The most ancient of all societies, and the only one that is natural is the family: and even so the children remain attached to the father only so long as they need him for their preservation.
ancient
(古い)
[形]
belonging to the very distant past
natural
(自然な)
[形]
existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind
family
(家族)
[名]
a group of people who are related to each other
even so
(それでも)
[副]
despite that; notwithstanding
child
(子供)
[名]
a young human being below the age of puberty or below the legal age of majority
remain
(残る)
[動]
be left after others have gone
attached
(執着している)
[形]
joined or connected
father
(父親)
[名]
a man who has a child
only so long as
(だけ)
[副]
only to the extent or degree that
need
(必要とする)
[動]
require (something) because it is essential or very important
すべての社会の中で最も古く、唯一自然なものは家族である。それでも、子供たちは自分の保護のために父親を必要としている間だけ父親に執着している。
As soon as this need ceases, the natural bond is dissolved.
as soon as
(とすぐに)
[接]
immediately after
need
(必要性)
[名]
a requirement for something
cease
(なくなる)
[動]
come to an end
bond
(絆)
[名]
a connection or link between people or things
この必要性がなくなるとすぐに、自然な絆は解消される。
The children, released from the obedience they owed to the father, and the father, released from the care he owed his children, return equally to independence.
release
(解放される)
[動]
set or let go free
obedience
(従う義務)
[名]
the quality or state of being obedient
care
(世話)
[名]
the provision of what is necessary for the health, welfare, maintenance, and protection of someone or something
return
(戻る)
[動]
go or come back to a place or person
independence
(独立)
[名]
the quality or state of being independent
子供たちは父親に従う義務から解放され、父親は子供たちの世話から解放され、平等に独立する。
If they remain united, they continue so no longer naturally, but voluntarily;
united
(団結した)
[形]
joined or connected as one
continue
(続く)
[動]
keep doing something
naturally
(自然に)
[副]
in a natural manner
voluntarily
(自発的に)
[副]
out of your own free will
彼らが団結したままであれば、それはもはや自然ではなく自発的なものである。
and the family itself is then maintained only by convention.
itself
(それ自体)
[代]
used to emphasize the identity of the subject
maintain
(維持する)
[動]
cause to continue or be in a certain state
そして、家族そのものは慣習によってのみ維持される。
This common liberty results from the nature of man.
result
(生じる)
[動]
be the outcome or consequence of
nature
(本性)
[名]
the basic or inherent features, character, or qualities of something
この共通の自由は人間の本性から生じる。
His first law is to provide for his own preservation, his first cares are those which he owes to himself;
law
(法則)
[名]
a statement of fact, deduced from observation, to the effect that a particular natural or scientific phenomenon always occurs if certain conditions be present
provide
(準備する)
[動]
make available for use; supply
preservation
(保存)
[名]
the act of keeping something in its original state
care
(関心事)
[名]
a worry or a cause of worry
owe
(負っている)
[動]
have an obligation to pay or repay in return for something received
彼の最初の法則は、自分自身の保存を準備することであり、彼の最初の関心事は、彼が自分自身に負っているものである。
and, as soon as he reaches years of discretion, he is the sole judge of the proper means of preserving himself, and consequently becomes his own master.
reach
(達する)
[動]
arrive at a destination
year
(年齢)
[名]
the time it takes the earth to make one revolution around the sun
discretion
(分別)
[名]
the quality of being discreet
sole
(唯一の)
[形]
being the only one
judge
(裁判官)
[名]
a public official who hears and decides cases in a court of law
proper
(適切な)
[形]
suitable or right for the purpose
means
(手段)
[名]
a method, style, or manner of doing something
preserve
(守る)
[動]
keep in its original state
consequently
(その結果)
[副]
as a result
become
(なる)
[動]
come to be
own
(自身の)
[形]
belonging to (the person or thing mentioned)
そして、彼が分別の年齢に達するとすぐに、彼は自分自身を守るための適切な手段の唯一の裁判官となり、その結果、彼自身の主人となる。
The family then may be called the first model of political societies: the ruler corresponds to the father, and the people to the children;
call
(呼ぶ)
[動]
give a name to
model
(モデル)
[名]
a person who is employed to display clothes by wearing them
political
(政治的)
[形]
of or relating to government, a government, or the conduct of government
ruler
(支配者)
[名]
a person exercising government or dominion
children
(子供たち)
[名]
a son or daughter of any age
家族は政治社会の最初のモデルと呼ぶことができる。支配者は父親に、人々は子供たちに相当する。
and all, being born free and equal, alienate their liberty only for their own advantage.
and all
(そして、すべて)
[接]
and everything
equal
(平等)
[形]
the same in quantity, size, value, or status
alienate
(疎外する)
[動]
cause to feel isolated or estranged
そして、すべては自由で平等に生まれ、自分たちの利益のためだけに自由を疎外する。
The whole difference is that, in the family, the love of the father for his children repays him for the care he takes of them, while, in the State, the pleasure of commanding takes the place of the love which the chief cannot have for the peoples under him.
difference
(違い)
[名]
the state or fact of being different
love
(愛情)
[名]
a strong feeling of affection
children
(子供)
[名]
a young human being below the age of puberty or below the legal age of majority
repay
(見返り)
[動]
pay back
pleasure
(喜び)
[名]
a feeling of happy satisfaction and enjoyment
take the place of
(取って代わる)
[動]
be used or act instead of
chief
(首長)
[名]
the head of a tribe or other social group
全体的な違いは、家族では、父親の子供への愛情が、父親が子供を世話する見返りになっているのに対し、国家では、命令する喜びが、首長が部下に対して持つことのできない愛情に取って代わっていることである。
Grotius denies that all human power is established in favour of the governed, and quotes slavery as an example.
Grotius
(グロティウス)
[名]
a Dutch jurist
deny
(否定する)
[動]
state that one does not hold a particular opinion or belief
all
(すべての)
[限]
the whole quantity or extent of
human
(人間の)
[形]
of or relating to humankind
power
(権力)
[名]
the ability to do or act
establish
(確立する)
[動]
set up or lay the foundations of
favour
(有利に)
[名]
an act of kindness beyond what is usual or expected
governed
(被支配者)
[名]
a person who is governed
quote
(例に挙げる)
[動]
repeat a passage from a book, speech, or other source
slavery
(奴隷制)
[名]
the condition of a slave; bondage
グロティウスは、すべての人間の権力が被支配者に有利に確立されていることを否定し、奴隷制を例に挙げている。
His usual method of reasoning is constantly to establish right by fact.
usual
(通常の)
[形]
happening or done often or regularly
method
(方法)
[名]
a way of doing something
reasoning
(推論)
[名]
the process of thinking about something in a logical way in order to form a conclusion or judgment
constantly
(常に)
[副]
continuously over a period of time; always
fact
(事実)
[名]
a thing that is known or proved to be true
彼の通常の推論方法は、常に事実によって権利を確立することである。
It would be possible to employ a more logical method, but none could be more favourable to tyrants.
be possible
(可能である)
[動]
be able to be done
employ
(採用する)
[動]
use or apply
logical
(論理的)
[形]
of or according to the rules of logic or formal argument
tyrant
(暴君)
[名]
a cruel and oppressive ruler
もっと論理的な方法を採用することも可能だろうが、暴君にとってこれ以上好都合な方法はない。
It is then, according to Grotius, doubtful whether the human race belongs to a hundred men, or that hundred men to the human race: and, throughout his book, he seems to incline to the former alternative, which is also the view of Hobbes.
doubtful
(疑わしい)
[形]
questionable; uncertain
human race
(人類)
[名]
the human species
hundred
(百)
[名]
the number 100
book
(著書)
[名]
a written work or composition that has been published
incline
(傾く)
[動]
be disposed or willing
former
(前者)
[形]
the first of two or more things mentioned
alternative
(選択肢)
[名]
one of two or more available possibilities
Hobbes
(ホッブズ)
[名]
Thomas Hobbes, an English philosopher, best known today for his work on political philosophy
グロティウスによれば、人類が百人の人間に属するのか、百人の人間が人類に属するのか、疑わしいということになる。そして、彼の著書全体を通して、彼は前者の選択肢に傾いているように思われるが、それはホッブズの見解でもある。
On this showing, the human species is divided into so many herds of cattle, each with its ruler, who keeps guard over them for the purpose of devouring them.
on this showing
(この見解によれば)
[句]
according to this view
human species
(人類)
[名]
the human race
divide
(分ける)
[動]
separate into parts
cattle
(牛)
[名]
a large domesticated ungulate
herd
(群れ)
[名]
a large group of animals
keep guard
(見張る)
[動]
watch over
devour
(貪り食う)
[動]
eat greedily
この見解によれば、人類は非常に多くの牛の群れに分けられ、それぞれに支配者がいて、彼らを貪り食うために見張っている。
As a shepherd is of a nature superior to that of his flock, the shepherds of men, i.e. their rulers, are of a nature superior to that of the peoples under them.
shepherd
(羊飼い)
[名]
a person who looks after sheep
flock
(群れ)
[名]
a large group of birds, sheep, or other animals
superior
(優れた)
[形]
higher in rank, status, or quality
under
(下に)
[前]
below or beneath
羊飼いがその群れよりも優れた性質を持つように、人間の羊飼い、つまり支配者は、その下にいる人々よりも優れた性質を持つ。
Thus, Philo tells us, the Emperor Caligula reasoned, concluding equally well either that kings were gods, or that men were beasts.
Philo
(フィロン)
[名]
a Hellenistic Jewish philosopher
tell
(言う)
[動]
communicate with words
Emperor Caligula
(カリグラ皇帝)
[名]
the third Roman emperor
reason
(推論する)
[動]
think, understand, and form judgments by a process of logic
conclude
(結論づける)
[動]
reach a decision or form an opinion about something
equally
(等しく)
[副]
in the same way or to the same degree
king
(王)
[名]
the male ruler of an independent state
god
(神)
[名]
a superhuman being or spirit worshiped as having power over nature or human fortunes; a deity
man
(人間)
[名]
an adult male human being
beast
(獣)
[名]
an animal other than a human being
フィロンによれば、カリグラ皇帝は、王は神であるか、人間は獣であるかのどちらかであると結論づけたという。
The reasoning of Caligula agrees with that of Hobbes and Grotius.
Caligula
(カリグラ)
[名]
the third Roman emperor
カリグラの推論はホッブズとグロティウスの推論と一致する。
Aristotle, before any of them, had said that men are by no means equal naturally, but that some are born for slavery, and others for dominion.
Aristotle
(アリストテレス)
[名]
a Greek philosopher and polymath during the Classical period in Ancient Greece
any
(誰よりも)
[限]
one, some, or all indiscriminately of whatever quantity
by no means
(決して)
[副]
not at all; in no way
naturally
(生まれつき)
[副]
by nature; inherently
some
(ある者)
[限]
an unspecified number or amount of
slavery
(奴隷)
[名]
a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them
other
(ある者)
[限]
used to refer to a person or thing that is different or distinct from one already mentioned or known about
dominion
(支配者)
[名]
sovereignty; control
アリストテレスは、彼らの誰よりも前に、人間は決して生まれつき平等ではなく、ある者は奴隷として、またある者は支配者として生まれると述べた。
Aristotle was right; but he took the effect for the cause.
right
(正しい)
[形]
correct or true
take
(捉える)
[動]
to interpret or understand in a particular way
cause
(原因)
[名]
a person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or condition
アリストテレスは正しかったが、彼は原因と結果を逆に捉えた。
Nothing can be more certain than that every man born in slavery is born for slavery.
nothing
(何も)
[名]
not anything; no single thing
can be
(あり得る)
[助]
be possible or likely
more
(もっと)
[副]
to a greater extent
certain
(確かな)
[形]
known or proved to be true
every
(すべての)
[限]
each and all of a group
born
(生まれた)
[動]
come into existence
for
(ために)
[前]
with the object or purpose of
奴隷として生まれた人は皆、奴隷として生まれたということ以上に確かなことはない。
Slaves lose everything in their chains, even the desire of escaping from them: they love their servitude, as the comrades of Ulysses loved their brutish condition.
lose
(失う)
[動]
be deprived of or cease to have or retain
desire
(欲望)
[名]
a strong feeling of wanting to have something or wishing for something to happen
escape
(逃れる)
[動]
get free from a situation
servitude
(奴隷の身分)
[名]
the state of being a slave
Ulysses
(ユリシーズ)
[名]
a legendary Greek hero
comrade
(仲間)
[名]
a friend or companion
brutish
(獣のような)
[形]
like a wild animal
奴隷は鎖につながれて全てを失い、鎖から逃れたいという欲望さえも失う。彼らは、ユリシーズの仲間が獣のような状態を愛したように、奴隷の身分を愛する。
If then there are slaves by nature, it is because there have been slaves against nature.
if
(もし)
[接]
on the condition or supposition that; in the event that
there are
(いる)
[動]
exist
by nature
(生まれつき)
[副]
naturally; inherently
there have been
(いた)
[動]
exist in the past
against nature
(自然に反した)
[形]
unnatural; abnormal
だから、もし生まれつきの奴隷がいるとすれば、それは自然に反した奴隷がいたためである。
Force made the first slaves, and their cowardice perpetuated the condition.
make
(作る)
[動]
cause to exist or happen
cowardice
(臆病さ)
[名]
lack of courage or bravery
perpetuate
(永続させる)
[動]
cause to continue or last indefinitely
力は最初の奴隷を作り、彼らの臆病さはその状態を永続させた。
I have said nothing of King Adam, or Emperor Noah, father of the three great monarchs who shared out the universe, like the children of Saturn, whom some scholars have recognised in them.
King Adam
(アダム王)
[名]
the first man in the Bible
Emperor Noah
(ノア皇帝)
[名]
the builder of the Ark in the Bible
father
(父)
[名]
a male parent
three
(三人)
[数]
the number 3
great
(偉大な)
[形]
of major significance or importance
monarch
(君主)
[名]
the head of a monarchy
share
(共有する)
[動]
have or use something at the same time as someone else
universe
(宇宙)
[名]
all existing matter and space considered as a whole; the cosmos
Saturn
(土星)
[名]
the sixth planet from the sun
scholar
(学者)
[名]
a specialist in a particular branch of study
recognise
(認める)
[動]
be aware of the existence or truth of
私は、アダム王やノア皇帝については何も言っていない。彼らは、一部の学者が彼らの中に認めている土星の子供たちのように、宇宙を共有した三人の偉大な君主の父である。
I trust to getting due thanks for my moderation;
trust
(信じる)
[動]
believe in the reliability, truth, or ability of
get
(得る)
[動]
receive
due
(正当な)
[形]
proper or appropriate
thanks
(感謝)
[名]
gratitude
moderation
(節度)
[名]
the quality of being moderate; restraint
私は自分の節度に対して正当な感謝を得ると信じている。
for, being a direct descendant of one of these princes, perhaps of the eldest branch, how do I know that a verification of titles might not leave me the legitimate king of the human race?
for
(というのも)
[接]
because
being
(である)
[動]
exist or live
direct descendant
(直系の子孫)
[名]
a person who is descended directly from another
one
(一人)
[名]
the lowest cardinal number
these
(これらの)
[限]
the ones that are here
perhaps
(おそらく)
[副]
possibly
eldest
(長男)
[形]
the oldest
branch
(分家)
[名]
a division of a family that is descended from a particular ancestor
how
(どうして)
[副]
in what way or manner
know
(わかる)
[動]
be aware of
verification
(検証)
[名]
the process of establishing the truth, accuracy, or validity of something
title
(称号)
[名]
a name that describes someone's position or job
might
(かもしれない)
[助]
expressing possibility
leave
(ならない)
[動]
go away from a place
me
(私)
[代]
the person who is speaking or writing
というのも、私はこれらの王子の一人、おそらくは長男の直系の子孫なので、称号の検証によって私が人類の正当な王にならないとどうしてわかるだろうか?
In any case, there can be no doubt that Adam was sovereign of the world, as Robinson Crusoe was of his island, as long as he was its only inhabitant;
in any case
(いずれにせよ)
[副]
whatever the circumstances
there can be no doubt
(疑いようがない)
[動]
be certain
Adam
(アダム)
[名]
the first man
Robinson Crusoe
(ロビンソン・クルーソー)
[名]
the protagonist of Daniel Defoe's novel Robinson Crusoe
island
(島)
[名]
a piece of land surrounded by water
inhabitant
(住人)
[名]
a person who lives in a particular place
world
(世界)
[名]
the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on
いずれにせよ、ロビンソン・クルーソーが島の唯一の住人であった限り、島の支配者であったように、アダムが世界の支配者であったことは疑いようがない。
and this empire had the advantage that the monarch, safe on his throne, had no rebellions, wars, or conspirators to fear.
empire
(帝国)
[名]
a group of countries or states under the control of one ruler
advantage
(利点)
[名]
a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favourable or superior position
throne
(王座)
[名]
the seat of a king, queen, or other sovereign
rebellion
(反乱)
[名]
an act of violent or open resistance to an established government or ruler
war
(戦争)
[名]
a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state
conspirator
(陰謀家)
[名]
a person who takes part in a conspiracy
そして、この帝国には、君主が王座に安住し、反乱や戦争、陰謀を恐れる必要がないという利点があった。