence
彼は、少なくとも自分の生存のために自分を売る。しかし、人々は何のために自分を売るのか?
A king is so far from furnishing his subjects with their subsistence that he gets his own only from them;
so far from
(どころか)
[副]
to the contrary
furnish
(与える)
[動]
supply or provide
subject
(臣民)
[名]
a person who owes allegiance to a monarch or other sovereign
subsistence
(生存の糧)
[名]
the minimum amount of food and shelter necessary to maintain life
only
(だけ)
[副]
and no one or nothing more or else
王は、臣民に生存の糧を与えるどころか、彼らから自分の糧を得ているだけである。
and, according to Rabelais, kings do not live on nothing.
according to
(によれば)
[前]
as stated or reported by
Rabelais
(ラブレー)
[名]
a French Renaissance writer, doctor, and humanist
live on
(食べて生きる)
[動]
to continue to live
そして、ラブレーによれば、王は何も食べずに生きるわけではない。
Do subjects then give their persons on condition that the king takes their goods also?
person
(身)
[名]
a human being regarded as an individual
condition
(条件)
[名]
something that must happen or be done before another thing can happen or be done
take
(奪う)
[動]
move something or someone from one place to another
goods
(財産)
[名]
a thing or things belonging to someone
では、臣民は王が彼らの財産も奪うことを条件に、自分たちの身を差し出すのか?
I fail to see what they have left to preserve.
彼らが何を守るために残したのか、私にはわからない。
It will be said that the despot assures his subjects civil tranquillity.
despot
(専制君主)
[名]
a ruler with absolute power
assure
(保証する)
[動]
make sure or certain
civil
(市民の)
[形]
of or relating to the state or its citizens
tranquillity
(平穏)
[名]
the quality or state of being tranquil
専制君主は臣民に市民の平穏を保証すると言う人もいるだろう。
Granted; but what do they gain, if the wars his ambition brings down upon them, his insatiable avidity, and the vexatious conduct of his ministers press harder on them than their own dissensions would have done?
ambition
(野望)
[名]
a strong desire to achieve something
bring down
(もたらす)
[動]
cause to happen
insatiable
(飽くことのない)
[形]
extremely greedy
avidity
(貪欲さ)
[名]
a strong desire for something
vexatious
(厄介な)
[形]
causing annoyance or worry
conduct
(振る舞い)
[名]
the way in which someone behaves
minister
(大臣)
[名]
a person appointed by a state leader to head a ministry
press
(圧迫する)
[動]
exert force on
hard
(強く)
[副]
with a great deal of force or strength
dissension
(不和)
[名]
disagreement that leads to discord
gain
(得る)
[動]
obtain or secure
認めよう。しかし、もし彼の野望が彼らに戦争をもたらし、彼の飽くことのない貪欲さ、そして彼の大臣たちの厄介な振る舞いが、彼ら自身の不和が彼らに与えたであろうよりも彼らを強く圧迫するならば、彼らは何を得るのか?
What do they gain, if the very tranquillity they enjoy is one of their miseries?
enjoy
(享受する)
[動]
take delight or pleasure in
misery
(悲惨さ)
[名]
a state of great suffering or unhappiness
彼らが享受している平穏そのものが彼らの悲惨さの一つであるならば、彼らは何を得るのか?
Tranquillity is found also in dungeons;
dungeon
(地下牢)
[名]
a dark, damp underground prison cell
平穏は地下牢にも見られる。
but is that enough to make them desirable places to live in?
enough
(十分)
[形]
as much or as many as required
desirable
(望ましい)
[形]
worth having or wanting
place
(場所)
[名]
a particular position, point, or area in space
しかし、それが地下牢を住むのに望ましい場所にするのに十分だろうか?
The Greeks imprisoned in the cave of the Cyclops lived there very tranquilly, while they were awaiting their turn to be devoured.
Cyclops
(キュクロプス)
[名]
a member of a primordial race of giants having a single eye in the middle of the forehead
imprison
(閉じ込める)
[動]
put or keep in prison or a similar place
Greek
(ギリシャ人)
[名]
a native or inhabitant of Greece
live
(暮らす)
[動]
be alive
tranquilly
(平穏に)
[副]
in a calm and peaceful manner
devour
(食う)
[動]
eat up greedily or ravenously
キュクロプスの洞窟に閉じ込められたギリシャ人は、食われる順番を待っている間、そこでとても平穏に暮らしていた。
To say that a man gives himself gratuitously, is to say what is absurd and inconceivable;
gratuitously
(無償で)
[副]
without charge or payment
absurd
(不条理な)
[形]
ridiculously incongruous or inappropriate
inconceivable
(考えられない)
[形]
too unlikely or undesirable to be considered a possibility
人が自分を無償で差し出すと言うのは、不条理で考えられない事を言う事である。
such an act is null and illegitimate, from the mere fact that he who does it is out of his mind.
such
(そのような)
[形]
of the type previously mentioned
act
(行為)
[名]
something that a person or thing does
null
(無効)
[形]
having no legal or binding force
illegitimate
(不法)
[形]
not in accordance with the law
mere
(単なる)
[形]
being only what is stated and nothing more
out of one's mind
(正気でない)
[形]
crazy; insane
そのような行為は、それをする人が正気でないという単なる事実から、無効で不法である。
To say the same of a whole people is to suppose a people of madmen;
same
(同じ)
[形]
not different or other
madmen
(狂人)
[名]
a man who is insane
国民全体について同じ事を言うのは、狂人の国民を想定する事である。
and madness creates no right.
madness
(狂気)
[名]
the state of being mentally ill
そして狂気は権利を生み出さない。
Even if each man could alienate himself, he could not alienate his children: they are born men and free;
even if
(たとえ)
[接]
although; even though
each
(各)
[形]
every one of two or more people or things
himself
(自分)
[代]
the male person who is speaking or writing
could not
(できない)
[助]
be unable to
his
(彼の)
[代]
belonging to or connected with a male person or animal previously mentioned
they
(彼ら)
[代]
people in general
are born
(生まれる)
[動]
come into existence as a living being
たとえ各人が自分を疎外できたとしても、彼は自分の子供を疎外する事はできない。彼らは人間として生まれ、自由である。
their liberty belongs to them, and no one but they has the right to dispose of it.
belong to
(属する)
[動]
be a member of
no one
(誰も)
[代]
not a single person
dispose of
(処分する)
[動]
get rid of
彼らの自由は彼らに属し、彼ら以外の誰もそれを処分する権利を持たない。
Before they come to years of discretion, the father can, in their name, lay down conditions for their preservation and well-being, but he cannot give them, irrevocably and without conditions: such a gift is contrary to the ends of nature, and exceeds the rights of paternity.
come to
(なる)
[動]
reach a certain state or condition
name
(名)
[名]
a word or set of words using which a person is referred to
lay down
(定める)
[動]
establish or enact
well-being
(福祉)
[名]
the state of being happy, healthy, or prosperous
irrevocably
(取り消し不能に)
[副]
in a way that cannot be changed or undone
without
(無く)
[前]
not having or not accompanied by
gift
(贈り物)
[名]
something that is given
contrary
(相反する)
[形]
opposite in nature or character
end
(目的)
[名]
the final part of something
exceed
(超える)
[動]
be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)
彼らが分別のつく年齢になるまでは、父親は彼らの名において、彼らの保護と福祉のための条件を定める事はできるが、取り消し不能に、また無条件に彼らにそれを与える事はできない。そのような贈り物は自然の目的と相反し、父権の権利を超えている。
It would therefore be necessary, in order to legitimise an arbitrary government, that in every generation the people should be in a position to accept or reject it;
It would therefore be necessary
(したがって、必要である)
[動]
be required or essential
in order to
(ために)
[接]
with the purpose of
legitimise
(合法化する)
[動]
make legal or legitimate
arbitrary
(独裁)
[形]
based on random choice or personal whim, rather than any reason or system
government
(政府)
[名]
the group of people with authority to govern it
in every generation
(あらゆる世代において)
[名]
all the people born and living at about the same time, regarded collectively
should be in a position to
(立場に立つ)
[動]
be in a situation to
accept
(受け入れる)
[動]
receive (something offered) willingly
reject
(拒否する)
[動]
refuse to consider or agree to
したがって、独裁政府を合法化するためには、あらゆる世代において、人々がそれを受け入れるか拒否するかの立場に立つ必要がある。
but, were this so, the government would be no longer arbitrary.
be no longer
(もはや〜ない)
[動]
not anymore; not any longer
しかし、そうであれば、政府はもはや独裁ではなくなる。
To renounce liberty is to renounce being a man, to surrender the rights of humanity and even its duties.
renounce
(放棄する)
[動]
formally declare one's abandonment of
surrender
(放棄する)
[動]
give up completely
自由を放棄することは、人間であることを放棄し、人間の権利と義務さえも放棄することである。
For him who renounces everything no indemnity is possible.
everything
(すべて)
[名]
all that exists; all that is
indemnity
(賠償)
[名]
security or protection against a loss or other financial burden
すべてを放棄した者には、賠償は不可能である。
Such a renunciation is incompatible with man's nature;
renunciation
(放棄)
[名]
the formal rejection of something
incompatible
(相容れない)
[形]
unable to exist or work together in harmony
そのような放棄は人間の本性と相容れない。
to remove all liberty from his will is to remove all morality from his acts.
remove
(取り除く)
[動]
take away or off
morality
(道徳)
[名]
a system of moral principles and values
彼の意志からすべての自由を取り除くことは、彼の行為からすべての道徳を取り除くことである。
Finally, it is an empty and contradictory convention that sets up, on the one side, absolute authority, and, on the other, unlimited obedience.
finally
(最後に)
[副]
after all others
empty
(空虚な)
[形]
containing nothing
contradictory
(矛盾した)
[形]
inconsistent with
set up
(定める)
[動]
establish or create
one side
(一方)
[名]
one of two or more parts
absolute
(絶対的な)
[形]
not qualified or diminished in any way; total
authority
(権威)
[名]
the power to command or enforce obedience
other
(他方)
[名]
the remaining one of two or more things
unlimited
(限りない)
[形]
without any limit
最後に、一方では絶対的な権威を、他方では限りない服従を定める、空虚で矛盾した慣習である。
Is it not clear that we can be under no obligation to a person from whom we have the right to exact everything?
be under no obligation
(義務を負うことができない)
[動]
not be required to do something
exact
(強要する)
[動]
demand and obtain by force or authority
私たちがすべてを強要する権利を持つ人に対して、私たちが義務を負うことができないことは明らかではないだろうか?
Does not this condition alone, in the absence of equivalence or exchange, in itself involve the nullity of the act?
absence
(不在)
[名]
the state of being away from a place or person
equivalence
(等価性)
[名]
the state of being equal in value, amount, or importance
exchange
(交換)
[名]
the act of giving one thing and receiving another in return
involve
(伴う)
[動]
have as a necessary part or result
nullity
(無効性)
[名]
the state of being legally invalid
等価性や交換がない場合、この条件だけで行為の無効性を伴うのではないだろうか?
For what right can my slave have against me, when all that he has belongs to me, and, his right being mine, this right of mine against myself is a phrase devoid of meaning?
belong
(属する)
[動]
be a member of or be connected with
devoid
(欠く)
[形]
completely lacking or empty of
私の奴隷が私に対してどんな権利を持つことができるだろうか、彼が持つすべてが私のものであり、彼の権利が私のものであるとき、私自身に対するこの私の権利は意味のない言葉である。
Grotius and the rest find in war another origin for the so-called right of slavery.
rest
(他の人々)
[名]
the remaining part of something
find
(見出す)
[動]
discover or notice
another
(別の)
[形]
different from the one already mentioned
origin
(起源)
[名]
the point or place where something begins, arises, or is derived
グロティウスや他の人々は、戦争の中に奴隷制の権利と呼ばれるものの別の起源を見出している。
The victor having, as they hold, the right of killing the vanquished, the latter can buy back his life at the price of his liberty;
victor
(勝利者)
[名]
a person who defeats an enemy or opponent in a battle, game, or other competition
hold
(言う)
[動]
to state as an opinion
kill
(殺す)
[動]
to cause the death of
vanquished
(敗北者)
[名]
a person who has been defeated in a battle or other contest
latter
(敗北者)
[名]
the second of two people or things mentioned
buy back
(買い戻す)
[動]
to buy something that one has previously sold
life
(命)
[名]
the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death
勝利者は、彼らが言うように、敗北者を殺す権利を持っているので、敗北者は彼の自由を代償に彼の命を買い戻すことができる。
and this convention is the more legitimate because it is to the advantage of both parties.
convention
(協定)
[名]
a general agreement about how things should be done
そして、この協定は両当事者に利益をもたらすものであるため、より正当なものである。
But it is clear that this supposed right to kill the conquered is by no means deducible from the state of war.
conquer
(征服する)
[動]
overcome and take control of a country or area by force
しかし、征服者を殺すというこの想定される権利は、戦争状態からは決して推論できないことは明らかである。
Men, from the mere fact that, while they are living in their primitive independence, they have no mutual relations stable enough to constitute either the state of peace or the state of war, cannot be naturally enemies.
the mere fact that
(単なる事実)
[名]
the fact that
while
(間に)
[接]
during the time that
primitive
(原始的な)
[形]
relating to the earliest period in the history of humankind
have no
(持たない)
[動]
not have
mutual
(相互の)
[形]
shared by two or more parties
relation
(関係)
[名]
the state of being connected or related
stable
(安定した)
[形]
not likely to change or fail
constitute
(構成する)
[動]
be a part of
state
(状態)
[名]
the condition of something
peace
(平和)
[名]
a state of tranquility or quiet
cannot
(できない)
[助]
be unable to
enemy
(敵)
[名]
a person who is actively opposed or hostile to someone or something
人間は、原始的な独立生活を送っている間は、平和状態や戦争状態を構成するほど安定した相互関係を持たないという単なる事実から、自然に敵対することはできない。
War is constituted by a relation between things, and not between persons;
thing
(物事)
[名]
an object that one need not, cannot, or does not wish to give a specific name to
戦争は、人の間ではなく、物事の間の関係によって構成される。
and, as the state of war cannot arise out of simple personal relations, but only out of real relations, private war, or war of man with man, can exist neither in the state of nature, where there is no constant property, nor in the social state, where everything is under the authority of the laws.
state of war
(戦争状態)
[名]
a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state
arise
(生じる)
[動]
come into existence or prominence
simple
(単純な)
[形]
easy to understand or do
personal
(個人の)
[形]
of or concerning a particular person
real
(現実の)
[形]
existing or happening in fact or actuality
private
(私的な)
[形]
belonging to or for the use of one particular person or group of people only
neither
(どちらも~ない)
[接]
not either; not one nor the other
state of nature
(自然状態)
[名]
the hypothetical condition of humankind before the existence of society and government
constant
(不変の)
[形]
non-varying
property
(財産)
[名]
a thing or things belonging to someone; possessions collectively
social state
(社会状態)
[名]
the condition of a society or a group of people
under the authority of
(~の権威の下で)
[前]
under the control of
law
(法)
[名]
the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties
そして、戦争状態は単純な個人関係から生じることはできず、現実の関係からのみ生じるので、私戦、つまり人間同士の戦争は、不変の財産がない自然状態にも、すべてが法の権威の下にある社会状態にも存在し得ない。
Individual combats, duels and encounters, are acts which cannot constitute a state;
combat
(戦闘)
[名]
a fight, especially a violent one, between two or more people or groups
duel
(決闘)
[名]
a prearranged fight between two people with deadly weapons in the presence of witnesses
encounter
(遭遇)
[名]
an unexpected or casual meeting with someone or something
個人の戦闘、決闘、遭遇は、国家を構成することができない行為である。
while the private wars, authorised by the Establishments of Louis IX, King of France, and suspended by the Peace of God, are abuses of feudalism, in itself an absurd system if ever there was one, and contrary to the principles of natural right and to all good polity.
private war
(私戦)
[名]
a war between private entities
Louis IX
(ルイ九世)
[名]
King of France from 1226 to 1270
France
(フランス)
[名]
a country in western Europe
Peace of God
(神の平和)
[名]
a movement in medieval Europe that sought to limit the violence of feudal society
feudalism
(封建制)
[名]
the social system in medieval Europe in which people were given land and protection by a lord in return for loyalty and service
abuse
(悪用)
[名]
the improper use of something
natural right
(自然権)
[名]
a right that is believed to be inherent in human beings
polity
(政体)
[名]
a form or system of government
一方、フランス国王ルイ九世の制定法によって認められ、神の平和によって中断された私戦は、封建制の悪用であり、それ自体が不条理な制度であり、自然権の原則とすべての善政に反している。
War then is a relation, not between man and man, but between State and State, and individuals are enemies only accidentally, not as men, nor even as citizens, but as soldiers;
accidentally
(偶然に)
[副]
by chance; without intention or design
soldier
(兵士)
[名]
one engaged in military service and especially in the army
戦争は、人と人の間ではなく、国家と国家との間の関係であり、個人は、人間としてではなく、市民としてでもなく、兵士として、偶然にのみ敵となる。
not as members of their country, but as its defenders.
country
(自国)
[名]
the nation in which one is born or has legal citizenship
defender
(擁護者)
[名]
someone who defends or supports something
自国の一員としてではなく、その擁護者としてである。
Finally, each State can have for enemies only other States, and not men;
other
(他の)
[形]
the remaining one or ones of two or more people or things
have
(持つ)
[動]
possess, own, or hold
最後に、各国家は敵として他の国家だけを持つことができ、人間を持つことはできない。
for between things disparate in nature there can be no real relation.
between
(間に)
[前]
in the space or interval that separates two places, people, or objects
disparate
(異なる)
[形]
essentially different in kind; dissimilar
なぜなら、本質的に異なるものの間には、本当の関係はあり得ないからである。
Furthermore, this principle is in conformity with the established rules of all times and the constant practice of all civilised peoples.
furthermore
(さらに)
[副]
in addition; moreover
principle
(原則)
[名]
a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behaviour or for a chain of reasoning
conformity
(適合)
[名]
the action of conforming; compliance
established rule
(確立された規則)
[名]
a rule that has been established
all times
(あらゆる時代)
[名]
all the time; always
constant practice
(絶え間ない実践)
[名]
the action of practising something regularly
civilised people
(文明人)
[名]
a person who lives in a civilised society
さらに、この原則は、あらゆる時代の確立された規則と、あらゆる文明人の絶え間ない実践に適合している。
Declarations of war are intimations less to powers than to their subjects.
declaration
(宣言)
[名]
a formal statement
intimation
(通告)
[名]
a formal notice or announcement
power
(権力者)
[名]
a person or thing having great authority or influence
宣戦布告は、権力者に対するよりも、その臣民に対する通告である。
The foreigner, whether king, individual, or people, who robs, kills or detains the subjects, without declaring war on the prince, is not an enemy, but a brigand.
foreigner
(外国人)
[名]
a person from a foreign country
rob
(略奪する)
[動]
take property unlawfully from a person or place by force or threat of force
kill
(殺害する)
[動]
cause the death of
detain
(拘束する)
[動]
keep in custody
prince
(君主)
[名]
the son of a king or queen
declare war
(宣戦布告する)
[動]
make a formal declaration of war against
王であれ、個人であれ、国民であれ、君主に宣戦布告せずに臣民を略奪したり、殺害したり、拘束したりする外国人は、敵ではなく、強盗である。
Even in real war, a just prince, while laying hands, in the enemy's country, on all that belongs to the public, respects the lives and goods of individuals: he respects rights on which his own are founded.
even in
(においても)
[副]
in spite of
real
(実際の)
[形]
not imaginary; having objective existence
just
(正義の)
[形]
based on or behaving according to what is morally right and fair
lay hands on
(手をかける)
[動]
to touch or handle
country
(国)
[名]
a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
respect
(尊重する)
[動]
to have due regard for the feelings, wishes, rights, or traditions of
good
(財産)
[名]
a tangible item that is owned
found
(基礎となっている)
[動]
to establish or originate
実際の戦争においても、正義の君主は、敵国において、公衆に属するすべてのものに手をかける一方で、個人の生命と財産を尊重する。彼は、自分自身の権利の基礎となっている権利を尊重する。
The object of the war being the destruction of the hostile State, the other side has a right to kill its defenders, while they are bearing arms;
object
(目的)
[名]
the purpose or aim of something
destruction
(破壊)
[名]
the action or process of causing so much damage to something that it no longer exists or cannot be repaired
hostile
(敵対的な)
[形]
showing or feeling opposition or dislike
other side
(相手側)
[名]
the other party in a dispute or contest
weapon
(武器)
[名]
a thing that is used to cause bodily harm or physical damage
戦争の目的は敵国の破壊であるから、相手側は、その防衛者たちが武器を携帯している間は、彼らを殺す権利がある。
but as soon as they lay them down and surrender, they cease to be enemies or instruments of the enemy, and become once more merely men, whose life no one has any right to take.
lay down
(捨てる)
[動]
put something down
surrender
(降伏する)
[動]
give up
instrument
(道具)
[名]
a tool or implement
once more
(再び)
[副]
one more time
merely
(ただ)
[副]
only
しかし、彼らが武器を捨てて降伏するとすぐに、彼らは敵や敵の道具ではなくなり、再びただの人となり、誰もその命を奪う権利はない。
Sometimes it is possible to kill the State without killing a single one of its members;
sometimes
(時には)
[副]
occasionally; at times
single
(一人)
[形]
only one; not one of several
時には、その構成員を一人たりとも殺さずに国家を殺すことも可能である。
and war gives no right which is not necessary to the gaining of its object.
necessary
(必要)
[形]
being essential, indispensable, or requisite
そして、戦争は、その目的を達成するために必要でない権利を与えることはない。
These principles are not those of Grotius: they are not based on the authority of poets, but derived from the nature of reality and based on reason.
poet
(詩人)
[名]
a person who writes poems
reality
(現実)
[名]
the state of things as they actually exist, as opposed to an idealistic or notional idea of them
reason
(理性)
[名]
the power of the mind to think, understand, and form judgments by a process of logic
これらの原理はグロティウスの原理ではない。それらは詩人の権威に基づくものではなく、現実の本質に由来し、理性に基づくものである。
The right of conquest has no foundation other than the right of the strongest.
conquest
(征服)
[名]
the subjugation and assumption of control of a place or people by military force
foundation
(根拠)
[名]
a basis on which something is founded or built
strongest
(最強)
[形]
of great physical power
征服権は、最強者の権利以外に根拠はない。
If war does not give the conqueror the right to massacre the conquered peoples, the right to enslave them cannot be based upon a right which does not exist
conqueror
(征服者)
[名]
a person who conquers a country or area
massacre
(虐殺)
[名]
the killing of a large number of people
enslave
(奴隷にする)
[動]
make a slave of
戦争が征服者に征服された人々を虐殺する権利を与えないならば、彼らを奴隷にする権利は存在しない権利に基づくことはできない。
No one has a right to kill an enemy except when he cannot make him a slave, and the right to enslave him cannot therefore be derived from the right to kill him.
right to kill
(殺す権利)
[名]
the right to cause the death of someone or something
right to enslave
(奴隷にする権利)
[名]
the right to make someone a slave
derive
(派生する)
[動]
obtain something from a specified source
敵を奴隷にできない場合を除いて、誰も敵を殺す権利を持たず、したがって、敵を奴隷にする権利は、敵を殺す権利から派生することはできない。
It is accordingly an unfair exchange to make him buy at the price of his liberty his life, over which the victor holds no right.
accordingly
(したがって)
[副]
as a result; consequently
price
(代償)
[名]
the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something
したがって、勝利者が権利を持たない命を、自由を代償に買わせるのは不公平な取引である。
Is it not clear that there is a vicious circle in founding the right of life and death on the right of slavery, and the right of slavery on the right of life and death?
death
(死)
[名]
the end of all biological functions that sustain a living organism
found
(基礎づける)
[動]
establish or originate
vicious circle
(悪循環)
[名]
a situation in which an attempt to solve a problem makes the original problem worse
生死の権利を奴隷の権利に、奴隷の権利を生死の権利に基礎づけることには、悪循環があることは明らかではないだろうか。
Even if we assume this terrible right to kill everybody, I maintain that a slave made in war, or a conquered people, is under no obligation to a master, except to obey him as far as he is compelled to do so.
assume
(認める)
[動]
suppose to be the case, without proof
everybody
(誰か)
[名]
every person
compel
(強制する)
[動]
force or oblige (someone) to do something
たとえ誰かを殺すというこの恐ろしい権利を認めたとしても、私は戦争で作られた奴隷や征服された人々は、強制される限り主人に従うことを除いて、主人に対して何の義務も負わないと主張する。
By taking an equivalent for his life, the victor has not done him a favour;
equivalent
(相当するもの)
[名]
something equal in value, amount, function, meaning, etc.
favour
(恩恵)
[名]
a kind act or a special privilege or right
勝利者は、彼の命に相当するものを奪ったことで、彼に恩恵を与えたわけではない。
instead of killing him without profit, he has killed him usefully.
instead of
(代わりに)
[前]
as an alternative to
profit
(利益)
[名]
a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
usefully
(有益に)
[副]
in a way that is helpful or beneficial
勝利者は、彼を無益に殺す代わりに、有益に殺したのである。
So far then is he from acquiring over him any authority in addition to that of force, that the state of war continues to subsist between them: their mutual relation is the effect of it, and the usage of the right of war does not imply a treaty of peace.
so far
(これまでのところ)
[副]
to the extent or degree previously mentioned
acquire
(獲得する)
[動]
to gain or get as one's own
in addition to
(に加えて)
[前]
as well as; besides
continue
(続ける)
[動]
to keep on doing something
subsist
(存続する)
[動]
to continue to exist
usage
(行使)
[名]
the action of using something
right of war
(戦争権)
[名]
the right to wage war
imply
(意味する)
[動]
to indicate or suggest without being explicitly stated
treaty of peace
(和平条約)
[名]
a treaty that ends a war
だから、勝利者は、力による権威以外に、彼に対して何の権威も獲得していないので、戦争状態は彼らの間に存続し続け、彼らの相互関係はその結果であり、戦争権の行使は和平条約を意味するものではない。
A convention has indeed been made;
indeed
(確かに)
[副]
really; truly; certainly
make
(結ぶ)
[動]
form or create
確かに協定は結ばれた。
but this convention, so far from destroying the state of war, presupposes its continuance.
destroying
(破壊する)
[動]
cause so much damage to that it no longer exists or cannot be repaired
presupposes
(前提とする)
[動]
take for granted or as a given
continuance
(継続)
[名]
the action of carrying on with something
しかし、この協定は、戦争状態を破壊するどころか、その継続を前提としている。
So, from whatever aspect we regard the question, the right of slavery is null and void, not only as being illegitimate, but also because it is absurd and meaningless.
aspect
(側面)
[名]
a particular part or feature of something
regard
(考える)
[動]
think of or consider in a specified way
null and void
(無効である)
[形]
of no legal or binding force or effect
meaningless
(無意味である)
[形]
having no meaning or significance
だから、この問題をどんな側面から見ても、奴隷制の権利は、非合法であるだけでなく、不条理で無意味であるために、無効である。
The words slave and right contradict each other, and are mutually exclusive.
contradict
(矛盾する)
[動]
be in conflict with
each other
(互いに)
[代]
one another
mutually exclusive
(相容れない)
[形]
not able to exist or be true at the same time
奴隷と権利という言葉は互いに矛盾し、相容れない。
It will always be equally foolish for a man to say to a man or to a people: “I make with you a convention wholly at your expense and wholly to my advantage;
people
(民族)
[名]
a group of persons living in a particular country or area
expense
(損害)
[名]
a cost incurred in making or doing something
ある人が、ある人やある民族に向かって、「私はあなたと、あなたに損害を与え、私に利益をもたらす協定を結ぶ。
I shall keep it as long as I like, and you will keep it as long as I like.”
keep
(守る)
[動]
continue to have, do, or be
as long as
(好きなだけ)
[接]
for the whole time that
like
(好きな)
[動]
find agreeable, enjoyable, or satisfactory
私はそれを好きなだけ守り、あなたも私が好きなだけ守るだろう」と言うのは、いつでも同じように愚かなことである。