[English-Japanese Annotation Book]

The Social Contract

社会契約論

by Jean Jacques Rousseau

sections=53, paragraphs=498, sentences=1855

words=41406, characters=233529, annotations=5314

Contents

1. FOREWORD

2. BOOK I

3. CHAPTER I: SUBJECT OF THE FIRST BOOK

4. CHAPTER II: THE FIRST SOCIETIES

5. CHAPTER III: THE RIGHT OF THE STRONGEST

6. CHAPTER IV: SLAVERY

7. CHAPTER V: THAT WE MUST ALWAYS GO BACK TO A FIRST CONVENTION

8. CHAPTER VI: THE SOCIAL COMPACT

9. CHAPTER VII: THE SOVEREIGN

10. CHAPTER VIII: THE CIVIL STATE

11. CHAPTER IX: REAL PROPERTY

12. BOOK II

13. CHAPTER I: THAT SOVEREIGNTY IS INALIENABLE

14. CHAPTER II: THAT SOVEREIGNTY IS INDIVISIBLE

15. CHAPTER III: WHETHER THE GENERAL WILL IS FALLIBLE

16. CHAPTER IV: THE LIMITS OF THE SOVEREIGN POWER

17. CHAPTER V: THE RIGHT OF LIFE AND DEATH

18. CHAPTER VI: LAW

19. CHAPTER VII: THE LEGISLATOR

20. CHAPTER VIII: THE PEOPLE

21. CHAPTER IX: THE PEOPLE (continued)

22. CHAPTER X: THE PEOPLE (continued)

23. CHAPTER XI: THE VARIOUS SYSTEMS OF LEGISLATION

24. CHAPTER XII: THE DIVISION OF THE LAWS

25. BOOK III

26. CHAPTER I: GOVERNMENT IN GENERAL

27. CHAPTER II: THE CONSTITUENT PRINCIPLE IN THE VARIOUS FORMS OF GOVERNMENT

28. CHAPTER III: THE DIVISION OF GOVERNMENTS

29. CHAPTER IV: DEMOCRACY

30. CHAPTER V: ARISTOCRACY

31. CHAPTER VI: MONARCHY

32. CHAPTER VII: MIXED GOVERNMENTS

33. CHAPTER VIII: THAT ALL FORMS OF GOVERNMENT DO NOT SUIT ALL COUNTRIES

34. CHAPTER IX: THE MARKS OF A GOOD GOVERNMENT

35. CHAPTER X: THE ABUSE OF GOVERNMENT AND ITS TENDENCY TO DEGENERATE

36. CHAPTER XI: THE DEATH OF THE BODY POLITIC

37. CHAPTER XII: HOW THE SOVEREIGN AUTHORITY MAINTAINS ITSELF

38. CHAPTER XIII: THE SAME (continued)

39. CHAPTER XIV: THE SAME (continued)

40. CHAPTER XV: DEPUTIES OR REPRESENTATIVES

41. CHAPTER XVI: THAT THE INSTITUTION OF GOVERNMENT IS NOT A CONTRACT

42. CHAPTER XVII: THE INSTITUTION OF GOVERNMENT

43. CHAPTER XVIII: HOW TO CHECK THE USURPATIONS OF GOVERNMENT

44. BOOK IV

45. CHAPTER I: THAT THE GENERAL WILL IS INDESTRUCTIBLE

46. CHAPTER II: VOTING

47. CHAPTER III: ELECTIONS

48. CHAPTER IV: THE ROMAN COMITIA

49. CHAPTER V: THE TRIBUNATE

50. CHAPTER VI: THE DICTATORSHIP

51. CHAPTER VII: THE CENSORSHIP

52. CHAPTER VIII: CIVIL RELIGION

53. CHAPTER IX: CONCLUSION

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FOREWORD

foreword (序文) [名] a short introduction to a book, typically by someone other than the author

序文

This little treatise is part of a longer work which I began years ago without realising my limitations, and long since abandoned.

little (小) [形] small in size

treatise (論文) [名] a formal and systematic written work on a particular subject

part (一部) [名] a piece or portion of something

long (長い) [形] having a great distance or duration

work (作品) [名] a product of artistic or intellectual effort

begin (書き始める) [動] start to do something

year (何年も前) [名] a period of 365 or 366 days

ago (前に) [副] earlier; previously

limitation (限界) [名] a lack of ability or strength

realise (悟る) [動] become fully aware of

long (長い間) [副] for a long time

abandon (放置する) [動] leave and never return to

この小論文は、私が何年も前に自分の限界を悟らずに書き始め、長い間放置していた長編作品の一部である。

Of the various fragments that might have been extracted from what I wrote, this is the most considerable, and, I think, the least unworthy of being offered to the public.

various (様々な) [形] more than one; several

fragment (断片) [名] a small part broken off or separated from something

extract (抜粋する) [動] remove or take out

write (書く) [動] mark (letters, words, or other symbols) on a surface, typically paper, with a pen, pencil, or similar implement

considerable (かなりの) [形] notably large in size, amount, or extent

think (思う) [動] have a particular opinion, belief, or idea about someone or something

least (最も少なく) [形] smallest in amount, extent, or significance

unworthy (値しない) [形] not good enough for someone or something

public (公) [名] the people as a whole

私が書いたものから抜粋された様々な断片の中で、これは最も重要なものであり、また、公に提供するに値しないものではないと思う。

The rest no longer exists.

rest (残り) [名] the remaining part

no longer (もはや) [副] not any more; not now

exist (存在する) [動] have objective reality or being

残りはもはや存在しない。

BOOK I

book (巻) [名] a set of sheets of paper, parchment, or similar materials that are fastened together to hinge at one side

第一巻

I mean to inquire if, in the civil order, there can be any sure and legitimate rule of administration, men being taken as they are and laws as they might be.

mean to (しようとする) [動] intend to

inquire (調べる) [動] ask about

civil order (市民社会) [名] a society of citizens

sure (確実な) [形] certain

legitimate (合法的な) [形] lawful

rule (ルール) [名] a principle or regulation governing conduct, action, procedure, arrangement, etc.

administration (統治) [名] the management of a country's affairs

men (人間) [名] an adult male human being

law (法律) [名] a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority

might (ありうべき) [助] be possible or likely

私が調べようとしているのは、市民社会において、人間をあるがままに、法律をありうべき姿として捉えた場合、確実で合法的な統治のルールが存在するかどうかである。

In this inquiry I shall endeavour always to unite what right sanctions with what is prescribed by interest, in order that justice and utility may in no case be divided.

inquiry (探求) [名] an investigation or examination

endeavour (努力する) [動] try hard to do or achieve something

unite (結びつける) [動] join or combine

right (権利) [名] a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something

sanction (認める) [動] give official permission or approval for

interest (利益) [名] money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt

prescribe (規定する) [動] lay down authoritatively; impose

justice (正義) [名] just behaviour or treatment

utility (有用性) [名] the state of being useful, profitable, or beneficial

divide (分断する) [動] separate or be separated into parts

この探求において、私は正義と有用性が決して分断されないように、権利が認めるものと利益によって規定されるものを常に結びつけるよう努力するつもりである。

I enter upon my task without proving the importance of the subject I shall be asked if I am a prince or a legislator, to write on politics.

enter upon (取り掛かる) [動] begin to deal with

task (仕事) [名] a piece of work to be done

prove (証明する) [動] to show or make clear the truth or existence of

importance (重要性) [名] the state or quality of being important

subject (主題) [名] the main topic of a text or speech

ask (尋ねる) [動] to put a question to

prince (王子) [名] a male member of a royal family

legislator (立法者) [名] a person who makes laws

politics (政治) [名] the activities associated with the governance of a country or area

私は、私が王子や立法者であるかどうかを尋ねられるであろう主題の重要性を証明することなく、私の仕事に取り掛かる。

I answer that I am neither, and that is why I do so.

answer (答える) [動] say or write something in reply

neither (どちらでもない) [限] not either of two people or things

that is why (それが理由である) [句] that is the reason why

私はどちらでもないと答える、そしてそれが私がそうする理由である。

If I were a prince or a legislator, I should not waste time in saying what wants doing;

waste (無駄にする) [動] use or expend carelessly, extravagantly, or to no purpose

time (時間) [名] the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole

say (言う) [動] express (something) in words

もし私が王子や立法者であったら、何をすべきかを言うのに時間を無駄にしないだろう。

I should do it, or hold my peace.

do (する) [動] perform, execute, or accomplish

hold one's peace (黙っている) [動] remain silent

私はそれをするか、黙っているだろう。

As I was born a citizen of a free State, and a member of the Sovereign, I feel that, however feeble the influence my voice can have on public affairs, the right of voting on them makes it my duty to study them: and I am happy, when I reflect upon governments, to find my inquiries always furnish me with new reasons for loving that of my own country.

citizen (市民) [名] a person who is a member of a particular country

free (自由な) [形] not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes

State (国家) [名] a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory

member (一員) [名] a person who belongs to a group or an organization

Sovereign (主権者) [名] a supreme ruler

feel (感じる) [動] be aware of (something) through touch

feeble (弱い) [形] lacking physical strength

influence (影響) [名] the capacity to have an effect on the character, development, or behavior of someone or something, or the effect itself

voice (声) [名] the sound produced in a person's larynx and uttered through the mouth, as speech or song

public affairs (公務) [名] the business of government

voting (投票) [名] the expression of a choice between two or more candidates or courses of action

duty (義務) [名] a moral or legal obligation

study (研究) [動] read and understand something

happy (嬉しい) [形] feeling or showing pleasure or contentment

reflect (考える) [動] think carefully about (something)

furnish (提供する) [動] supply or provide (something)

reason (理由) [名] a cause, explanation, or justification for an action or event

love (愛する) [動] feel a deep or constant affection for (someone)

私は自由な国家の市民であり、主権者の一員として生まれたので、私の声が公務に及ぼす影響がどれほど弱くても、それらに投票する権利は、それらを研究する義務を負わせていると感じている。そして、私が政府について考えるとき、私の探求が常に私の国のそれを愛するための新しい理由を私に提供してくれることを発見できることを嬉しく思う。

CHAPTER I: SUBJECT OF THE FIRST BOOK

chapter (章) [名] a main division of a book

subject (題目) [名] the topic of a discussion or conversation

first (第一) [形] coming before all others in time or order; earliest

第一章: 第一巻の題目

Man is born free; and everywhere he is in chains.

be born (生まれる) [動] come into existence

free (自由に) [副] without cost or payment

everywhere (至る所) [副] in all places or in every part

chain (鎖) [名] a series of connected metal links

人間は自由に生まれた。しかし、至る所で鎖につながれている。

One thinks himself the master of others, and still remains a greater slave than they.

one (ある人) [名] a person of importance

master (主人) [名] a person who has control over something

other (他人) [名] a person other than oneself

still (それでも) [副] even now or even then

remain (ままである) [動] stay in the same place or condition

slave (奴隷) [名] a person who is owned as property by another and is under the control of that person

ある人は自分が他人の主人だと思っているが、それでも彼らよりも大きな奴隷のままである。

How did this change come about?

change (変化) [名] the act or instance of making or becoming different

come about (起こる) [動] take place; happen

この変化はどのようにして起こったのだろうか?

I do not know.

do not know (知らない) [動] be not aware of

私は知らない。

What can make it legitimate?

make (できる) [動] cause to be or become

legitimate (正当化) [形] in accordance with the law or with rules and regulations

何がそれを正当化できるのか?

That question I think I can answer.

question (質問) [名] a statement asking for something and expecting an answer

その質問には答えられると思う。

If I took into account only force, and the effects derived from it, I should say: “As long as a people is compelled to obey, and obeys, it does well;

take into account (考慮に入れる) [動] to consider something when making a decision

force (力) [名] strength or energy exerted or brought to bear

effect (効果) [名] a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause

derive (生じる) [動] to obtain something from a specified source

as long as (限り) [接] on the condition that; provided that

people (人々) [名] human beings in general or considered collectively

compel (強要する) [動] to force or oblige someone to do something

obey (従う) [動] to act in accordance with the command, direction, or request of

do well (うまくいく) [動] to be successful or fortunate

もし私が力とそれから生じる効果だけを考慮に入れるなら、私はこう言うだろう。「人々が従うことを強要され、従う限り、それはうまくいく。

as soon as it can shake off the yoke, and shakes it off, it does still better;

as soon as (できるだけ早く) [副] at the earliest possible time

shake off (振り払う) [動] get rid of

yoke (くびき) [名] a wooden beam normally used between a pair of oxen or other animals that enables them to pull together

do (行う) [動] perform or execute

better (より良い) [形] of a more excellent or effective type or quality

人々がくびきを振り払うことができ、振り払ったなら、それはさらにうまくいく。

for, regaining its liberty by the same right as took it away, either it is justified in resuming it, or there was no justification for those who took it away.”

regain (取り戻す) [動] get or have (something) again

liberty (自由) [名] the state of being free from oppressive restrictions or limitations

take away (奪う) [動] remove or take from a place

resume (再開する) [動] begin again or continue after a pause or interruption

justify (正当化する) [動] show or prove to be right or reasonable

なぜなら、自由を奪ったのと同じ権利によって自由を取り戻すことは、自由を取り戻すことが正当化されるか、自由を奪った人々にとって正当化される理由がなかったかのどちらかだからだ。」

But the social order is a sacred right which is the basis of all other rights.

social order (社会秩序) [名] the way in which a society is organized

sacred (神聖な) [形] consecrated to some deity or to some religious purpose; consecrated

しかし、社会秩序は他のすべての権利の基礎となる神聖な権利である。

Nevertheless, this right does not come from nature, and must therefore be founded on conventions.

nevertheless (それにもかかわらず) [副] in spite of that; notwithstanding; all the same

come from (生じる) [動] have as a source

nature (自然) [名] the physical world and everything in it

must (~しなければならない) [助] be obliged to; be compelled to

be founded on (に基づく) [動] be based on

convention (慣習) [名] a way in which something is usually done

それにもかかわらず、この権利は自然から生じるものではないので、慣習に基づいていなければならない。

Before coming to that, I have to prove what I have just asserted.

before (前に) [前] earlier than; in front of

come (来る) [動] move or travel toward or into a place thought of as near or familiar to the speaker

have to (しなければならない) [助] be obliged to; must

just (ちょうど) [副] exactly; precisely

assert (主張する) [動] state a fact or belief confidently and forcefully

その前に、私が今主張したことを証明しなければならない。

CHAPTER II: THE FIRST SOCIETIES

society (社会) [名] the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community

第2章: 最初の社会

The most ancient of all societies, and the only one that is natural is the family: and even so the children remain attached to the father only so long as they need him for their preservation.

ancient (古い) [形] belonging to the very distant past

natural (自然な) [形] existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind

family (家族) [名] a group of people who are related to each other

even so (それでも) [副] despite that; notwithstanding

child (子供) [名] a young human being below the age of puberty or below the legal age of majority

remain (残る) [動] be left after others have gone

attached (執着している) [形] joined or connected

father (父親) [名] a man who has a child

only so long as (だけ) [副] only to the extent or degree that

need (必要とする) [動] require (something) because it is essential or very important

すべての社会の中で最も古く、唯一自然なものは家族である。それでも、子供たちは自分の保護のために父親を必要としている間だけ父親に執着している。

As soon as this need ceases, the natural bond is dissolved.

as soon as (とすぐに) [接] immediately after

need (必要性) [名] a requirement for something

cease (なくなる) [動] come to an end

bond (絆) [名] a connection or link between people or things

この必要性がなくなるとすぐに、自然な絆は解消される。

The children, released from the obedience they owed to the father, and the father, released from the care he owed his children, return equally to independence.

release (解放される) [動] set or let go free

obedience (従う義務) [名] the quality or state of being obedient

care (世話) [名] the provision of what is necessary for the health, welfare, maintenance, and protection of someone or something

return (戻る) [動] go or come back to a place or person

independence (独立) [名] the quality or state of being independent

子供たちは父親に従う義務から解放され、父親は子供たちの世話から解放され、平等に独立する。

If they remain united, they continue so no longer naturally, but voluntarily;

united (団結した) [形] joined or connected as one

continue (続く) [動] keep doing something

naturally (自然に) [副] in a natural manner

voluntarily (自発的に) [副] out of your own free will

彼らが団結したままであれば、それはもはや自然ではなく自発的なものである。

and the family itself is then maintained only by convention.

itself (それ自体) [代] used to emphasize the identity of the subject

maintain (維持する) [動] cause to continue or be in a certain state

そして、家族そのものは慣習によってのみ維持される。

This common liberty results from the nature of man.

result (生じる) [動] be the outcome or consequence of

nature (本性) [名] the basic or inherent features, character, or qualities of something

この共通の自由は人間の本性から生じる。

His first law is to provide for his own preservation, his first cares are those which he owes to himself;

law (法則) [名] a statement of fact, deduced from observation, to the effect that a particular natural or scientific phenomenon always occurs if certain conditions be present

provide (準備する) [動] make available for use; supply

preservation (保存) [名] the act of keeping something in its original state

care (関心事) [名] a worry or a cause of worry

owe (負っている) [動] have an obligation to pay or repay in return for something received

彼の最初の法則は、自分自身の保存を準備することであり、彼の最初の関心事は、彼が自分自身に負っているものである。

and, as soon as he reaches years of discretion, he is the sole judge of the proper means of preserving himself, and consequently becomes his own master.

reach (達する) [動] arrive at a destination

year (年齢) [名] the time it takes the earth to make one revolution around the sun

discretion (分別) [名] the quality of being discreet

sole (唯一の) [形] being the only one

judge (裁判官) [名] a public official who hears and decides cases in a court of law

proper (適切な) [形] suitable or right for the purpose

means (手段) [名] a method, style, or manner of doing something

preserve (守る) [動] keep in its original state

consequently (その結果) [副] as a result

become (なる) [動] come to be

own (自身の) [形] belonging to (the person or thing mentioned)

そして、彼が分別の年齢に達するとすぐに、彼は自分自身を守るための適切な手段の唯一の裁判官となり、その結果、彼自身の主人となる。

The family then may be called the first model of political societies: the ruler corresponds to the father, and the people to the children;

call (呼ぶ) [動] give a name to

model (モデル) [名] a person who is employed to display clothes by wearing them

political (政治的) [形] of or relating to government, a government, or the conduct of government

ruler (支配者) [名] a person exercising government or dominion

children (子供たち) [名] a son or daughter of any age

家族は政治社会の最初のモデルと呼ぶことができる。支配者は父親に、人々は子供たちに相当する。

and all, being born free and equal, alienate their liberty only for their own advantage.

and all (そして、すべて) [接] and everything

equal (平等) [形] the same in quantity, size, value, or status

alienate (疎外する) [動] cause to feel isolated or estranged

そして、すべては自由で平等に生まれ、自分たちの利益のためだけに自由を疎外する。

The whole difference is that, in the family, the love of the father for his children repays him for the care he takes of them, while, in the State, the pleasure of commanding takes the place of the love which the chief cannot have for the peoples under him.

difference (違い) [名] the state or fact of being different

love (愛情) [名] a strong feeling of affection

children (子供) [名] a young human being below the age of puberty or below the legal age of majority

repay (見返り) [動] pay back

pleasure (喜び) [名] a feeling of happy satisfaction and enjoyment

take the place of (取って代わる) [動] be used or act instead of

chief (首長) [名] the head of a tribe or other social group

全体的な違いは、家族では、父親の子供への愛情が、父親が子供を世話する見返りになっているのに対し、国家では、命令する喜びが、首長が部下に対して持つことのできない愛情に取って代わっていることである。

Grotius denies that all human power is established in favour of the governed, and quotes slavery as an example.

Grotius (グロティウス) [名] a Dutch jurist

deny (否定する) [動] state that one does not hold a particular opinion or belief

all (すべての) [限] the whole quantity or extent of

human (人間の) [形] of or relating to humankind

power (権力) [名] the ability to do or act

establish (確立する) [動] set up or lay the foundations of

favour (有利に) [名] an act of kindness beyond what is usual or expected

governed (被支配者) [名] a person who is governed

quote (例に挙げる) [動] repeat a passage from a book, speech, or other source

slavery (奴隷制) [名] the condition of a slave; bondage

グロティウスは、すべての人間の権力が被支配者に有利に確立されていることを否定し、奴隷制を例に挙げている。

His usual method of reasoning is constantly to establish right by fact.

usual (通常の) [形] happening or done often or regularly

method (方法) [名] a way of doing something

reasoning (推論) [名] the process of thinking about something in a logical way in order to form a conclusion or judgment

constantly (常に) [副] continuously over a period of time; always

fact (事実) [名] a thing that is known or proved to be true

彼の通常の推論方法は、常に事実によって権利を確立することである。

It would be possible to employ a more logical method, but none could be more favourable to tyrants.

be possible (可能である) [動] be able to be done

employ (採用する) [動] use or apply

logical (論理的) [形] of or according to the rules of logic or formal argument

tyrant (暴君) [名] a cruel and oppressive ruler

もっと論理的な方法を採用することも可能だろうが、暴君にとってこれ以上好都合な方法はない。

It is then, according to Grotius, doubtful whether the human race belongs to a hundred men, or that hundred men to the human race: and, throughout his book, he seems to incline to the former alternative, which is also the view of Hobbes.

doubtful (疑わしい) [形] questionable; uncertain

human race (人類) [名] the human species

hundred (百) [名] the number 100

book (著書) [名] a written work or composition that has been published

incline (傾く) [動] be disposed or willing

former (前者) [形] the first of two or more things mentioned

alternative (選択肢) [名] one of two or more available possibilities

Hobbes (ホッブズ) [名] Thomas Hobbes, an English philosopher, best known today for his work on political philosophy

グロティウスによれば、人類が百人の人間に属するのか、百人の人間が人類に属するのか、疑わしいということになる。そして、彼の著書全体を通して、彼は前者の選択肢に傾いているように思われるが、それはホッブズの見解でもある。

On this showing, the human species is divided into so many herds of cattle, each with its ruler, who keeps guard over them for the purpose of devouring them.

on this showing (この見解によれば) [句] according to this view

human species (人類) [名] the human race

divide (分ける) [動] separate into parts

cattle (牛) [名] a large domesticated ungulate

herd (群れ) [名] a large group of animals

keep guard (見張る) [動] watch over

devour (貪り食う) [動] eat greedily

この見解によれば、人類は非常に多くの牛の群れに分けられ、それぞれに支配者がいて、彼らを貪り食うために見張っている。

As a shepherd is of a nature superior to that of his flock, the shepherds of men, i.e. their rulers, are of a nature superior to that of the peoples under them.

shepherd (羊飼い) [名] a person who looks after sheep

flock (群れ) [名] a large group of birds, sheep, or other animals

superior (優れた) [形] higher in rank, status, or quality

under (下に) [前] below or beneath

羊飼いがその群れよりも優れた性質を持つように、人間の羊飼い、つまり支配者は、その下にいる人々よりも優れた性質を持つ。

Thus, Philo tells us, the Emperor Caligula reasoned, concluding equally well either that kings were gods, or that men were beasts.

Philo (フィロン) [名] a Hellenistic Jewish philosopher

tell (言う) [動] communicate with words

Emperor Caligula (カリグラ皇帝) [名] the third Roman emperor

reason (推論する) [動] think, understand, and form judgments by a process of logic

conclude (結論づける) [動] reach a decision or form an opinion about something

equally (等しく) [副] in the same way or to the same degree

king (王) [名] the male ruler of an independent state

god (神) [名] a superhuman being or spirit worshiped as having power over nature or human fortunes; a deity

man (人間) [名] an adult male human being

beast (獣) [名] an animal other than a human being

フィロンによれば、カリグラ皇帝は、王は神であるか、人間は獣であるかのどちらかであると結論づけたという。

The reasoning of Caligula agrees with that of Hobbes and Grotius.

Caligula (カリグラ) [名] the third Roman emperor

カリグラの推論はホッブズとグロティウスの推論と一致する。

Aristotle, before any of them, had said that men are by no means equal naturally, but that some are born for slavery, and others for dominion.

Aristotle (アリストテレス) [名] a Greek philosopher and polymath during the Classical period in Ancient Greece

any (誰よりも) [限] one, some, or all indiscriminately of whatever quantity

by no means (決して) [副] not at all; in no way

naturally (生まれつき) [副] by nature; inherently

some (ある者) [限] an unspecified number or amount of

slavery (奴隷) [名] a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them

other (ある者) [限] used to refer to a person or thing that is different or distinct from one already mentioned or known about

dominion (支配者) [名] sovereignty; control

アリストテレスは、彼らの誰よりも前に、人間は決して生まれつき平等ではなく、ある者は奴隷として、またある者は支配者として生まれると述べた。

Aristotle was right; but he took the effect for the cause.

right (正しい) [形] correct or true

take (捉える) [動] to interpret or understand in a particular way

cause (原因) [名] a person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or condition

アリストテレスは正しかったが、彼は原因と結果を逆に捉えた。

Nothing can be more certain than that every man born in slavery is born for slavery.

nothing (何も) [名] not anything; no single thing

can be (あり得る) [助] be possible or likely

more (もっと) [副] to a greater extent

certain (確かな) [形] known or proved to be true

every (すべての) [限] each and all of a group

born (生まれた) [動] come into existence

for (ために) [前] with the object or purpose of

奴隷として生まれた人は皆、奴隷として生まれたということ以上に確かなことはない。

Slaves lose everything in their chains, even the desire of escaping from them: they love their servitude, as the comrades of Ulysses loved their brutish condition.

lose (失う) [動] be deprived of or cease to have or retain

desire (欲望) [名] a strong feeling of wanting to have something or wishing for something to happen

escape (逃れる) [動] get free from a situation

servitude (奴隷の身分) [名] the state of being a slave

Ulysses (ユリシーズ) [名] a legendary Greek hero

comrade (仲間) [名] a friend or companion

brutish (獣のような) [形] like a wild animal

奴隷は鎖につながれて全てを失い、鎖から逃れたいという欲望さえも失う。彼らは、ユリシーズの仲間が獣のような状態を愛したように、奴隷の身分を愛する。

If then there are slaves by nature, it is because there have been slaves against nature.

if (もし) [接] on the condition or supposition that; in the event that

there are (いる) [動] exist

by nature (生まれつき) [副] naturally; inherently

there have been (いた) [動] exist in the past

against nature (自然に反した) [形] unnatural; abnormal

だから、もし生まれつきの奴隷がいるとすれば、それは自然に反した奴隷がいたためである。

Force made the first slaves, and their cowardice perpetuated the condition.

make (作る) [動] cause to exist or happen

cowardice (臆病さ) [名] lack of courage or bravery

perpetuate (永続させる) [動] cause to continue or last indefinitely

力は最初の奴隷を作り、彼らの臆病さはその状態を永続させた。

I have said nothing of King Adam, or Emperor Noah, father of the three great monarchs who shared out the universe, like the children of Saturn, whom some scholars have recognised in them.

King Adam (アダム王) [名] the first man in the Bible

Emperor Noah (ノア皇帝) [名] the builder of the Ark in the Bible

father (父) [名] a male parent

three (三人) [数] the number 3

great (偉大な) [形] of major significance or importance

monarch (君主) [名] the head of a monarchy

share (共有する) [動] have or use something at the same time as someone else

universe (宇宙) [名] all existing matter and space considered as a whole; the cosmos

Saturn (土星) [名] the sixth planet from the sun

scholar (学者) [名] a specialist in a particular branch of study

recognise (認める) [動] be aware of the existence or truth of

私は、アダム王やノア皇帝については何も言っていない。彼らは、一部の学者が彼らの中に認めている土星の子供たちのように、宇宙を共有した三人の偉大な君主の父である。

I trust to getting due thanks for my moderation;

trust (信じる) [動] believe in the reliability, truth, or ability of

get (得る) [動] receive

due (正当な) [形] proper or appropriate

thanks (感謝) [名] gratitude

moderation (節度) [名] the quality of being moderate; restraint

私は自分の節度に対して正当な感謝を得ると信じている。

for, being a direct descendant of one of these princes, perhaps of the eldest branch, how do I know that a verification of titles might not leave me the legitimate king of the human race?

for (というのも) [接] because

being (である) [動] exist or live

direct descendant (直系の子孫) [名] a person who is descended directly from another

one (一人) [名] the lowest cardinal number

these (これらの) [限] the ones that are here

perhaps (おそらく) [副] possibly

eldest (長男) [形] the oldest

branch (分家) [名] a division of a family that is descended from a particular ancestor

how (どうして) [副] in what way or manner

know (わかる) [動] be aware of

verification (検証) [名] the process of establishing the truth, accuracy, or validity of something

title (称号) [名] a name that describes someone's position or job

might (かもしれない) [助] expressing possibility

leave (ならない) [動] go away from a place

me (私) [代] the person who is speaking or writing

というのも、私はこれらの王子の一人、おそらくは長男の直系の子孫なので、称号の検証によって私が人類の正当な王にならないとどうしてわかるだろうか?

In any case, there can be no doubt that Adam was sovereign of the world, as Robinson Crusoe was of his island, as long as he was its only inhabitant;

in any case (いずれにせよ) [副] whatever the circumstances

there can be no doubt (疑いようがない) [動] be certain

Adam (アダム) [名] the first man

Robinson Crusoe (ロビンソン・クルーソー) [名] the protagonist of Daniel Defoe's novel Robinson Crusoe

island (島) [名] a piece of land surrounded by water

inhabitant (住人) [名] a person who lives in a particular place

world (世界) [名] the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on

いずれにせよ、ロビンソン・クルーソーが島の唯一の住人であった限り、島の支配者であったように、アダムが世界の支配者であったことは疑いようがない。

and this empire had the advantage that the monarch, safe on his throne, had no rebellions, wars, or conspirators to fear.

empire (帝国) [名] a group of countries or states under the control of one ruler

advantage (利点) [名] a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favourable or superior position

throne (王座) [名] the seat of a king, queen, or other sovereign

rebellion (反乱) [名] an act of violent or open resistance to an established government or ruler

war (戦争) [名] a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state

conspirator (陰謀家) [名] a person who takes part in a conspiracy

そして、この帝国には、君主が王座に安住し、反乱や戦争、陰謀を恐れる必要がないという利点があった。

CHAPTER III: THE RIGHT OF THE STRONGEST

第3章: 最強者の権利

The strongest is never strong enough to be always the master, unless he transforms strength into right, and obedience into duty.

strong (強い) [形] having great physical power

strong enough (十分に強い) [形] having enough physical power

always (常に) [副] at all times; on all occasions

unless (~でなければ) [接] except if

transform (変える) [動] change in form, appearance, or nature

strength (強さ) [名] the quality or state of being physically strong

最強者は、強さを権利に、服従を義務に変えなければ、常に主人であり続けるほど強くはない。

Hence the right of the strongest, which, though to all seeming meant ironically, is really laid down as a fundamental principle.

strongest (最強者) [名] the most powerful person or thing

ironically (皮肉に) [副] in a way that is the opposite of what is expected

fundamental principle (基本原則) [名] a basic truth or law as the basis of other truths or laws

だから、最強者の権利は、皮肉に聞こえるかもしれないが、実際には基本原則として定められている。

But are we never to have an explanation of this phrase?

never (永遠に) [副] at no time in the past or future; on no occasion; not ever

explanation (説明) [名] a statement or account that makes something clear

phrase (言葉) [名] a small group of words forming a unit of speech

しかし、この言葉の説明は永遠に得られないのだろうか?

Force is a physical power, and I fail to see what moral effect it can have.

physical (物理的) [形] of or relating to physics

power (力) [名] the ability or capacity to perform or act

fail to see (理解できない) [動] be unable to understand

moral (道徳的) [形] concerned with the principles of right and wrong behavior

力は物理的な力であり、私はそれがどんな道徳的効果をもたらすのか理解できない。

To yield to force is an act of necessity, not of will—at the most, an act of prudence.

yield (屈する) [動] give way to pressure, force, or persuasion

necessity (必要性) [名] the quality or state of being necessary

will (意志) [名] the faculty by which a person decides on and initiates action

prudence (慎重) [名] the quality of being prudent; care and foresight in the management of affairs

力に屈することは、意志ではなく必要性から来る行為であり、せいぜい慎重な行為である。

In what sense can it be a duty?

in what sense (どんな意味で) [副] in what way

can (できる) [助] be able to

どんな意味で義務なのだろうか?

Suppose for a moment that this so-called “right” exists.

suppose (仮定する) [動] assume that something is the case on the basis of evidence or probability but without proof or certain knowledge

for a moment (しばらくの間) [副] for a short period of time

so-called (いわゆる) [形] used to convey that the person using the word or phrase does not think it is accurate or appropriate

しばらくの間、このいわゆる「権利」が存在すると仮定してみよう。

I maintain that the sole result is a mass of inexplicable nonsense.

maintain (主張する) [動] assert or defend a statement

result (結果) [名] something that happens or comes about as a consequence of an action or other cause

mass (塊) [名] a large quantity of something

inexplicable (説明のつかない) [形] unable to be explained

nonsense (ナンセンス) [名] something that does not make sense

私は、唯一の結果は説明のつかないナンセンスの塊であると主張する。

For, if force creates right, the effect changes with the cause: every force that is greater than the first succeeds to its right.

create (生み出す) [動] cause to come into being; bring about

change (変化する) [動] become different

succeed (引き継ぐ) [動] take over a position or role from someone

なぜなら、力が権利を生み出すのであれば、結果は原因によって変化するからである。最初の力よりも大きい力はすべて、その権利を引き継ぐことになる。

As soon as it is possible to disobey with impunity, disobedience is legitimate;

disobey (従わない) [動] fail to obey

impunity (罰を受けずに) [名] exemption from punishment or freedom from the injurious consequences of an action

disobedience (不服従) [名] failure or refusal to obey

legitimate (合法である) [形] being in accordance with the law; lawful

罰を受けずに従わないことが可能になった時点で、不服従は合法となる。

and, the strongest being always in the right, the only thing that matters is to act so as to become the strongest.

and (そして) [接] in addition to; also; too

the strongest (最強の者) [名] the most powerful person or thing

the only thing (唯一のこと) [名] the one thing

matter (重要である) [動] be of importance or significance

act (行動する) [動] do something

so as to (になるように) [接] in order to; with the aim of

そして、最強の者が常に正しいのであれば、重要なのは最強になるように行動することだけである。

But what kind of right is that which perishes when force fails?

what kind of (どのような) [限] of what sort or type

perish (滅びる) [動] die or be destroyed

fail (失われる) [動] be unsuccessful in achieving something

しかし、力が失われたときに滅びるのはどのような権利だろうか?

If we must obey perforce, there is no need to obey because we ought;

perforce (強制的に) [副] by or through necessity or force

there is no need to (する必要はない) [動] it is not necessary to

because (だから) [接] for the reason that

ought (べきだ) [動] should; must

私たちが強制的に従わなければならないのであれば、従うべきだから従う必要はない。

and if we are not forced to obey, we are under no obligation to do so.

force (強制する) [動] make someone do something against their will

obligation (義務) [名] a legal or moral duty

そして、私たちが従うことを強制されないのであれば、従う義務はない。

Clearly, the word “right” adds nothing to force: in this connection, it means absolutely nothing.

clearly (明らかに) [副] in a clear manner

add (付け加える) [動] join or combine

connection (関連) [名] a relationship in which a person, thing, or idea is linked or associated with something else

mean (意味する) [動] intend to convey, indicate, or refer to (something)

absolutely (全く) [副] completely; totally

明らかに、「権利」という言葉は力に何も付け加えない。この関連では、それは全く何も意味しない。

Obey the powers that be.

権力に従え。

If this means yield to force, it is a good precept, but superfluous: I can answer for its never being violated.

good (良い) [形] to be desired or approved of

precept (教訓) [名] a general rule intended to regulate behavior or thought

superfluous (余計な) [形] unnecessary, especially through being more than enough

answer for (保証する) [動] take responsibility for

violate (犯す) [動] break or fail to comply with

これが力に屈することを意味するなら、それは良い教訓だが、余計なことだ。私はそれが決して犯されないことを保証できる。

All power comes from God, I admit;

come from (来る) [動] move or travel toward or into a place thought of as near or familiar to the speaker

admit (認める) [動] to recognize the existence or truth of

すべての権力は神から来ている、と私は認める。

but so does all sickness: does that mean that we are forbidden to call in the doctor?

but (しかし) [接] on the contrary; rather

so (そう) [副] in the manner or to the extent indicated

does (そうである) [動] be or act in a certain way

sickness (病気) [名] a disease or period of sickness affecting the body and mind

does that mean (それは意味するのか) [動] have as a meaning or intention

we (私たち) [代] I and another or others

are forbidden (禁じられている) [動] not allowed; prohibited

to call in (呼ぶ) [動] to summon or request the presence of

the doctor (医者) [名] a person qualified to practice medicine

しかし、すべての病気もそうである。それは、私たちが医者を呼ぶことを禁じられていることを意味するのか?

A brigand surprises me at the edge of a wood: must I not merely surrender my purse on compulsion;

brigand (山賊) [名] a member of a gang that ambushes and robs people in forests and mountains

surprise (襲う) [動] attack or capture suddenly and unexpectedly

edge (端) [名] the outside limit of an object

wood (森) [名] a large area of land covered with trees

surrender (差し出す) [動] give up or hand over (something) on compulsion or demand

compulsion (強制) [名] the action or state of forcing or being forced to do something

山賊が森の端で私を襲った。私は強制されて財布を差し出すだけではいけないのか?

but, even if I could withhold it, am I in conscience bound to give it up?

withhold (差し控える) [動] refuse to give or grant

conscience (良心) [名] the inner sense of what is right or wrong in one's conduct or motives, impelling one toward right action

bound (義務がある) [形] obliged or required to do something

give up (差し出す) [動] hand over; surrender

しかし、私がそれを差し控えることができても、私は良心からそれを差し出す義務があるのだろうか?

For certainly the pistol he holds is also a power.

certainly (確かに) [副] without doubt; definitely

hold (持つ) [動] keep in one's hand

pistol (ピストル) [名] a small firearm that can be held in one hand

確かに彼が持っているピストルもまた権力である。

Let us then admit that force does not create right, and that we are obliged to obey only legitimate powers.

では、力は権利を生み出さず、私たちは合法的な権力にのみ従う義務があることを認めよう。

In that case, my original question recurs.

in that case (その場合) [副] if that is the case

recur (繰り返される) [動] happen again

その場合、私の最初の質問が繰り返される。

CHAPTER IV: SLAVERY

CHAPTER IV (第4章) [名] the fourth chapter

第4章: 奴隷制

Since no man has a natural authority over his fellow, and force creates no right, we must conclude that conventions form the basis of all legitimate authority among men.

no man (誰も) [名] no person

natural authority (自然な権威) [名] the power to command or enforce obedience

fellow (同胞) [名] a person in the same position, involved in the same activity, or otherwise having a particular relationship with another

form (形成する) [動] make or produce

basis (基礎) [名] the underlying support or foundation for an idea, argument, or process

legitimate authority (合法的な権威) [名] the power to command or enforce obedience

誰も同胞に対して自然な権威を持たず、力は権利を生み出さないので、私たちは慣習が人々の間のすべての合法的な権威の基礎を形成すると結論付けなければならない。

If an individual, says Grotius, can alienate his liberty and make himself the slave of a master, why could not a whole people do the same and make itself subject to a king?

individual (個人) [名] a single human being as distinguished from a group

alienate (奪う) [動] cause a person to become unfriendly or hostile

whole (全体) [形] all of; the entire

people (国民) [名] the inhabitants of a particular country or area

subject (従属させる) [動] cause to experience or undergo

グロティウスは、もし個人が自分の自由を奪い、自分を主人の奴隷にすることができるのなら、なぜ国民全体が同じことをして、自分を王に従属させることができないのか、と述べている。

There are in this passage plenty of ambiguous words which would need explaining;

passage (一節) [名] a section of a written work

plenty of (たくさん) [名] a lot of

ambiguous (曖昧な) [形] having more than one possible meaning

word (言葉) [名] a unit of language

need (要する) [動] require

explaining (説明) [名] a statement or account that makes something clear

この一節には説明を要する曖昧な言葉がたくさんある。

but let us confine ourselves to the word alienate.

confine (限定する) [動] keep or restrict someone or something within certain limits

しかし、ここでは「奪う」という言葉に限定しよう。

To alienate is to give or to sell.

give (与える) [動] transfer the possession of something to someone

sell (売る) [動] give or hand over in exchange for money

奪うということは、与えること、あるいは売ることである。

Now, a man who becomes the slave of another does not give himself;

Now (さて) [副] at the present time; currently

another (他人) [名] a person other than oneself

give (差し出す) [動] freely transfer the possession of (something) to (someone)

さて、他人の奴隷になる人は、自分を差し出すわけではない。

he sells himself, at the least for his subsistence: but for what does a people sell itself?

subsistence (生存) [名] the condition of remaining in existence; continued existence

彼は、少なくとも自分の生存のために自分を売る。しかし、人々は何のために自分を売るのか?

A king is so far from furnishing his subjects with their subsistence that he gets his own only from them;

so far from (どころか) [副] to the contrary

furnish (与える) [動] supply or provide

subject (臣民) [名] a person who owes allegiance to a monarch or other sovereign

subsistence (生存の糧) [名] the minimum amount of food and shelter necessary to maintain life

only (だけ) [副] and no one or nothing more or else

王は、臣民に生存の糧を与えるどころか、彼らから自分の糧を得ているだけである。

and, according to Rabelais, kings do not live on nothing.

according to (によれば) [前] as stated or reported by

Rabelais (ラブレー) [名] a French Renaissance writer, doctor, and humanist

live on (食べて生きる) [動] to continue to live

そして、ラブレーによれば、王は何も食べずに生きるわけではない。

Do subjects then give their persons on condition that the king takes their goods also?

person (身) [名] a human being regarded as an individual

condition (条件) [名] something that must happen or be done before another thing can happen or be done

take (奪う) [動] move something or someone from one place to another

goods (財産) [名] a thing or things belonging to someone

では、臣民は王が彼らの財産も奪うことを条件に、自分たちの身を差し出すのか?

I fail to see what they have left to preserve.

彼らが何を守るために残したのか、私にはわからない。

It will be said that the despot assures his subjects civil tranquillity.

despot (専制君主) [名] a ruler with absolute power

assure (保証する) [動] make sure or certain

civil (市民の) [形] of or relating to the state or its citizens

tranquillity (平穏) [名] the quality or state of being tranquil

専制君主は臣民に市民の平穏を保証すると言う人もいるだろう。

Granted; but what do they gain, if the wars his ambition brings down upon them, his insatiable avidity, and the vexatious conduct of his ministers press harder on them than their own dissensions would have done?

ambition (野望) [名] a strong desire to achieve something

bring down (もたらす) [動] cause to happen

insatiable (飽くことのない) [形] extremely greedy

avidity (貪欲さ) [名] a strong desire for something

vexatious (厄介な) [形] causing annoyance or worry

conduct (振る舞い) [名] the way in which someone behaves

minister (大臣) [名] a person appointed by a state leader to head a ministry

press (圧迫する) [動] exert force on

hard (強く) [副] with a great deal of force or strength

dissension (不和) [名] disagreement that leads to discord

gain (得る) [動] obtain or secure

認めよう。しかし、もし彼の野望が彼らに戦争をもたらし、彼の飽くことのない貪欲さ、そして彼の大臣たちの厄介な振る舞いが、彼ら自身の不和が彼らに与えたであろうよりも彼らを強く圧迫するならば、彼らは何を得るのか?

What do they gain, if the very tranquillity they enjoy is one of their miseries?

enjoy (享受する) [動] take delight or pleasure in

misery (悲惨さ) [名] a state of great suffering or unhappiness

彼らが享受している平穏そのものが彼らの悲惨さの一つであるならば、彼らは何を得るのか?

Tranquillity is found also in dungeons;

dungeon (地下牢) [名] a dark, damp underground prison cell

平穏は地下牢にも見られる。

but is that enough to make them desirable places to live in?

enough (十分) [形] as much or as many as required

desirable (望ましい) [形] worth having or wanting

place (場所) [名] a particular position, point, or area in space

しかし、それが地下牢を住むのに望ましい場所にするのに十分だろうか?

The Greeks imprisoned in the cave of the Cyclops lived there very tranquilly, while they were awaiting their turn to be devoured.

Cyclops (キュクロプス) [名] a member of a primordial race of giants having a single eye in the middle of the forehead

imprison (閉じ込める) [動] put or keep in prison or a similar place

Greek (ギリシャ人) [名] a native or inhabitant of Greece

live (暮らす) [動] be alive

tranquilly (平穏に) [副] in a calm and peaceful manner

devour (食う) [動] eat up greedily or ravenously

キュクロプスの洞窟に閉じ込められたギリシャ人は、食われる順番を待っている間、そこでとても平穏に暮らしていた。

To say that a man gives himself gratuitously, is to say what is absurd and inconceivable;

gratuitously (無償で) [副] without charge or payment

absurd (不条理な) [形] ridiculously incongruous or inappropriate

inconceivable (考えられない) [形] too unlikely or undesirable to be considered a possibility

人が自分を無償で差し出すと言うのは、不条理で考えられない事を言う事である。

such an act is null and illegitimate, from the mere fact that he who does it is out of his mind.

such (そのような) [形] of the type previously mentioned

act (行為) [名] something that a person or thing does

null (無効) [形] having no legal or binding force

illegitimate (不法) [形] not in accordance with the law

mere (単なる) [形] being only what is stated and nothing more

out of one's mind (正気でない) [形] crazy; insane

そのような行為は、それをする人が正気でないという単なる事実から、無効で不法である。

To say the same of a whole people is to suppose a people of madmen;

same (同じ) [形] not different or other

madmen (狂人) [名] a man who is insane

国民全体について同じ事を言うのは、狂人の国民を想定する事である。

and madness creates no right.

madness (狂気) [名] the state of being mentally ill

そして狂気は権利を生み出さない。

Even if each man could alienate himself, he could not alienate his children: they are born men and free;

even if (たとえ) [接] although; even though

each (各) [形] every one of two or more people or things

himself (自分) [代] the male person who is speaking or writing

could not (できない) [助] be unable to

his (彼の) [代] belonging to or connected with a male person or animal previously mentioned

they (彼ら) [代] people in general

are born (生まれる) [動] come into existence as a living being

たとえ各人が自分を疎外できたとしても、彼は自分の子供を疎外する事はできない。彼らは人間として生まれ、自由である。

their liberty belongs to them, and no one but they has the right to dispose of it.

belong to (属する) [動] be a member of

no one (誰も) [代] not a single person

dispose of (処分する) [動] get rid of

彼らの自由は彼らに属し、彼ら以外の誰もそれを処分する権利を持たない。

Before they come to years of discretion, the father can, in their name, lay down conditions for their preservation and well-being, but he cannot give them, irrevocably and without conditions: such a gift is contrary to the ends of nature, and exceeds the rights of paternity.

come to (なる) [動] reach a certain state or condition

name (名) [名] a word or set of words using which a person is referred to

lay down (定める) [動] establish or enact

well-being (福祉) [名] the state of being happy, healthy, or prosperous

irrevocably (取り消し不能に) [副] in a way that cannot be changed or undone

without (無く) [前] not having or not accompanied by

gift (贈り物) [名] something that is given

contrary (相反する) [形] opposite in nature or character

end (目的) [名] the final part of something

exceed (超える) [動] be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)

彼らが分別のつく年齢になるまでは、父親は彼らの名において、彼らの保護と福祉のための条件を定める事はできるが、取り消し不能に、また無条件に彼らにそれを与える事はできない。そのような贈り物は自然の目的と相反し、父権の権利を超えている。

It would therefore be necessary, in order to legitimise an arbitrary government, that in every generation the people should be in a position to accept or reject it;

It would therefore be necessary (したがって、必要である) [動] be required or essential

in order to (ために) [接] with the purpose of

legitimise (合法化する) [動] make legal or legitimate

arbitrary (独裁) [形] based on random choice or personal whim, rather than any reason or system

government (政府) [名] the group of people with authority to govern it

in every generation (あらゆる世代において) [名] all the people born and living at about the same time, regarded collectively

should be in a position to (立場に立つ) [動] be in a situation to

accept (受け入れる) [動] receive (something offered) willingly

reject (拒否する) [動] refuse to consider or agree to

したがって、独裁政府を合法化するためには、あらゆる世代において、人々がそれを受け入れるか拒否するかの立場に立つ必要がある。

but, were this so, the government would be no longer arbitrary.

be no longer (もはや〜ない) [動] not anymore; not any longer

しかし、そうであれば、政府はもはや独裁ではなくなる。

To renounce liberty is to renounce being a man, to surrender the rights of humanity and even its duties.

renounce (放棄する) [動] formally declare one's abandonment of

surrender (放棄する) [動] give up completely

自由を放棄することは、人間であることを放棄し、人間の権利と義務さえも放棄することである。

For him who renounces everything no indemnity is possible.

everything (すべて) [名] all that exists; all that is

indemnity (賠償) [名] security or protection against a loss or other financial burden

すべてを放棄した者には、賠償は不可能である。

Such a renunciation is incompatible with man's nature;

renunciation (放棄) [名] the formal rejection of something

incompatible (相容れない) [形] unable to exist or work together in harmony

そのような放棄は人間の本性と相容れない。

to remove all liberty from his will is to remove all morality from his acts.

remove (取り除く) [動] take away or off

morality (道徳) [名] a system of moral principles and values

彼の意志からすべての自由を取り除くことは、彼の行為からすべての道徳を取り除くことである。

Finally, it is an empty and contradictory convention that sets up, on the one side, absolute authority, and, on the other, unlimited obedience.

finally (最後に) [副] after all others

empty (空虚な) [形] containing nothing

contradictory (矛盾した) [形] inconsistent with

set up (定める) [動] establish or create

one side (一方) [名] one of two or more parts

absolute (絶対的な) [形] not qualified or diminished in any way; total

authority (権威) [名] the power to command or enforce obedience

other (他方) [名] the remaining one of two or more things

unlimited (限りない) [形] without any limit

最後に、一方では絶対的な権威を、他方では限りない服従を定める、空虚で矛盾した慣習である。

Is it not clear that we can be under no obligation to a person from whom we have the right to exact everything?

be under no obligation (義務を負うことができない) [動] not be required to do something

exact (強要する) [動] demand and obtain by force or authority

私たちがすべてを強要する権利を持つ人に対して、私たちが義務を負うことができないことは明らかではないだろうか?

Does not this condition alone, in the absence of equivalence or exchange, in itself involve the nullity of the act?

absence (不在) [名] the state of being away from a place or person

equivalence (等価性) [名] the state of being equal in value, amount, or importance

exchange (交換) [名] the act of giving one thing and receiving another in return

involve (伴う) [動] have as a necessary part or result

nullity (無効性) [名] the state of being legally invalid

等価性や交換がない場合、この条件だけで行為の無効性を伴うのではないだろうか?

For what right can my slave have against me, when all that he has belongs to me, and, his right being mine, this right of mine against myself is a phrase devoid of meaning?

belong (属する) [動] be a member of or be connected with

devoid (欠く) [形] completely lacking or empty of

私の奴隷が私に対してどんな権利を持つことができるだろうか、彼が持つすべてが私のものであり、彼の権利が私のものであるとき、私自身に対するこの私の権利は意味のない言葉である。

Grotius and the rest find in war another origin for the so-called right of slavery.

rest (他の人々) [名] the remaining part of something

find (見出す) [動] discover or notice

another (別の) [形] different from the one already mentioned

origin (起源) [名] the point or place where something begins, arises, or is derived

グロティウスや他の人々は、戦争の中に奴隷制の権利と呼ばれるものの別の起源を見出している。

The victor having, as they hold, the right of killing the vanquished, the latter can buy back his life at the price of his liberty;

victor (勝利者) [名] a person who defeats an enemy or opponent in a battle, game, or other competition

hold (言う) [動] to state as an opinion

kill (殺す) [動] to cause the death of

vanquished (敗北者) [名] a person who has been defeated in a battle or other contest

latter (敗北者) [名] the second of two people or things mentioned

buy back (買い戻す) [動] to buy something that one has previously sold

life (命) [名] the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death

勝利者は、彼らが言うように、敗北者を殺す権利を持っているので、敗北者は彼の自由を代償に彼の命を買い戻すことができる。

and this convention is the more legitimate because it is to the advantage of both parties.

convention (協定) [名] a general agreement about how things should be done

そして、この協定は両当事者に利益をもたらすものであるため、より正当なものである。

But it is clear that this supposed right to kill the conquered is by no means deducible from the state of war.

conquer (征服する) [動] overcome and take control of a country or area by force

しかし、征服者を殺すというこの想定される権利は、戦争状態からは決して推論できないことは明らかである。

Men, from the mere fact that, while they are living in their primitive independence, they have no mutual relations stable enough to constitute either the state of peace or the state of war, cannot be naturally enemies.

the mere fact that (単なる事実) [名] the fact that

while (間に) [接] during the time that

primitive (原始的な) [形] relating to the earliest period in the history of humankind

have no (持たない) [動] not have

mutual (相互の) [形] shared by two or more parties

relation (関係) [名] the state of being connected or related

stable (安定した) [形] not likely to change or fail

constitute (構成する) [動] be a part of

state (状態) [名] the condition of something

peace (平和) [名] a state of tranquility or quiet

cannot (できない) [助] be unable to

enemy (敵) [名] a person who is actively opposed or hostile to someone or something

人間は、原始的な独立生活を送っている間は、平和状態や戦争状態を構成するほど安定した相互関係を持たないという単なる事実から、自然に敵対することはできない。

War is constituted by a relation between things, and not between persons;

thing (物事) [名] an object that one need not, cannot, or does not wish to give a specific name to

戦争は、人の間ではなく、物事の間の関係によって構成される。

and, as the state of war cannot arise out of simple personal relations, but only out of real relations, private war, or war of man with man, can exist neither in the state of nature, where there is no constant property, nor in the social state, where everything is under the authority of the laws.

state of war (戦争状態) [名] a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state

arise (生じる) [動] come into existence or prominence

simple (単純な) [形] easy to understand or do

personal (個人の) [形] of or concerning a particular person

real (現実の) [形] existing or happening in fact or actuality

private (私的な) [形] belonging to or for the use of one particular person or group of people only

neither (どちらも~ない) [接] not either; not one nor the other

state of nature (自然状態) [名] the hypothetical condition of humankind before the existence of society and government

constant (不変の) [形] non-varying

property (財産) [名] a thing or things belonging to someone; possessions collectively

social state (社会状態) [名] the condition of a society or a group of people

under the authority of (~の権威の下で) [前] under the control of

law (法) [名] the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties

そして、戦争状態は単純な個人関係から生じることはできず、現実の関係からのみ生じるので、私戦、つまり人間同士の戦争は、不変の財産がない自然状態にも、すべてが法の権威の下にある社会状態にも存在し得ない。

Individual combats, duels and encounters, are acts which cannot constitute a state;

combat (戦闘) [名] a fight, especially a violent one, between two or more people or groups

duel (決闘) [名] a prearranged fight between two people with deadly weapons in the presence of witnesses

encounter (遭遇) [名] an unexpected or casual meeting with someone or something

個人の戦闘、決闘、遭遇は、国家を構成することができない行為である。

while the private wars, authorised by the Establishments of Louis IX, King of France, and suspended by the Peace of God, are abuses of feudalism, in itself an absurd system if ever there was one, and contrary to the principles of natural right and to all good polity.

private war (私戦) [名] a war between private entities

Louis IX (ルイ九世) [名] King of France from 1226 to 1270

France (フランス) [名] a country in western Europe

Peace of God (神の平和) [名] a movement in medieval Europe that sought to limit the violence of feudal society

feudalism (封建制) [名] the social system in medieval Europe in which people were given land and protection by a lord in return for loyalty and service

abuse (悪用) [名] the improper use of something

natural right (自然権) [名] a right that is believed to be inherent in human beings

polity (政体) [名] a form or system of government

一方、フランス国王ルイ九世の制定法によって認められ、神の平和によって中断された私戦は、封建制の悪用であり、それ自体が不条理な制度であり、自然権の原則とすべての善政に反している。

War then is a relation, not between man and man, but between State and State, and individuals are enemies only accidentally, not as men, nor even as citizens, but as soldiers;

accidentally (偶然に) [副] by chance; without intention or design

soldier (兵士) [名] one engaged in military service and especially in the army

戦争は、人と人の間ではなく、国家と国家との間の関係であり、個人は、人間としてではなく、市民としてでもなく、兵士として、偶然にのみ敵となる。

not as members of their country, but as its defenders.

country (自国) [名] the nation in which one is born or has legal citizenship

defender (擁護者) [名] someone who defends or supports something

自国の一員としてではなく、その擁護者としてである。

Finally, each State can have for enemies only other States, and not men;

other (他の) [形] the remaining one or ones of two or more people or things

have (持つ) [動] possess, own, or hold

最後に、各国家は敵として他の国家だけを持つことができ、人間を持つことはできない。

for between things disparate in nature there can be no real relation.

between (間に) [前] in the space or interval that separates two places, people, or objects

disparate (異なる) [形] essentially different in kind; dissimilar

なぜなら、本質的に異なるものの間には、本当の関係はあり得ないからである。

Furthermore, this principle is in conformity with the established rules of all times and the constant practice of all civilised peoples.

furthermore (さらに) [副] in addition; moreover

principle (原則) [名] a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behaviour or for a chain of reasoning

conformity (適合) [名] the action of conforming; compliance

established rule (確立された規則) [名] a rule that has been established

all times (あらゆる時代) [名] all the time; always

constant practice (絶え間ない実践) [名] the action of practising something regularly

civilised people (文明人) [名] a person who lives in a civilised society

さらに、この原則は、あらゆる時代の確立された規則と、あらゆる文明人の絶え間ない実践に適合している。

Declarations of war are intimations less to powers than to their subjects.

declaration (宣言) [名] a formal statement

intimation (通告) [名] a formal notice or announcement

power (権力者) [名] a person or thing having great authority or influence

宣戦布告は、権力者に対するよりも、その臣民に対する通告である。

The foreigner, whether king, individual, or people, who robs, kills or detains the subjects, without declaring war on the prince, is not an enemy, but a brigand.

foreigner (外国人) [名] a person from a foreign country

rob (略奪する) [動] take property unlawfully from a person or place by force or threat of force

kill (殺害する) [動] cause the death of

detain (拘束する) [動] keep in custody

prince (君主) [名] the son of a king or queen

declare war (宣戦布告する) [動] make a formal declaration of war against

王であれ、個人であれ、国民であれ、君主に宣戦布告せずに臣民を略奪したり、殺害したり、拘束したりする外国人は、敵ではなく、強盗である。

Even in real war, a just prince, while laying hands, in the enemy's country, on all that belongs to the public, respects the lives and goods of individuals: he respects rights on which his own are founded.

even in (においても) [副] in spite of

real (実際の) [形] not imaginary; having objective existence

just (正義の) [形] based on or behaving according to what is morally right and fair

lay hands on (手をかける) [動] to touch or handle

country (国) [名] a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory

respect (尊重する) [動] to have due regard for the feelings, wishes, rights, or traditions of

good (財産) [名] a tangible item that is owned

found (基礎となっている) [動] to establish or originate

実際の戦争においても、正義の君主は、敵国において、公衆に属するすべてのものに手をかける一方で、個人の生命と財産を尊重する。彼は、自分自身の権利の基礎となっている権利を尊重する。

The object of the war being the destruction of the hostile State, the other side has a right to kill its defenders, while they are bearing arms;

object (目的) [名] the purpose or aim of something

destruction (破壊) [名] the action or process of causing so much damage to something that it no longer exists or cannot be repaired

hostile (敵対的な) [形] showing or feeling opposition or dislike

other side (相手側) [名] the other party in a dispute or contest

weapon (武器) [名] a thing that is used to cause bodily harm or physical damage

戦争の目的は敵国の破壊であるから、相手側は、その防衛者たちが武器を携帯している間は、彼らを殺す権利がある。

but as soon as they lay them down and surrender, they cease to be enemies or instruments of the enemy, and become once more merely men, whose life no one has any right to take.

lay down (捨てる) [動] put something down

surrender (降伏する) [動] give up

instrument (道具) [名] a tool or implement

once more (再び) [副] one more time

merely (ただ) [副] only

しかし、彼らが武器を捨てて降伏するとすぐに、彼らは敵や敵の道具ではなくなり、再びただの人となり、誰もその命を奪う権利はない。

Sometimes it is possible to kill the State without killing a single one of its members;

sometimes (時には) [副] occasionally; at times

single (一人) [形] only one; not one of several

時には、その構成員を一人たりとも殺さずに国家を殺すことも可能である。

and war gives no right which is not necessary to the gaining of its object.

necessary (必要) [形] being essential, indispensable, or requisite

そして、戦争は、その目的を達成するために必要でない権利を与えることはない。

These principles are not those of Grotius: they are not based on the authority of poets, but derived from the nature of reality and based on reason.

poet (詩人) [名] a person who writes poems

reality (現実) [名] the state of things as they actually exist, as opposed to an idealistic or notional idea of them

reason (理性) [名] the power of the mind to think, understand, and form judgments by a process of logic

これらの原理はグロティウスの原理ではない。それらは詩人の権威に基づくものではなく、現実の本質に由来し、理性に基づくものである。

The right of conquest has no foundation other than the right of the strongest.

conquest (征服) [名] the subjugation and assumption of control of a place or people by military force

foundation (根拠) [名] a basis on which something is founded or built

strongest (最強) [形] of great physical power

征服権は、最強者の権利以外に根拠はない。

If war does not give the conqueror the right to massacre the conquered peoples, the right to enslave them cannot be based upon a right which does not exist

conqueror (征服者) [名] a person who conquers a country or area

massacre (虐殺) [名] the killing of a large number of people

enslave (奴隷にする) [動] make a slave of

戦争が征服者に征服された人々を虐殺する権利を与えないならば、彼らを奴隷にする権利は存在しない権利に基づくことはできない。

No one has a right to kill an enemy except when he cannot make him a slave, and the right to enslave him cannot therefore be derived from the right to kill him.

right to kill (殺す権利) [名] the right to cause the death of someone or something

right to enslave (奴隷にする権利) [名] the right to make someone a slave

derive (派生する) [動] obtain something from a specified source

敵を奴隷にできない場合を除いて、誰も敵を殺す権利を持たず、したがって、敵を奴隷にする権利は、敵を殺す権利から派生することはできない。

It is accordingly an unfair exchange to make him buy at the price of his liberty his life, over which the victor holds no right.

accordingly (したがって) [副] as a result; consequently

price (代償) [名] the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something

したがって、勝利者が権利を持たない命を、自由を代償に買わせるのは不公平な取引である。

Is it not clear that there is a vicious circle in founding the right of life and death on the right of slavery, and the right of slavery on the right of life and death?

death (死) [名] the end of all biological functions that sustain a living organism

found (基礎づける) [動] establish or originate

vicious circle (悪循環) [名] a situation in which an attempt to solve a problem makes the original problem worse

生死の権利を奴隷の権利に、奴隷の権利を生死の権利に基礎づけることには、悪循環があることは明らかではないだろうか。

Even if we assume this terrible right to kill everybody, I maintain that a slave made in war, or a conquered people, is under no obligation to a master, except to obey him as far as he is compelled to do so.

assume (認める) [動] suppose to be the case, without proof

everybody (誰か) [名] every person

compel (強制する) [動] force or oblige (someone) to do something

たとえ誰かを殺すというこの恐ろしい権利を認めたとしても、私は戦争で作られた奴隷や征服された人々は、強制される限り主人に従うことを除いて、主人に対して何の義務も負わないと主張する。

By taking an equivalent for his life, the victor has not done him a favour;

equivalent (相当するもの) [名] something equal in value, amount, function, meaning, etc.

favour (恩恵) [名] a kind act or a special privilege or right

勝利者は、彼の命に相当するものを奪ったことで、彼に恩恵を与えたわけではない。

instead of killing him without profit, he has killed him usefully.

instead of (代わりに) [前] as an alternative to

profit (利益) [名] a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something

usefully (有益に) [副] in a way that is helpful or beneficial

勝利者は、彼を無益に殺す代わりに、有益に殺したのである。

So far then is he from acquiring over him any authority in addition to that of force, that the state of war continues to subsist between them: their mutual relation is the effect of it, and the usage of the right of war does not imply a treaty of peace.

so far (これまでのところ) [副] to the extent or degree previously mentioned

acquire (獲得する) [動] to gain or get as one's own

in addition to (に加えて) [前] as well as; besides

continue (続ける) [動] to keep on doing something

subsist (存続する) [動] to continue to exist

usage (行使) [名] the action of using something

right of war (戦争権) [名] the right to wage war

imply (意味する) [動] to indicate or suggest without being explicitly stated

treaty of peace (和平条約) [名] a treaty that ends a war

だから、勝利者は、力による権威以外に、彼に対して何の権威も獲得していないので、戦争状態は彼らの間に存続し続け、彼らの相互関係はその結果であり、戦争権の行使は和平条約を意味するものではない。

A convention has indeed been made;

indeed (確かに) [副] really; truly; certainly

make (結ぶ) [動] form or create

確かに協定は結ばれた。

but this convention, so far from destroying the state of war, presupposes its continuance.

destroying (破壊する) [動] cause so much damage to that it no longer exists or cannot be repaired

presupposes (前提とする) [動] take for granted or as a given

continuance (継続) [名] the action of carrying on with something

しかし、この協定は、戦争状態を破壊するどころか、その継続を前提としている。

So, from whatever aspect we regard the question, the right of slavery is null and void, not only as being illegitimate, but also because it is absurd and meaningless.

aspect (側面) [名] a particular part or feature of something

regard (考える) [動] think of or consider in a specified way

null and void (無効である) [形] of no legal or binding force or effect

meaningless (無意味である) [形] having no meaning or significance

だから、この問題をどんな側面から見ても、奴隷制の権利は、非合法であるだけでなく、不条理で無意味であるために、無効である。

The words slave and right contradict each other, and are mutually exclusive.

contradict (矛盾する) [動] be in conflict with

each other (互いに) [代] one another

mutually exclusive (相容れない) [形] not able to exist or be true at the same time

奴隷と権利という言葉は互いに矛盾し、相容れない。

It will always be equally foolish for a man to say to a man or to a people: “I make with you a convention wholly at your expense and wholly to my advantage;

people (民族) [名] a group of persons living in a particular country or area

expense (損害) [名] a cost incurred in making or doing something

ある人が、ある人やある民族に向かって、「私はあなたと、あなたに損害を与え、私に利益をもたらす協定を結ぶ。

I shall keep it as long as I like, and you will keep it as long as I like.”

keep (守る) [動] continue to have, do, or be

as long as (好きなだけ) [接] for the whole time that

like (好きな) [動] find agreeable, enjoyable, or satisfactory

私はそれを好きなだけ守り、あなたも私が好きなだけ守るだろう」と言うのは、いつでも同じように愚かなことである。

CHAPTER V: THAT WE MUST ALWAYS GO BACK TO A FIRST CONVENTION

go back (戻る) [動] return to a previous place or state

第五章: 常に最初の協定に戻らなければならないこと

Even if I granted all that I have been refuting, the friends of despotism would be no better off.

grant (認める) [動] to agree to give or allow something

all (すべて) [限] the whole amount of

refute (否定する) [動] to prove or show to be false or wrong

friend (友人) [名] a person whom one knows and with whom one has a bond of mutual affection

despotism (専制政治) [名] a system of government in which the ruler has unlimited power

be no better off (好転しない) [動] to be in no better situation

私が否定してきたことをすべて認めたとしても、専制政治の友人たちはそれほど好転しないだろう。

There will always be a great difference between subduing a multitude and ruling a society.

subdue (従わせる) [動] bring under control

multitude (群衆) [名] a large number of people

rule (統治する) [動] exercise authority over

群衆を従わせることと社会を統治することの間には、常に大きな違いがあるだろう。

Even if scattered individuals were successively enslaved by one man, however numerous they might be, I still see no more than a master and his slaves, and certainly not a people and its ruler;

scattered (散り散りの) [形] thrown around here and there

successively (次々と) [副] following one after another in succession

however (どれほど) [副] to whatever extent or degree

numerous (多い) [形] consisting of a great number

no more than (しか見ることができない) [副] only; merely

散り散りの個人が次々と一人の人間によって奴隷にされたとしても、彼らがどれほど多くても、私は主人とその奴隷しか見ることができず、国民とその支配者を見ることはできない。

I see what may be termed an aggregation, but not an association;

aggregation (集合体) [名] a collection of things that are gathered together

association (協会) [名] an organized group of people with a particular purpose, such as a club or society

私は集合体と呼べるものを見ているが、協会ではない。

there is as yet neither public good nor body politic.

there is (ある) [動] exist

as yet (まだ) [副] up to this time; until now

neither (どちらも) [接] not either

public good (公共の利益) [名] the benefit or well-being of the general public

body politic (政治体) [名] a state or nation considered as a political entity

そこにはまだ公共の利益も政治体もない。

The man in question, even if he has enslaved half the world, is still only an individual;

in question (問題の) [形] being discussed or referred to

half (半分) [名] one of two equal parts that together form a whole

only (一人の) [形] no more than; solely

問題の人物は、たとえ世界の半分を奴隷にしたとしても、依然として一人の人間である。

his interest, apart from that of others, is still a purely private interest.

apart from (とは別に) [前] not including; other than

purely (純粋に) [副] in a pure manner

彼の利益は、他人の利益とは別に、依然として純粋に私的な利益である。

If this same man comes to die, his empire, after him, remains scattered and without unity, as an oak falls and dissolves into a heap of ashes when the fire has consumed it.

come to die (死ぬ) [動] reach a point where one dies

after (後に) [前] later or following (the event mentioned)

unity (統一性) [名] the state of being united or joined as a whole

oak (樫の木) [名] a tree that produces acorns

fall (倒れる) [動] move from a higher to a lower position

dissolve (崩れる) [動] (with reference to a solid) become or cause to become incorporated into a liquid

heap (山) [名] a large amount of something piled or lying in a mass

ash (灰) [名] the powdery residue left after a fire has burned something

もしこの同じ人物が死ぬと、彼の帝国は、彼の死後、散り散りになって統一性を失い、火が燃え尽きると樫の木が倒れて灰の山になってしまうように、散り散りになって統一性を失ってしまう。

A people, says Grotius, can give itself to a king.

グロティウスは、人民は王に身を委ねることができると言う。

Then, according to Grotius, a people is a people before it gives itself.

itself (身) [代] the thing or person that is being discussed

グロティウスによれば、人民は身を委ねる前には人民である。

The gift is itself a civil act, and implies public deliberation.

civil act (市民的行為) [名] an act that is done by a citizen

public deliberation (公の審議) [名] a discussion or debate that is open to the public

贈り物はそれ自体が市民的行為であり、公の審議を意味する。

It would be better, before examining the act by which a people gives itself to a king, to examine that by which it has become a people;

examine (検討する) [動] inspect closely and thoroughly

人民が王に身を委ねる行為を検討する前に、人民が人民となった行為を検討した方がよい。

for this act, being necessarily prior to the other, is the true foundation of society.

necessarily (必然的に) [副] as a necessary result

prior (先行する) [形] earlier

foundation (基礎) [名] the basis on which something is built or founded

この行為は必然的に他の行為に先行するものであり、社会の真の基礎である。

Indeed, if there were no prior convention, where, unless the election were unanimous, would be the obligation on the minority to submit to the choice of the majority?

prior (事前の) [形] existing or coming before in time, order, or importance

election (選挙) [名] the process of choosing a person or group of people for a position, especially a political position, by voting

unanimous (全会一致の) [形] showing complete agreement

minority (少数派) [名] a small group of people within a larger group who are different from the main group in some way

majority (多数派) [名] the greater number or part of something

実際、事前の協定がなければ、選挙が全会一致でない限り、少数派が多数派の選択に従う義務はどこにあるだろうか?

How have a hundred men who wish for a master the right to vote on behalf of ten who do not?

wish (望む) [動] want something to happen or be the case

vote (投票する) [動] express a choice in an election

behalf (代わって) [名] the interest of another person

ten (十) [名] the number 10

主人を望む百人の人間が、主人を望まない十人の人間に代わって投票する権利をどのように持つのか?

The law of majority voting is itself something established by convention, and presupposes unanimity, on one occasion at least.

majority (多数) [名] the greater number

presuppose (前提とする) [動] to take for granted or as a given

unanimity (全会一致) [名] the state or quality of being unanimous

occasion (一度) [名] a particular time or instance

多数決の法則自体が慣例によって確立されたものであり、少なくとも一度は全会一致を前提としている。

CHAPTER VI: THE SOCIAL COMPACT

social (社会) [形] of or relating to society

compact (契約) [名] an agreement or contract

第六章: 社会契約

I suppose men to have reached the point at which the obstacles in the way of their preservation in the state of nature show their power of resistance to be greater than the resources at the disposal of each individual for his maintenance in that state.

point (段階) [名] a particular place, especially one with an established purpose

obstacle (障害) [名] something that blocks one's way or prevents or hinders progress

show (示す) [動] demonstrate or exhibit something

resistance (抵抗) [名] the refusal to accept or comply with something

resource (資源) [名] a source of supply or support

disposal (自由に使える) [名] the action or process of getting rid of something

maintenance (維持) [名] the act of keeping something in good condition

私は、人間が自然状態での保存を妨げる障害が、その状態での維持のために各個人が自由に使える資源よりも抵抗力が大きいことを示す段階に達したと思う。

That primitive condition can then subsist no longer;

condition (状態) [名] the state of something

もはやその原始的な状態は存続できない。

and the human race would perish unless it changed its manner of existence.

unless (~しない限り) [接] except if; if not

そして、人類はその存在のあり方を変更しない限り滅びるだろう。

But, as men cannot engender new forces, but only unite and direct existing ones, they have no other means of preserving themselves than the formation, by aggregation, of a sum of forces great enough to overcome the resistance.

engender (生み出す) [動] cause or give rise to

direct (指揮する) [動] control the operations of

formation (形成) [名] the action of forming or producing something

aggregation (集合) [名] a collection or mass of things

sum (総和) [名] the total amount resulting from the addition of two or more numbers, amounts, or items

overcome (打ち勝つ) [動] succeed in dealing with (a problem or difficulty)

しかし、人間は新しい力を生み出すことはできず、既存の力を結集して指揮することしかできないので、抵抗に打ち勝つために十分な力の総和を集合させることによって形成する以外に、自分たちを守る手段はない。

These they have to bring into play by means of a single motive power, and cause to act in concert.

bring into play (動かす) [動] cause to operate or act

single (単一の) [形] only one

motive power (動力) [名] a source of energy that provides the force to move something

act in concert (協調して行動する) [動] act together in a coordinated way

これらを単一の動力によって動かし、協調して行動させる必要がある。

This sum of forces can arise only where several persons come together: but, as the force and liberty of each man are the chief instruments of his self-preservation, how can he pledge them without harming his own interests, and neglecting the care he owes to himself?

several (複数の) [形] more than two but not very many

come together (集まる) [動] come into the company of each other

chief (主要な) [形] most important

self-preservation (自己保存) [名] the protection of oneself from harm or death

pledge (誓う) [動] solemnly promise to do something

harm (損なう) [動] cause damage to

neglect (怠る) [動] fail to care for properly

この力の総和は、複数の人が集まって初めて生じうる。しかし、各人の力と自由は、自己保存の主要な道具であるから、自分の利益を損なったり、自分に対する配慮を怠ったりせずに、どうやってそれを誓うことができるだろうか。

This difficulty, in its bearing on my present subject, may be stated in the following terms—

difficulty (難題) [名] a problem or situation that is difficult to deal with

bearing (関連) [名] the way in which something is related to or connected with something else

present (現在の) [形] existing or happening now

state (表現) [動] express clearly in words

term (言葉) [名] a word or phrase used to describe a thing or to express a concept

この難題は、私の現在の主題に関連して、次のような言葉で表現できる。

“The problem is to find a form of association which will defend and protect with the whole common force the person and goods of each associate, and in which each, while uniting himself with all, may still obey himself alone, and remain as free as before.”

problem (問題) [名] a question raised for inquiry, consideration, or solution

form (形態) [名] the shape of a thing or person

association (連合) [名] an organization of people with a shared interest

defend (守る) [動] resist an attack made on (someone or something)

protect (保護する) [動] keep safe from harm or injury

common (共同の) [形] belonging to or shared by two or more people or things

associate (構成員) [名] a partner or colleague in business or at work

alone (自分だけ) [形] having no one else present

before (以前) [副] earlier or previously

「問題は、各構成員の身体と財産を共同の力で守り保護するような連合の形態を見つけることであり、その中で各人は、自分を全体と結びつけながらも、自分だけに従い、以前と同じように自由でいられるようにすることである。」

This is the fundamental problem of which the Social Contract provides the solution.

fundamental (根本的な) [形] forming a necessary base or core; of central importance

provide (解決する) [動] give or supply

solution (解決) [名] the action of solving a problem or question

これが社会契約が解決する根本的な問題である。

The clauses of this contract are so determined by the nature of the act that the slightest modification would make them vain and ineffective;

clause (条項) [名] a separate and distinct article, stipulation, or provision in a document

contract (契約) [名] a legally binding agreement

slightest (わずかな) [形] very small in degree; inconsiderable

modification (変更) [名] the action of changing something

vain (無効) [形] producing no result; useless

ineffective (無効) [形] not producing the intended or expected result

この契約の条項は、行為の性質によって決定されるので、わずかな変更でも無効になってしまう。

so that, although they have perhaps never been formally set forth, they are everywhere the same and everywhere tacitly admitted and recognised, until, on the violation of the social compact, each regains his original rights and resumes his natural liberty, while losing the conventional liberty in favour of which he renounced it.

set forth (定める) [動] to state or describe in words

everywhere (どこでも) [副] in all places

tacitly (暗黙のうちに) [副] without being expressed or stated

recognise (認識する) [動] to be aware of the existence or truth of

violation (違反) [名] the act of breaking a law, rule, or agreement

favour (代わりに) [名] an act of kindness or helpfulness

そのため、おそらく正式に定められたことはないが、社会契約に違反するまでは、どこでも同じであり、どこでも暗黙のうちに認められ、認識されている。社会契約に違反すると、各人は元の権利を取り戻し、自然の自由を取り戻す一方で、それを放棄した代わりに得た慣習的な自由を失う。

These clauses, properly understood, may be reduced to one—the total alienation of each associate, together with all his rights, to the whole community for, in the first place, as each gives himself absolutely, the conditions are the same for all;

properly (正しく) [副] in a correct manner

understand (理解する) [動] perceive the intended meaning of words, language, or a speaker

reduce (まとめる) [動] make or become smaller or less in amount, degree, or size

total (完全な) [形] complete in amount or degree

alienation (疎外) [名] the state or experience of being isolated from a group or an activity to which one should belong or in which one should be involved

community (共同体) [名] a group of people living in the same place or having a particular characteristic in common

absolutely (絶対的に) [副] in a way that is complete or perfect

これらの条項は、正しく理解すれば、1つにまとめることができる。各構成員のすべての権利とともに、共同体全体への完全な疎外である。まず、各自が絶対的に自分自身を与えるので、条件はすべての人にとって同じである。

and, this being so, no one has any interest in making them burdensome to others.

this (そうであれば) [代] the person or thing that is being discussed or referred to

have any interest in (関心を持つ) [動] be interested in

burdensome (負担) [形] causing hardship or difficulty

to others (他人に) [前] used to indicate the person or thing affected by the action of a verb

そして、そうであれば、誰も他人に負担をかけることに関心を持つことはない。

Moreover, the alienation being without reserve, the union is as perfect as it can be, and no associate has anything more to demand:

moreover (さらに) [副] in addition to what has been said or done

without reserve (留保なしに) [副] without any reservation or hesitation

union (連合) [名] the act of uniting or joining two or more things together

perfect (完全) [形] having all the required or desirable elements, qualities, or characteristics; as good as it is possible to be

demand (要求) [動] ask authoritatively or urgently for something

さらに、疎外は留保なしに行われるので、連合は可能な限り完全であり、構成員は何も要求することはない。

for, if the individuals retained certain rights, as there would be no common superior to decide between them and the public, each, being on one point his own judge, would ask to be so on all;

retain (保持する) [動] keep in one's possession or power

certain (特定の) [形] having a specific but not explicitly stated value

superior (上位者) [名] a person who has a higher rank or position than another

decide (決定する) [動] come to a resolution in the mind as a result of consideration

ask (要求する) [動] say or write something in order to obtain something

なぜなら、もし個人が特定の権利を保持していたら、彼らと公衆の間で決定を下す共通の上位者がいないので、各自はある点では自分の裁判官であり、すべての点でそうであることを要求するだろうからである。

the state of nature would thus continue, and the association would necessarily become inoperative or tyrannical.

inoperative (機能不全) [形] not working or functioning

tyrannical (暴君的) [形] exercising power in a cruel or arbitrary way

こうして自然状態が続き、連合は必然的に機能不全に陥るか、暴君的になるだろう。

Finally, each man, in giving himself to all, gives himself to nobody;

nobody (誰も) [代] no person; not a single person

最後に、各人は、自分をすべてに捧げることによって、誰にも自分を捧げない。

and as there is no associate over whom he does not acquire the same right as he yields others over himself, he gains an equivalent for everything he loses, and an increase of force for the preservation of what he has.

no (いない) [限] not any

associate (仲間) [名] a person who is involved with or connected to another person or group

over (に対して) [前] above or higher than

whom (誰) [代] what or which person

he (彼) [代] a male person or animal that is being talked about

does not (しない) [助] used to form the negative of the present simple tense

acquire (得る) [動] come into possession or ownership of

the same (同じ) [限] being the same one or ones

as (として) [接] used to show that two things are happening at the same time

yields (与える) [動] produce or provide

others (他人) [名] a person other than oneself

gains (得る) [動] come into possession or ownership of

an equivalent (相当するもの) [名] something that is equal in value, amount, or importance to something else

for (に対して) [前] in return for or in exchange for

loses (失う) [動] no longer have something

an increase (増加) [名] the action or fact of becoming or making greater in size or amount

of (の) [前] used to show possession or belonging

for (のために) [前] for the purpose of

the preservation (維持) [名] the action of keeping something in its original state

what (もの) [代] the thing or things that

has (持っている) [動] hold or possess

そして、自分に対して他人に与えるのと同じ権利を獲得しない仲間はいないので、失ったものすべてに相当するものを得て、持っているものを守るための力を増すことになる。

If then we discard from the social compact what is not of its essence, we shall find that it reduces itself to the following terms—

discard (捨て去る) [動] get rid of

social compact (社会契約) [名] an agreement among the members of an organized society or between the governed and the government defining and limiting the rights and duties of each

essence (本質) [名] the intrinsic nature or indispensable quality of something

だから、もし社会契約からその本質ではないものを捨て去れば、それは以下の条件に還元されることがわかるだろう。

“Each of us puts his person and all his power in common under the supreme direction of the general will, and, in our corporate capacity, we receive each member as an indivisible part of the whole.”

each (一人一人) [形] every one of a group of people or things

put (置く) [動] move something to a specified place

supreme (最高) [形] highest in rank or authority

direction (指示) [名] the management or guidance of a person or group

general will (一般意志) [名] the will of the people as a whole

corporate (法人) [形] relating to a corporation

capacity (能力) [名] the ability to do something

receive (受け取る) [動] be given, presented with, or paid

indivisible (不可分) [形] unable to be divided or separated

「私たち一人一人は、自分の人とすべての力を、一般意志の最高の指示の下に共通のものとし、私たちの法人としての能力において、私たちは各メンバーを全体の不可分な部分として受け取る」

At once, in place of the individual personality of each contracting party, this act of association creates a moral and collective body, composed of as many members as the assembly contains votes, and receiving from this act its unity, its common identity, its life and its will.

at once (すぐに) [副] immediately

in place of (の代わりに) [前] instead of

individual (個々の) [形] single; separate

personality (人格) [名] the combination of characteristics or qualities that form an individual's distinctive character

contracting party (契約当事者) [名] a person or group that has entered into a contract

act of association (協会行為) [名] the act of associating or being associated

collective (集団的) [形] done by or belonging to a group of people

body (組織) [名] a group of people with a particular function

compose (なる) [動] make up; constitute

as many as (同じ数の) [限] the same number of

assembly (議会) [名] a group of people who have been elected to make laws

contain (投じる) [動] have or hold within

vote (票) [名] a formal expression of opinion or choice

identity (アイデンティティ) [名] the fact of being who or what a person or thing is

すぐに、この協会行為は、各契約当事者の個々の人格の代わりに、議会が票を投じるのと同じ数の議員からなる道徳的・集団的な組織を作り、この行為からその統一性、共通のアイデンティティ、生命、意志を受け取る。

This public person, so formed by the union of all other persons, formerly took the name of city, and now takes that of Republic or body politic;

public person (公人) [名] a person who is known to the public

take the name of (~の名前をとる) [動] to be called

city (都市) [名] a large human settlement

republic (共和国) [名] a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly by them

body politic (政治団体) [名] a group of people organized under a single governmental authority

他のすべての人の連合によって形成されたこの公人は、以前は都市の名前をとり、現在は共和国または政治団体の名前をとっている。

it is called by its members State when passive, Sovereign when active, and Power when compared with others like itself.

passive (受動的) [形] not active or energetic

active (能動的) [形] characterized by energetic and forceful action or movement

compare (比較される) [動] estimate, measure, or note the similarity or dissimilarity between

それは、受動的であるときは国家、能動的であるときは主権者、そして自分と同じ他のものと比較されるときは権力と呼ばれる。

Those who are associated in it take collectively the name of people, and severally are called citizens, as sharing in the sovereign power, and subjects, as being under the laws of the State.

be associated with (関係している) [動] be connected with

take (とる) [動] assume or adopt

collectively (集合的に) [副] as a group

severally (それぞれ) [副] separately

be called (と呼ばれる) [動] be named or referred to as

sovereign (主権) [名] supreme power or authority

それに関係している人々は、集合的に人民という名をとり、主権を共有する者として市民と呼ばれ、国家の法律の下にある者として臣民と呼ばれる。

But these terms are often confused and taken one for another: it is enough to know how to distinguish them when they are being used with precision.

often (しばしば) [副] many times; frequently

confuse (混同する) [動] mix up two or more things

take (混同される) [動] to mistake one thing for another

distinguish (区別する) [動] recognize as different

precision (正確に) [名] the quality, condition, or fact of being exact or accurate

しかし、これらの用語はしばしば混同され、互いに混同される。正確に使用されているときに区別する方法を知るだけで十分である。

CHAPTER VII: THE SOVEREIGN

CHAPTER VII (第七章) [名] the seventh chapter

第七章: 主権者

This formula shows us that the act of association comprises a mutual undertaking between the public and the individuals, and that each individual, in making a contract, as we may say, with himself, is bound in a double capacity;

comprise (含む) [動] be made up of

undertaking (約束) [名] a promise or pledge

himself (自分自身) [代] that male person or animal

bound (拘束される) [動] tie or fasten securely

double (二重の) [形] having two parts, elements, or aspects

capacity (資格) [名] the ability or power to do something

この公式は、結社の行為が公衆と個人の間の相互の約束を含み、各個人が、いわば自分自身と契約を結ぶ際に、二重の資格で拘束されることを示している。

as a member of the Sovereign he is bound to the individuals, and as a member of the State to the Sovereign.

as a member of (一員として) [名] being a member of

the Sovereign (主権者) [名] the person or group of people who have supreme power in a country

he is bound to (彼は拘束される) [動] he is obliged to

the individuals (個人) [名] a single human being as distinguished from a group

and as a member of (一員として) [名] being a member of

the State (国家) [名] a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory

to the Sovereign (主権者に) [名] to the person or group of people who have supreme power in a country

主権者の一員として、彼は個人に拘束され、国家の一員として主権者に拘束される。

But the maxim of civil right, that no one is bound by undertakings made to himself, does not apply in this case;

maxim (格言) [名] a short, pithy statement expressing a general truth or rule of conduct

civil right (民法) [名] the body of law that deals with the rights and duties of individuals and organizations, as opposed to criminal matters

apply (適用される) [動] be pertinent or relevant

しかし、誰も自分自身に対して行った約束に拘束されないという民法の格言は、この場合には適用されない。

for there is a great difference between incurring an obligation to yourself and incurring one to a whole of which you form a part.

incur (負う) [動] become subject to

yourself (自分自身) [代] the person that you are

なぜなら、自分自身に対して義務を負うことと、自分がその一部を成す全体に対して義務を負うことの間には大きな違いがあるからである。

Attention must further be called to the fact that public deliberation, while competent to bind all the subjects to the Sovereign, because of the two different capacities in which each of them may be regarded, cannot, for the opposite reason, bind the Sovereign to itself;

public deliberation (公衆の審議) [名] the process of considering a matter in public

bind (拘束する) [動] to tie or fasten together

two different capacities (二つの異なる資格) [名] two different abilities or powers

opposite reason (反対の理由) [名] a reason that is the opposite of another

さらに、公衆の審議は、各人が二つの異なる資格を持つと見なされるため、すべての臣民を主権者に拘束する権限を持つが、反対の理由で主権者を拘束することはできないという事実にも注意を払わなければならない。

and that it is consequently against the nature of the body politic for the Sovereign to impose on itself a law which it cannot infringe.

consequently (したがって) [副] as a result; therefore

against (反する) [前] in opposition to

impose (課す) [動] force (something unwelcome) to be accepted or put in place

infringe (侵害する) [動] act in contravention of (a law, treaty, or other formal or informal agreement)

したがって、主権者が侵害できない法律を自らに課すことは、政治体制の本質に反する。

Being able to regard itself in only one capacity, it is in the position of an individual who makes a contract with himself;

be able to (できる) [動] have the ability to do something

regard (見なす) [動] consider or think of in a specified way

only one (一つだけ) [形] the only one

position (立場) [名] the place where someone or something is located

make a contract (契約を結ぶ) [動] enter into a formal agreement

主権者は、自分自身を一つだけの資格でしか見ることができないので、自分自身と契約を結ぶ個人の立場にある。

and this makes it clear that there neither is nor can be any kind of fundamental law binding on the body of the people—not even the social contract itself.

make clear (明らかにする) [動] to make something easy to understand

fundamental law (基本法) [名] a law or rule that is essential and serves as a foundation

body of the people (人民の集団) [名] the people as a whole

social contract (社会契約) [名] an implicit agreement among the members of a society to cooperate for social benefits

そして、このことから、社会契約そのものでさえも、人民の集団を拘束するいかなる基本法も存在せず、また存在し得ないことが明らかとなる。

This does not mean that the body politic cannot enter into undertakings with others, provided the contract is not infringed by them;

enter into (結ぶ) [動] make or enter into a contract or agreement

other (他者) [名] a person or thing that is different or distinct from the one or ones already mentioned or implied

provided (侵害されない限り) [接] on the condition or understanding that

これは、政治体制が、契約が侵害されない限り、他者と契約を結ぶことができないという意味ではない。

for in relation to what is external to it, it becomes a simple being, an individual.

in relation to (に関して) [前] with regard to

external (外部) [形] on or from the outside

being (存在) [名] the state or fact of existing

なぜなら、政治体制は、外部との関係においては、単純な存在、つまり個人になるからである。

But the body politic or the Sovereign, drawing its being wholly from the sanctity of the contract, can never bind itself, even to an outsider, to do anything derogatory to the original act, for instance, to alienate any part of itself, or to submit to another Sovereign.

draw (引き出す) [動] pull or move something toward oneself

wholly (完全に) [副] completely

sanctity (神聖性) [名] the state or quality of being holy

outsider (外部者) [名] a person who is not a member of a particular group

derogatory (損なう) [形] showing a critical or disrespectful attitude

original (元の) [形] existing from the beginning

submit (服従する) [動] accept or yield to a superior force or to the authority or will of another person

しかし、政治体制または主権者は、その存在を完全に契約の神聖性から引き出しているので、外部者に対してでさえ、例えば、自分自身の一部を疎外したり、別の主権者に服従したりするなど、元の行為を損なうようなことをするよう自分自身を拘束することはできない。

Violation of the act by which it exists would be self-annihilation; and that which is itself nothing can create nothing.

self-annihilation (自己消滅) [名] the destruction of oneself or itself

政治体制が存在する行為に違反することは、自己消滅であり、それ自体が何物でもないものは、何物も生み出せない。

As soon as this multitude is so united in one body, it is impossible to offend against one of the members without attacking the body, and still more to offend against the body without the members resenting it.

be united (まとまる) [動] be joined or connected

body (集団) [名] a group of people

offend (攻撃する) [動] cause to feel upset, annoyed, or resentful

resent (憤慨する) [動] feel bitter indignation at having been treated unfairly

この集団が一つにまとまると、集団を攻撃せずにその構成員の一人を攻撃することは不可能であり、また、構成員が憤慨せずに集団を攻撃することはさらに不可能である。

Duty and interest therefore equally oblige the two contracting parties to give each other help;

oblige (義務付ける) [動] make someone do something

two (二つの) [形] one more than one

contracting (契約する) [形] becoming shorter or smaller

party (当事者) [名] a person or group involved in a situation or event

give (助け合う) [動] cause someone to have something

help (助け) [名] the action of helping someone by sharing work

したがって、義務と利益は、契約する二つの当事者に互いに助け合うことを等しく義務付けている。

and the same men should seek to combine, in their double capacity, all the advantages dependent upon that capacity.

men (人々) [名] a human being of either sex; a person

should (べきである) [助] used to express obligation, duty, or correctness

seek (求める) [動] try to obtain or achieve

combine (組み合わせる) [動] join or merge

in (において) [前] used to indicate a place, time, or situation

dependent (依存する) [形] relying on someone or something for aid, support, or the like

upon (において) [前] on

that (その) [限] used to identify a specific person or thing observed or heard by the speaker

そして、同じ人々が、二重の能力において、その能力に依存するすべての利点を組み合わせることを求めるべきである。

Again, the Sovereign, being formed wholly of the individuals who compose it, neither has nor can have any interest contrary to theirs;

again (再び) [副] once more; another time

be formed (形成される) [動] be made or created

再び、主権者は、それを構成する個人から完全に形成されているので、彼らの利益に反する利益を有することも、有することもできない。

and consequently the sovereign power need give no guarantee to its subjects, because it is impossible for the body to wish to hurt all its members.

sovereign power (主権者) [名] the supreme authority within a political unit

give no guarantee (保証を与えない) [動] not give a promise or assurance

hurt (傷つける) [動] feel pain in a part of your body

したがって、主権者はその臣民に保証を与える必要はない。なぜなら、集団がその構成員全員を傷つけようと望むことは不可能だからである。

We shall also see later on that It cannot hurt any in particular.

see (見る) [動] perceive with the eyes

later on (後で) [副] at a later time

後でまた見るように、それは特に誰かを傷つけることはできない。

The Sovereign, merely by virtue of what it is, is is always what it should be.

by virtue of (によって) [前] because of

what (何) [代] the thing that

be (である) [動] to exist or live

主権者は、単にそれが何であるかによって、常にそうあるべきものである。

This, however, is not the case with the relation of the subjects to the Sovereign, which, despite the common interest, would have no security that they would fulfil their undertakings, unless it found means to assure itself of their fidelity.

common interest (共通の利益) [名] something that benefits all members of a group

fidelity (忠誠心) [名] faithfulness to a person, cause, or belief

しかし、これは臣民と主権者との関係には当てはまらない。主権者は、共通の利益にもかかわらず、臣民の忠誠心を保証する手段を見つけない限り、臣民が約束を果たすという保証はない。

In fact, each individual, as a man, may have a particular will contrary or dissimilar to the general will which he has as a citizen.

in fact (実際) [副] used to introduce a statement that is true or to add emphasis to a statement

may (かもしれない) [助] expressing possibility

particular (特定の) [形] of or relating to a single person, thing, or group

dissimilar (似ていない) [形] not alike; different

general (一般) [形] affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things

実際、各個人は、人間として、市民として持っている一般意志とは反対の、または似ていない特定の意志を持つかもしれない。

His particular interest may speak to him quite differently from the common interest: his absolute and naturally independent existence may make him look upon what he owes to the common cause as a gratuitous contribution, the loss of which will do less harm to others than the payment of it is burdensome to himself;

particular interest (特定の利益) [名] a benefit that is specific to a particular person or group

independent (独立した) [形] not dependent on or connected with others

existence (存在) [名] the fact or state of living or having objective reality

common cause (共通の原因) [名] a goal or purpose that is shared by all members of a group

gratuitous (無償の) [形] given or done free of charge

contribution (貢献) [名] a gift or payment

loss (損失) [名] the fact or process of losing something

harm (害) [名] physical or mental damage or injury

payment (支払い) [名] the action or process of paying someone or something

彼の特定の利益は、共通の利益とは全く異なることを彼に語りかけるかもしれない。彼の絶対的で自然に独立した存在は、彼が共通の原因に負っているものを無償の貢献と見なし、その損失は、支払いが自分にとって負担であるよりも他人に害を与えないかもしれない。

and, regarding the moral person which constitutes the State as a persona ficta, because not a man, he may wish to enjoy the rights of citizenship without being ready to fulfil the duties of a subject.

persona ficta (人格フィクタ) [名] a legal fiction

そして、国家を構成する道徳的人格を人格フィクタと見なし、人間ではないため、臣民の義務を果たす準備ができていなくても、市民権の権利を享受したいと思うかもしれない。

The continuance of such an injustice could not but prove the undoing of the body politic.

injustice (不正義) [名] unfairness

undoing (崩壊) [名] the action of unfastening or loosening something

そのような不正義の継続は、政治体制の崩壊を証明する以外になかった。

In order then that the social compact may not be an empty formula, it tacitly includes the undertaking, which alone can give force to the rest, that whoever refuses to obey the general will shall be compelled to do so by the whole body.

empty formula (空虚な公式) [名] a formula that does not have any meaning or significance

alone (唯一) [形] without any other people or things

give force to (力を与える) [動] to make something more effective or powerful

shall be compelled to (強制される) [動] to be forced to do something

whole body (全身) [名] the entire body of a person or animal

社会契約が空虚な公式にならないように、それは暗黙のうちに、一般意志に従うことを拒否する者は誰でも全身によってそうすることを強制されるという、残りの部分に力を与えることができる唯一の約束を含んでいる。

This means nothing less than that he will be forced to be free;

nothing less than (に他ならない) [副] exactly; precisely

be forced to (強制される) [動] be compelled to do something

be free (自由になる) [動] be able to act or be done without constraint

これは、彼が自由になることを強制されることに他ならない。

for this is the condition which, by giving each citizen to his country, secures him against all personal dependence.

this (これ) [代] the thing that is being discussed

secure (守る) [動] make or keep safe or secure

dependence (依存) [名] the state of relying on or needing someone or something

なぜなら、これは各市民を国に与えることによって、すべての個人的な依存から彼を守る条件だからである。

In this lies the key to the working of the political machine;

lie (ある) [動] be in a certain state or condition

key (鍵) [名] something that is of crucial importance

working (働き) [名] the way in which something operates or functions

political machine (政治機構) [名] a political organization that is highly disciplined and controlled by a boss or small group

ここに政治機構の働きの鍵がある。

this alone legitimizes civil undertakings, which, without it, would be absurd, tyrannical, and liable to the most frightful abuses.

this alone (これだけ) [代] this and nothing else

legitimize (正当性を与える) [動] make lawful or legitimate

civil undertaking (市民の事業) [名] an enterprise or other undertaking carried out for the benefit of the public

liable (受けることになる) [形] responsible by law; legally answerable

frightful (恐ろしい) [形] causing fear or alarm

これだけが市民の事業に正当性を与え、それがなければ、事業は不条理で、暴君的で、最も恐ろしい虐待を受けることになる。

CHAPTER VIII: THE CIVIL STATE

第八章: 市民国家

The passage from the state of nature to the civil state produces a very remarkable change in man, by substituting justice, for instinct in his conduct, and giving his actions the morality they had formerly lacked.

passage (移行) [名] the process of moving from one place to another

civil state (市民国家) [名] a state in which the citizens are the ultimate source of power

produce (生み出す) [動] make or create

remarkable (顕著な) [形] worthy of attention

substitute (置き換える) [動] replace with another

instinct (本能) [名] an innate, typically fixed pattern of behavior in animals in response to certain stimuli

conduct (行動) [名] the manner in which one behaves

formerly (以前は) [副] in the past

自然状態から市民国家への移行は、人間の行動における本能を正義に置き換え、彼の行動に以前は欠けていた道徳を与えることによって、人間に非常に顕著な変化をもたらす。

Then only, when the voice of duty takes the place of physical impulses and right of appetite, does man, who so far had considered only himself, find that he is forced to act on different principles, and to consult his reason before listening to his inclinations.

physical (肉体的) [形] of or relating to the body as opposed to the mind

impulse (衝動) [名] a sudden strong and unreflective urge or desire to act

appetite (欲望) [名] a strong desire for something

so far (これまで) [副] to the extent mentioned

consider (考える) [動] think carefully about (something), typically before making a decision

different (異なる) [形] not the same as another or each other; unlike in nature, form, or quality

listen (耳を傾ける) [動] give one's attention to a sound

inclination (傾向) [名] a person's natural tendency or urge to act or feel in a particular way

義務の声が肉体的衝動と欲望の権利に取って代わったときのみ、それまで自分だけを考えていた人間は、異なる原則に基づいて行動し、自分の傾向に耳を傾ける前に自分の理性に相談することを余儀なくされることに気づく。

Although, in this state, he deprives himself of some advantages which he got from nature, he gains in return others so great, his faculties are so stimulated and developed, his ideas so extended, his feelings so ennobled, and his whole soul so uplifted, that, did not the abuses of this new condition often degrade him below that which he left, he would be bound to bless continually the happy moment which took him from it for ever, and, instead of a stupid and unimaginative animal, made him an intelligent being and a man.

although (しかし) [接] in spite of the fact that

deprive (奪う) [動] take away or withhold something from

return (見返り) [名] the value of something in terms of money or other goods for which it can be exchanged

faculty (能力) [名] an inherent mental or physical power

stimulate (刺激する) [動] make more active or lively

develop (発達する) [動] become more mature or advanced

idea (考え) [名] a thought or suggestion as to a possible course of action

extend (拡張する) [動] make or become longer or wider

feeling (感情) [名] an emotional state or reaction

ennoble (高貴にする) [動] make more noble or worthy

soul (魂) [名] the spiritual or immaterial part of a human being or animal

uplift (高揚する) [動] raise to a higher level

degrade (落とす) [動] cause a severe loss in the quality or value of

leave (去る) [動] go away from

bind (縛る) [動] tie or fasten together

bless (祝福する) [動] ask God to look favourably on

continually (絶えず) [副] without interruption

take (連れ出す) [動] carry or bring with one

stupid (愚かな) [形] lacking intelligence or common sense

unimaginative (想像力のない) [形] lacking the ability to form new images or ideas

animal (動物) [名] a living organism of the kingdom Animalia

intelligent (知的な) [形] having or showing intelligence

この状態では、彼は自然から得たいくつかの利点を自分から奪うが、その見返りとして他の非常に大きな利点を得、彼の能力は非常に刺激され、発達し、彼の考えは非常に拡張され、彼の感情は非常に高貴になり、彼の魂全体が非常に高揚するので、この新しい条件の乱用が彼を去った状態よりも下に落とさなければ、彼は永遠に彼をそこから連れ出し、愚かで想像力のない動物の代わりに、彼を知的な存在と人間にした幸せな瞬間を絶えず祝福することになるだろう。

Let us draw up the whole account in terms easily commensurable.

draw up (説明する) [動] to write or create a document

account (説明) [名] a statement of the facts about something

easily (簡単に) [副] without difficulty

commensurable (通約できる) [形] having a common measure

簡単に通約できる言葉で全体の説明をしよう。

What man loses by the social contract in his natural liberty and an unlimited right to everything he tries to get and succeeds in getting;

natural liberty (自然の自由) [名] the freedom of a person to do what they want without being subject to any external constraints

unlimited right (無制限の権利) [名] a right that has no restrictions or limitations

everything (すべてのもの) [名] all the things that exist

try to get (手に入れようとする) [動] attempt to obtain or achieve

succeed in getting (手に入れることに成功する) [動] be successful in obtaining or achieving

人間が社会契約によって失うものは、自然の自由と、手に入れようとし、手に入れることに成功したすべてのものに対する無制限の権利である。

what he gains is civil liberty and the proprietorship of all he possesses.

civil liberty (市民的自由) [名] the freedom of individuals to exercise their rights as citizens

proprietorship (所有権) [名] the right of ownership of property

彼が得るものは、市民的自由と彼が所有するすべてのものの所有権である。

If we are to avoid mistake in weighing one against the other, we must clearly distinguish natural liberty, which is bounded only by the strength of the individual, from civil liberty, which is limited by the general will;

avoid (避ける) [動] prevent the occurrence of; prevent from happening

mistake (間違い) [名] an error in action, calculation, opinion, or judgment caused by poor reasoning, carelessness, insufficient knowledge, etc.

weigh (比較する) [動] measure the weight of

one (一方) [名] the number 1

the other (他方) [名] the remaining one of two or more people or things

一方を他方と比較する際に間違いを避けるためには、個人の力によってのみ制限される自然の自由と、一般意志によって制限される市民的自由を明確に区別しなければならない。

and possession, which is merely the effect of force or the right of the first occupier, from property, which can be founded only on a positive title.

possession (占有) [名] the state of having, owning, or controlling something

occupier (占有者) [名] a person who occupies a place

positive (肯定的な) [形] expressing or implying affirmation, agreement, or permission

title (権原) [名] a right to ownership of property

そして、単に力の効果である占有や最初の占有者の権利と、肯定的な権原に基づいてのみ成立する所有権とを区別しなければならない。

We might, over and above all this, add, to what man acquires in the civil state, moral liberty, which alone makes him truly master of himself;

over and above (加えて) [副] in addition to

add (加える) [動] join or combine two or more things together

moral liberty (道徳的自由) [名] the freedom to act according to one's own conscience

alone (だけ) [副] only

これらすべてに加えて、人間が市民国家で獲得するものに、道徳的自由を加えることができる。道徳的自由だけが、人間を真に自分自身の主人にする。

for the mere impulse of appetite is slavery, while obedience to a law which we prescribe to ourselves is liberty.

prescribe (課す) [動] officially or legally require something

欲望の単なる衝動は奴隷制であり、一方、私たちが自分自身に課す法律への服従は自由である。

But I have already said too much on this head, and the philosophical meaning of the word liberty does not now concern us.

head (点) [名] a particular topic or subject

concern (関係) [動] be about or connected with

しかし、私はすでにこの点について多くを語りすぎており、自由という言葉の哲学的意味は今は私たちには関係がない。

CHAPTER IX: REAL PROPERTY

CHAPTER IX (第九章) [名] the ninth chapter

REAL PROPERTY (不動産) [名] land and anything permanently attached to it, especially buildings

第九章: 不動産

Each member of the community gives himself to it, at the moment of its foundation, just as he is, with all the resources at his command, including the goods he possesses.

foundation (設立) [名] the act of starting or creating something

moment (瞬間) [名] a very brief period of time

command (自由になる) [名] the authority to give orders

共同体の各構成員は、その設立の瞬間に、所有する財産を含む、自分の自由になるすべての資源をもって、ありのままの自分を共同体に捧げる。

This act does not make possession, in changing hands, change its nature, and becomes property in the hands of the Sovereign; but, as the forces of the city are incomparably greater than those of an individual, public possession is also, in fact, stronger and more irrevocable, without being any more legitimate, at any rate from the point of view of foreigners.

change (変更) [名] the act of making or becoming different

public (公共) [形] of or concerning the people as a whole

point of view (観点) [名] a particular attitude or way of considering a matter

この行為によって、所有権は、所有者の変更によってその性質を変え、主権者の手の中で財産になるわけではないが、都市の力は個人の力とは比べ物にならないほど大きいので、公共の所有権も、少なくとも外国人の観点からは、より合法的なわけではなく、事実上、より強固で取消しがたいものである。

For the State, in relation to its members, is master of all their goods by the social contract, which, within the State, is the basis of all rights;

by (によって) [前] through the action of

within (内において) [前] inside

国家は、その構成員との関係において、国家内においてすべての権利の基礎である社会契約によって、彼らのすべての財産の主人であるからである。

but, in relation to other powers, it is so only by the right of the first occupier, which it holds from its members.

by the right of (の権利によって) [前] by virtue of

which (その) [代] that

hold (得る) [動] have or possess

from (から) [前] away from; at a distance from

しかし、他の権力との関係においては、国家は、その構成員から得た最初の占有者の権利によってのみそうである。

The right of the first occupier, though more real than the right of the strongest, becomes a real right only when the right of property has already been established.

stronger (最強者) [形] having great power or strength

right of property (所有権) [名] the right to possess, use, and dispose of property

already (すでに) [副] before or by now or the time in question

最初の占有者の権利は、最強者の権利よりも現実的ではあるが、所有権がすでに確立されている場合にのみ現実の権利となる。

Every man has naturally a right to everything he needs;

every man (人は誰でも) [名] all people

人は誰でも、自分に必要なものすべてに対する権利を自然に持っている。

but the positive act which makes him proprietor of one thing excludes him from everything else.

make (なる) [動] become

proprietor (所有者) [名] the owner of a business

exclude (排除する) [動] prevent from entering or taking part in

しかし、ある物の所有者となる積極的な行為は、他のすべての物から彼を排除する。

Having his share, he ought to keep to it, and can have no further right against the community.

share (分け前) [名] a part or portion of a whole

keep to (守る) [動] continue doing something

彼は自分の分け前を得たので、それを守るべきであり、共同体に対してそれ以上の権利を持つことはできない。

This is why the right of the first occupier, which in the state of nature is so weak, claims the respect of every man in civil society.

weak (弱い) [形] lacking the power to perform

claim (要求する) [動] state or assert that something is the case

respect (尊敬) [名] a feeling of deep admiration for someone or something elicited by their abilities, qualities or achievements

これが、自然状態では非常に弱い最初の占有者の権利が、市民社会ではすべての人の尊敬を要求する理由である。

In this right we are respecting not so much what belongs to another as what does not belong to ourselves.

in this right (この権利において) [名] in this right

ourselves (自分たち) [代] we or us

この権利において、私たちは他人のものであるものを尊重しているというよりは、自分たちのものではないものを尊重している。

In general, to establish the right of the first occupier over a plot of ground, the following conditions are necessary: first, the land must not yet be inhabited;

in general (一般に) [副] usually; on the whole

plot (区画) [名] a small piece of land

ground (土地) [名] the solid surface of the earth

following (以下の) [形] coming after something in time; next

necessary (必要である) [形] required to be done, achieved, or present; needed

first (第一に) [副] before anything else; in the first place

land (土地) [名] the solid surface of the earth

must (いけない) [助] be obliged to; should

yet (まだ) [副] up until the present time; so far

be inhabited (人が住む) [動] live in a place

一般に、一区画の土地に対する最初の占有者の権利を確立するためには、以下の条件が必要である。第一に、その土地にはまだ人が住んではいけない。

secondly, a man must occupy only the amount he needs for his subsistence;

secondly (第二に) [副] in the second place

occupy (占有する) [動] take up (a place or position)

amount (分) [名] a quantity of something

第二に、人は生存に必要な分だけを占有しなければならない。

and, in the third place, possession must be taken, not by an empty ceremony, but by labour and cultivation, the only sign of proprietorship that should be respected by others, in default of a legal title.

third (第三) [形] coming after second

ceremony (儀式) [名] a formal religious or public occasion, especially one celebrating a particular event or anniversary

labour (労働) [名] work, especially hard physical work

cultivation (耕作) [名] the action of growing plants

only (唯一の) [形] being the only one

sign (しるし) [名] an object, quality, or event whose presence or occurrence indicates the probable presence or occurrence of something else

respect (尊重される) [動] admire someone or something

legal (法的) [形] of or relating to the law

そして第三に、所有は空虚な儀式によってではなく、労働と耕作によって行われなければならない。これは、法的権原がない場合に他人に尊重されるべき所有権の唯一のしるしである。

In granting the right of first occupancy to necessity and labour, are we not really stretching it as far as it can go?

grant (与える) [動] give or allow something to someone

occupancy (占有) [名] the action or fact of occupying a place

必要性と労働に最初の占有権を与えることで、私たちはそれを可能な限り拡大しているのではないだろうか?

Is it possible to leave such a right unlimited?

そのような権利を無制限のままにしておくことなどできるだろうか?

Is it to be enough to set foot on a plot of common ground, in order to be able to call yourself at once the master of it?

set foot (足を踏み入れる) [動] to go to a place

common ground (共通の土地) [名] a piece of land that is shared by two or more people or groups

共通の土地に足を踏み入れれば、すぐにそこの主人だと名乗れるようになるのだろうか?

Is it to be enough that a man has the strength to expel others for a moment, in order to establish his right to prevent them from ever returning?

be enough (十分である) [動] be sufficient

expel (追い出す) [動] force (someone) to leave a place, especially a country, or an organization

人が一時的に他人を追い出す力を持っているだけで、その人が二度と戻ってこないようにする権利を確立できるのだろうか?

How can a man or a people seize an immense territory and keep it from the rest of the world except by a punishable usurpation, since all others are being robbed, by such an act, of the place of habitation and the means of subsistence which nature gave them in common?

seize (占領する) [動] take or keep in possession or under control, especially by force

immense (広大な) [形] extremely large or great

territory (領土) [名] an area of land under the jurisdiction of a ruler or state

except (以外に) [前] not including; other than

punishable (罰せられるべき) [形] deserving of punishment

usurpation (横領) [名] the act of taking something for oneself by force or without right

since (なぜなら) [接] for the reason that; because

being robbed (奪われている) [動] take property unlawfully from a person or place by force or threat of force

habitation (居住地) [名] a place where someone lives

一人の人や一つの民族が、広大な領土を占領し、それを世界の他の地域から守ることは、罰せられるべき横領以外にどのようにして可能だろうか? なぜなら、そのような行為によって、他のすべての人々は、自然が彼らに共通に与えた居住地と生存手段を奪われているからである。

When Nuñez Balbao, standing on the sea-shore, took possession of the South Seas and the whole of South America in the name of the crown of Castille, was that enough to dispossess all their actual inhabitants, and to shut out from them all the princes of the world?

Nuñez Balbao (ヌニェス・バルボア) [名] a Spanish explorer, governor, and conquistador

sea-shore (海岸) [名] the land that borders the sea

take possession of (占領する) [動] to take control of something by force

South Seas (南洋) [名] the seas south of the equator

South America (南アメリカ) [名] the southern continent of the western hemisphere

Castille (カスティーリャ) [名] a historical region of Spain

dispossess (追い出す) [動] to deprive someone of their property or rights

shut out (締め出す) [動] to prevent someone from entering or participating in something

ヌニェス・バルボアが海岸に立って、カスティーリャ王国の名のもとに南洋と南アメリカ全土を占領したとき、それは現地の住民をすべて追い出し、世界のすべての君主を締め出すのに十分だったのだろうか?

On such a showing, these ceremonies are idly multiplied, and the Catholic King need only take possession all at once, from his apartment, of the whole universe, merely making a subsequent reservation about what was already in the possession of other princes.

on such a showing (このような見方では) [名] in this way of thinking

idly (怠惰に) [副] in an idle manner

multiply (増殖する) [動] increase in number

Catholic (カトリック) [形] relating to the Roman Catholic Church

need only (〜するだけでよい) [動] have to do nothing else but

take possession (占領する) [動] take control of

apartment (部屋) [名] a place where someone lives

make a reservation (予約する) [動] arrange for something to be kept or used at a particular time

このような見方では、これらの儀式は怠惰に増殖し、カトリックの王は、自分の部屋から宇宙全体を一度に占領し、他の君主がすでに所有しているものについては後で予約するだけでよい。

We can imagine how the lands of individuals, where they were contiguous and came to be united, became the public territory, and how the right of Sovereignty, extending from the subjects over the lands they held, became at once real and personal.

contiguous (隣接する) [形] touching or connected in an unbroken series

come to be (なる) [動] become

united (一体となった) [形] made or joined into a single unit

sovereignty (主権) [名] supreme power or authority

extend (及ぶ) [動] stretch out so as to reach or touch something

hold (所有する) [動] have or keep in one's hand or hands

個人の土地が隣接して一体となった場所がどのように公共の領域となり、臣民から彼らが所有する土地にまで及ぶ主権の権利がどのようにして現実のものとなり、個人的なものとなったのかを想像することができる。

The possessors were thus made more dependent, and the forces at their command used to guarantee their fidelity.

possessor (所有者) [名] a person who owns something

thus (こうして) [副] in this way; therefore

force (軍隊) [名] the military forces of a nation or group of nations

command (指揮下) [名] the authority to command

guarantee (保証) [動] to give a guarantee for

こうして所有者はより従属的になり、彼らの指揮下にある軍隊は彼らの忠誠を保証するために使われるようになった。

The advantage of this does not seem to have been felt by ancient monarchs, who called themselves King of the Persians, Scythians, or Macedonians, and seemed to regard themselves more as rulers of men than as masters of a country.

seem (思われる) [動] appear to be; give the impression of being

Persian (ペルシア人) [名] a native or inhabitant of Persia

Scythian (スキタイ人) [名] a member of a nomadic people originally from the steppes of Eurasia

Macedonian (マケドニア人) [名] a native or inhabitant of Macedonia

この利点は、自らをペルシア人、スキタイ人、マケドニア人の王と称し、自らを国の主人というよりは人間の支配者と考えていた古代の君主たちには感じられなかったようである。

Those of the present day more cleverly call themselves Kings of France, Spain, England, etc.: thus holding the land, they are quite confident of holding the inhabitants.

present day (現代) [名] the time that is happening now

cleverly (巧みに) [副] in a skillful or ingenious way

Spain (スペイン) [名] a kingdom in southwestern Europe

England (イギリス) [名] a country in northwestern Europe

be confident of (確信する) [動] be certain of

現代の君主たちは、自分たちをフランス、スペイン、イギリスなどの王と呼び、土地を所有することで住民を支配できると確信している。

The peculiar fact about this alienation is that, in taking over the goods of individuals, the community, so far from despoiling them, only assures them legitimate possession, and changes usurpation into a true right and enjoyment into proprietorship.

peculiar (特異な) [形] strange or odd; unusual

take over (乗っ取る) [動] assume control of

despoiling (略奪する) [動] steal goods from (a place or person), typically using force and in a time of war or civil disorder

change (変える) [動] make or become different

true (真の) [形] being in accordance with fact or reality

enjoyment (享受) [名] the state or process of taking delight or pleasure in something

この疎外に関する特異な事実は、個人の財産を乗っ取る際に、共同体は彼らから略奪するどころか、彼らに正当な所有権を保証するだけで、横領を真の権利に変え、享受を所有権に変えてしまうことである。

Thus the possessors, being regarded as depositaries of the public good, and having their rights, respected by all the members of the State and maintained against foreign aggression by all its forces, have, by a cession which benefits both the public and still more themselves, acquired, so to speak, all that they gave up.

public good (公共財) [名] a good that is both non-excludable and non-rivalrous

depositaries (保管者) [名] a person who is entrusted with something

foreign (外国の) [形] of or relating to a country other than one's own

aggression (侵略) [名] the action or an act of attacking without provocation

benefit (利益をもたらす) [動] be advantageous to

cession (譲渡) [名] the formal giving up of rights, property, or territory by a state

give up (放棄する) [動] decide to do or have no more of something

こうして所有者は、公共財の保管者とみなされ、その権利を国家のすべての構成員に尊重され、国家のすべての力によって外国の侵略から守られることによって、いわば、彼らが放棄したすべてのものを、公衆にも、さらには自分自身にも利益をもたらす譲渡によって獲得したのである。

This paradox may easily be explained by the distinction between the rights which the Sovereign and the proprietor have over the same estate, as we shall see later on.

paradox (パラドックス) [名] a statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth

explain (説明する) [動] make (something) clear or easy to understand

distinction (違い) [名] a difference or contrast between similar things or people

estate (財産) [名] all the money and property owned by a person or family

このパラドックスは、後で述べるように、主権者と所有者が同じ財産に対して持つ権利の違いによって簡単に説明できる。

It may also happen that men begin to unite one with another before they possess anything, and that, subsequently occupying a tract of country which is enough for all, they enjoy it in common, or share it out among themselves, either equally or according to a scale fixed by they Sovereign.

happen (起こる) [動] take place; occur

another (互いに) [代] one another; each other

possess (所有する) [動] have as belonging to oneself or oneself and others

anything (何か) [代] something

subsequently (その後) [副] after a particular time

occupy (占領する) [動] take control of a country or area by force

among (間で) [前] in the middle of

themselves (自分たちの) [代] the reflexive form of the third person plural pronoun

equally (平等に) [副] in a way that is fair and just

according to (従って) [前] as stated by or in

scale (基準) [名] a system of ordered marks at fixed intervals used for measuring

fix (定める) [動] decide or settle in advance

また、人々が何かを所有する前に互いに結びつき始め、その後、全員に十分な土地を占領して、それを共同で享受したり、平等に、あるいは主権者が定めた基準に従って、自分たちの間で分け合うようになることもある。

However the acquisition be made, the right which each individual has to his own estate is always subordinate to the right which the community has over all: without this, there would be neither stability in the social tie, nor real force in the exercise of Sovereignty.

acquisition (取得) [名] the act of acquiring something

be made (行われる) [動] be done or performed

subordinate (従属する) [形] lower in rank or position

stability (安定性) [名] the state of being stable

social (社会的な) [形] relating to society or its organization

tie (結びつき) [名] a bond or connection between people or things

exercise (行使) [名] the use or application of a power or right

しかし、どのように取得しようとも、各個人が自分の財産に対して持つ権利は、常に共同体が全体に対して持つ権利に従属している。これがなければ、社会的な結びつきに安定性も、主権の行使に真の力も存在しないだろう。

I shall end this chapter and this book by remarking on a fact on which the whole social system should rest: i.e. that, instead of destroying natural inequality, the fundamental compact substitutes, for such physical inequality as nature may have set up between men, an equality that is moral and legitimate, and that men, who may be unequal in strength or intelligence, become every one equal by convention and legal right.

end (終わる) [動] come or bring to a final point; finish

book (書) [名] a written or printed work consisting of pages bound together between two covers

remark (述べる) [動] say something as a comment

rest (依拠する) [動] be based on

destroy (破壊する) [動] cause to cease to exist; cause the destruction of

inequality (不平等) [名] the condition of being unequal

substitute (代用する) [動] use or serve in place of

physical (物理的な) [形] relating to physics or the laws of physics

set up (設定する) [動] put in place or establish

intelligence (知性) [名] the ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills

私はこの章とこの書を、社会システム全体が依拠すべき事実について述べて終わろう。すなわち、自然の不平等を破壊する代わりに、基本的な協定は、自然が人間の間に設定したかもしれない物理的な不平等の代わりに、道徳的で合法的な平等を代用し、強さや知性に不平等があるかもしれない人間は、慣習と法的権利によって誰もが平等になるということである。

BOOK II

book (編) [名] a set of printed sheets of paper, parchment, or similar materials that are fastened together to hinge at one side

第二編

CHAPTER I: THAT SOVEREIGNTY IS INALIENABLE

inalienable (譲渡できない) [形] unable to be taken away from or given away by the possessor

第一章: 主権は譲渡できない

The first and most important deduction from the principles we have so far laid down is that the general will alone can direct the State according to the object for which it was instituted, i.e. the common good:

most important (最も重要な) [形] of the greatest significance or value

deduction (導き出される) [名] the action of deducting or subtracting something

common good (共通善) [名] the good of all people in a community

これまでに定めた原則から導き出される最初の、そして最も重要なことは、一般意志だけが国家をその目的、すなわち共通善に従って導くことができるということである。

for if the clashing of particular interests made the establishment of societies necessary, the agreement of these very interests made it possible.

clashing (衝突) [名] a conflict or disagreement

establishment (設立) [名] the act of establishing something

agreement (合意) [名] the act of agreeing or of coming to a mutual understanding

なぜなら、もし個々の利益の衝突が社会の設立を必要としたのであれば、まさにこれらの利益の合意がそれを可能にしたからである。

The common element in these different interests is what forms the social tie;

element (要素) [名] a basic part or characteristic of something

これらの異なる利益の共通要素が社会的な結びつきを形成する。

and, were there no point of agreement between them all, no society could exist.

そして、それらの間に合意点がなければ、社会は存在し得ない。

It is solely on the basis of this common interest that every society should be governed.

solely (のみ) [副] only

basis (基づいて) [名] the foundation or ground upon which something stands or is supported

govern (統治される) [動] conduct the policy, actions, and affairs of (a state, organization, or people) with authority

すべての社会は、この共通の利益に基づいてのみ統治されるべきである。

I hold then that Sovereignty, being nothing less than the exercise of the general will, can never be alienated, and that the Sovereign, who is no less than a collective being, cannot be represented except by himself: the power indeed may be transmitted, but not the will.

hold (考える) [動] have as a belief or opinion

alienate (譲渡する) [動] transfer ownership of

represent (代表する) [動] act on behalf of

transmit (伝達する) [動] cause to pass from one place or person to another

だから私は、主権は一般意志の行使に他ならないから、決して譲渡することはできないし、集団的存在に他ならない主権者は、自分自身以外に代表されることはできないと考えます。権力は確かに伝達されるかもしれないが、意志は伝達されない。

In reality, if it is not impossible for a particular will to agree on some point with the general will, it is at least impossible for the agreement to be lasting and constant;

in reality (現実には) [副] in fact; actually

particular will (特定の意志) [名] the will of an individual

agree (合意する) [動] have the same opinion about something

lasting (永続的) [形] continuing for a long time

constant (一定) [形] non-varying; unchanging

現実には、特定の意志が一般意志とある点で合意することが不可能ではないとしても、少なくとも合意が永続的で一定であることは不可能である。

for the particular will tends, by its very nature, to partiality, while the general will tends to equality.

tend (傾向がある) [動] be inclined or disposed

partiality (偏り) [名] a bias in favor of one thing or person compared with another

general (一般の) [形] involving or affecting the whole of a class or group

equality (平等) [名] the state of being equal

なぜなら、特定の意志はその性質上、偏りを持つ傾向があるのに対し、一般意志は平等に向かう傾向があるからである。

It is even more impossible to have any guarantee of this agreement;

この合意の保証を得ることはさらに不可能である。

for even if it should always exist, it would be the effect not of art, but of chance.

art (芸術) [名] the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination, typically in a visual form such as painting or sculpture, producing works to be appreciated primarily for their beauty or emotion...

chance (偶然) [名] a possibility of something happening

なぜなら、それが常に存在するとしても、それは芸術ではなく偶然の効果であるからである。

The Sovereign may indeed say: “I now will actually what this man wills, or at least what he says he wills”; but it cannot say: “What he wills tomorrow, I too shall will” because it is absurd for the will to bind itself for the future, nor is it incumbent on any will to consent to anything that is not for the good of the being who wills.

future (未来) [名] the time that is yet to come

consent (同意する) [動] give permission for something to happen

good (利益) [名] that which is morally right

主権者は確かにこう言うかもしれない。「私は今、この男が望むこと、あるいは少なくとも彼が望むと言っていることを実際に望んでいる」しかし、「彼が明日望むことは私も望む」とは言えない。なぜなら、意志が未来のために自分を縛るのは不条理であり、意志を持つ存在の利益にならないことに同意する義務はどの意志にもないからである。

If then the people promises simply to obey, by that very act it dissolves itself and loses what makes it a people;

promise (約束する) [動] assure someone that one will or will not do something

simply (ただ) [副] in a simple manner

by that very act (その行為によって) [副] by that act itself

dissolve (解散する) [動] (with reference to an assembly or organization) break up or cause to break up

だから、もし人民がただ従うことを約束するなら、その行為によって人民は解散し、人民であるものを失う。

the moment a master exists, there is no longer a Sovereign, and from that moment the body politic has ceased to exist.

主人が存在する瞬間、もはや主権者は存在せず、その瞬間から政治体は存在しなくなる。

This does not mean that the commands of the rulers cannot pass for general wills, so long as the Sovereign, being free to oppose them, offers no opposition.

command (命令) [名] an authoritative order

pass (通る) [動] be accepted as

so long as (限り) [接] on condition that; provided that

be free to (自由がある) [動] have the freedom to

oppose (反対する) [動] be against

offer (申し出る) [動] present for consideration, discussion, or use

これは、主権者が反対する自由がある限り、反対しない限り、支配者の命令が一般意志として通らないことを意味するものではない。

In such a case, universal silence is taken to imply the consent of the people.

in such a case (そのような場合) [副] in a situation like this

universal (普遍的な) [形] of, affecting, or done by all people or things in the world or in a particular group; general

silence (沈黙) [名] complete absence of sound or noise

imply (暗示する) [動] indicate or suggest without being explicitly stated

consent (同意) [名] permission for something to happen or agreement to do something

そのような場合、普遍的な沈黙は人民の同意を暗示すると見なされる。

This will be explained later on.

これは後で説明する。

CHAPTER II: THAT SOVEREIGNTY IS INDIVISIBLE

indivisible (分割できない) [形] not divisible

第二章: 主権は分割できない

Sovereignty, for the same reason as makes it inalienable, is indivisible;

主権は、それを不可譲にするのと同じ理由で、分割できない。

for will either is, or is not, general;

either (どちらか) [接] used to indicate a choice between two alternatives

is (である) [動] be

not (そうでない) [副] in no way; to no extent

なぜなら、意志は一般意志であるか、そうでないかのどちらかだからである。

it is the will either of the body of the people, or only of a part of it.

body (全体) [名] the main part of something

それは人民全体の意志か、その一部の意志のどちらかである。

In the first case, the will, when declared, is an act of Sovereignty and constitutes law: in the second, it is merely a particular will, or act of magistracy—at the most a decree.

case (場合) [名] an instance of something occurring; an example of something

declare (宣言する) [動] make a formal statement about a fact, occurrence, or intention

second (後者) [形] coming after the first in time or order; next after the first

merely (単に) [副] just; only

particular (個別的な) [形] relating to a single person, thing, or instance

magistracy (行政官) [名] the office or authority of a magistrate

decree (政令) [名] an official order issued by a government or other authority

前者の場合、意志は、宣言されたとき、主権の行為であり、法律を構成する。後者の場合、それは単に個別的な意志、あるいは行政官の行為であり、せいぜい政令である。

But our political theorists, unable to divide Sovereignty in principle, divide it according to its object: into force and will;

divide (分割する) [動] separate into two or more parts

object (対象) [名] a person or thing to which a specified action or feeling is directed

しかし、我々の政治理論家は、主権を原理的に分割することができないので、その対象に従って、それを力と意志に分割する。

into legislative power and executive power;

into (に分割する) [前] to the inside of

legislative power (立法権) [名] the power to make laws

executive power (執行権) [名] the power to put laws into effect

立法権と執行権に分割する。

into rights of taxation, justice and war;

taxation (課税) [名] the action of taxing

justice (司法) [名] the quality of being just; righteousness

課税権、司法権、戦争権に分割する。

into internal administration and power of foreign treaty.

internal administration (内政権) [名] the management of the internal affairs of a country

foreign treaty (外交権) [名] a formal agreement between two or more states

内政権と外交権に分割する。

Sometimes they confuse all these sections, and sometimes they distinguish them;

section (区分) [名] a part of something

彼らは時々これらの区分を混同し、また時々区別する。

they turn the Sovereign into a fantastic being composed of several connected pieces: it is as if they were making man of several bodies, one with eyes, one with arms, another with feet, and each with nothing besides.

turn (変えてしまう) [動] cause to change position, direction, or course

fantastic (空想的な) [形] conceived or appearing as if conceived by an unrestrained imagination

connected (連結した) [形] joined or linked together

piece (部分) [名] a portion of something

as if (まるで) [接] as though

make (作っている) [動] cause to exist or come to pass

body (体) [名] the physical structure, including the bones, flesh and organs, of a person or an animal

eye (目) [名] an organ of vision

arm (腕) [名] an upper limb

foot (足) [名] the end of the leg on which a person or animal stands or walks

besides (それ以外) [副] in addition; as well

彼らは主権者を、いくつかの連結した部分からなる空想的な存在に変えてしまう。それはまるで、人間をいくつかの体で作っているようなもので、一つは目、一つは腕、もう一つは足で、それぞれそれ以外は何もない。

We are told that the jugglers of Japan dismember a child before the eyes of the spectators;

Japan (日本) [名] an island country located in East Asia

juggler (奇術師) [名] a person who performs juggling tricks

dismember (バラバラにする) [動] cut off or separate the limbs or other parts of

spectator (観客) [名] a person who watches an event

日本の奇術師は、観客の目の前で子供をバラバラにすると言う。

then they throw all the members into the air one after another, and the child falls down alive and whole.

then (そして) [副] after that; afterwards

throw (投げる) [動] propel through the air with a rapid movement of the arm and hand

member (手足) [名] a part of a person's or animal's body

one after another (次々と) [副] in quick succession

air (空中) [名] the mixture of gases that surrounds the earth and forms its atmosphere

fall down (落ちる) [動] move or come quickly from a higher to a lower level

alive (生きている) [形] living; not dead

whole (無傷) [形] in one piece; not broken or damaged

そして、その手足を次々と空中に投げ上げると、子供は生きていて、無傷で落ちてくる。

The conjuring tricks of our political theorists are very like that;

conjuring trick (手品) [名] a trick that is performed by a magician

political theorist (政治理論家) [名] a person who studies or develops theories about politics

be like (似ている) [動] be similar to

我々の政治理論家の手品は、それにとても似ている。

they first dismember the body politic by an illusion worthy of a fair, and then join it together again we know not how.

illusion (幻覚) [名] a false or misleading perception of reality

fair (見世物) [名] a gathering of people for the sale of goods

join (つなぎ合わせる) [動] connect or fasten together

together (一緒に) [副] with or near each other in time, space, or position

彼らはまず、見世物に値する幻覚によって国家をバラバラにし、その後、どうやってかわからないが、再びそれをつなぎ合わせる。

This error is due to a lack of exact notions concerning the Sovereign authority, and to taking for parts of it what are only emanations from it.

due to (起因している) [形] caused by

lack (欠如) [名] the state of being without or not having enough of something

exact (正確な) [形] not approximated in any way; precise

notion (概念) [名] a general understanding

concerning (に関する) [前] about

take for (見なす) [動] consider or regard as

emanation (発散) [名] something that comes or flows forth from a source

この誤りは、主権に関する正確な概念の欠如と、主権から発せられたものだけをその一部と見なすことに起因している。

Thus, for example, the acts of declaring war and making peace have been regarded as acts of Sovereignty; but this is not the case, as these acts do not constitute law, but merely the application of a law, a particular act which decides how the law applies, as we shall see clearly when the idea attached to the word law has been defined.

make peace (和平) [動] make peace

application (適用) [名] the act of putting something into operation

attach (付随する) [動] be connected or associated with

define (定義する) [動] state or describe exactly the nature, scope, or meaning of

例えば、宣戦布告や和平の行為は主権の行為と見なされてきたが、そうではない。これらの行為は法律を構成するものではなく、単に法律の適用であり、法律がどのように適用されるかを決定する特定の行為である。法律という言葉に付随する考えが定義されれば、それがはっきりと分かるだろう。

If we examined the other divisions in the same manner, we should find that, whenever Sovereignty seems to be divided, there is an illusion: the rights which are taken as being part of Sovereignty are really all subordinate, and always imply supreme wills of which they only sanction the execution.

division (区分) [名] the action of dividing or the state of being divided

manner (方法) [名] a way of doing something

whenever (いつでも) [副] at whatever time; on whatever occasion

seem (見える) [動] give the impression of being

divided (分割されている) [形] separated into parts

really (実際には) [副] in fact; actually

supreme (最高の) [形] of the highest quality or degree

他の区分も同じように調べてみると、主権が分割されているように見えるときはいつでも、幻想があることが分かる。主権の一部と見なされている権利は、実際にはすべて従属的なものであり、常に最高の意志を暗示している。

It would be impossible to estimate the obscurity this lack of exactness has thrown over the decisions of writers who have dealt with political right, when they have used the principles laid down by them to pass judgment on the respective rights of kings and peoples.

estimate (推定する) [動] roughly calculate or judge the value, number, quantity, or extent of

obscurity (不明瞭さ) [名] the state of being unknown, inconspicuous, or unimportant

throw (与える) [動] cause to be in a specified state

decision (判断) [名] a conclusion or resolution reached after consideration

writer (作家) [名] a person who has written a particular text

deal with (扱う) [動] take action in regard to

political right (政治的権利) [名] a right that is bestowed on a person by a government or other authority

use (用いる) [動] convert to one's own purposes

pass judgment (判断を下す) [動] form an opinion about

respective (それぞれの) [形] belonging or relating separately to each of two or more people or things having a mutual relationship

政治的権利を扱った作家たちが、王と人民のそれぞれの権利について判断を下すために、彼らが定めた原則を用いたとき、この正確さの欠如が彼らの判断に与えた不明瞭さを推定することは不可能であろう。

Every one can see, in Chapters III and IV of the First Book of Grotius, how the learned man and his translator, Barbeyrac, entangle and tie themselves up in their own sophistries, for fear of saying too little or too much of what they think, and so offending the interests they have to conciliate.

Every one (誰もが) [名] each person

Chapters III and IV (第三章と第四章) [名] the third and fourth chapters

First Book of Grotius (グロティウスの第一巻) [名] the first book of Grotius

learned man (学者) [名] a person who has a lot of knowledge

translator (翻訳者) [名] a person who translates

Barbeyrac (バルベイラック) [名] a French jurist

entangle (巻き込まれる) [動] catch or trap in or as if in a net

tie up (縛る) [動] fasten or bind with a rope or cord

sophistry (詭弁) [名] a false argument intended to deceive

fear (恐れ) [名] an unpleasant emotion caused by the belief that someone or something is dangerous, likely to cause pain, or a threat

too little (あまりにも少なく) [副] not enough

too much (あまりにも多く) [副] more than enough

interest (利害関係) [名] a feeling of wanting to know or learn about something or someone

conciliate (和解させる) [動] make peace with

グロティウスの第一巻の第三章と第四章では、学者とその翻訳者であるバルベイラックが、自分たちの考えをあまりにも少なく言ったり、あまりにも多く言ったりすることで、自分たちが和解させなければならない利害関係を害することを恐れて、自分たちの詭弁に巻き込まれ、縛られている様子を誰もが見ることができる。

Grotius, a refugee in France, ill-content with his own country, and desirous of paying his court to Louis XIII, to whom his book is dedicated, spares no pains to rob the peoples of all their rights and invest kings with them by every conceivable artifice.

refugee (亡命者) [名] a person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster

ill-content (不満) [名] a feeling of annoyance or slight anger

desirous (望む) [形] having or showing a strong wish or desire for something

pay (支払う) [動] give (someone) money that is owed or due

court (宮廷) [名] the residence or establishment of a sovereign or other high-ranking person

Louis XIII (ルイ13世) [名] King of France from 1610 to 1643

spare (余念がない) [動] not use or have

pain (努力) [名] mental or emotional suffering or torment

invest (投資する) [動] put (money) into financial schemes, shares, property, or a commercial venture with the expectation of achieving a profit

conceivable (考えられる) [形] capable of being imagined or grasped mentally

artifice (工夫) [名] a clever or skillful device or stratagem

フランスに亡命したグロティウスは、自国に不満を抱き、ルイ13世に宮廷を支払うことを望んでいたが、彼の著書はルイ13世に捧げられており、あらゆる権利を人民から奪い、考えられるあらゆる工夫を凝らして王にそれらを投資することに余念がない。

This would also have been much to the taste of Barbeyrac, who dedicated his translation to George I of England.

George I (ジョージ1世) [名] King of Great Britain and Ireland from 1 August 1714

これはまた、彼の翻訳をイギリスのジョージ1世に捧げたバルベイラックの好みに合っていただろう。

But unfortunately the expulsion of James II, which he called his “abdication,” compelled him to use all reserve, to shuffle and to tergiversate, in order to avoid making William out a usurper.

unfortunately (不幸なことに) [副] it is unfortunate that

expulsion (追放) [名] the action of expelling someone or something

James II (ジェームズ二世) [名] King of England and Ireland and Scotland from 6 February 1685

abdication (退位) [名] the action of formally giving up a position or office

reserve (予備) [名] a supply of something that is available for use if required

shuffle (ごまかす) [動] move or walk in a slow, lazy, or clumsy way

tergiversate (言い逃れする) [動] change one's attitude or position, especially in a way that is not sincere or honest

make out (作る) [動] understand or interpret

usurper (簒奪者) [名] a person who takes a position of power or importance illegally or by force

しかし、不幸なことに、彼が「退位」と呼んだジェームズ二世の追放は、ウィリアムを簒奪者にしないために、彼にあらゆる予備を使い、ごまかし、言い逃れをすることを余儀なくさせた。

If these two writers had adopted the true principles, all difficulties would have been removed, and they would have been always consistent;

adopt (採用する) [動] take up and use as one's own

difficulty (困難) [名] a thing that is hard to do or understand

consistent (一貫している) [形] acting or done in the same way over time

もしこの二人の作家が真の原理を採用していたら、すべての困難は取り除かれ、彼らは常に一貫していただろう。

but it would have been a sad truth for them to tell, and would have paid court for them to no-one save the people.

sad (悲しい) [形] unhappy or mournful

truth (真実) [名] the quality or state of being true

save (以外) [前] except for

しかし、それは彼らにとって悲しい真実であり、彼らにとって人民以外には誰にも宮廷を支払うことはなかっただろう。

Moreover, truth is no road to fortune, and the people dispenses neither ambassadorships, nor professorships, nor pensions.

road (道) [名] a way on land between two places that has been paved to allow travel by transport

fortune (富) [名] a large amount of money or property

dispense (支給する) [動] distribute or provide

ambassadorship (大使) [名] the position or function of an ambassador

professorship (教授) [名] the position or function of a professor

pension (年金) [名] a regular payment made during a person's retirement from an investment fund to which that person or their employer has contributed during their working life

その上、真実は富への道ではなく、人民は大使も教授も年金も支給しない。

CHAPTER III: WHETHER THE GENERAL WILL IS FALLIBLE

CHAPTER III (第三章) [名] the third chapter

WHETHER (かどうか) [接] if

IS FALLIBLE (誤りうるか) [動] be capable of making a mistake

第三章: 一般意志は誤りうるか

It follows from what has gone before that the general will is always right and tends to the public advantage;

follow (わかる) [動] be able to understand

what has gone before (これまで述べてきたこと) [名] the things that have been said or done before

tend to (資する) [動] be inclined or likely to have a particular characteristic or to produce a particular result

public advantage (公益) [名] the benefit or good of the public

これまで述べてきたことから、一般意志は常に正しく、公益に資する傾向があることがわかる。

but it does not follow that the deliberations of the people are always equally correct.

follow (従う) [動] go or come after

deliberation (審議) [名] careful consideration before decision

equally (同じように) [副] in the same manner

correct (正しい) [形] free from error; in accordance with fact or truth

しかし、人民の審議が常に同じように正しいとは限らない。

Our will is always for our own good, but we do not always see what that is;

私たちの意志は常に自分自身の利益のためであるが、それが何であるかを常に理解しているわけではない。

the people is never corrupted, but it is often deceived, and on such occasions only does it seem to will what is bad.

never (決して) [副] not ever; at no time in the past or future; on no occasion; not at all

corrupt (堕落する) [動] to make or become morally depraved

deceive (欺く) [動] cause to believe what is not true

人民は決して堕落しないが、しばしば欺かれ、そのような場合にのみ、人民は悪を望むように見える。

There is often a great deal of difference between the will of all and the general will;

すべての人の意志と一般意志の間には、しばしば大きな違いがある。

the latter considers only the common interest, while the former takes private interest into account, and is no more than a sum of particular wills:

latter (後者) [名] the second of two things mentioned

private interest (私的利益) [名] something that benefits an individual

particular will (個々の意志) [名] the desire or intention of an individual

後者は共通の利益だけを考慮するが、前者は私的利益を考慮に入れ、個々の意志の総和にすぎない。

but take away from these same wills the pluses and minuses that cancel one another, and the general will remains as the sum of the differences.

take away (取り除く) [動] remove something from a place

しかし、これらの同じ意志から、互いに相殺し合うプラスとマイナスを取り除くと、一般意志は差の総和として残る。

If, when the people, being furnished with adequate information, held its deliberations, the citizens had no communication one with another, the grand total of the small differences would always give the general will, and the decision would always be good.

be furnished with (得る) [動] be provided with

adequate (十分な) [形] enough for the purpose

information (情報) [名] knowledge communicated or received concerning a particular fact or circumstance

hold (行う) [動] carry out; perform

have no communication (コミュニケーションをとらない) [動] not communicate

grand total (総和) [名] the total of a set of numbers

small difference (小さな差) [名] a small amount of difference

give (生み出す) [動] cause to be or to become

decision (決定) [名] a determination arrived at after consideration

be good (良いものとなる) [動] be of a high standard

人民が十分な情報を得て審議を行う際に、市民同士がコミュニケーションをとらなければ、小さな差の総和は常に一般意志となり、決定は常に良いものとなるだろう。

But when factions arise, and partial associations are formed at the expense of the great association, the will of each of these associations becomes general in relation to its members, while it remains particular in relation to the State: it may then be said that there are no longer as many votes as there are men, but only as many as there are associations.

expense (犠牲) [名] a cost or charge incurred in making or doing something

partial (部分的な) [形] not complete or total

association (集団) [名] a group of people organized for a joint purpose

しかし、派閥が生じ、大集団を犠牲にして部分的な集団が形成されると、これらの集団のそれぞれの意志は、その構成員に対しては一般意志となるが、国家に対しては個別意志のままである。その場合、もはや人間の数だけ票があるのではなく、集団の数だけ票があると言えるかもしれない。

The differences become less numerous and give a less general result.

less (より少なく) [形] a smaller amount of

差異は少なくなり、一般的な結果は少なくなる。

Lastly, when one of these associations is so great as to prevail over all the rest, the result is no longer a sum of small differences, but a single difference;

lastly (最後に) [副] finally; in conclusion

great (大きい) [形] of an extent, amount, or intensity considerably above average

prevail (勝る) [動] be greater in strength or influence

no longer (もはや~ない) [副] not anymore; not now

difference (差) [名] the state or relation of being different

最後に、これらの集団の1つが他のすべてに勝るほど大きくなると、結果はもはや小さな差の合計ではなく、単一の差となる。

in this case there is no longer a general will, and the opinion which prevails is purely particular.

in this case (この場合) [副] in the situation that is being discussed

there is no longer (もはや存在しない) [動] not exist anymore

opinion (意見) [名] a view or judgment formed about something, not necessarily based on fact or knowledge

この場合、もはや一般意志は存在せず、優勢な意見は純粋に個別意志である。

It is therefore essential, if the general will is to be able to express itself, that there should be no partial society within the State, and that each citizen should think only his own thoughts: which was indeed the sublime and unique system established by the great Lycurgus.

express (表現する) [動] show (a quality or feeling)

sublime (崇高な) [形] of such excellence, grandeur, or beauty as to inspire great admiration or awe

unique (独自の) [形] being the only one of its kind; unlike anything else

system (システム) [名] a set of principles or procedures according to which something is done; an organized scheme or method

Lycurgus (リュクルゴス) [名] the legendary lawgiver of Sparta

したがって、一般意志が自らを表現できるようにするためには、国家内に部分的な社会が存在せず、各市民が自分の考えだけを考えることが不可欠である。これは確かに偉大なリュクルゴスによって確立された崇高で独自のシステムであった。

But if there are partial societies, it is best to have as many as possible and to prevent them from being unequal, as was done by Solon, Numa and Servius.

as many as possible (できるだけ多く) [名] the largest possible number

prevent (防ぐ) [動] keep from happening or arising

unequal (不平等) [形] not equal; not of the same quantity, value, or status

Solon (ソロン) [名] an Athenian statesman, lawmaker, and poet

Numa (ヌマ) [名] the second king of Rome

Servius (セルウィウス) [名] the sixth king of Rome

しかし、部分的な社会がある場合は、ソロン、ヌマ、セルウィウスが行ったように、できるだけ多くの社会を持ち、不平等にならないようにすることが最善である。

These precautions are the only ones that can guarantee that the general will shall be always enlightened, and that the people shall in no way deceive itself.

precaution (予防策) [名] a measure taken in advance to prevent something from happening

guarantee (保証する) [動] to give a formal assurance of the quality, performance, or occurrence of

enlighten (啓発する) [動] to give greater knowledge and understanding to

これらの予防策は、一般意志が常に啓発され、人々が決して自分自身を欺くことがないように保証できる唯一のものである。

CHAPTER IV: THE LIMITS OF THE SOVEREIGN POWER

LIMITS (限界) [名] the furthest point, edge, or boundary

SOVEREIGN POWER (主権) [名] supreme power or authority

第4章: 主権の限界

If the State is a moral person whose life is in the union of its members, and if the most important of its cares is the care for its own preservation, it must have a universal and compelling force, in order to move and dispose each part as may be most advantageous to the whole.

move (動かす) [動] change the position of

dispose (配置する) [動] arrange in a particular way

part (部分) [名] a piece of something

advantageous (有利な) [形] to one's benefit

compelling (強制力のある) [形] evoking interest, attention, or admiration in a powerfully irresistible way

国家がその生命を構成員の連合に委ねる道徳的人格であり、その最も重要な関心事が自己保存であるならば、全体にとって最も有利なように各部分を動かし、配置するためには、普遍的で強制力のある力を持たなければならない。

As nature gives each man absolute power over all his members, the social compact gives the body politic absolute power over all its members also;

politic (政治的な) [形] relating to the government or public affairs of a country

also (また) [副] in addition; too; as well

自然が各人にそのすべての構成員に対する絶対的な権力を与えているように、社会契約は政治体にもそのすべての構成員に対する絶対的な権力を与えている。

and it is this power which, under the direction of the general will, bears, as I have said, the name of Sovereignty.

it is (この権力こそが) [代] used to refer to a thing previously mentioned or easily identified

under the direction of (の指揮のもとで) [前] below or beneath something

bear (冠している) [動] to be called or named

as I have said (私が言ったように) [接] used to introduce a statement that explains or gives more information about something just mentioned

the name of (という名を) [名] a word or set of words using which a person is referred to

そして、この権力こそが、一般意志の指揮のもとで、私が言ったように、主権という名を冠している。

But, besides the public person, we have to consider the private persons composing it, whose life and liberty are naturally independent of it.

besides (以外にも) [前] in addition to; as well as

naturally (当然のことながら) [副] as may be expected; of course

independent (独立している) [形] not depending on another for livelihood or subsistence

しかし、公人以外にも、それを構成する私人を考慮する必要があり、その生命と自由は当然のことながらそれから独立している。

We are bound then to distinguish clearly between the respective rights of the citizens and the Sovereign, and between the duties the former have to fulfil as subjects, and the natural rights they should enjoy as men.

be bound to (~しなければならない) [動] be obliged to

fulfil (果たす) [動] bring to completion or reality

したがって、市民と主権者のそれぞれの権利、前者が臣民として果たさなければならない義務と、人間として享受すべき自然権とを明確に区別しなければならない。

Each man alienates, I admit, by the social compact, only such part of his powers, goods and liberty as it is important for the community to control;

each man (各人) [名] every person

control (管理する) [動] to exercise restraint or direction over; dominate; command

各人は、社会契約によって、自分の権力、財産、自由のうち、共同体が管理することが重要である部分だけを譲渡する。

but it must also be granted that the Sovereign is sole judge of what is important.

be granted (認められる) [動] be given or allowed

judge (判断する) [動] form an opinion about through careful consideration

important (重要) [形] of great significance or value

しかし、主権者だけが何が重要かを判断する権限を持つことも認めなければならない。

Every service a citizen can render the State he ought to render as soon as the Sovereign demands it;

service (奉仕) [名] the action of helping or doing work for someone

render (提供する) [動] cause to be or become

ought to (しなければならない) [助] should

soon (すぐに) [副] in or after a short time

市民が国家に提供できるあらゆる奉仕は、主権者が要求すればすぐに提供しなければならない。

but the Sovereign, for its part, cannot impose upon its subjects any fetters that are useless to the community, nor can it even wish to do so;

fetter (束縛) [名] a chain or manacle used to restrain a prisoner

useless (無益な) [形] not fulfilling or not expected to achieve the intended purpose or desired outcome

しかし、主権者は、共同体にとって無益な束縛を臣民に課すことはできないし、そうしたいと考えることさえできない。

for no more by the law of reason than by the law of nature can anything occur without a cause.

law of reason (理性の法則) [名] the law of reason

law of nature (自然法則) [名] the law of nature

occur (起こる) [動] come to pass; happen

なぜなら、自然法則によっても理性の法則によっても、原因なしに何かが起こることはありえないからである。

The undertakings which bind us to the social body are obligatory only because they are mutual;

social body (社会体) [名] a group of people who live together in a society

obligatory (義務的) [形] required by a law or rule

mutual (相互的) [形] having the same relationship to each other

私たちを社会体に縛り付ける約束は、それが相互的であるという理由だけで義務的である。

and their nature is such that in fulfilling them we cannot work for others without working for ourselves.

fulfilling (履行する) [動] carry out or bring to completion

work for (働く) [動] be employed by

without (せずに) [前] not having or not doing something

そして、その性質上、それを履行するにあたって、私たちは自分のために働かずに他人のために働くことはできない。

Why is it that the general will is always in the right, and that all continually will the happiness of each one, unless it is because there is not a man who does not think of “each” as meaning him, and consider himself in voting for all?

happiness (幸福) [名] the state of being happy

think of (考える) [動] have in mind

なぜ一般意志は常に正しく、すべての人が常に一人一人の幸福を願うのか、それは「一人一人」を自分と考え、すべての人に投票する際に自分自身を考える人がいないからではないのか?

This proves that equality of rights and the idea of justice which such equality creates originate in the preference each man gives to himself, and accordingly in the very nature of man.

originate (由来する) [動] have a specified beginning

preference (優先順位) [名] a greater liking for one alternative over another or others

これは、権利の平等と、そのような平等が生み出す正義の考えが、各人が自分自身に与える優先順位に由来し、したがって人間の本性に由来することを証明している。

It proves that the general will, to be really such, must be general in its object as well as its essence;

それは、一般意志が本当にそうであるためには、その本質と同様にその対象においても一般的でなければならないことを証明している。

that it must both come from all and apply to all;

come from (発せられる) [動] originate in

apply to (適用される) [動] be relevant to

それはすべての人から発せられ、すべての人に適用されなければならない。

and that it loses its natural rectitude when it is directed to some particular and determinate object, because in such a case we are judging of something foreign to us, and have no true principle of equity to guide us.

rectitude (正直さ) [名] morally correct behavior or thinking

determinate (決定的な) [形] having defined limits

foreign (異質な) [形] of or from a country other than one's own

equity (公平性) [名] the difference between the value of a property and the amount of any outstanding mortgages or other liens on the property

そして、それが特定の決定的な対象に向けられると、その自然な正直さを失う。なぜなら、そのような場合、私たちは自分たちにとって異質なものを判断しており、私たちを導く公平性の真の原則を持たないからである。

Indeed, as soon as a question of particular fact or right arises on a point not previously regulated by a general convention, the matter becomes contentious.

indeed (実際) [副] really; truly; in fact

previously (これまでに) [副] before; earlier

regulate (規制する) [動] control or supervise by means of rules and regulations

matter (問題) [名] a subject or situation that is being dealt with or considered

実際、これまでに一般的な慣例によって規制されていない点について、特定の事実や権利の問題が生じるとすぐに、その問題は論争の的になる。

It is a case in which the individuals concerned are one party, and the public the other, but in which I can see neither the law that ought to be followed nor the judge who ought to give the decision.

concerned (関係する) [形] involved or interested in something

これは、関係する個人が一方の当事者であり、公衆がもう一方の当事者であるが、従うべき法律も、判決を下すべき裁判官も見ることができない場合である。

In such a case, it would be absurd to propose to refer the question to an express decision of the general will, which can be only the conclusion reached by one of the parties and in consequence will be, for the other party, merely an external and particular will, inclined on this occasion to injustice and subject to error.

absurd (ばかげている) [形] extremely silly or unreasonable

propose (提案する) [動] put forward a plan or suggestion

refer (委ねる) [動] pass on or direct to another person or place

express (明示的な) [形] clearly stated

conclusion (結論) [名] the end or finish of something

consequence (結果として) [名] a result or effect of an action or condition

other (もう一方の) [形] used to refer to a different person or thing from the one already mentioned

external (外部的) [形] belonging to or forming the outer part of something

inclined (傾き) [形] tending or likely to do something

injustice (不正) [名] unfairness; unjust or dishonest behaviour

subject (影響を受け) [名] a person or thing that is being discussed, studied, or dealt with

そのような場合、問題を一般意志の明示的な決定に委ねることを提案するのはばかげているだろう。それは当事者の一方が到達した結論にすぎず、結果として、もう一方の当事者にとっては、単に外部的で特殊な意志であり、この場合には不正に傾き、誤りの影響を受けることになる。

Thus, just as a particular will cannot stand for the general will, the general will, in turn, changes its nature, when its object is particular, and, as general, cannot pronounce on a man or a fact.

stand for (代表する) [動] be a symbol of

pronounce (発言する) [動] make a statement or declaration

このように、特定の意志が一般意志を代表することができないように、一般意志もまた、その対象が特定のものである場合にはその性質を変え、一般のものとして、人や事実について発言することはできない。

When, for instance, the people of Athens nominated or displaced its rulers, decreed honours to one, and imposed penalties on another, and, by a multitude of particular decrees, exercised all the functions of government indiscriminately, it had in such cases no longer a general will in the strict sense;

for instance (例えば) [副] as an example

Athens (アテネ) [名] the capital and largest city of Greece

nominate (指名する) [動] formally propose someone as a candidate for election or for an honour or award

displace (追放する) [動] move or cause to move from the usual or proper place

honour (栄誉) [名] high respect; great esteem

penalty (罰) [名] a punishment imposed for breaking a law, rule, or contract

indiscriminately (無差別に) [副] without making careful distinctions

strict (厳密な) [形] exact; precise

sense (意味) [名] a meaning that a word or phrase has in a particular language

例えば、アテネの人々がその支配者を指名したり、追放したり、ある者に栄誉を与え、別の者に罰を与え、そして、多くの特定の法令によって、政府のすべての機能を無差別に行使したとき、そのような場合には、もはや厳密な意味での一般意志は存在しなかった。

it was acting no longer as Sovereign, but as magistrate.

magistrate (行政官) [名] a civil officer or lay judge who administers the law

それはもはや主権者としてではなく、行政官として行動していた。

This will seem contrary to current views;

これは現在の見解に反するように思われるだろう。

but I must be given time to expound my own.

be given (与えられる) [動] be presented with

expound (説明する) [動] give a detailed explanation of

my own (私自身の) [代] belonging to or connected with the speaker

しかし、私自身の見解を説明する時間を与えられなければならない。

It should be seen from the foregoing that what makes the will general is less the number of voters than the common interest uniting them;

foregoing (以上のことから) [名] the things that have been said or written before

number (数) [名] a quantity of something

voter (投票者) [名] a person who votes

以上のことから、意志を一般的にしているのは、投票者の数よりも、彼らを結びつける共通の利益であることがわかる。

for under this system, each necessarily submits to the conditions he imposes on others;

submit (従う) [動] yield to the authority or will of another

この制度の下では、各自が必然的に他人に課す条件に従うことになる。

and this admirable agreement between interest and justice gives to the common deliberations an equitable character which at once vanishes when any particular question is discussed, in the absence of a common interest to unite and identify the ruling of the judge with that of the party.

interest (利害) [名] the feeling of wanting to know or learn about something or someone

equitable (公平な) [形] just or fair; impartial

character (性格) [名] the mental and moral qualities distinctive to an individual

vanish (消える) [動] disappear suddenly and completely

discuss (議論する) [動] talk about something with someone

absence (ない場合) [名] the state of not existing or not being present

identify (同一視する) [動] recognize the nature or character of

ruling (裁定) [名] an official or authoritative decision, especially one made by a judge

party (党) [名] a political organization that seeks to influence government policy, typically by nominating their own candidates and trying to seat them in political office

そして、利害と正義の間のこの見事な一致は、共通の審議に公平な性格を与えるが、裁判官の裁定と党の裁定を結びつけ、同一視する共通の利益がない場合、特定の問題が議論されると、それはすぐに消えてしまう。

From whatever side we approach our principle, we reach the same conclusion, that the social compact sets up among the citizens an equality of such a kind, that they all bind themselves to observe the same conditions and should therefore all enjoy the same rights.

approach (近づく) [動] come near or nearer in space or time

observe (守る) [動] notice or perceive

私たちがどの側から原理に近づいても、社会契約は市民の間にそのような平等を打ち立て、彼らは皆同じ条件を守ることを義務付け、それゆえ皆同じ権利を享受するべきであるという同じ結論に達する。

Thus, from the very nature of the compact, every “act of Sovereignty”, i.e. every authentic act of the general will, binds or favours all the citizens equally;

Thus (このように) [副] in this way; like this

favour (恩恵を与える) [動] do something that helps someone

このように、契約の本質から、あらゆる「主権の行為」、すなわち一般意志のあらゆる真正な行為は、すべての市民を平等に拘束し、または恩恵を与える。

so that the Sovereign recognises only the body of the nation, and draws no distinctions between those of whom it is made up.

so that (そのため) [接] with the result or consequence that

nation (国民) [名] a large group of people who share a language, culture, history and, often, a territory

draw (区別する) [動] make a distinction between

make up (構成する) [動] form or constitute

そのため、主権者は国民の身体だけを認識し、国民を構成する人々を区別しない。

What, then, strictly speaking is an act of Sovereignty? It is not a convention between a superior and an inferior, but a convention between the body and each of its members.

strictly speaking (厳密に言えば) [副] in a strict sense

inferior (下位者) [名] a person who is lower in rank or position

body (団体) [名] a group of people who are organized for a particular purpose

では、厳密に言えば、主権の行為とは何か? それは上位者と下位者の間の協定ではなく、団体とその構成員一人一人との間の協定である。

It is legitimate, because based on the social contract, and, equitable, because common to all;

それは社会契約に基づいているので合法であり、すべての人に共通しているので公平である。

useful, because it can have no other object than the general good, and stable, because guaranteed by the public force and the supreme power.

useful (有益な) [形] of practical use

general good (公共の利益) [名] the benefit or well-being of the public

public force (公権力) [名] the power of the government

supreme power (最高権力) [名] the highest power or authority

有益なのは、公共の利益以外の目的を持つことができず、安定しているのは、公権力と最高権力によって保証されているからである。

So long as the subjects have to submit only to conventions of this sort, they obey no-one but their own will;

sort (種) [名] a category of things or people having similar characteristics

臣民がこの種の協定にのみ従わなければならない限り、彼らは自分の意思以外には従わない。

and to ask how far the respective rights of the Sovereign and the citizens extend, is to ask up to what point the latter can enter into undertakings with themselves, each with all, and all with each.

far (どこまで) [副] to or at a great distance

enter into (参入する) [動] to become involved in

undertaking (事業) [名] a business or enterprise

そして、主権者と市民のそれぞれの権利がどこまで及ぶかを問うことは、後者がどこまで自分たちと、それぞれが全体と、全体がそれぞれと、事業に参入できるかを問うことである。

We can see from this that the sovereign power, absolute, sacred and inviolable as it is, does not and cannot exceed the limits of general conventions, and that every man may dispose at will of such goods and liberty as these conventions leave him;

sovereign power (主権権力) [名] the power of a state to do everything necessary to govern itself

inviolable (不可侵) [形] not to be violated or profaned

general convention (一般的な協定) [名] a convention of a religious denomination

dispose (処分する) [動] deal with in a certain way

このことから、主権権力は、絶対的、神聖、不可侵であるにもかかわらず、一般的な協定の限界を超えることはなく、また超えることもできず、また、すべての人は、これらの協定が彼に残した財産や自由を自由に処分することができることがわかる。

so that the Sovereign never has a right to lay more charges on one subject than on another, because, in that case, the question becomes particular, and ceases to be within its competency.

lay (課す) [動] put or set down

charge (負担) [名] a financial burden

one (ある) [限] a single person or thing

another (他の) [限] an additional person or thing

competency (権限) [名] the ability to do something successfully or efficiently

そのため、主権者は、ある臣民に他の臣民よりも多くの負担を課す権利を持つことは決してない。なぜなら、その場合、問題は個別的なものとなり、その権限の範囲外となるからである。

When these distinctions have once been admitted, it is seen to be so untrue that there is, in the social contract, any real renunciation on the part of the individuals, that the position in which they find themselves as a result of the contract is really preferable to that in which they were before.

preferable (好ましい) [形] more desirable or suitable

これらの区別がいったん認められると、社会契約において、個人の側に真の放棄があることは、契約の結果として彼らが置かれている立場が、以前の立場よりも本当に好ましいものであることは、あまりにも真実ではないことがわかる。

Instead of a renunciation, they have made an advantageous exchange: instead of an uncertain and precarious way of living they have got one that is better and more secure;

uncertain (不確実な) [形] not able to be relied on; not known or definite

precarious (不安定な) [形] not securely held or in position; unstable

secure (より安全な) [形] free from danger or threat; not likely to fail, give way, etc.

放棄する代わりに、彼らは有利な交換を行った。不確実で不安定な生き方の代わりに、より良く、より安全な生き方を手に入れたのである。

instead of natural independence they have got liberty, instead of the power to harm others security for themselves, and instead of their strength, which others might overcome, a right which social union makes invincible.

security (安全) [名] the state of being free from danger or threat

invincible (無敵) [形] too powerful to be defeated or overcome

自然の独立の代わりに自由を、他人を傷つける力の代わりに自分自身の安全を、他人が打ち勝つかもしれない強さの代わりに、社会連合が無敵にする権利を手に入れたのである。

Their very life, which they have devoted to the State, is by it constantly protected;

devote (捧げる) [動] give all of one's time or energy to

彼らが国家に捧げた彼らの命そのものが、国家によって常に守られている。

and when they risk it in the State's defence, what more are they doing than giving back what they have received from it?

risk (かける) [動] expose (someone or something valued) to danger, harm, or loss

defence (守る) [名] the action of defending from or resisting attack

give back (返す) [動] return something to someone

そして、彼らが国家を守るために命をかけて戦うとき、彼らは国家から受けたものを返す以外に何をしているだろうか?

What are they doing that they would not do more often and with greater danger in the state of nature, in which they would inevitably have to fight battles at the peril of their lives in defence of that which is the means of their preservation?

danger (危険) [名] exposure to or risk of injury, pain, harm, or loss

inevitably (必然的に) [副] as is certain to happen; unavoidably

peril (危険) [名] exposure to or risk of injury, pain, harm, or loss

彼らがしていることは、自然状態ではもっと頻繁に、もっと危険を伴って行うことではないだろうか。自然状態では、彼らは必然的に、自分たちの保存の手段であるものを守るために、命をかけて戦わなければならないのだから。

All have indeed to fight when their country needs them;

fight (戦う) [動] take part in a violent confrontation

確かに、国が必要とするときには誰もが戦わなければならない。

but then no one has ever to fight for himself.

ever (かつて) [副] at any time in the past or future; on any occasion; at all

しかし、そのとき誰も自分のために戦う必要はない。

Do we not gain something by running, on behalf of what gives us our security, only some of the risks we should have to run for ourselves, as soon as we lost it?

run (走る) [動] move at a speed faster than a walk

risk (リスク) [名] a situation involving exposure to danger

私たちは、私たちに安全を与えてくれるもののために、私たちがそれを失ったとたんに自分たちのために走らなければならないリスクの一部だけを走ることによって、何かを得ているのではないだろうか?

CHAPTER V: THE RIGHT OF LIFE AND DEATH

CHAPTER V (第五章) [名] the fifth chapter

第五章: 生と死の権利

The question is often asked how individuals, having no right to dispose of their own lives, can transfer to the Sovereign a right which they do not possess.

transfer (移転する) [動] move from one place to another

自分の命を処分する権利を持たない個人が、どのようにして自分が持っていない権利を主権者に移転できるのか、という疑問がよく提起される。

The difficulty of answering this question seems to me to lie in its being wrongly stated.

difficulty (難しさ) [名] the state or quality of being difficult

wrongly (間違って) [副] in a wrong manner

この質問に答えることの難しさは、それが間違って述べられていることにあるように思われる。

Every man has a right to risk his own life in order to preserve it.

every man (誰もが) [名] each person

have a right to (権利を持っている) [動] be entitled to

risk (危険にさらす) [動] expose to danger

誰もが自分の命を守るために自分の命を危険にさらす権利を持っている。

Has it ever, been said that a man who throws himself out of the window to escape from a fire is guilty of suicide?

throw oneself out of (身を投げ出す) [動] jump out of

window (窓) [名] an opening in a wall or roof that allows light and air to enter

fire (火事) [名] a large, uncontrolled fire that destroys a building or area

suicide (自殺) [名] the act of intentionally taking one's own life

火事から逃れるために窓から身を投げ出した人が自殺の罪を犯したと言われたことがあっただろうか?

Has such a crime ever been laid to the charge of him who perishes in a storm because, when he went on board, he knew of the danger?

crime (罪) [名] an act that is illegal

lay to the charge of (告発する) [動] accuse of

perish (死んでしまう) [動] die

storm (嵐) [名] a violent disturbance of the atmosphere with strong winds and usually rain, snow, or hail

when (とき) [接] at or during the time that

go on board (乗る) [動] get on a ship, train, or aircraft

know (知る) [動] be aware of through observation, inquiry, or information

船に乗ったときに危険を知っていたのに嵐で死んでしまった人が、そのような罪を犯したとして告発されたことがあるだろうか?

The social treaty has for its end the preservation of the contracting parties.

social treaty (社会契約) [名] a contract between members of a society

社会契約は、契約当事者の保護を目的としている。

He who wills the end wills the means also, and the means must involve some risks, and even some losses.

will (望む) [動] want or wish for

目的を望む者は手段も望むものであり、手段には多少の危険や損失も伴う。

He who wishes to preserve his life at others expense should also, when it is necessary, be ready to give it up for their sake.

give up (捨てる) [動] stop doing or having something

sake (ため) [名] purpose; reason

他人を犠牲にして自分の命を守りたいと思う者は、必要に応じて他人のために命を捨てる覚悟もしなければならない。

Furthermore, the citizen is no longer the judge of the dangers to which the law desires him to expose himself;

さらに、市民はもはや法律が彼にさらすことを望んでいる危険の裁判官ではない。

and when the prince says to him: “It is expedient for the State that you should die,” he ought to die, because it is only on that condition that he has been living in security up to the present, and because his life is no longer a mere bounty of nature, but a gift made conditionally by the State.

expedient (好都合) [形] advantageous; convenient

die (死ぬ) [動] stop living

present (現在) [名] the time that is happening now

conditionally (条件付きで) [副] on or subject to one or more conditions

そして、君主が彼に「あなたが死ぬことは国家にとって好都合である」と言うとき、彼は死ぬべきである。なぜなら、彼が現在まで安全に暮らしてきたのは、その条件のもとでのみであり、彼の命はもはや単なる自然の恵みではなく、国家から条件付きで与えられた贈り物だからである。

The death-penalty inflicted upon criminals may be looked on in much the same light: it is in order that we may not fall victims to an assassin that we consent to die if we ourselves turn assassins.

death-penalty (死刑) [名] the punishment of death

inflict (課する) [動] cause (something unpleasant or painful) to be suffered by someone or something

criminal (犯罪者) [名] a person who has committed a crime

look on (見ることができる) [動] regard or consider in a specified way

light (同じように) [名] the natural agent that stimulates sight and makes things visible

fall victim (犠牲になる) [動] be harmed or killed as a result of an unfortunate event or action

assassin (暗殺者) [名] a murderer of an important person in a surprise attack for political or religious reasons

turn (なる) [動] change or cause to change from one thing to another

犯罪者に課せられる死刑も、ほぼ同じように見ることができる。私たちが暗殺者の犠牲にならないために、私たち自身が暗殺者になった場合に死ぬことに同意するのである。

In this treaty, so far from disposing of our own lives, we think only of securing them, and it is not to be assumed that any of the parties then expects to get hanged.

hang (絞首刑にする) [動] kill by hanging

この条約では、自分の命を処分するどころか、命を守ることしか考えていないし、当事者の誰もが絞首刑になることを期待しているわけではない。

Again, every malefactor, by attacking social rights, becomes on forfeit a rebel and a traitor to his country;

malefactor (犯罪者) [名] a person who commits a crime

attack (攻撃する) [動] take aggressive action against (a place or enemy forces) with weapons or armed force, typically a concerted military operation

social right (社会的権利) [名] a right that is believed to be held by all members of a society

forfeit (没収) [名] the loss of something as a penalty for a mistake or crime

rebel (反逆者) [名] a person who rises in opposition or armed resistance against an established government or ruler

traitor (裏切り者) [名] a person who betrays a friend, country, principle, etc.

また、すべての犯罪者は、社会的権利を攻撃することによって、没収によって反逆者となり、祖国への裏切り者となる。

by violating its laws he ceases to be a member of it;

その法律に違反することによって、彼はその一員ではなくなる。

he even makes war upon it.

make war (戦争を仕掛ける) [動] engage in a war

彼はそれに戦争を仕掛けさえする。

In such a case the preservation of the State is inconsistent with his own, and one or the other must perish;

inconsistent (矛盾する) [形] not in agreement or harmony

one or the other (どちらか) [名] one of two or more things

そのような場合、国家の保全は彼自身の保全と矛盾し、どちらかが滅びなければならない。

in putting the guilty to death, we slay not so much the citizen as an enemy.

put to death (死刑に処する) [動] kill someone as a punishment

guilty (有罪者) [名] a person who has been found guilty of a crime

slay (殺す) [動] kill someone in a violent way

有罪者を死刑に処するにあたって、我々は市民というよりは敵を殺すのである。

The trial and the judgment are the proofs that he has broken the social treaty, and is in consequence no longer a member of the State.

trial (裁判) [名] a formal examination of evidence and of the law in a court of law to decide guilt in a case of criminal or civil proceedings

judgment (判決) [名] the final decision of a court of law

proof (証拠) [名] evidence or argument establishing or helping to establish a fact or the truth of a statement

break (破る) [動] cause to separate into pieces as a result of impact or stress

裁判と判決は、彼が社会契約を破り、その結果もはや国家の一員ではないという証拠である。

Since, then, he has recognised himself to be such by living there, he must be removed by exile as a violator of the compact, or by death as a public enemy;

live (住む) [動] have as one's home

exile (追放) [名] the state of being barred from one's native country

violator (違反者) [名] someone who breaks or does not obey a law or rule

public enemy (公敵) [名] a person who is seen as a threat to the people or the state

death (死刑) [名] the end of all life functions in an organism or cell

彼はそこに住むことによって、自分をそうであると認めたのだから、協定違反者として追放されるか、公敵として死刑に処せられなければならない。

for such an enemy is not a moral person, but merely a man;

not (ではない) [副] a word used to express negation

merely (単なる) [副] only; no more than

なぜなら、そのような敵は道徳的な人ではなく、単なる人間だからである。

and in such a case the right of war is to kill the vanquished.

そして、そのような場合には、戦争の権利は敗者を殺すことである。

But, it will be said, the condemnation of a criminal is a particular act.

condemnation (有罪判決) [名] the expression of very strong disapproval

particular (特別な) [形] relating to a particular person, thing, or situation

しかし、犯罪者の有罪判決は特別な行為である、と言われるであろう。

I admit it: but such condemnation is not a function of the Sovereign;

function (機能) [名] the special, normal, or proper activity of a person or thing

私はそれを認める。しかし、そのような有罪判決は主権者の機能ではない。

it is a right the Sovereign can confer without being able itself to exert it.

confer (授与する) [動] give or grant

exert (行使する) [動] apply or bring to bear

それは主権者が行使できる権利ではなく、授与できる権利である。

All my ideas are consistent, but I cannot expound them all at once.

all at once (一度に) [副] suddenly; unexpectedly

私の考えはすべて一貫しているが、一度にすべてを説明することはできない。

We may add that frequent punishments are always a sign of weakness or remissness on the part of the government.

frequent (頻繁な) [形] happening often

punishment (処罰) [名] the act of punishing

sign (兆候) [名] an indication of something

weakness (弱さ) [名] the quality or state of being weak

remissness (怠慢) [名] the quality or state of being neglectful

付け加えると、頻繁な処罰は常に政府の弱さや怠慢の兆候である。

There is not a single ill-doer who could not be turned to some good.

There is not (いない) [動] not exist

ill-doer (悪人) [名] a person who does evil

turn to (転じる) [動] change into

善に転じることができない悪人は一人もいない。

The State has no right to put to death, even for the sake of making an example, any one whom it can leave alive without danger.

have no right (権利はない) [動] not be permitted or allowed to do something

make an example (見せしめにする) [動] punish someone as a warning to others

leave alive (生かしておける) [動] not kill

国家は、危険を伴わずに生かしておける者を、見せしめのためであれ、死刑にする権利はない。

The right of pardoning or exempting the guilty from a penalty imposed by the law and pronounced by the judge belongs only to the authority which is superior to both judge and law, i.e. the Sovereign; even its right in this matter is far from clear, and the cases for exercising it are extremely rare.

pardon (赦免) [動] to release someone from punishment

exempt (免除) [動] to free someone from an obligation or requirement

impose (課する) [動] to force someone to accept something

pronounce (宣告する) [動] to declare or announce officially

authority (権限) [名] the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience

clear (明確) [形] easy to understand

rare (まれ) [形] not common or frequent

法律によって課せられ、裁判官によって宣告された刑罰から有罪者を赦免または免除する権利は、裁判官と法律の両方より優れた権限、すなわち主権者にのみ属する。この問題におけるその権利でさえ明確には程遠く、それを行使するケースは極めてまれである。

In a well-governed State, there are few punishments, not because there are many pardons, but because criminals are rare;

well-governed (よく統治された) [形] governed well

few (少ない) [形] a small number of

pardon (恩赦) [名] the act of officially forgiving someone for a crime that they have committed

よく統治された国家では、処罰は少ないが、それは恩赦が多いからではなく、犯罪者が少ないからである。

it is when a State is in decay that the multitude of crimes is a guarantee of impunity.

decay (衰退) [名] the process of decaying

crime (犯罪) [名] an action or omission that constitutes an offense that may be prosecuted by the state and is punishable by law

国家が衰退している時こそ、犯罪の多さが免責の保証となる。

Under the Roman Republic, neither the Senate nor the Consuls ever attempted to pardon;

Roman Republic (ローマ共和国) [名] the period of ancient Roman civilization from 509 BC to 27 BC

Senate (元老院) [名] the upper house of the US Congress

Consuls (執政官) [名] the highest elected political office of the Roman Republic

attempt (試みる) [動] make an effort to achieve something

ローマ共和国の下では、元老院も執政官も恩赦を試みることはなかった。

even the people never did so, though it sometimes revoked its own decision.

even (でさえ) [副] to a greater extent than usual

do so (そうする) [動] do the same thing

though (しかし) [接] despite the fact that; although

revoke (撤回する) [動] officially cancel or withdraw

人民でさえ、時には自らの決定を撤回することはあったが、恩赦を試みることはなかった。

Frequent pardons mean that crime will soon need them no longer, and no-one can help seeing whither that leads.

help (わかる) [動] be of use to

whither (どこに) [副] to what place or state

lead (つながる) [動] be a route or means of access to

恩赦が頻繁にあるということは、犯罪がすぐに恩赦を必要としなくなることを意味し、それがどこにつながるかは誰にもわからない。

But I feel my heart protesting and restraining my pen;

heart (心) [名] the organ that pumps blood through the body

protest (抗議する) [動] express an objection to what someone has said or done

restrain (抑える) [動] hold back from doing something

しかし、私は自分の心が抗議し、ペンを抑えているのを感じている。

let us leave these questions to the just man who has never offended, and would himself stand in no need of pardon.

これらの問題は、決して罪を犯したことがなく、恩赦を必要としない正義の人に任せよう。

CHAPTER VI: LAW

第六章: 法律

By the social compact we have given the body politic existence and life: we have now by legislation to give it movement and will.

legislation (法律) [名] the action of legislating; the process of making or enacting laws

movement (運動) [名] a change of position or location

社会契約によって、私たちは政治的存在と生命を与えてきた。今、私たちは法律によって、それに運動と意志を与えなければならない。

For the original act by which the body is formed and united still in no respect determines what it ought to do for its preservation.

form (形成される) [動] to come into existence

unite (統合される) [動] to join together

still (いまだに) [副] even now or at this time

respect (点で) [名] a particular aspect or point

determine (決定する) [動] to cause to occur in a particular way

なぜなら、身体が形成され、統合される元々の行為は、その保存のために何をすべきかを決定するものではないからである。

What is well and in conformity with order is so by the nature of things and independently of human conventions.

well (善) [形] good or satisfactory

in conformity with (適合している) [形] in accordance with

order (秩序) [名] the arrangement or disposition of people or things in relation to each other according to a particular sequence, pattern, or method

independently (無関係に) [副] without being influenced or controlled by others

善であり、秩序に適合しているものは、物事の性質上、人間の慣習とは無関係にそうである。

All justice comes from God, who is its sole source;

source (源) [名] a place, person, or thing from which something comes or can be obtained

すべての正義は神から来ており、神がその唯一の源である。

but if we knew how to receive so high an inspiration, we should need neither government nor laws.

inspiration (インスピレーション) [名] the process of being mentally stimulated to do or feel something, especially to do something creative

しかし、もし私たちがそれほど高いインスピレーションを受ける方法を知っていたら、政府も法律も必要ないだろう。

Doubtless, there is a universal justice emanating from reason alone;

Doubtless (疑いなく) [副] without doubt; certainly

emanate (発する) [動] come or send out from a source

疑いなく、理性だけから発する普遍的な正義がある。

but this justice, to be admitted among us, must be mutual.

しかし、この正義は、私たちの間で認められるためには、相互的でなければならない。

Humanly speaking, in default of natural sanctions, the laws of justice are ineffective among men: they merely make for the good of the wicked and the undoing of the just, when the just man observes them towards everybody and nobody observes them towards him.

humanly (人間的に) [副] in a human way

speaking (言えば) [動] say something

default (なければ) [名] the action of failing to do something

sanction (制裁) [名] a penalty for breaking a law, rule, or contract

wicked (悪人) [名] a person who is wicked

undoing (破滅) [名] the action of ruining or destroying something

towards (に対して) [前] in the direction of

人間的に言えば、自然の制裁がなければ、正義の法則は人間の間では効果がない。正義の人が誰に対してもそれを守り、誰も彼に対してそれを守らないとき、それは単に悪人の利益と正義の人の破滅をもたらすだけである。

Conventions and laws are therefore needed to join rights to duties and refer justice to its object.

refer (結びつける) [動] mention or allude to

したがって、権利と義務を結びつけ、正義をその目的に結びつけるためには、慣習や法律が必要である。

In the state of nature, where everything is common, I owe nothing to him whom I nave promised nothing;

promise (約束) [名] a declaration or assurance that one will do a particular thing or that a particular thing will happen

すべてが共通である自然の状態では、私は何も約束していない相手には何も負っていない。

I recognise as belonging to others only what is of no use to me.

no use (役に立たない) [名] not useful or helpful

私は、私にとって役に立たないものだけを他人のものだと認識している。

In the state of society all rights are fixed by law, and the case becomes different.

case (状況) [名] a situation or event

社会の状態では、すべての権利は法律で定められており、状況は異なる。

But what, after all, is a law?

after all (結局のところ) [副] in spite of everything; nevertheless

しかし、結局のところ、法律とは何か?

As long as we remain satisfied with attaching purely metaphysical ideas to the word, we shall go on arguing without arriving at an understanding;

remain satisfied (満足している) [動] be in a state of contentment

attach (結びつける) [動] fasten or join

metaphysical (形而上学的な) [形] of or relating to metaphysics

go on (続ける) [動] continue

arguing (議論する) [動] exchange diverging or opposite views, typically in a heated or angry way

arrive at (至る) [動] reach a destination

understanding (理解) [名] a mental process of comprehension

私たちが言葉に純粋に形而上学的な考えを結びつけることに満足している限り、私たちは理解に至ることなく議論を続けるだろう。

and when we have defined a law of nature, we shall be no nearer the definition of a law of the State.

law of nature (自然の法則) [名] a statement of fact or truth that describes something that happens or what is

law of the State (国家の法則) [名] a statement of fact or truth that describes something that happens or what is

そして、自然の法則を定義したとしても、国家の法則の定義に近づくことはできない。

I have already said that there can be no general will directed to a particular object.

have already said (すでに述べた) [動] have said before

there can be no (存在し得ない) [動] be impossible

directed to (に向けられた) [動] aimed at

particular object (特定の対象) [名] a specific thing

特定の対象に向けられた一般意志は存在し得ないとすでに述べた。

Such an object must be either within or outside the State.

must (はずだ) [助] be obliged to; be required to

outside (外側) [前] on or to the outer side of

そのような対象は、国家の内側か外側のどちらかにあるはずだ。

If outside, a will which is alien to it cannot be, in relation to it, general;

alien (無関係な) [形] belonging to a foreign country or language

外側にある場合、それに無関係な意志は、それに関して一般的な意志ではありえない。

if within, it is part of the State, and in that case there arises a relation between whole and part which makes them two separate beings, of which the part is one, and the whole minus the part the other.

separate (別個) [形] not connected or joined

minus (除く) [前] less

other (他) [形] different from the one already mentioned

内側にある場合、それは国家の一部であり、その場合、全体と部分の間に関係が生じ、それらを二つの別個の存在にする。そのうちの一つは部分であり、もう一つは全体から部分を除いたものである。

But the whole minus a part cannot be the whole;

しかし、全体から部分を除いたものは全体ではありえない。

and while this relation persists, there can be no whole, but only two unequal parts;

persist (続く) [動] continue to exist or happen

unequal (不平等な) [形] not equal

そして、この関係が続く限り、全体は存在せず、二つの不平等な部分しか存在しない。

and it follows that the will of one is no longer in any respect general in relation to the other.

そして、一方の意志は、他方に関してもはやいかなる点でも一般的ではないということになる。

But when the whole people decrees for the whole people, it is considering only itself;

decree (命令) [名] an official order or command

しかし、人民全体が人民全体のために命令を下すとき、それは自分自身だけを考慮している。

and if a relation is then formed, it is between two aspects of the entire object, without there being any division of the whole.

object (全体) [名] a thing that is not a person

division (分割) [名] the action of separating something into parts, or the state of being divided

そして、関係が形成されるならば、それは全体の分割なしに、全体の二つの側面の間である。

In that case the matter about which the decree is made is, like the decreeing will general.

その場合、命令が下される事柄は、命令する意志と同様に一般的である。

This act is what I call a law.

この行為を私は法と呼ぶ。

When I say that the object of laws is always general, I mean that law considers subjects en masse and actions in the abstract, and never a particular person or action.

subject (対象) [名] a person or thing to which a specified action or feeling is directed

action (行為) [名] the fact or process of doing something, typically to achieve an aim

abstract (抽象的) [形] existing in thought or as an idea but not having a physical or concrete existence

法の対象は常に一般的であると言うとき、私は法が対象を集団として、行為を抽象的に考慮し、決して特定の人や行為を考慮しないことを意味する。

Thus the law may indeed decree that there shall be privileges, but cannot confer them on anybody by name.

decree (定める) [動] officially or legally order

privilege (特権) [名] a special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to a particular person or group of people

confer (与える) [動] grant or bestow

anybody (誰か) [名] any person

したがって、法は確かに特権があると定めることができるが、それを名指しで誰かに与えることはできない。

It may set up several classes of citizens, and even lay down the qualifications for membership of these classes, but it cannot nominate such and such persons as belonging to them;

class (階級) [名] a group of people or things with the same social, economic, or educational status

membership (資格) [名] the state of being a member of a group

法は市民のいくつかの階級を設定し、さらにこれらの階級に属するための資格を定めることもできるが、それらに属する誰かを指名することはできない。

it may establish a monarchical government and hereditary succession, but it cannot choose a king, or nominate a royal family.

monarchical government (君主制政府) [名] a government in which the head of state is a monarch

hereditary succession (世襲制) [名] the system of passing on a title, office, or property from one generation to the next

choose (選ぶ) [動] pick out or select from a number of alternatives

法は君主制政府と世襲制を確立できるが、王を選んだり、王室を指名することはできない。

In a word, no function which has a particular object belongs to the legislative power.

in a word (一言で言えば) [副] briefly

no function (機能はない) [名] no purpose

一言で言えば、特定の対象を持つ機能は立法権に属さない。

On this view, we at once see that it can no longer be asked whose business it is to make laws, since they are acts of the general will:

on this view (この見解では) [名] from this perspective

see (分かる) [動] understand

it can no longer be asked (もはや問うことはできない) [動] it is no longer possible to ask

whose business it is to (誰が〜するのか) [名] the person whose responsibility it is to

make laws (法律を作る) [動] legislate

since (ため) [接] because

they are acts of the general will (法は一般意志の行為である) [名] laws are acts of the general will

この見解では、法は一般意志の行為であるため、もはや誰が法律を作るのかを問うことはできないことが分かる。

nor whether the prince is above the law, since he is a member of the State;

nor (また) [接] and not; also not

above (上) [前] in or to a higher place or position

君主は国家の一員であるため、君主が法の上に立つかどうかも問うことはできない。

nor whether the law can be unjust, since no one is unjust to himself;

unjust (不正な) [形] not just; unfair

oneself (自分) [名] a person's own self

誰も自分に対して不正を働かないので、法が不正であるかどうかも問うことはできない。

nor how we can be both free and subject to the laws since they are but registers of our wills.

be both (両方である) [動] be two things at the same time

subject to (従う) [動] be affected by or vulnerable to

be but (に過ぎない) [動] be only

register (記録) [名] a book or other document in which entries of names, items, or transactions are made

法は私たちの意志の記録に過ぎないので、私たちが自由でありながら法に従うことができるかどうかも問うことはできない。

We see further that, as the law unites universality of will with universality of object, what a man, whoever he be, commands of his own motion cannot be a law;

universality (普遍性) [名] the quality of being universal

whoever (誰であれ) [代] no matter who

motion (意志) [名] the action or process of moving

さらに、法は意志の普遍性と対象の普遍性を結びつけるので、誰であれ、人が自分の意志で命令することは法にはなり得ないことが分かる。

and even what the Sovereign commands with regard to a particular matter is no nearer being a law, but is a decree, an act, not of sovereignty, but of magistracy.

そして、主権者が特定の事柄に関して命令したことでさえ、法に近づくことはなく、主権ではなく、行政の命令、行為である。

I therefore give the name 'Republic' to every State that is governed by laws, no matter what the form of its administration may be: for only in such a case does the public interest govern, and the res publica rank as a reality.

give the name (名を与える) [動] call something by a particular name

govern (統治する) [動] rule over; exercise authority over

public interest (公益) [名] the well-being of the general public

res publica (共和国) [名] a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly by them

rank (現実のものとなる) [動] take a specified place in a graded or hierarchical series

だから私は、その統治の形態がどうであれ、法によって統治されているすべての国家に「共和国」という名を与える。なぜなら、そのような場合にのみ、公益が統治し、共和国が現実のものとなるからである。

Every legitimate government is republican;

republican (共和制の) [形] of or relating to a republic

すべての合法的な政府は共和制である。

what government is I will explain later on.

政府とは何かについては後で説明する。

Laws are, properly speaking, only the conditions of civil association.

法律は、正確に言えば、市民協会の条件にすぎない。

The people, being subject to the laws, ought to be their author: the conditions of the society ought to be regulated solely by those who come together to form it.

be subject to (従う) [動] be under the control or influence of

author (作者) [名] a person who writes a book, article, or report

法律に従う人々は、その作者であるべきだ。社会の条件は、それを形成するために集まった人々によってのみ規制されるべきだ。

But how are they to regulate them?

しかし、彼らはどのようにそれを規制するのか?

Is it to be by common agreement, by a sudden inspiration?

common agreement (共通の合意) [名] an agreement that is shared by all the members of a group

sudden (突然の) [形] happening or done quickly and without warning

inspiration (ひらめき) [名] a sudden brilliant or timely idea

それは、突然のひらめきによる共通の合意によるものなのか?

Has the body politic an organ to declare its will?

政治体には、その意志を表明する機関があるのか?

Who can give it the foresight to formulate and announce its acts in advance?

foresight (先見性) [名] the ability to predict or the action of predicting what will happen or be needed in the future

formulate (定式化する) [動] express clearly

announce (発表する) [動] make a public and typically formal declaration about a fact, occurrence, or intention

誰がその行為を事前に定式化し、発表するための先見性を与えることができるのか?

Or how is it to announce them in the hour of need?

hour (時) [名] a period of time equal to 60 minutes

あるいは、必要に迫られた時にどのように発表するのか?

How can a blind multitude, which often does not know what it wills, because it rarely knows what is good for it, carry out for itself so great and difficult an enterprise as a system of legislation?

blind (盲目の) [形] unable to see

rarely (めったに) [副] not often; seldom

carry out (遂行する) [動] to complete or finish

difficult (難しい) [形] hard to do or understand

enterprise (事業) [名] a project or undertaking, especially a bold or complex one

legislation (立法) [名] the process of making or enacting laws

盲目の群衆は、自分にとって何が良いのかをほとんど知らないために、自分の意志が何であるかを知らないことが多いが、どのようにして立法制度のような大きくて難しい事業を自ら遂行できるのか?

Of itself the people wills always the good, but of itself it by no means always sees it.

of itself (それ自体) [副] without outside help

will (意志する) [動] intend to do something

人民は常に善を意志するが、常に善を見ているわけではない。

The general will is always in the right, but the judgment which guides it is not always enlightened.

judgment (判断) [名] the ability to make considered decisions or come to sensible conclusions

guide (導く) [動] show the way to someone or something

enlightened (啓発されている) [形] having or showing a rational, modern, and well-informed outlook

一般意志は常に正しいが、それを導く判断は常に啓発されているわけではない。

It must be got to see objects as they are, and sometimes as they ought to appear to it;

get (させる) [動] cause to be or do something

as (あるがままに) [接] in the same way that

appear (見える) [動] be or become visible

物事をあるがままに見るようにし、時には物事がどのように見えるかを見るようにしなければならない。

it must be shown the good road it is in search of, secured from the seductive influences of individual wills, taught to see times and spaces as a series, and made to weigh the attractions of present and sensible advantages against the danger of distant and hidden evils.

search (探し求める) [動] to look for something

seductive (誘惑的な) [形] tending to seduce

teach (教える) [動] to impart knowledge of or skill in

space (空間) [名] the unlimited expanse in which the solar system, stars, and galaxies exist

series (一連) [名] a number of things arranged in or forming a line

weigh (比較検討する) [動] to consider carefully

attraction (魅力) [名] the action or power of attracting; the quality of being attractive

sensible (賢明な) [形] based on or acting on good judgment or reason

distant (遠くにある) [形] far away in space or time

hidden (隠れた) [形] not seen or easily seen; concealed

evil (悪) [名] something that is harmful or undesirable

探し求めている良い道を示し、個々の意志の誘惑的な影響から守り、時間と空間を一連のものとして見るように教え、遠くにある隠れた悪の危険に対して、現在および賢明な利点の魅力を比較検討するようにしなければならない。

The individuals see the good they reject;

個人は拒絶する善を見る。

the public wills the good it does not see.

公衆は見えない善を意志する。

All stand equally in need of guidance.

stand in need of (必要としている) [動] require or need

guidance (指導) [名] the action of guiding or directing

すべてが等しく指導を必要としている。

The former must be compelled to bring their wills into conformity with their reason;

be compelled to (強制される) [動] be forced to do something

bring (従わせる) [動] cause to come or go to a place

前者は、意志を理性に従わせるように強制されなければならない。

the latter must be taught to know what it wills.

be taught (教えられる) [動] be instructed in

後者は、何を意志するかを知るように教えられなければならない。

If that is done, public enlightenment leads to the union of understanding and will in the social body:

public enlightenment (公衆の啓蒙) [名] the act of educating the general public

lead to (至る) [動] result in

それがなされれば、公衆の啓蒙は社会体における理解と意志の結合に至る。

the parts are made to work exactly together, and the whole is raised to its highest power.

work together (協働する) [動] work with each other

exactly (正確に) [副] in a precise manner

raise (高める) [動] lift up

highest (最高の) [形] of the greatest vertical extent

部分は正確に協働するようになり、全体はその最高の力に高められる。

This makes a legislator necessary.

これが立法者を必要とする。

CHAPTER VII: THE LEGISLATOR

第七章: 立法者

In order to discover the rules of society best suited to nations, a superior intelligence beholding all the passions of men without experiencing any of them would be needed.

discover (発見する) [動] find out or notice something for the first time

rule (規則) [名] a statement that tells you what is or is not allowed

best (最も) [形] of the highest quality

suit (適する) [動] be right or appropriate for

experience (経験する) [動] have something happen to you

passion (情念) [名] a strong feeling of love, hate, anger, etc.

behold (見通す) [動] see or observe

諸国民に最も適した社会の規則を発見するためには、人間のあらゆる情念を経験することなくそれらをすべて見通す優れた知性が必要であろう。

This intelligence would have to be wholly unrelated to our nature, while knowing it through and through;

wholly (全く) [副] completely; entirely

unrelated (無関係) [形] not connected or associated

through and through (知り尽くす) [副] completely; thoroughly

この知性は、人間の本性を知り尽くしながらも、人間の本性とは全く無関係でなければならない。

its happiness would have to be independent of us, and yet ready to occupy itself with ours;

independent (無関係) [形] not connected with or influenced by another person or thing

occupy (心を砕く) [動] take up all or a lot of someone's time or attention

その知性の幸福は、人間とは無関係でありながら、人間の幸福に心を砕く用意がなければならない。

and lastly, it would have, in the march of time, to look forward to a distant glory, and, working in one century, to be able to enjoy in the next.

and lastly (そして最後に) [副] finally

march (流れ) [名] the steady and regular advance of something

look forward to (待ち望む) [動] anticipate with pleasure

glory (栄光) [名] high renown or honor won by notable achievements

work (働く) [動] be engaged in physical or mental activity in order to achieve a purpose of result

century (世紀) [名] a period of 100 years

そして最後に、その知性は、時の流れの中で、遠い栄光を待ち望み、一世紀に働き、次の世紀に享受できるものでなければならない。

It would take gods to give men laws.

take (必要である) [動] require

人間に法律を与えるには神々が必要であろう。

What Caligula argued from the facts, Plato, in the dialogue called the Politicus, argued in defining the civil or kingly man, on the basis of right.

argue (論じる) [動] give reasons or cite evidence in support of an idea, action, or theory, typically with the aim of persuading others to share one's view

Plato (プラトン) [名] a Greek philosopher and mathematician

Politicus (政治家) [名] a person who is involved in politics

カリグラが事実から論じたことを、プラトンは政治家と呼ばれる対話の中で、権利に基づいて市民的または王者的な人間を定義する際に論じた。

But if great princes are rare, how much more so are great legislators?

しかし、偉大な君主が稀であるならば、偉大な立法者はどれほど稀であろうか。

The former have only to follow the pattern which the latter have to lay down.

have only to (従うだけでよい) [動] must

pattern (パターン) [名] a repeated decorative design

have to (定める) [動] must

前者は後者が定めたパターンに従うだけでよい。

The legislator is the engineer who invents the machine, the prince merely the mechanic who sets it up and makes it go.

engineer (技術者) [名] a person who designs, builds, or maintains engines, machines, or public works

invent (発明する) [動] create or design something that has not existed before

machine (機械) [名] an apparatus using or applying mechanical power and having several parts, each with a definite function and together performing a particular task

mechanic (機械工) [名] a person who repairs and maintains machines

立法者は機械を発明する技術者であり、君主はそれを設置して動かす単なる機械工である。

“At the birth of societies,” says Montesquieu, “the rulers of Republics establish institutions, and afterwards the institutions mould the rulers.”

birth (誕生) [名] the beginning of life

institution (制度) [名] an established law, custom, or practice

mould (形作る) [動] shape or form

Montesquieu (モンテスキュー) [名] a French political philosopher

「社会の誕生時には、共和国の支配者たちが制度を作り、その後、制度が支配者たちを形作る」とモンテスキューは言う。

He who dares to undertake the making of a people's institutions ought to feel himself capable, so to speak, of changing human nature, of transforming each individual, who is by himself a complete and solitary whole, into part of a greater whole from which he in a manner receives his life and being;

dare (敢えて) [動] have the courage to do something new or dangerous

undertake (取り組む) [動] take on a task or job

making (制定) [名] the process of making or producing something

capable (能力がある) [形] having the ability to do something

human nature (人間の本性) [名] the general psychological characteristics, feelings, and behavioral traits of humankind, regarded as shared by all humans

complete (完全な) [形] having all the necessary or appropriate parts

solitary (孤独な) [形] done or existing alone

greater (より大きな) [形] larger or more important

人々の制度の制定に敢えて取り組む者は、いわば人間の本性を変え、一人では完全で孤独な全体である各個人を、ある意味、自分の命と存在を受け取るより大きな全体の一部に変える能力があると感じるべきである。

of altering man's constitution for the purpose of strengthening it;

alter (変える) [動] make or become different

purpose (目的) [名] the intention to do something

strengthen (強化する) [動] make or become stronger

人間の体質を強化する目的で変えること。

and of substituting a partial and moral existence for the physical and independent existence nature has conferred on us all.

substituting (置き換える) [動] replace with another

has conferred (与えた) [動] grant or bestow formally

on (に) [前] used to indicate the place or time of an event

そして、自然が私たちすべてに与えた物理的で独立した存在を、部分的で道徳的な存在に置き換えることである。

He must, in a word, take away from man his own resources and give him instead new ones alien to him, and incapable of being made use of without the help of other men.

instead (代わりに) [副] as an alternative or substitute for

new (新しい) [形] recently made, produced, or created

incapable (できない) [形] lacking the ability to do something

make use of (利用する) [動] use something for a particular purpose

一言で言えば、彼は人間から自分の資源を奪い、代わりに彼にとって異質で、他の人間の助けなしには利用できない新しい資源を与えなければならない。

The more completely these natural resources are annihilated, the greater and the more lasting are those which he acquires, and the more stable and perfect the new institutions;

the more completely (より完全に) [副] to a greater degree or extent

natural resource (天然資源) [名] a material or substance that occurs in nature and can be used by humans

annihilate (消滅する) [動] destroy utterly; reduce to nonexistence

the greater (より大きい) [形] larger in size, amount, or degree

the more lasting (より永続的) [形] continuing longer

これらの天然資源が完全に消滅すればするほど、彼が獲得するものはより大きく、より永続的なものとなり、新しい制度はより安定し、より完璧なものとなる。

so that if each citizen is nothing and can do nothing without the rest, and the resources acquired by the whole are equal or superior to the aggregate of the resources of all the individuals, it may be said that legislation is at the highest possible point of perfection.

perfection (完成度) [名] the quality or state of being perfect

そのため、各市民が何物でもなく、残りの市民なしでは何もできない場合、また全体が獲得した資源がすべての個人の資源の合計に等しいかそれ以上である場合、法律は可能な限り最高の完成度にあると言えるだろう。

The legislator occupies in every respect an extraordinary position in the State.

occupy (占める) [動] take up a certain amount of space, time, or resources

every respect (あらゆる点) [名] in all aspects

extraordinary (特別な) [形] very unusual or remarkable

position (地位) [名] a place where someone or something is located or has been put

立法者はあらゆる点で国家において特別な地位を占めている。

If he should do so by reason of his genius, he does so no less by reason of his office, which is neither magistracy, nor Sovereignty.

genius (天才) [名] a person who is exceptionally intelligent or creative, either generally or in some particular respect

office (職務) [名] a position of authority or responsibility

彼が天才であるがゆえにそうするならば、彼はまた、行政官でも主権者でもない彼の職務によってもそうする。

This office, which sets up the Republic, nowhere enters into its constitution;

nowhere (どこにも) [副] not anywhere

enter into (入る) [動] become involved in

constitution (憲法) [名] the basic principles and laws of a nation, state, or social group that determine the powers and duties of the government and guarantee certain rights to the people in it

共和国を成立させるこの職務は、その憲法にはどこにも入っていない。

it is an individual and superior function, which has nothing in common with human empire;

individual (個性的) [形] of or relating to a single person or thing

common (共通点) [名] something that is shared by two or more things

human (人間) [名] a human being

それは人間の帝国と共通点のない、個性的で優れた機能である。

for if he who holds command over men ought not to have command over the laws, he who has command over the laws ought not any more to have it over men;

hold command over (支配する) [動] have authority over

ought not to (べきではない) [助] should not

have command over (支配する) [動] have authority over

any more (もはや) [副] no longer

なぜなら、人間を支配する者が法律を支配するべきではないならば、法律を支配する者はもはや人間を支配するべきではないからである。

or else his laws would be the ministers of his passions and would often merely serve to perpetuate his injustices: his private aims would inevitably mar the sanctity of his work.

or else (さもなければ) [接] otherwise

passion (情熱) [名] a strong feeling or emotion

aim (目的) [名] a purpose or intention

さもなければ、彼の法律は彼の情熱の道具となり、しばしば彼の不正を永続させるのに役立つだけだろう。彼の私的な目的は必然的に彼の仕事の神聖さを損なうだろう。

When Lycurgus gave laws to his country, he began by resigning the throne.

resign (退く) [動] leave a job, post, or position voluntarily

throne (王位) [名] the seat of a king or queen

リュクルゴスが国に法律を与えたとき、彼は王位を退くことから始めた。

It was the custom of most Greek towns to entrust the establishment of their laws to foreigners.

most (ほとんどの) [形] the majority of

Greek (ギリシャの) [形] of or relating to Greece or its people or language or culture

town (町) [名] a human settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city

custom (習慣) [名] a practice or behavior that is usual or expected

entrust (委ねる) [動] give a task or responsibility to someone

ほとんどのギリシャの町では、法律の制定を外国人に委ねるのが習慣だった。

The Republics of modern Italy in many cases followed this example;

Republics (共和国) [名] a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly by them

modern (近代) [形] of or relating to the present or recent times

Italy (イタリア) [名] a republic in southern Europe

many (多くの) [形] a large number of

follow (倣う) [動] go after someone or something; come after someone or something

近代イタリアの共和国の多くはこの例に倣った。

Geneva did the same and profited by it.

Geneva (ジュネーブ) [名] a city in Switzerland

do the same (同じことをする) [動] do the same thing

profit (利益を得る) [動] make a profit

ジュネーブも同じことをして利益を得た。

Rome, when it was most prosperous, suffered a revival of all the crimes of tyranny, and was brought to the verge of destruction, because it put the legislative authority and the sovereign power into the same hands.

Rome (ローマ) [名] the capital city of Italy

prosperous (繁栄していた) [形] flourishing; thriving

suffer (苦しむ) [動] experience something bad

revival (復活) [名] the restoration of something after a period of decline

tyranny (暴政) [名] cruel and oppressive government or rule

verge (危機に瀕する) [名] the point beyond which something is likely to happen

legislative (立法権) [形] having the power to make laws

ローマは、最も繁栄していた時代に、立法権と主権を同じ手に委ねたために、あらゆる暴政の復活に苦しみ、滅亡の危機に瀕した。

Nevertheless, the decemvirs themselves never claimed the right to pass any law merely on their own authority.

decemvirs (十人委員会) [名] a body of ten magistrates in ancient Rome

pass (通す) [動] move or cause to move in a specified direction

それにもかかわらず、十人委員会自身は、単に自分たちの権限で法律を通す権利を主張したことはなかった。

“Nothing we propose to you,” they said to the people, “can pass into law without your consent.

「我々があなた方に提案するものは、あなた方の同意なしに法律になることはできない」と彼らは人々に言った。

Romans, be yourselves the authors of the laws which are to make you happy.”

Romans (ローマ人) [名] a citizen of ancient Rome

ローマ人よ、あなたたちを幸せにする法律の作者は自分たちであれ」

He, therefore, who draws up the laws has, or should have, no right of legislation, and the people cannot, even if it wishes, deprive itself of this incommunicable right, because, according to the fundamental compact, only the general will can bind the individuals, and there can be no assurance that a particular will is in conformity with the general will, until it has been put to the free vote of the people.

deprive (剥奪する) [動] to take something away from someone

incommunicable (譲り渡すことのできない) [形] unable to be communicated

assurance (保証) [名] a promise or guarantee

したがって、法律を起草する者は立法権を持たない、あるいは持つべきではないし、人民は、たとえ望んだとしても、この譲り渡すことのできない権利を自ら剥奪することはできない。なぜなら、基本契約によれば、一般意志だけが個人を拘束することができ、人民の自由な投票にかけられない限り、特定の意志が一般意志に適合しているという保証はないからである。

This I have said already; but it is worth while to repeat it.

have said (述べた) [動] to have expressed (something) in words

worth (価値がある) [名] the quality that renders something desirable or valuable

repeat (繰り返す) [動] do or say again

これはすでに述べたことだが、繰り返す価値がある。

Thus in the task of legislation we find together two things which appear to be incompatible: an enterprise too difficult for human powers, and, for its execution, an authority that is no authority.

together (同時に) [副] at the same time

appear (思われる) [動] seem

execution (執行) [名] the carrying out of a plan, order, or course of action

こうして立法という仕事において、相容れないと思われる二つのことが同時に見出される。人間の力には難しすぎる事業と、その執行のために権威ではない権威である。

There is a further difficulty that deserves attention.

further (さらなる) [形] more or additional

deserve (値する) [動] be worthy of

attention (注意) [名] the action of directing one's mind to something

注意に値するさらなる困難がある。

Wise men, if they try to speak their language to the common herd instead of its own, cannot possibly make themselves understood.

wise man (賢者) [名] a man who is wise

try (試みる) [動] make an attempt or effort to do something

speak (話す) [動] say words out loud

language (言葉) [名] the system of communication used by a particular community or country

common herd (一般大衆) [名] the ordinary people

possibly (おそらく) [副] perhaps; maybe

make oneself understood (理解させる) [動] make oneself clear

賢者たちは、もし彼らが一般大衆に彼ら自身の言葉ではなく彼らの言葉で話そうとすれば、彼ら自身を理解させることは不可能である。

There are a thousand kinds of ideas which it is impossible to translate into popular language.

thousand (千) [名] the number 1000

kind (種類) [名] a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic

translate (翻訳する) [動] express the sense of (words or text) in another language

popular (通俗的な) [形] of or relating to the general public

通俗的な言葉に翻訳することが不可能な何千もの種類の考えがある。

Conceptions that are too general and objects that are too remote are equally out of its range:

conception (概念) [名] an idea of something formed by combining all its characteristics or particulars

remote (遠い) [形] far away in space or time

range (範囲) [名] the extent to which something can be reached or perceived

あまりに一般的な概念やあまりに遠い対象は、同様にその範囲外にある。

each individual, having no taste for any other plan of government than that which suits his particular interest, finds it difficult to realise the advantages he might hope to draw from the continual privations good laws impose.

each individual (各個人) [名] every person

have no taste for (興味がない) [動] not like

plan (計画) [名] a detailed proposal for doing or achieving something

find it difficult to (理解することが難しい) [動] have difficulty doing something

hope (望む) [動] want something to happen or be the case

draw (得る) [動] get or obtain something

continual privations (継続的な私有財産) [名] the state of being deprived of something

good law (良い法律) [名] a law that is fair and just

各個人は、自分の特定の利益に合ったもの以外の政府の計画には興味がなく、良い法律が課す継続的な私有財産から得られる利益を理解することが難しい。

For a young people to be able to relish sound principles of political theory and follow the fundamental rules of statecraft, the effect would have to become the cause;

young people (若者) [名] a person who is young

relish (享受する) [動] enjoy greatly

sound principle (健全な原則) [名] a principle that is correct and valid

political theory (政治理論) [名] a theory that explains political behavior

fundamental rule (基本的なルール) [名] a rule that is basic and essential

statecraft (国家運営) [名] the art of running a government

若者が政治理論の健全な原則を享受し、国家運営の基本的なルールに従うためには、結果が原因にならなければならない。

the social spirit, which should be created by these institutions, would have to preside over their very foundation;

social spirit (社会精神) [名] the spirit of a society

preside over (支配する) [動] be in charge of or have authority over

これらの制度によって生み出されるべき社会精神は、その基礎を支配しなければならない。

and men would have to be before law what they should become by means of law.

mean (手段) [名] a method, style, or manner of doing something

そして、人々は法律によってなるべき姿を法律の前に示さなければならない。

The legislator therefore, being unable to appeal to either force or reason, must have recourse to an authority of a different order capable of constraining without violence and persuading without convincing.

appeal (訴える) [動] make an urgent and emotional request

have recourse to (頼る) [動] turn to for help or protection

constrain (制約する) [動] limit or restrict

violence (暴力) [名] behavior involving physical force intended to hurt or kill someone

persuade (説得する) [動] cause (someone) to do something by reasoning or arguing

convince (説得する) [動] cause (someone) to believe firmly in the truth of something

したがって、立法者は、力にも理性にも訴えることができないので、暴力なしに制約し、説得せずに説得することができる、異なる秩序の権威に頼らなければならない。

This is what has, in all ages, compelled the fathers of nations to have recourse to divine intervention and credit the gods with their own wisdom, in order that the peoples, submitting to the laws of the State as to those of nature, and recognising the same power in the formation of the city as in that of man, might obey freely, and bear with docility the yoke of the public happiness.

This is what has (これが理由である) [名] this is the reason

in all ages (あらゆる時代において) [副] in all times

compelled (強要してきた) [動] force or oblige (someone) to do something

the fathers of nations (国家の父祖たち) [名] the founders of nations

to have recourse to (頼り) [動] to turn to for help or support

divine intervention (神の介入) [名] the involvement of a god

credit (信じるように) [動] believe or trust

the gods (神々) [名] the beings that people worship

with their own wisdom (自分たちの知恵で) [名] with their own knowledge

in order that (ために) [接] with the intention that

the peoples (人々) [名] the persons who live in a country

submitting to (従い) [動] yield to the authority or control of another

the laws of the State (国家の法則) [名] the laws of the country

as to those of nature (自然の法則と同じように) [副] in the same way as the laws of nature

and recognising (認め) [動] acknowledge the existence or truth of

the same power (同じ力) [名] the same ability

in the formation of the city (都市の形成に) [名] in the creation of the city

as in that of man (人間の形成と同じ) [副] in the same way as in the creation of man

might obey (従うことができるように) [動] be able to follow

freely (自由に) [副] without restriction or limitation

and bear with (耐えることができるように) [動] be able to endure

docility (従順に) [名] the quality of being easy to manage or teach

the yoke of the public happiness (公の幸福のくびき) [名] the burden of the public happiness

これが、あらゆる時代において、国家の父祖たちが神の介入に頼り、神々を自分たちの知恵で信じるように強要してきた理由である。人々が自然の法則と同じように国家の法則に従い、都市の形成に人間の形成と同じ力があることを認め、自由に従い、公の幸福のくびきを従順に耐えることができるようにするためである。

This sublime reason, far above the range of the common herd, is that whose decisions the legislator puts into the mouth of the immortals, in order to constrain by divine authority those whom human prudence could not move.

far above (はるかに超えた) [副] much higher than

put into (託す) [動] to place or insert something into something else

mouth (口) [名] the opening and cavity in the lower part of the human face, surrounded by the lips, through which food is taken in and vocal sounds are emitted

immortal (不死者) [名] a being that will never die or decay

divine authority (神の権威) [名] the power of a god

human prudence (人間の思慮深さ) [名] the quality of being careful and sensible in the way you deal with people or situations

この崇高な理性は、一般大衆の範囲をはるかに超えたもので、人間の思慮深さでは動かせない者を神の権威によって制約するために、立法者が不死者の口にその決定を託すものである。

But it is not anybody who can make the gods speak, or get himself believed when he proclaims himself their interpreter.

make (させる) [動] cause to do something

speak (語る) [動] say something

believe (信じる) [動] accept that something is true

proclaim (宣言する) [動] announce officially or publicly

interpreter (通訳) [名] a person who translates speech orally

しかし、神々に語らせたり、自分を神々の通訳だと宣言して信じさせたりできる人は誰もいない。

The great soul of the legislator is the only miracle that can prove his mission.

great soul (偉大な魂) [名] a person of great courage and nobility

mission (使命) [名] a task or job that someone is given to do

立法者の偉大な魂は、彼の使命を証明できる唯一の奇跡である。

Any man may grave tablets of stone, or buy an oracle;

any man (誰でも) [名] any person

grave (彫る) [動] carve or engrave

tablet (板) [名] a flat piece of stone or wood

stone (石) [名] a hard solid nonmetallic mineral matter of which rock is made, especially as a building material

buy (買う) [動] obtain in exchange for payment

oracle (神託) [名] a shrine dedicated to a god or gods, especially in the classical world

誰でも石の板を彫ったり、神託を買ったりすることはできる。

or feign secret intercourse with some divinity, or train a bird to whisper in his ear, or find other vulgar ways of imposing on the people.

feign (装う) [動] pretend to be affected by

intercourse (交渉) [名] communication or dealings between people or groups

divinity (神) [名] a being with supernatural powers or attributes, believed in and worshipped by a people

train (訓練する) [動] teach a particular skill to

whisper (ささやく) [動] speak softly

ear (耳) [名] the organ of hearing and balance in humans and other vertebrates

vulgar (卑劣な) [形] lacking sophistication or good taste

way (方法) [名] how something is done or how it happens

あるいは、神との秘密の交渉を装ったり、鳥を訓練して耳元でささやかせたり、あるいは人々を欺くための他の卑劣な方法を見つけたりすることはできる。

He whose knowledge goes no further may perhaps gather round him a band of fools;

knowledge (知識) [名] information, understanding, and skills that you gain through education or experience

go (及ぶ) [動] reach or extend to

gather (集める) [動] come together as a group

round (周り) [前] on every side of

fool (愚か者) [名] a person who lacks judgment or sense

知識がそれ以上及ばない人は、おそらく自分の周りに愚か者の集団を集めるかもしれない。

but he will never found an empire, and his extravagances will quickly perish with him.

extravagance (浪費) [名] the spending of money in a careless or wasteful way

しかし、彼は決して帝国を築くことはできず、彼の浪費はすぐに彼と共に滅びるだろう。

Idle tricks form a passing tie;

idle (無駄な) [形] not working or active

trick (策略) [名] a clever and skillful act or scheme intended to deceive or outwit

passing (一時的な) [形] lasting for only a short time

無駄な策略は一時的な結びつきを形成する。

only wisdom can make it lasting.

wisdom (知恵) [名] the quality of having experience, knowledge, and good judgment

lasting (永続する) [形] continuing or enduring for a long time

知恵だけがそれを永続させることができる。

The Judaic law, which still subsists, and that of the child of Ishmael, which, for ten centuries, has ruled half the world, still proclaim the great men who laid them down;

Judaic law (ユダヤ教の律法) [名] the law of the Jews

Ishmael (イシュマエル) [名] the son of Abraham and Hagar

ten centuries (10世紀) [名] a period of 1000 years

half the world (世界の半分) [名] one half of the world

great man (偉大な人) [名] a man who is highly respected for his achievements or qualities

ユダヤ教の律法は、今もなお存続しており、イシュマエルの子孫の律法は、10世紀にわたって世界の半分を支配してきたが、それらを定めた偉大な人々を今もなお宣言している。

and, while the pride of philosophy or the blind spirit of faction sees in them no more than lucky impostures, the true political theorist admires, in the institutions they set up, the great and powerful genius which presides over things made to endure.

pride (傲慢さ) [名] a feeling or deep pleasure or satisfaction derived from one's own achievements

philosophy (哲学) [名] the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence, especially when considered as an academic discipline

blind (盲目な) [形] unable to see; sightless

spirit (精神) [名] the nonphysical part of a person that is the seat of emotions and character; the soul

faction (党派心) [名] a small organized dissenting group within a larger one, especially in politics

lucky (幸運な) [形] having, bringing, or resulting from good luck

imposture (詐欺) [名] the action or practice of deceiving others by false or exaggerated statements or claims

admire (賞賛する) [動] regard with respect or warm approval

set up (作る) [動] put up or erect

powerful (強力な) [形] having great power or strength

preside (統括する) [動] be in charge of or manage

endure (耐え忍ぶ) [動] tolerate something unpleasant

そして、哲学の傲慢さや党派心の盲目な精神は、それらを幸運な詐欺に過ぎないと見なしているが、真の政治理論家は、彼らが作った制度の中に、耐え忍ぶように作られたものを統括する偉大で強力な天才を賞賛している。

We should not, with Warburton, conclude from this that politics and religion have among us a common object, but that, in the first periods of nations, the one is used as an instrument for the other.

Warburton (ウォーバートン) [名] William Warburton, an English writer and bishop

religion (宗教) [名] a particular system of faith and worship

period (時代) [名] a length or portion of time

ウォーバートンのように、ここから政治と宗教が私たちの間に共通の目的を持っていると結論づけるべきではないが、国家の初期の時代には、一方が他方の道具として使われていた。

CHAPTER VIII: THE PEOPLE

第8章: 人民

As, before putting up a large building, the architect surveys and sounds the site to see if it will bear the weight, the wise legislator does not begin by laying down laws good in themselves, but by investigating the fitness of the people, for which they are destined, to receive them.

put up (建てる) [動] build

large (大きな) [形] of great size or extent

building (建物) [名] a structure with a roof and walls, such as a house or factory

architect (建築家) [名] a person who designs buildings

survey (調査する) [動] examine and record the area and features of (an area of land)

sound (調べる) [動] find out or discover the nature or quality of

site (場所) [名] an area of ground on which something is located

bear (耐える) [動] carry or support

weight (重さ) [名] the amount that a person or thing weighs

wise (賢明な) [形] having or showing experience, knowledge, and good judgment

investigate (調査する) [動] examine or inspect closely and thoroughly

fitness (適性) [名] the condition of being physically fit and healthy

destined (運命にある) [形] preordained; fated

大きな建物を建てる前に、建築家がその場所を調査して重さに耐えられるかどうかを調べるように、賢明な立法者は、それ自体が善い法律を定めることから始めるのではなく、その法律を受け入れる運命にある人々の適性を調査することから始める。

Plato refused to legislate for the Arcadians and the Cyrenæans, because he knew that both peoples were rich and could not put up with equality;

refuse (拒否する) [動] decline to accept

legislate (立法する) [動] make or enact laws

Arcadian (アルカディア人) [名] a native or inhabitant of Arcadia

Cyrenæan (キュレネ人) [名] a native or inhabitant of Cyrene

rich (裕福な) [形] having a great deal of money or property

プラトンは、アルカディア人とキュレネ人のために立法することを拒否したが、それは両民族とも裕福で平等に耐えられないことを知っていたからである。

and good laws and bad men were found together in Crete, because Minos had inflicted discipline on a people already burdened with vice.

Crete (クレタ島) [名] the largest island of Greece

Minos (ミノス) [名] a legendary king of Crete

discipline (規律) [名] training that produces orderliness, obedience, and self-control

vice (悪徳) [名] immoral or wicked behavior

クレタ島では、ミノスがすでに悪徳に悩む人々に規律を与えたために、良い法律と悪い人間が同時に存在していた。

A thousand nations have achieved earthly greatness, that could never have endured good laws;

a thousand (数知れない) [名] a very large number

achieve (成し遂げる) [動] reach or attain a goal or objective

earthly (この世の) [形] of or relating to the earth or human life on earth

greatness (栄華) [名] the quality of being great

endure (耐える) [動] tolerate or accept something unpleasant

これまでに、良い法律に耐えることができなかった国々が、この世で栄華を極めたことは数知れない。

even such as could have endured them could have done so only for a very brief period of their long history.

brief (短い) [形] short in duration

history (歴史) [名] the study of past events

良い法律に耐えることができたような国々でさえ、その長い歴史の中でごく短い期間しか耐えることができなかった。

Most peoples, like most men, are docile only in youth;

like (と同じように) [前] similar to

be docile (従順である) [動] be willing to be controlled or led by others

in youth (若い時) [名] the period of being young

ほとんどの民族は、ほとんどの人と同じように、若い時だけ従順である。

as they grow old they become incorrigible.

grow old (年をとる) [動] become old

incorrigible (手に負えない) [形] not able to be changed or improved

年をとるにつれて、彼らは手に負えなくなる。

When once customs have become established and prejudices inveterate, it is dangerous and useless to attempt their reformation;

once (いったん) [副] on one occasion or for one time only

become established (確立する) [動] become accepted or recognized

prejudice (偏見) [名] a preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience

inveterate (根強い) [形] firmly established and unlikely to change

reformation (改革) [名] the act of reforming or the state of being reformed

いったん習慣が確立し、偏見が根強くなると、それを改革しようとするのは危険で無駄なことだ。

the people, like the foolish and cowardly patients who rave at sight of the doctor, can no longer bear that any one should lay hands on its faults to remedy them.

foolish (愚かな) [形] lacking good sense or judgment

cowardly (臆病な) [形] lacking courage

patient (患者) [名] a person receiving or registered to receive medical treatment

rave (狂ったように騒ぐ) [動] talk wildly or incoherently

doctor (医者) [名] a person qualified to practice medicine

sight (見ると) [名] the ability or an instance of seeing

any one (誰かが) [代] some person

lay hands on (手を加える) [動] touch or handle

fault (欠点) [名] a defect or weakness in a person or thing

remedy (治療する) [動] cure or relieve

人々は、医者を見ると狂ったように騒ぐ愚かで臆病な患者のように、誰かが自分の欠点に手を加えて治療しようとするのに耐えられなくなる。

There are indeed times in the history of States when, just as some kinds of illness turn men's heads and make them forget the past, periods of violence and revolutions do to peoples what these crises do to individuals: horror of the past takes the place of forgetfulness, and the State, set on fire by civil wars, is born again, so to speak, from its ashes, and takes on anew, fresh from the jaws of death, the vigour of youth.

illness (病気) [名] a disease or period of sickness affecting the body and mind

turn (狂わせる) [動] cause to change direction, position, or course

head (頭) [名] the upper part of the human body or the front or upper part of the body of an animal, typically separated from the rest of the body by a neck, and containing the brain, eyes, ears, nose, and mouth

forget (忘れる) [動] not be able to remember

past (過去) [名] a time that has gone by

horror (恐怖) [名] an intense feeling of fear, shock, or disgust

forgetfulness (忘却) [名] the state of being unable to remember something

set on fire (火をつける) [動] cause to burn

civil war (内戦) [名] a war between citizens of the same country

so to speak (いわば) [副] used to indicate that a word or phrase is being used in a special sense or ironically

take on (取り戻す) [動] assume or undertake

anew (新たに) [副] in a new or different way

fresh (抜け出す) [形] recently produced or harvested

jaws of death (死の淵) [名] a situation from which it is very unlikely that you will escape alive

vigour (若さ) [名] physical or mental strength or energy

国家の歴史には、ある種の病気が人の頭を狂わせて過去を忘れさせるように、暴力や革命の時代が個人に起こる危機と同じことを人々に起こすことがある。過去の恐怖が忘却に取って代わり、内戦によって火がつけられた国家は、いわば灰の中から生まれ変わり、死の淵から抜け出して、若さを取り戻す。

Such were Sparta at the time of Lycurgus, Rome after the Tarquins, and, in modern times, Holland and Switzerland after the expulsion of the tyrants.

Sparta (スパルタ) [名] a city-state in ancient Greece

Tarquins (タルクィニウス) [名] the name of several ancient Roman kings

Holland (オランダ) [名] a country in western Europe

Switzerland (スイス) [名] a country in western Europe

リュクルゴス時代のスパルタ、タルクィニウス後のローマ、そして現代では暴君追放後のオランダやスイスなどがそうだった。

But such events are rare; they are exceptions, the cause of which is always to be found in the particular constitution of the State concerned.

event (出来事) [名] something that happens or takes place

exception (例外) [名] a person or thing that is excluded from a general statement or rule

しかし、そのような出来事はまれであり、例外であり、その原因は常に当該国家の特定の憲法にある。

They cannot even happen twice to the same people, for it can make itself free as long as it remains barbarous, but not when the civic impulse has lost its vigour.

twice (二度) [副] two times

barbarous (野蛮な) [形] uncivilized; savage

make oneself free (自由になる) [動] become free

civic (市民的) [形] of or relating to a city or town or its inhabitants

同じ国民に二度も起こることはあり得ない。なぜなら、国民は野蛮なままであれば自由になることができるが、市民的衝動が活力を失ったときには自由になることができないからである。

Then disturbances may destroy it, but revolutions cannot mend it: it needs a master, and not a liberator.

disturbance (騒動) [名] an interruption of a settled and peaceful condition

revolution (革命) [名] a forcible overthrow of a government or social order in favor of a new system

mend (修復する) [動] repair or restore

liberator (解放者) [名] a person who liberates someone or something

すると、騒動によって国家は破壊されるかもしれないが、革命によって国家を修復することはできない。国家には解放者ではなく主人が必要である。

Free peoples, be mindful of maxim;

be mindful of (忘れるな) [動] be aware of; be conscious of

自由な人々よ、この格言を忘れるな。

“Liberty may be gained, but can never be recovered.”

gain (獲得する) [動] obtain or win something by effort

recover (取り戻す) [動] regain possession or use of

「自由は獲得できるが、取り戻すことはできない」

Youth is not infancy.

youth (青年期) [名] the period of life between childhood and adulthood

infancy (幼年期) [名] the earliest period of life

青年期は幼年期ではない。

There is for nations, as for men, a period of youth, or, shall we say, maturity, before which they should not be made subject to laws;

maturity (成熟期) [名] the state of being fully developed

before (それまで) [副] earlier than; previously

国家にも人間と同じように青年期、あるいは成熟期があり、それまでは法律に従うべきではない。

but the maturity of a people is not always easily recognisable, and, if it is anticipated, the work is spoilt.

recognisable (認識できる) [形] able to be recognised

anticipate (予測する) [動] to be aware of something before it happens

spoil (台無しにする) [動] to make something less good or enjoyable

しかし、国民の成熟は常に容易に認識できるものではなく、また、それを予測すると、その仕事は台無しになる。

One people is amenable to discipline from the beginning;

be amenable to (従順である) [動] be willing to accept or be influenced by

ある国民は最初から規律に従順である。

another, not after ten centuries.

別の国民は、10世紀経っても従順ではない。

Russia will never be really civilised, because it was civilised too soon.

Russia (ロシア) [名] a country in northern Eurasia

really (真に) [副] in reality; in fact; actually

civilised (文明化された) [形] having an advanced or humane culture

too soon (あまりにも早く) [副] before the usual or expected time

ロシアは、あまりにも早く文明化されたので、決して真に文明化されることはない。

Peter had a genius for imitation;

Peter (ピョートル) [名] the name of a person

have a genius for (天才である) [動] be very good at something

ピョートルは模倣の天才だった。

but he lacked true genius, which is creative and makes all from nothing.

lack (欠ける) [動] be without or deficient in

creative (創造的) [形] having the quality or power of creating

make (生み出す) [動] cause to happen or exist

しかし、彼には真の天才性、つまり創造的で無からすべてを生み出す天才性が欠けていた。

He did some good things, but most of what he did was out of place.

out of place (場違い) [形] inappropriate or unsuitable

彼はいくつか良いことをしたが、彼がしたことのほとんどは場違いだった。

He saw that his people was barbarous, but did not see that it was not ripe for civilisation: he wanted to civilise it when it needed only hardening.

see (知る) [動] get to know or become aware of, usually accidentally

civilisation (文明化) [名] the process of becoming civilized

ripe (熟した) [形] ready to be eaten

harden (鍛える) [動] make or become hard or harder

civilise (文明化する) [動] bring to a stage of social, cultural, and moral development considered to be more advanced

彼は自分の国民が野蛮であることを知っていたが、文明化に熟していないことを知らなかった。彼は、国民を鍛えるだけでよかったのに、文明化しようとした。

His first wish was to make Germans or Englishmen, when he ought to have been making Russians; and he prevented his subjects from ever becoming what they might have been by persuading them that they were what they are not.

wish (望み) [名] a desire or hope for something

German (ドイツ人) [名] a native or inhabitant of Germany

Englishmen (イギリス人) [名] a native or inhabitant of England

Russian (ロシア人) [名] a native or inhabitant of Russia

they are what they are not (自分たちがそうではないことを) [句] they are not what they are

彼の最初の望みは、ロシア人を作るべきだったときに、ドイツ人やイギリス人を作ることだった。そして彼は、臣下たちが自分たちがそうではないことを説得することで、彼らが本来あるべき姿になることを阻止した。

In this fashion too a French teacher turns out his pupil to be an infant prodigy, and for the rest of his life to be nothing whatsoever.

in this fashion (同じように) [副] in this way

French (フランス人の) [形] of or relating to France or its people or language

teacher (教師) [名] a person who teaches, especially in a school

turn out (育てる) [動] to cause to happen or exist

pupil (生徒) [名] a person who is studying at a school

infant (神童) [名] a very young child

prodigy (神童) [名] a young person with exceptional qualities or abilities

for the rest of (残りの) [名] the remaining part of

life (人生) [名] the period of time during which a person is alive

同じように、フランス人の教師は生徒を神童に育て、残りの人生は何もないようにする。

The empire of Russia will aspire to conquer Europe, and will itself be conquered.

aspire (熱望する) [動] direct one's hopes or ambitions toward achieving something

Europe (ヨーロッパ) [名] a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere

ロシア帝国はヨーロッパを征服しようとするだろうが、自らも征服されるだろう。

The Tartars, its subjects or neighbours, will become its masters and ours, by a revolution which I regard as inevitable.

Tartars (タタール人) [名] a member of a Turkic people of the Eurasian steppe

neighbour (隣人) [名] a person who lives next door or near to the speaker

inevitable (避けられない) [形] certain to happen; unavoidable

ロシアの臣民や隣人であるタタール人は、私が避けられないと考える革命によって、ロシアと私たちの主人になるだろう。

Indeed, all the kings of Europe are working in concert to hasten its coming.

hasten (早める) [動] cause to happen sooner than otherwise expected

実際、ヨーロッパのすべての王は、その到来を早めるために協力して働いている。

CHAPTER IX: THE PEOPLE (continued)

第九章: 人民(続き)

As nature has set bounds to the stature of a well-made man, and, outside those limits, makes nothing but giants or dwarfs, similarly, for the constitution of a State to be at its best, it is possible to fix limits that will make it neither too large for good government, nor too small for self-maintenance.

set bounds (限界を設ける) [動] set a limit to

stature (大きさ) [名] the height of a person

well-made (立派な) [形] of good quality

limit (限界) [名] a point beyond which something does not or may not extend or pass

make (作らない) [動] create or produce

nothing but (しか) [副] only

giant (巨人) [名] a person of very great stature

dwarf (小人) [名] a person of very small stature

similarly (同じように) [副] in a similar way

constitution (体制) [名] the system of fundamental principles according to which a state or other organization is governed

at its best (最善の状態) [形] of the highest quality

too large (大きすぎず) [形] of a size greater than is usual or necessary

good government (良い統治) [名] the administration of a country or area

too small (小さすぎず) [形] of a size less than is usual or necessary

self-maintenance (自己維持) [名] the ability to maintain oneself

自然が立派な人間の大きさに限界を設け、その限界を超えると巨人や小人しか作らないのと同じように、国家の体制が最善の状態になるためには、良い統治には大きすぎず、自己維持には小さすぎないような限界を定めることが可能である。

In every body politic there is a maximum strength which it cannot exceed and which it only loses by increasing in size.

size (規模) [名] the relative extent of something

あらゆる政治体には、それを超えることができない最大の強さがあり、それは規模を拡大することによってのみ失われる。

Every extension of the social tie means its relaxation;

extension (拡大) [名] the action of extending something

social tie (社会的結びつき) [名] a bond or connection between people

relaxation (緩和) [名] the state of being relaxed

社会的結びつきの拡大は、その緩和を意味する。

and, generally speaking, a small State is stronger in proportion than a great one.

generally speaking (一般的に言えば) [副] in most cases

small (小さな) [形] of a size that is less than average or usual

proportion (比例) [名] a relationship in which one quantity is equal to a fraction of another

そして、一般的に言えば、小さな国家は大きな国家よりも比例して強い。

A thousand arguments could be advanced in favour of this principle.

argument (議論) [名] a statement or series of statements for or against something

favour (支持する) [動] approve of or be in favour of

この原則を支持する議論は数多くある。

First, long distances make administration more difficult, just as a weight becomes heavier at the end of a longer lever.

long distance (長い距離) [名] a long way

just as (ちょうど~のように) [接] in the same way that

weight (重り) [名] a body having mass and therefore subject to the force of gravity

heavy (重い) [形] having a large mass or weight

lever (レバー) [名] a simple machine consisting of a rigid object pivoted on a fixed point

第一に、長い距離は、長いレバーの端で重りが重くなるのと同じように、管理をより困難にする。

Administration therefore becomes more and more burdensome as the distance grows greater;

burdensome (煩雑な) [形] causing trouble or difficulty

したがって、距離が遠くなるほど、管理はますます煩雑になる。

for, in the first place, each city has its own, which is paid for by the people:

in the first place (第一に) [副] first of all

its own (独自の) [形] belonging to or connected with the thing mentioned

which (それは) [代] that which; the thing that

be paid for (支払われる) [動] have the cost of something met

the people (人々) [名] human beings in general or considered collectively

第一に、各都市には独自の都市があり、それは人々によって支払われている。

each district its own, still paid for by the people:

district (地区) [名] an administrative division of a country

pay for (支払う) [動] give money in exchange for goods or services

各地区には独自の地区があり、それは人々によって支払われている。

then comes each province, and then the great governments, satrapies, and vice-royalties, always costing more the higher you go, and always at the expense of the unfortunate people.

province (州) [名] an administrative division of a country

satrapy (サトラップ) [名] a province of the ancient Persian empire

vice-royalty (副王権) [名] the office or jurisdiction of a viceroy

cost (かかる) [動] require the payment of

unfortunate (不幸な) [形] having or marked by bad luck or adverse circumstances

次に各州が来て、それから大政府、サトラップ、副王権が来るが、上に行けば行くほど常に費用がかかり、常に不幸な人々の犠牲になる。

Last of all comes the supreme administration, which eclipses all the rest.

last of all (最後に) [副] after all others

eclipse (凌駕する) [動] be much greater or better than

最後に、他のすべてを凌駕する最高の行政が来る。

All these overcharges are a continual drain upon the subjects;

overcharge (過大請求) [名] a charge that is too high

continual (絶えず) [形] happening or done without interruption

drain (消耗) [名] a gradual loss of energy or resources

これらの過大請求はすべて、被験者を絶えず消耗させている。

so far from being better governed by all these different orders, they are worse governed than if there were only a single authority over them.

be governed by (によって統治される) [動] be ruled by

all these different (これらの異なる) [形] not the same

order (命令) [名] a command or instruction

worse (より悪く) [形] of poorer quality or lower standard

これらの異なる命令によってよりよく統治されるどころか、彼らは彼らを支配する権限が1つしかない場合よりもより悪く統治されている。

In the meantime, there scarce remain resources enough to meet emergencies;

in the meantime (その間) [副] during the intervening period of time

scarce (ほとんどない) [形] not enough; insufficient

meet (対応する) [動] come into the presence of

emergency (緊急事態) [名] a sudden, urgent, usually unexpected occurrence or occasion requiring immediate action

その間、緊急事態に対応するのに十分な資源はほとんど残っていない。

and, when recourse must be had to these, the State is always on the eve of destruction.

recourse (頼る) [名] a source of help in a difficult situation

eve (前夜) [名] the day or period of time immediately before an event

そして、これらに頼らざるを得ないとき、国家は常に破壊の前夜にある。

This is not all; not only has the government less vigour and promptitude for securing the observance of the laws, preventing nuisances, correcting abuses, and guarding against seditious undertakings begun in distant places;

This is not all (これだけではない) [句] there is more to it than this

less (欠けている) [形] not as much or as many as

promptitude (迅速性) [名] speed or efficiency in dealing with something

securing (確保する) [動] make certain of getting

observance (遵守) [名] the action of following a particular law, rule, or custom

preventing (防止する) [動] keep from happening or arising

nuisance (迷惑行為) [名] a person, thing, or circumstance causing inconvenience or annoyance

correcting (是正する) [動] set or make right

guarding (防ぐ) [動] protect from harm or danger

seditious (扇動的な) [形] inciting or causing people to rebel against the authority of a state or monarch

これだけではない。政府は、法律の遵守を確保し、迷惑行為を防止し、不正行為を是正し、遠隔地で始まった扇動的な事業を防ぐための活力と迅速性に欠けているだけでなく、

the people has less affection for its rulers, whom it never sees, for its country, which, to its eyes, seems like the world, and for its fellow-citizens, most of whom are unknown to it.

affection (愛情) [名] a feeling of love or strong or constant liking

fellow-citizen (同胞) [名] a person who is a citizen of the same country as another

unknown (知らない) [形] not known or familiar

国民は、決して目にすることのない支配者や、世界のように見える国、そしてほとんどが知らない同胞に対して、あまり愛情を抱いていない。

The same laws cannot suit so many diverse provinces with different customs, situated in the most various climates, and incapable of enduring a uniform government.

so many (非常に多くの) [副] a lot of

diverse (多様な) [形] showing a great deal of variety

situated (位置する) [動] be in a particular place or position

various (多様な) [形] showing a great deal of variety

climate (気候) [名] the weather conditions prevailing in an area in general or over a long period

incapable (耐えられない) [形] not having the necessary skill, knowledge, or ability to do something

uniform (統一された) [形] not varying; the same throughout

同じ法律は、最も多様な気候に位置し、統一された政府に耐えることができない、異なる習慣を持つ非常に多くの多様な州に適合することはできない。

Different laws lead only to trouble and confusion among peoples which, living under the same rulers and in constant communication one with another, intermingle and intermarry, and, coming under the sway of new customs, never know if they can call their very patrimony their own.

trouble (トラブル) [名] difficulty or problems

confusion (混乱) [名] a state of being uncertain about something

live (生活する) [動] to be alive

communication (コミュニケーション) [名] the act or process of communicating

one another (互いに) [代] each other

intermingle (混ざり合う) [動] to mix or be mixed together

intermarry (結婚する) [動] to marry someone from a different group

sway (影響) [名] a controlling influence

patrimony (遺産) [名] property inherited from one's father or ancestor

異なる法律は、同じ支配者の下で生活し、互いに絶えずコミュニケーションを取り、混ざり合い、結婚し、新しい習慣の影響下にある人々の間にトラブルと混乱をもたらすだけであり、彼らが自分たちの遺産を自分たちのものだと呼ぶことができるかどうかは決してわからない。

Talent is buried, virtue unknown and vice unpunished, among such a multitude of men who do not know one another, gathered together in one place at the seat of the central administration.

talent (才能) [名] a special natural ability or aptitude

bury (埋もれる) [動] be hidden or concealed

virtue (美徳) [名] a quality considered morally good or desirable

unknown (知られていない) [形] not known

unpunished (罰せられない) [形] not punished

gather (集まる) [動] come together

one place (一か所) [名] a single location

seat (所在地) [名] a place where someone or something is located

central administration (中央政府) [名] the government of a country

中央政府の所在地に集まった、互いに知らない多くの人々の中で、才能は埋もれ、美徳は知られず、悪徳は罰せられない。

The leaders, overwhelmed with business, see nothing for themselves;

leader (指導者) [名] a person who leads or commands a group, organization, or country

overwhelm (忙殺する) [動] defeat completely

business (仕事) [名] a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade

仕事に忙殺された指導者たちは、自分たちの目で何も見ていない。

the State is governed by clerks.

clerk (書記官) [名] a person who works in an office, especially one who keeps records or accounts

国家は書記官によって統治されている。

Finally, the measures which have to be taken to, maintain the general authority, which all these distant officials wish to escape or to impose upon, absorb all the energy of the public, so that there is none left for the happiness of the people.

measure (措置) [名] an action that is taken to achieve a particular purpose

take (取る) [動] to get into one's possession, power, or control

general authority (一般的な権限) [名] the power to give orders and enforce obedience

official (役人) [名] a person appointed or elected to an office or charged with a public duty

impose (押し付ける) [動] to force (something unwelcome or unfamiliar) to be accepted or put in place

absorb (吸収する) [動] to take in or soak up

energy (エネルギー) [名] the ability to be active

最後に、これらすべての遠くにいる役人が逃れようとしたり、押し付けようとしたりする一般的な権限を維持するために取らなければならない措置は、国民のすべてのエネルギーを吸収し、国民の幸福のために残されるものは何もない。

There is hardly enough to defend it when need arises, and thus a body which is too big for its constitution gives way and falls crushed under its own weight.

hardly (ほとんどない) [副] almost not

constitution (体格) [名] the physical composition of a person

give way (道を譲る) [動] allow someone or something to go first

crush (押しつぶす) [動] press or squeeze with a lot of force

必要が生じたときにそれを守るのに十分なものはほとんどなく、その結果、その体格には大きすぎる身体が道を譲り、自らの重みで押しつぶされてしまう。

Again, the State must assure itself a safe foundation, if it is to have stability, and to be able to resist the shocks it cannot help experiencing, as well as the efforts it will be forced to make for its maintenance;

safe (安全な) [形] free from danger or risk

shock (衝撃) [名] a sudden upsetting or surprising event or experience

experience (経験) [名] practical contact with and observation of facts or events

effort (努力) [名] a vigorous or determined attempt

再び、国家は、安定性を持つために、そして、経験せざるを得ない衝撃や、維持のために行わざるを得ない努力に抵抗することができるようにするためには、安全な基盤を確保しなければならない。

for all peoples have a kind of centrifugal force that makes them continually act one against another, and tend to aggrandise themselves at their neighbours' expense, like the vortices of Descartes.

centrifugal force (遠心力) [名] the apparent force that is felt by an object moving in a curved path that acts outwardly away from the center of curvature of the path

Descartes (デカルト) [名] a French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist

すべての民族は、デカルトの渦のように、絶えず互いに反発し合い、隣人の犠牲で自分たちを拡大しようとする一種の遠心力を持っているからである。

Thus the weak run the risk of being soon swallowed up;

weak (弱者) [名] a person who is not strong

run the risk (危険を冒す) [動] expose oneself to the chance of injury or loss

こうして弱者はすぐに飲み込まれる危険を冒す。

and it is almost impossible for any one to preserve itself except by putting itself in a state of equilibrium with all, so that the pressure is on all sides practically equal.

it is almost impossible (ほとんど不可能である) [動] it is not possible

equilibrium (平衡) [名] a state in which opposing forces or influences are balanced

pressure (圧力) [名] the force exerted on a surface by an object

side (側) [名] a position to the left or right of an object

practically (事実上) [副] in a practical manner

そして、すべての側にかかる圧力が事実上等しくなるように、自分自身をすべてのものとの平衡状態に置く以外に、自分自身を維持することはほとんど不可能である。

It may therefore be seen that there are reasons for expansion and reasons for contraction;

expansion (拡大) [名] the action of becoming larger or more extensive

contraction (縮小) [名] the action of becoming smaller or shorter

したがって、拡大の理由と縮小の理由があることがわかる。

and it is no small part of the statesman's skill to hit between them the mean that is most favourable to the preservation of the State.

hit (見つける) [動] reach or come to

mean (平均値) [名] the average of a set of numbers

そして、国家の維持に最も有利な平均値をそれらの間で見つけることは、政治家の技能の少なからぬ部分である。

It may be said that the reason for expansion, being merely external and relative, ought to be subordinate to the reasons for contraction, which are internal and absolute.

external (外的) [形] belonging to or connected with the outside of a person, place, or thing

relative (相対的) [形] existing or having its meaning in relation to something else

ought to (従属するべきである) [助] used to express a moral obligation or to give advice

internal (内的) [形] situated or existing within or on the inside

拡大の理由は、単に外的で相対的なものであるため、内的で絶対的な縮小の理由に従属するべきであると言えるかもしれない。

A strong and healthy constitution is the first thing to look for;

healthy (健康な) [形] being in a good physical or mental condition

constitution (体質) [名] the physical or mental state of a person

look for (求める) [動] try to find or obtain

強くて健康な体質が最初に求めるべきものである。

and it is better to count on the vigour which comes of good government than on the resources a great territory furnishes.

count on (頼る) [動] depend on

good government (良い政府) [名] a government that is effective and efficient

great territory (広大な領土) [名] a large area of land

そして、広大な領土が提供する資源よりも、良い政府から来る活力に頼る方が良い。

It may be added that there have been known States so constituted that the necessity of making conquests entered into their very constitution, and that, in order to maintain themselves, they were forced to expand ceaselessly.

make (行う) [動] produce or create

enter into (組み込む) [動] be a part of

ceaselessly (絶えず) [副] without stopping

征服の必要性がまさにその体制に組み込まれ、自らを維持するために絶えず拡大を余儀なくされるような体制の国家があったことが知られていると付け加えることができる。

It may be that they congratulated themselves greatly on this fortunate necessity, which none the less indicated to them, along with the limits of their greatness, the inevitable moment of their fall.

congratulate (祝う) [動] express praise or admiration for

greatly (大いに) [副] to a great extent

fortunate (幸運な) [形] having good luck

indicate (示す) [動] point out; show

彼らはこの幸運な必要性を大いに喜んだかもしれないが、それは彼らの偉大さの限界とともに、彼らの没落の避けられない瞬間を彼らに示していた。

CHAPTER X: THE PEOPLE (continued)

CHAPTER X (第十章) [名] the tenth chapter

第十章: 人民(続き)

A body politic may be measured in two ways—either by the extent of its territory, or by the number of its people;

measure (測る) [動] ascertain the size, amount, or degree of (something) by using an instrument or device marked in standard units or by comparing it with an object of known size

extent (広さ) [名] the area covered by something

政治体は、その領土の広さによってか、その人民の数によってか、二つの方法で測ることができる。

and there is, between these two measurements, a right relation which makes the State really great.

measurement (測定) [名] the action of measuring something

そして、この二つの測定の間に、国家を真に偉大にする正しい関係がある。

The men make the State, and the territory sustains the men;

sustain (支える) [動] strengthen or support

人民が国家を作り、領土が人民を支える。

the right relation therefore is that the land should suffice for the maintenance of the inhabitants, and that there should be as many inhabitants as the land can maintain.

suffice (十分である) [動] be enough or adequate

as many as (できるだけ多くの) [副] the greatest number or amount possible

したがって、正しい関係とは、土地が住民の維持に十分であり、土地が維持できるだけの住民がいることである。

In this proportion lies the maximum strength of a given number of people;

in this proportion (この比率に) [副] in this ratio

maximum (最大の) [形] of the greatest possible amount or degree

given number (一定数) [名] a fixed number

この比率に、一定数の人民の最大の強さがある。

for if there is too much land, it is troublesome to guard and inadequately cultivated, produces more than is needed, and soon gives rise to wars of defence;

too much (あまりに多い) [形] more than is wanted or needed

it is (である) [動] be

troublesome (面倒) [形] causing difficulty or problems

to guard (守る) [動] to protect or defend

inadequately (十分に) [副] not enough

cultivated (耕作される) [動] to prepare and use land for growing crops

produces (生産する) [動] to make or create something

more than (以上) [形] greater in number or amount than

is needed (必要である) [動] be required or essential

gives rise to (起こる) [動] to cause to happen or exist

wars (戦争) [名] a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state

なぜなら、土地があまりに多いと、守るのが面倒で、十分に耕作されず、必要以上に生産され、すぐに防衛戦争が起こるからである。

if there is not enough, the State depends on its neighbours for what it needs over and above, and this soon gives rise to wars of offence.

there is not enough (十分でない) [動] not enough

depend on (依存する) [動] be controlled or determined by

its neighbours (隣国) [名] a country next to another

what it needs (必要) [名] a thing that is wanted or required

over and above (必要以上) [副] in addition to; besides

give rise to (起こる) [動] cause to happen or exist

土地が十分でない場合、国家は必要以上のものを隣国に依存し、すぐに侵略戦争が起こる。

Every people, to which its situation gives no choice save that between commerce and war, is weak in itself: it depends on its neighbours, and on circumstances;

situation (状況) [名] the combination of circumstances at a given moment

choice (選択肢) [名] the right or ability to choose

save (除いて) [前] except

commerce (商業) [名] the activity of buying and selling goods and services

depend (依存する) [動] be controlled or determined by

neighbour (隣国) [名] a person living next door or very close

circumstance (状況) [名] a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action

状況が商業と戦争のどちらかしか選択肢を与えない人民は、それ自体が弱い。それは隣国や状況に依存している。

its existence can never be more than short and uncertain.

short (短い) [形] having little length or height

その存在は短く不確実なものでしかない。

It either conquers others, and changes its situation, or it is conquered and becomes nothing.

他の国を征服して状況を変えるか、征服されて無になるかのどちらかである。

Only insignificance or greatness can keep it free.

insignificance (取るに足りないこと) [名] the quality or state of being unimportant or insignificant

keep (保つ) [動] continue to have, hold, or maintain

取るに足りない国か偉大な国だけが自由を保つことができる。

No fixed relation can be stated between the extent of the territory and the population that are adequate one to the other, both because of the differences in the quality of land, in its fertility, in the nature of its products, and in the influence of climate, and because of the different tempers of those who inhabit it;

population (人口) [名] all the inhabitants of a particular town, area, or country

fixed (固定した) [形] not changing or varying

quality (質) [名] the standard of something as measured against other things of a similar kind; the degree of excellence of something

fertility (肥沃度) [名] the ability to produce young or fruit

product (産物) [名] an article or substance that is manufactured or refined for sale

temper (気質) [名] a person's state of mind seen in terms of their being angry or calm

inhabit (住む) [動] live in or occupy

土地の質、肥沃度、産物の性質、気候の影響の違い、またそこに住む人々の気質の違いから、領土の広さと人口の間には、互いに適切な固定した関係を示すことはできない。

for some in a fertile country consume little, and others on an ungrateful soil much.

fertile (肥沃な) [形] producing many offspring or much fruit or vegetation

consume (消費する) [動] eat, drink, or ingest

little (少ない) [形] small in size, amount, or degree

others (他の人々) [代] the remaining people or things

ungrateful (不毛な) [形] not showing or feeling gratitude

soil (土地) [名] the upper layer of earth in which plants grow, a black or dark brown material typically consisting of a mixture of organic remains, clay, and rock particles

much (多い) [形] great in quantity or degree

肥沃な国の人々は消費量が少なく、不毛な土地の人々は消費量が多いからである。

The greater or less fecundity of women, the conditions that are more or less favourable in each country to the growth of population, and the influence the legislator can hope to exercise by his institutions, must also be taken into account.

fecundity (多産性) [名] the ability to produce offspring

女性の多産性、各国で人口増加に有利な条件、立法者が制度によって行使できる影響力も考慮に入れなければならない。

The legislator therefore should not go by what he sees, but by what he foresees;

go by (従う) [動] follow or be guided by

foresee (予見する) [動] be aware of beforehand

だから立法者は、目に映るものではなく、予見するものに従うべきである。

he should stop not so much at the state in which he actually finds the population, as at that to which it ought naturally to attain.

stop (留まる) [動] cease from doing something

attain (到達する) [動] reach or achieve a goal

立法者は、実際に人口が存在する状態ではなく、自然に到達するべき状態に留まるべきである。

Lastly, there are countless cases in which the particular local circumstances demand or allow the acquisition of a greater territory than seems necessary.

local (地域の) [形] of or relating to a particular area or place

allow (許す) [動] permit; let

acquisition (獲得) [名] the action of gaining or attaining something

最後に、特定の地域の状況によって、必要と思われるよりも広い領域の獲得が要求されたり、許されたりするケースは数え切れないほどある。

Thus, expansion will be great in a mountainous country, where the natural products, i.e. woods and pastures, need less labour, where we know from experience that women are more fertile than in the plains, and where a great expanse of slope affords only a small level tract that can be counted on for vegetation.

mountainous (山国) [形] having many mountains

natural product (天然産物) [名] a product that is found in nature and has not been changed by people

pasture (牧草地) [名] a field where animals such as cows or sheep can eat grass

plain (平地) [名] a large area of flat land with few trees

slope (斜面) [名] a surface of land that is not level

afford (提供する) [動] provide or supply

vegetation (植生) [名] the plants in a particular area

このように、山国では、天然産物、つまり森や牧草地に必要な労働力が少なく、経験から平地よりも女性が肥沃であり、広大な斜面が植生に頼れる小さな平地しか提供していないため、拡大は大きくなる。

On the other hand, contraction is possible on the coast, even in lands of rocks and nearly barren sands, because there fishing makes up to a great extent for the lack of land-produce, because the inhabitants have to congregate together more in order to repel pirates, and further because it is easier to unburden the country of its superfluous inhabitants by means of colonies.

on the other hand (一方) [副] from another point of view

coast (海岸) [名] the land next to the sea

rock (岩) [名] a large mass of stone, especially one projecting out of the ground or water

nearly (ほとんど) [副] very close to; almost

barren (不毛の) [形] unable to produce fruit or offspring

sand (砂) [名] a loose granular material blanketing the beaches, riverbeds and deserts of the world

make up (補う) [動] to compensate for

lack (不足) [名] the state or fact of not having enough of something

to a great extent (大きく) [副] to a large degree

congregate (集結する) [動] to come together in a group

repel (撃退する) [動] to drive back

pirate (海賊) [名] a person who attacks and robs ships at sea

further (さらに) [副] to a greater extent or degree

unburden (取り除く) [動] to relieve of a burden

by means of (によって) [前] with the help of

colony (植民地) [名] a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country

一方、海岸では、岩やほとんど不毛の砂地でさえも縮小が可能である。なぜなら、そこでは漁業が土地生産物の不足を大きく補っており、住民は海賊を撃退するためにより集結しなければならず、さらに植民地によって余計な住民の負担を国から取り除きやすいからである。

To these conditions of law-giving must be added one other which, though it cannot take the place of the rest, renders them all useless when it is absent.

law-giving (立法) [名] the process of making laws

これらの立法条件に、他の条件を加えなければならない。それは、他の条件に取って代わることはできないが、それがなければ他の条件はすべて無意味になってしまう。

This is the enjoyment of peace and plenty;

plenty (豊かさ) [名] a state or condition of abundance

それは平和と豊かさの享受である。

for the moment at which a State sets its house in order is, like the moment when a battalion is forming up, that when its body is least capable of offering resistance and easiest to destroy.

set one's house in order (整える) [動] to organize or arrange something

battalion (大隊) [名] a large group of soldiers

form up (編成する) [動] to come together as a group

least (最も低い) [形] smallest in amount or degree

offer (与える) [動] to present something to someone

easiest (最も簡単な) [形] most easy

国家がその家を整える瞬間は、大隊が編成される瞬間のように、その身体が抵抗する能力が最も低く、破壊するのが最も簡単な時である。

A better resistance could be made at a time of absolute disorganisation than at a moment of fermentation, when each is occupied with his own position and not with the danger.

a time of (時) [名] a period of time

disorganisation (混乱) [名] a lack of order or organization

a moment of (瞬間) [名] a very brief period of time

fermentation (混乱) [名] a state of agitation or excitement

be occupied with (気を取られる) [動] be busy doing something

could be made (できる) [動] be able to be done or made

各人が危険ではなく自分の立場に気を取られている混乱の瞬間よりも、絶対的な混乱の時に、より良い抵抗ができる。

If war, famine, or sedition arises at this time of crisis, the State will inevitably be overthrown.

famine (飢饉) [名] extreme scarcity of food

sedition (内乱) [名] conduct or speech inciting people to rebel against the authority of a state or monarch

arise (起こる) [動] come into being or existence

crisis (危機) [名] a time of intense difficulty or danger

be overthrown (転覆する) [動] be removed from power or office in a sudden and violent way

この危機の時に戦争、飢饉、あるいは内乱が起これば、国家は必然的に転覆するだろう。

Not that many governments have not been set up during such storms;

not that (わけではない) [接] it is not the case that

set up (設立される) [動] establish or start

during (間に) [前] in or throughout the course of

このような嵐の間に多くの政府が設立されなかったわけではない。

but in such cases these governments are themselves the State's destroyers.

in such cases (そのような場合には) [副] in the case that

themselves (自体) [代] used to emphasize the identity of the subject

destroyer (破壊者) [名] a person or thing that destroys

しかし、そのような場合には、これらの政府自体が国家の破壊者である。

Usurpers always bring about or select troublous times to get passed, under cover of the public terror, destructive laws, which the people would never adopt in cold blood.

bring about (もたらす) [動] cause to happen

select (選択する) [動] choose from a number of possibilities

troublous (混乱した) [形] full of trouble or difficulty

terror (恐怖) [名] a state of intense fear

destructive (破壊的な) [形] causing great and irreparable damage or harm

cold blood (冷静な状態) [名] a state of mind in which one is not affected by emotion or passion

簒奪者は常に、人々が冷静な状態では決して採用しないような破壊的な法律を、国民の恐怖を隠れ蓑にして通過させるために、混乱した時代をもたらすか、選択する。

The moment chosen is one of the surest means of distinguishing the work of the legislator from that of the tyrant.

surest (最も確実な) [形] most certain

選ばれた瞬間は、立法者の仕事を暴君の仕事と区別する最も確実な手段の一つである。

What people, then, is a fit subject for legislation?

what (どのような) [形] of what type or quality

then (では) [副] at that time; at the time in question

fit (適した) [形] of a suitable quality, standard, or type

では、どのような人々が立法に適した対象なのだろうか。

One which, already bound by some unity of origin, interest, or convention, has never yet felt the real yoke of law;

one (人々) [名] a person

bound (縛られている) [動] tie or fasten with a rope or other cord

すでに起源、利害、慣習の統一によって縛られているが、まだ法の本当のくびきを感じたことのない人々である。

one that has neither customs nor superstitions deeply ingrained, one which stands in no fear of being overwhelmed by sudden invasion;

superstition (迷信) [名] a belief or practice resulting from ignorance, fear of the unknown, trust in magic or chance, or a false conception of causation

deeply ingrained (深く根付いている) [形] firmly established or having taken deep root

invasion (侵略) [名] an incursion by a large number of people or things into a place or sphere of activity

習慣も迷信も深く根付いていない人々であり、突然の侵略に圧倒されることを恐れない人々である。

one which, without entering into its neighbours' quarrels, can resist each of them single-handed, or get the help of one to repel another;

quarrel (争い) [名] an angry argument or disagreement

resist (抵抗する) [動] oppose or fight against

single-handed (一人で) [形] done without help from other people

隣人の争いに巻き込まれることなく、一人で抵抗したり、他の人を撃退するために助けを得ることができる人々である。

one in which every member may be known by every other, and there is no need to lay on any man burdens too heavy for a man to bear;

lay on (負担をかける) [動] to put a burden on someone

すべてのメンバーが他のすべてのメンバーに知られており、誰にも負担をかける必要がない人々である。

one which can do without other peoples, and without which all others can do;

do without (なしでやっていける) [動] manage without

他の人々なしでやっていける人々であり、その人々なしで他の人々はやっていける人々である。

one which is neither rich nor poor, but self-sufficient;

poor (貧しい) [形] having little or no money, goods, or other means of support

self-sufficient (自給自足できる) [形] able to supply one's own needs without external assistance

豊かでも貧しくもないが、自給自足できる人々である。

and, lastly, one which unites the consistency of an ancient people with the docility of a new one.

consistency (一貫性) [名] the quality of being consistent; the quality of being in agreement or harmony

そして最後に、古代人の一貫性と新しい人の従順さを結びつける人々である。

Legislation is made difficult less by what it is necessary to build up than by what has to be destroyed;

make difficult (困難にする) [動] cause difficulty or problems for

build up (構築する) [動] construct or create

立法は、構築する必要があるものよりも破壊しなければならないものによって困難になる。

and what makes success so rare is the impossibility of finding natural simplicity together with social requirements.

success (成功) [名] the accomplishment of an aim or purpose

simplicity (単純性) [名] the quality or condition of being easy to understand or do

together (共に) [副] with or at the same time as another person or thing

requirement (要件) [名] a thing that is needed or wanted

そして、成功をとてもまれなものにしているのは、社会的要件と共に自然な単純性を見つけることが不可能であることである。

All these conditions are indeed rarely found united, and therefore few States have good constitutions.

therefore (そのため) [副] for that reason; consequently

これらの条件がすべて揃うことは確かにまれであり、そのため良い憲法を持つ国家は少ない。

There is still in Europe one country capable of being given laws—Corsica.

Corsica (コルシカ) [名] a French island in the Mediterranean Sea

ヨーロッパには、まだ法律を与えられる国が一つある。コルシカである。

The valour and persistency with which that brave people has regained and defended its liberty well deserves that some wise man should teach it how to preserve what it has won.

valour (勇気) [名] great courage in the face of danger, especially in battle

persistency (忍耐) [名] the quality of continuing to do something or to try to do something even though it is difficult or opposed by other people

brave (勇敢な) [形] ready to face and endure danger or pain; showing courage

この勇敢な国民が自由を取り戻し、守り抜いた勇気と忍耐は、賢者が彼らに勝ち取ったものを守る方法を教えるのに十分値する。

I have a feeling that some day that little island will astonish Europe.

have a feeling (予感がある) [動] to have a premonition or intuition

some day (いつか) [副] at some future time

astonish (驚かせる) [動] to surprise greatly

私は、いつかこの小さな島がヨーロッパを驚かせるだろうという予感がある。

CHAPTER XI: THE VARIOUS SYSTEMS OF LEGISLATION

CHAPTER XI (第十一章) [名] the eleventh chapter

VARIOUS SYSTEMS (諸制度) [名] various systems

第十一章: 立法の諸制度

If we ask in what precisely consists the greatest good of all, which should be the end of every system of legislation, we shall find it reduce itself to two main objects, liberty and equality—liberty, because all particular dependence means so much force taken from the body of the State, and equality, because liberty cannot exist without it.

precisely (正確に) [副] in an exact manner

consist (成る) [動] be composed or made up of

greatest (最大の) [形] of the highest quality or degree

all (万人) [名] the whole number of people or things

あらゆる立法制度の目的であるべき、万人の最大の利益とは何かと問うならば、それは二つの主要な対象、すなわち自由と平等に帰着する。自由とは、あらゆる特殊な依存関係は国家の体から奪われた力に等しいからであり、平等とは、自由は平等なしには存在し得ないからである。

I have already defined civil liberty;

私はすでに市民的自由を定義した。

by equality, we should understand, not that the degrees of power and riches are to be absolutely identical for everybody;

degree (程度) [名] the amount, level, or extent to which something happens or is present

riches (富) [名] a great quantity of money or valuable possessions

identical (同一) [形] being the same in every detail

平等とは、権力や富の程度が万人にとって絶対的に同一であることではなく、

but that power shall never be great enough for violence, and shall always be exercised by virtue of rank and law;

exercise (行使する) [動] use or apply

rank (地位) [名] a position or grade in the armed forces

権力が暴力を行使できるほど大きくならず、常に地位と法の力によって行使されることを意味する。

and that, in respect of riches, no citizen shall ever be wealthy enough to buy another, and none poor enough to be forced to sell himself: which implies, on the part of the great, moderation in goods and position, and, on the side of the common sort, moderation in avarice and covetousness.

wealthy (裕福な) [形] having a great deal of money or property

common (一般の) [形] of or relating to the great body of people

sort (人) [名] a category of people

avarice (貪欲) [名] an excessive or insatiable desire for wealth or gain

covetousness (強欲) [名] an inordinate desire for wealth or possessions

そして富に関して言えば、市民は誰も他人を買えるほど裕福であってはならず、また誰も自分を売らざるを得ないほど貧乏であってはならない。これは、偉大な者にとっては、財産や地位の節度を意味し、一般人にとっては、貪欲や強欲の節度を意味する。

Such equality, we are told, is an unpractical ideal that cannot actually exist.

unpractical (非現実的な) [形] not practical

ideal (理想) [名] a person or thing regarded as perfect

actually (実際に) [副] in fact; really

このような平等は、実際には存在し得ない非現実的な理想であると言われている。

But if its abuse is inevitable, does it follow that we should not at least make regulations concerning it?

at least (少なくとも) [副] not less than; as much as

regulation (規制) [名] a rule or order that is made and maintained by an authority

しかし、その乱用が避けられない場合、少なくともそれに関する規制をすべきではないということになるのだろうか?

It is precisely because the force of circumstances tends continually to destroy equality that the force of legislation should always tend to its maintenance.

状況の力が絶えず平等を破壊する傾向にあるからこそ、立法の力は常に平等を維持する傾向にあるべきである。

But these general objects of every good legislative system need modifying in every country in accordance with the local situation and the temper of the inhabitants;

modifying (修正する) [動] make partial or minor changes to (something)

accordance (応じて) [名] the action or fact of agreeing with or conforming to something

local (各国の) [形] belonging or relating to a particular area or neighborhood

しかし、あらゆる優れた立法制度のこれらの一般的な目的は、各国の状況や住民の気質に応じて修正する必要がある。

and these circumstances should determine, in each case, the particular system of institutions which is best, not perhaps in itself, but for the State for which it is destined.

destined (運命づけられている) [動] to be intended for a particular purpose or end

そして、これらの状況は、それぞれの場合に、おそらくそれ自体ではなく、それが運命づけられている国家にとって最良である特定の制度体系を決定するべきである。

If, for instance, the soil is barren and unproductive, or the land too crowded for its inhabitants, the people should turn to industry and the crafts, and exchange what they produce for the commodities they lack.

unproductive (非生産的な) [形] not producing or capable of producing

crowded (過密な) [形] full of people or things

turn to (目を向ける) [動] direct one's attention to

industry (工業) [名] economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories

craft (工芸) [名] an activity involving skill in making things by hand

exchange (交換する) [動] give and receive (something) in return for something else

commodity (商品) [名] a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold

例えば、土壌が不毛で非生産的であったり、土地が住民に対して過密な場合、人々は工業や工芸に目を向け、生産したものを不足している商品と交換するべきである。

If, on the other hand, a people dwells in rich plains and fertile slopes, or, in a good land, lacks inhabitants, it should give all its attention to agriculture, which causes men to multiply, and should drive out the crafts, which would only result in depopulation, by grouping in a few localities the few inhabitants there are.

dwell (住む) [動] live in or at

lack (不足している) [動] be without or not have enough of

give all its attention to (全力を注ぐ) [動] concentrate all one's efforts on

agriculture (農業) [名] the science or practice of farming

cause (増殖させる) [動] make something happen

drive out (追い出す) [動] force to leave

result in (をもたらす) [動] have as a result

depopulation (過疎化) [名] a reduction in the number of people living in an area

grouping (集団化する) [動] form into a group

locality (地域) [名] a place or area

一方、豊かな平野や肥沃な斜面に住んでいる人々や、良い土地に住んでいる人々が不足している場合、人々は農業に全力を注ぐべきであり、農業は人々を増殖させ、工芸品を追い出すべきであり、工芸品は少数の地域に少数の住民を集団化することで過疎化をもたらすだけである。

If a nation dwells on an extensive and convenient coast-line, let it cover the sea with ships and foster commerce and navigation.

extensive (広大な) [形] covering a large area

convenient (便利な) [形] easy to use or to do

coast-line (海岸線) [名] the line along which the sea meets the land

cover (覆う) [動] be spread over the surface of

ship (船) [名] a large vessel for traveling on water

foster (育てる) [動] help to grow or develop

navigation (航海) [名] the process or activity of directing the course of a ship, aircraft, or other type of vehicle

国が広大で便利な海岸線に住んでいるなら、海を船で覆い、商業と航海を育てよう。

It will have a life that will be short and glorious.

have a life (人生を送る) [動] live a life

glorious (栄光に満ちた) [形] having or worthy of glory

それは短く栄光に満ちた人生を送るだろう。

If, on its coasts, the sea washes nothing but almost inaccessible rocks, let it remain barbarous and ichthyophagous: it will have a quieter, perhaps a better, and certainly a happier life.

sea (海) [名] a large expanse of salt water covering most of the earth's surface and surrounding its land masses

wash (洗い流す) [動] clean with water

let (~のままにしておこう) [動] not prevent or forbid

ichthyophagous (魚食の) [形] fish-eating

quieter (より静かな) [形] more quiet

happier (より幸せな) [形] more happy

もし、その海岸で、海がほとんど近づきがたい岩以外何も洗い流さないなら、それを野蛮で魚食のままにしておこう。それはより静かで、おそらくより良く、そして確かにより幸せな生活を送るだろう。

In a word, besides the principles that are common to all, every nation has in itself something that gives them a particular application, and makes its legislation peculiarly its own.

besides (他に) [前] in addition to

peculiarly (独自に) [副] in a strange or unusual way

一言で言えば、すべての国に共通する原則の他に、どの国にもそれ自体に特別な適用を与え、その立法を独自のものにする何かがある。

Thus, among the Jews long ago and more recently among the Arabs, the chief object was religion, among the Athenians letters, at Carthage and Tyre commerce, at Rhodes shipping, at Sparta war, at Rome virtue.

Jews (ユダヤ人) [名] a member of the people and cultural community whose traditional religion is Judaism and who trace their origins through the ancient Hebrew people of Israel to Abraham

long ago (昔) [副] a long time in the past

more recently (最近) [副] not long ago; in the recent past

Arabs (アラブ人) [名] a member of a Semitic people originally from the Arabian peninsula and now inhabiting much of the Middle East and North Africa

Athenians (アテネ人) [名] a native or inhabitant of Athens

letters (文学) [名] the study of literature

Carthage (カルタゴ) [名] an ancient city on the coast of North Africa near modern Tunis

Tyre (ティルス) [名] an ancient Phoenician city on the Mediterranean coast

Rhodes (ロードス) [名] a Greek island in the Aegean Sea

shipping (海運) [名] the transport of people or goods by sea

このように、昔のユダヤ人の間では、そして最近ではアラブ人の間では、主な目的は宗教であり、アテネ人の間では文学、カルタゴとティルスでは商業、ロードスでは海運、スパルタでは戦争、ローマでは美徳であった。

The author of The Spirit of the Laws has shown with many examples by what art the legislator directs the constitution towards each of these objects.

The Spirit of the Laws (法の精神) [名] a book by Montesquieu

example (例) [名] a particular fact, event, or thing that is used to show that something is true or possible

direct (向ける) [動] to control the course of

法の精神の著者は、立法者がどのような技術によって憲法をこれらの目的のそれぞれに向けるかを多くの例で示した。

What makes the constitution of a State really solid and lasting is the due observance of what is proper, so that the natural relations are always in agreement with the laws on every point, and law only serves, so to speak, to assure, accompany and rectify them.

solid (堅固な) [形] strong and firm

due observance (適切な遵守) [名] the act of following a rule or law

natural relation (自然の関係) [名] a relationship that is based on the nature of things

serve (役立つ) [動] be of use to

accompany (伴う) [動] go with

rectify (是正する) [動] put right; correct

国家の憲法を本当に堅固で永続的なものにしているのは、自然の関係が常にあらゆる点で法律と一致し、法律は、いわば、それらを保証し、伴い、是正するためにのみ役立つように、適切なものを適切に守ることである。

But if the legislator mistakes his object and adopts a principle other than circumstances naturally direct;

mistake (誤る) [動] be wrong about

しかし、立法者が自分の目的を誤り、状況が自然に指示する以外の原則を採用した場合、

if his principle makes for servitude while they make for liberty, or if it makes for riches, while they make for populousness, or if it makes for peace, while they make for conquest—the laws will insensibly lose their influence, the constitution will alter, and the State will have no rest from trouble till it is either destroyed or changed, and nature has resumed her invincible sway.

make for (のために作られる) [動] to be conducive to

populousness (人口) [名] the state of having a large population

destroy (破壊される) [動] to cause the complete ruin or wreckage of

change (変わる) [動] to make or become different

resume (取り戻す) [動] to return to a previous position or condition

もし彼の原則が自由のために作られている間に奴隷制のために作られているなら、あるいはそれが富のために作られているなら、彼らが人口のために作られているなら、あるいはそれが平和のために作られているなら、彼らが征服のために作られているなら、法律はいつの間にかその影響力を失い、憲法は変わり、国家は破壊されるか変わるまで問題から解放されることはなく、自然は彼女の無敵の支配を取り戻す。

CHAPTER XII: THE DIVISION OF THE LAWS

CHAPTER XII (第12章) [名] the twelfth chapter

第12章: 法律の分類

If the whole is to be set in order, and the commonwealth put into the best possible shape, there are various relations to be considered.

set in order (整える) [動] put in order; arrange

commonwealth (国家) [名] a political unit

put into (する) [動] cause to be in a certain state

shape (形) [名] the external form, contours, or outline of someone or something

全体を整え、国家を可能な限り最良の形にするためには、考慮すべき様々な関係がある。

First, there is the action of the complete body upon itself, the relation of the whole to the whole, of the Sovereign to the State; and this relation, as we shall see, is made up of the relations of the intermediate terms.

itself (自分自身) [代] used to refer to the thing mentioned

intermediate (中間項) [形] coming between two things in time, place, or order

第一に、完全な身体が自分自身に及ぼす作用、全体と全体の関係、主権者と国家の関係がある。そして、この関係は、後で述べるように、中間項の関係から成り立っている。

The laws which regulate this relation bear the name of political laws, and are also called fundamental laws, not without reason if they are wise.

bear (呼ばれる) [動] have or give a name

この関係を規制する法律は、政治法と呼ばれ、また、賢明な法律であれば、理由もなく基本法とも呼ばれる。

For, if there is, in each State, only one good system, the people that is in possession of it should hold fast to this;

in (に) [前] inside

the people (国民) [名] the citizens of a country

that (それ) [代] the thing mentioned before

is in possession of (所有している) [動] have as one's own

it (それ) [代] the thing mentioned before

should (するべきだ) [助] ought to; must

hold fast to (固執する) [動] cling to; refuse to give up

なぜなら、各国家に良い制度が一つしかないのであれば、それを所有している国民はそれに固執するべきだからである。

but if the established order is bad, why should laws that prevent men from being good be regarded as fundamental?

established order (確立された秩序) [名] the existing social, political, or economic system

bad (悪い) [形] of poor quality; unsatisfactory

しかし、確立された秩序が悪い場合、なぜ人々が善良になることを妨げる法律が基本的な法律と見なされるべきなのだろうか?

Besides, in any case, a people is always in a position to change its laws, however good;

a people (国民) [名] the inhabitants of a particular country or area

in a position to (できる立場にある) [動] have the power or ability to do something

その上、いずれにせよ、国民はどんなに良い法律であれ、いつでも法律を変えることができる立場にある。

for, if it choose to do itself harm, who can have a right to stop it?

stop (止める) [動] cause to cease moving or operating

なぜなら、もし国民が自らを傷つけることを選んだとしても、誰がそれを止める権利を持つことができるだろうか?

The second relation is that of the members one to another, or to the body as a whole;

第二の関係は、各構成員同士の関係、または各構成員と全体との関係である。

and this relation should be in the first respect as unimportant, and in the second as important, as possible.

this (この) [限] used to identify a specific person or thing close at hand or being indicated or experienced

should be (であるべきである) [助] used to express a duty, possibility, or probability

unimportant (重要ではない) [形] not important; of minor importance

そして、この関係は、最初の点では可能な限り重要ではなく、二番目の点では可能な限り重要であるべきである。

Each citizen would then be perfectly independent of all the rest, and at the same time very dependent on the city;

perfectly (完全に) [副] in a perfect manner

very (非常に) [副] to a high degree; extremely

そうすれば、各市民は他のすべての市民から完全に独立し、同時に都市に非常に依存することになる。

which is brought about always by the same means, as the strength of the State can alone secure the liberty of its members.

secure (保障する) [動] make safe; make certain

それは常に同じ手段によってもたらされる。なぜなら、国家の力だけがその構成員の自由を保障できるからである。

From this second relation arise civil laws.

この第二の関係から民法が生じる。

We may consider also a third kind of relation between the individual and the law, a relation of disobedience to its penalty.

disobedience (違反) [名] the refusal to obey

個人と法との間には第三の関係、つまり違反とその刑罰の関係も考えられる。

This gives rise to the setting up of criminal laws, which, at bottom, are less a particular class of law than the sanction behind all the rest.

setting up (制定) [名] the establishment or foundation of something

criminal law (刑法) [名] the body of law that deals with crimes and their punishments

at bottom (基本的に) [副] in reality; in fact

class (分野) [名] a set or category of things having some property in common

これによって刑法が制定されるが、それは基本的には、法の特定の分野というよりは、他のすべての法の背後にある制裁である。

Along with these three kinds of law goes a fourth, most important of all, which is not graven on tablets of marble or brass, but on the hearts of the citizens.

along with (伴って) [前] together with

fourth (第四の) [形] the number 4

marble (大理石) [名] a hard, metamorphic rock that can be polished to a high shine

brass (真鍮) [名] a yellow alloy of copper and zinc

これらの三つの法に伴って、最も重要な第四の法があるが、それは大理石や真鍮の板に刻まれているのではなく、市民の心に刻まれている。

This forms the real constitution of the State, takes on every day new powers, when other laws decay or die out, restores them or takes their place, keeps a people in the ways in which it was meant to go, and insensibly replaces authority by the force of habit.

real (真の) [形] not fake or false

every day (毎日) [副] on each day

decay (衰退する) [動] rot or decompose

die out (消滅する) [動] become extinct

restore (回復させる) [動] bring back to a former or original state

take the place of (代わりを務める) [動] act or serve instead of

keep (留める) [動] cause to remain in a specified state, position, or course

way (道) [名] a method, style, or manner of doing something

go (行く) [動] move or travel

insensibly (無意識のうちに) [副] without being aware of it

replace (置き換える) [動] take the place of

habit (習慣) [名] a settled or regular tendency or practice

これが国家の真の憲法を形成し、他の法律が衰退したり消滅したりすると、毎日新しい権力を取り、それらを回復させたり、その代わりを務めたり、人々を本来の道に留めたり、無意識のうちに権威を習慣の力に置き換えたりする。

I am speaking of morality, of custom, above all of public opinion;

speak of (語る) [動] talk about

above all (とりわけ) [副] most importantly

public opinion (世論) [名] the beliefs or views of the general public

私は道徳、習慣、とりわけ世論について語っている。

a power unknown to political thinkers, on which none the less success in everything else depends.

thinker (思想家) [名] a person who thinks

none the less (それにもかかわらず) [副] nevertheless

政治思想家には知られていない権力であり、それにもかかわらず、他のすべての成功はそれにかかっている。

With this the great legislator concerns himself in secret, though he seems to confine himself to particular regulations;

concern oneself (気にかける) [動] be interested in or worried about

secret (秘密) [名] something that is kept or meant to be kept unknown or unseen by others

偉大な立法者は、特定の規制に限定されているように見えても、このことを密かに気にかけている。

for these are only the arc of the arch, while manners and morals, slower to arise, form in the end its immovable keystone.

these (これら) [代] the things mentioned before

are (である) [動] be

the arc (弧) [名] a part of a circle

the arch (アーチ) [名] a curved structure with a flat upper surface

manners (マナー) [名] a way of behaving

and (と) [接] used to connect words of the same part of speech, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are connected

morals (モラル) [名] a person's standards of behavior or beliefs concerning what is and is not acceptable for them to do

slower (遅い) [形] moving or operating or done at less than the usual or average speed

to arise (生じる) [動] to come into being or existence

in the end (最終的に) [副] at the end of a period of time or an event

its (その) [代] belonging to or connected with a person or thing previously mentioned or easily identified

immovable (動かせない) [形] not able to be moved

keystone (要石) [名] the central stone at the summit of an arch, locking the whole together

これらはアーチの弧にすぎないが、マナーやモラルは、生じるのが遅く、最終的には動かせない要石を形成する。

Among the different classes of laws, the political, which determine the form of the government, are alone relevant to my subject.

among (の中で) [前] in the middle of; surrounded by

class (種類) [名] a set of things having some property in common

relevant (関連している) [形] having a bearing on or connection with the matter at hand

さまざまな種類の法律の中で、政府の形態を決定する政治的なものだけが私の主題に関連している。

BOOK III

第三編

Before speaking of the different forms of government, let us try to fix the exact sense of the word, which has not yet been very clearly explained.

different (さまざまな) [形] not the same

let (~しよう) [動] allow or permit

try (試す) [動] make an attempt

fix (固定する) [動] repair or mend

政府のさまざまな形態について話す前に、まだあまり明確に説明されていない言葉の正確な意味を固定してみよう。

CHAPTER I: GOVERNMENT IN GENERAL

第一章: 政府一般について

I warn the reader that this chapter requires careful reading, and that I am unable to make myself clear to those who refuse to be attentive.

warn (警告する) [動] give notice of danger or evil

reader (読者) [名] someone who reads

require (必要とする) [動] need for a particular purpose

careful (注意深い) [形] taking care to avoid harm or damage

reading (読書) [名] the activity of reading

refuse (拒む) [動] express unwillingness to do or accept something

attentive (注意深い) [形] taking care to notice or attend to something

この章は注意深く読む必要があることを読者に警告しておく。注意深く読むことを拒む人には、私は自分の考えを明確に伝えることができない。

Every free action is produced by the concurrence of two causes;

concurrence (合致) [名] agreement in opinion or action

すべての自由な行為は、二つの原因の合致によって生み出される。

one moral, i.e. the will which determines the act;

一つは道徳的なもの、つまり行為を決定する意志である。

the other physical, i.e. the power which executes it.

もう一つは物理的なもの、つまりそれを実行する力である。

When I walk towards an object, it is necessary first that I should will to go there, and, in the second place, that my feet should carry me.

walk (歩く) [動] move at a regular and fairly slow pace by lifting and setting down each foot in turn, never having both feet off the ground at once

object (何か) [名] a material thing that can be seen and touched

second (次に) [副] after the first; next

carry (運ぶ) [動] take or support from one place to another

私が何かに向かって歩くとき、まずそこへ行こうとする意志が必要であり、次に私の足が私を運んでくれる必要がある。

If a paralytic wills to run and an active man wills not to, they will both stay where they are.

paralytic (麻痺した人) [名] a person affected with paralysis

will (走ろうとする) [動] intend or wish

stay (留まる) [動] remain in the same place

麻痺した人が走ろうとし、活動的な人が走ろうとしなければ、どちらもその場に留まるだろう。

The body politic has the same motive powers;

motive power (動機力) [名] the force that causes something to move or happen

国家も同じ動機力を持っている。

here too force and will are distinguished, will under the name of legislative power and force under that of executive power.

here (ここで) [副] in this place

too (も) [副] also; as well

ここでも力と意志は区別され、意志は立法権という名の下に、力は執行権という名の下に置かれる。

Without their concurrence, nothing is, or should be, done.

be done (行われるべき) [動] be finished or completed

両者の合意なしには、何も行われないし、行われるべきでもない。

We have seen that the legislative power belongs to the people, and can belong to it alone.

立法権は人民に属し、人民だけに属しうることを我々は見た。

It may, on the other hand, readily be seen, from the principles laid down above, that the executive power cannot belong to the generality as legislature or Sovereign, because it consists wholly of particular acts which fall outside the competency of the law, and consequently of the Sovereign, whose acts must always be laws.

readily (容易に) [副] easily

be seen (理解できる) [動] be perceived or understood

lay down (述べる) [動] put into words

generality (一般性) [名] the quality or state of being general

legislature (立法権) [名] the legislative branch of a government

fall outside (外にある) [動] be excluded from

whose (その) [代] of or belonging to which person

他方、執行権は、それが法の権限の外にある個々の行為のみから成り、従って、その行為は常に法でなければならない主権者の権限の外にあるため、立法権や主権者としての一般性に属しえないことは、上に述べた原理から容易に理解できる。

The public force therefore needs an agent of its own to bind it together and set it to work under the direction of the general will, to serve as a means of communication between the State and the Sovereign, and to do for the collective person more or less what the union of soul and body does for man.

collective person (集団的人間) [名] a group of people

したがって、公権力は、それを結びつけ、一般意志の指示のもとで働かせ、国家と主権者の間のコミュニケーションの手段として役立ち、魂と肉体の結合が人間に対して行うことを集団的人間に対して行うために、それ自身の代理人を必要とする。

Here we have what is, in the State, the basis of government, often wrongly confused with the Sovereign, whose minister it is.

wrongly (誤って) [副] in a mistaken or erroneous manner

confused (混同される) [動] cause to be unclear about something

ここに、国家における政府の基礎があり、それはしばしば、その大臣である主権者と誤って混同される。

What then is government?

では、政府とは何か?

An intermediate body set up between the subjects and the Sovereign, to secure their mutual correspondence, charged with the execution of the laws and the maintenance of liberty, both civil and political.

intermediate (中間の) [形] in the middle

body (機関) [名] an organization or group of people

secure (確保する) [動] make safe or certain

correspondence (通信) [名] communication by exchanging letters

charge (担当する) [動] be responsible for

臣民と主権者の間に設置され、両者の相互通信を確保し、法律の執行と市民的、政治的自由の維持を担当する中間機関である。

The members of this body are called magistrates or kings, that is to say governors, and the whole body bears the name prince.

governor (知事) [名] the elected head of a state government

この機関のメンバーは、行政官や王、つまり知事と呼ばれ、機関全体は君主という名を冠している。

Thus those who hold that the act, by which a people puts itself under a prince, is not a contract, are certainly right.

したがって、国民が君主の下に身を置く行為は契約ではないと主張する人々は、確かに正しい。

It is simply and solely a commission, an employment, in which the rulers, mere officials of the Sovereign, exercise in their own name the power of which it makes them depositaries.

solely (単に) [副] only; merely

commission (委任) [名] the act of granting certain powers or the authority to carry out a particular task or duty

employment (雇用) [名] the state of being employed

depositary (預け先) [名] a person with whom something is deposited

それは単に、主権者の単なる役人である支配者たちが、主権者が彼らに預けた権力を自分たちの名において行使する、委任であり、雇用にすぎない。

This power it can limit, modify or recover at pleasure;

limit (制限する) [動] set or serve as a limit to

modify (変更する) [動] make minor changes in

recover (回復する) [動] return to a normal state

この権力は、主権者が自由に制限、変更、または回復することができる。

for the alienation of such a right is incompatible with the nature of the social body, and contrary to the end of association.

alienation (譲渡) [名] the action of alienating someone or something

なぜなら、そのような権利の譲渡は、社会体の性質と相容れず、結社の目的に反するからである。

I call then government, or supreme administration, the legitimate exercise of the executive power, and prince or magistrate the man or the body entrusted with that administration.

supreme administration (最高行政機関) [名] the highest administrative organ

legitimate exercise (合法的な行使) [名] the exercise of power in accordance with the law

だから私は、政府、または最高行政機関を、執行権の合法的な行使と呼び、君主または行政官を、その行政を委任された人または団体と呼ぶ。

In government reside the intermediate forces whose relations make up that of the whole to the whole, or of the Sovereign to the State.

reside (存在する) [動] be present or live permanently in a place

政府には、全体と全体、または主権者と国家の関係を構成する中間的な力が存在する。

This last relation may be represented as that between the extreme terms of a continuous proportion, which has government as its mean proportional.

last (最後の) [形] coming after all others in time or order

represent (表す) [動] to serve as a symbol of

extreme (両端) [形] very great in degree

continuous (連続) [形] forming an unbroken whole; without interruption

この最後の関係は、連続比例の両端の関係として表すことができ、その中間項は政府である。

The government gets from the Sovereign the orders it gives the people, and, for the State to be properly balanced, there must, when everything is reckoned in, be equality between the product or power of the government taken in itself, and the product or power of the citizens, who are on the one hand sovereign and on the other subject.

balance (バランス) [名] an even distribution of weight or amount

reckon (考慮する) [動] take into account

one hand (一方では) [名] on the one hand

other (他方では) [名] on the other hand

政府は主権者から国民に与える命令を受け取り、国家が適切にバランスを保つためには、すべてが考慮された上で、政府の産物または権力と、一方では主権者であり、他方では臣民である市民の産物または権力との間に平等がなければならない。

Furthermore, none of these three terms can be altered without the equality being instantly destroyed.

none of (どれも) [代] not one of

term (項) [名] a word or phrase that has a particular meaning in a language or subject

instantly (即座に) [副] immediately; at once

さらに、これらの三つの項はどれも、平等が即座に破壊されることなく変更することはできない。

If the Sovereign desires to govern, or the magistrate to give laws, or if the subjects refuse to obey, disorder takes the place of regularity, force and will no longer act together, and the State is dissolved and falls into despotism or anarchy.

desire (望む) [動] to want or wish for

give (制定する) [動] to make or enact

disorder (無秩序) [名] a lack of order or regular arrangement

take the place of (起こる) [動] to be used or accepted instead of

regularity (秩序) [名] the quality or condition of being regular

act (作用する) [動] to do something

dissolve (解体する) [動] to cause to disappear or disintegrate

fall into (陥る) [動] to become involved in or affected by

anarchy (無政府状態) [名] a state of disorder due to absence or nonrecognition of authority

主権者が統治を望んだり、行政官が法律を制定したり、臣民が従うことを拒否したりすると、秩序の代わりに無秩序が起こり、力と意志はもはや一緒に作用せず、国家は解体され、専制政治や無政府状態に陥る。

Lastly, as there is only one mean proportional between each relation, there is also only one good government possible for a State.

mean proportional (中間項) [名] the geometric mean of two numbers

最後に、それぞれの関係の間には中間項が一つしかないので、国家にとっても良い政府は一つしかない。

But, as countless events may change the relations of a people, not only may different governments be good for different peoples, but also for the same people at different times.

countless (無数の) [形] too many to be counted

time (時期) [名] a point of time as measured in hours and minutes

しかし、無数の出来事が人々の関係を変える可能性があるため、異なる政府が異なる人々にとって良いだけでなく、異なる時期に同じ人々にとって良い場合もある。

In attempting to give some idea of the various relations that may hold between these two extreme terms, I shall take as an example the number of a people, which is the most easily expressible.

hold (成立する) [動] be valid or true

extreme (極端な) [形] very great or intense

expressible (表現できる) [形] able to be expressed

これら二つの極端な項の間に成立するかもしれない様々な関係について、ある程度の考えを与えようとして、私は最も簡単に表現できる人民の数を例に挙げよう。

Suppose the State is composed of ten thousand citizens.

be composed of (からなる) [動] be made up of

ten thousand (一万人) [名] the number 10000

国家が一万人の市民からなると仮定しよう。

The Sovereign can only be considered collectively and as a body;

collectively (集団として) [副] in a group

主権者は集団として、また一つの体としてのみ考えることができる。

but each member, as being a subject, is regarded as an individual: thus the Sovereign is to the subject as ten thousand to one, i.e. each member of the State has as his share only a ten-thousandth part of the sovereign authority, although he is wholly under its control.

control (支配) [名] the power to influence or direct people's behavior or the course of events

しかし、各構成員は臣民として、一個人として見なされる。こうして主権者は臣民に対して一万対一となる。つまり、国家の各構成員は、主権者の権威の下に完全に服従しているにもかかわらず、その権威のわずか一万分の一しか持っていない。

If the people numbers a hundred thousand, the condition of the subject undergoes no change, and each equally is under the whole authority of the laws, while his vote, being reduced to one hundred thousandth part, has ten times less influence in drawing them up.

number (数える) [動] count

hundred thousand (十万) [名] 100,000

undergo (受ける) [動] experience

hundred thousandth (十万分の一) [名] 1/100,000

draw up (制定する) [動] to write or create something, such as a contract or a plan

人民が十万人なら、臣民の状態は変化せず、各人は平等に法の権威の下にある一方、彼の投票は十万分の一に減り、法の制定に及ぼす影響は十倍小さくなる。

The subject therefore remaining always a unit, the relation between him and the Sovereign increases with the number of the citizens.

unit (単位) [名] a single thing or person

increase (増大する) [動] become or make greater or more numerous

したがって、臣民は常に単位のままなので、彼と主権者の関係は市民の数に応じて増大する。

From this it follows that, the larger the State, the less the liberty.

from this (このことから) [副] from this fact

follow (なる) [動] be the result or consequence of

the larger (大きければ大きいほど) [形] of greater size or extent

the less (少なくなる) [形] of smaller size or extent

このことから、国家が大きければ大きいほど、自由は少なくなるということになる。

When I say the relation increases, I mean that it grows more unequal.

grow (なる) [動] become larger or greater over a period of time

関係が増大すると私が言うとき、私はそれがより不平等になることを意味する。

Thus the greater it is in the geometrical sense, the less relation there is in the ordinary sense of the word.

geometrical (幾何学的) [形] of or relating to geometry

ordinary (通常の) [形] normal or usual

したがって、それが幾何学的意味において大きいほど、その言葉の通常の意味においての関係は小さくなる。

In the former sense, the relation, considered according to quantity, is expressed by the quotient;

in the former sense (前者の意味では) [副] in the first of the two senses

quantity (量) [名] the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement

quotient (商) [名] the number resulting from the division of one number by another

前者の意味では、量に応じて考慮される関係は商によって表される。

in the latter, considered according to identity, it is reckoned by similarity.

in the latter (後者の意味では) [副] in the second of two things mentioned

reckon (計算される) [動] calculate

similarity (類似性) [名] the state or fact of being similar

後者の意味では、同一性によって考慮される関係は類似性によって計算される。

Now, the less relation the particular wills have to the general will, that is, morals and manners to laws, the more should the repressive force be increased.

less (より小さい) [形] smaller in amount or degree

more (より大きい) [形] greater in amount or degree

repressive force (抑圧的な力) [名] a force that suppresses or restrains

さて、個々の意志が一般意志との関係が小さいほど、つまり道徳や風習が法律との関係が小さいほど、抑圧的な力はより増大するべきである。

The government, then, to be good, should be proportionately stronger as the people is more numerous.

したがって、政府が善良であるためには、国民の数が多いほどそれに比例して強力でなければならない。

On the other hand, as the growth of the State gives the depositaries of the public authority more temptations and chances of abusing their power, the greater the force with which the government ought to be endowed for keeping the people in hand, the greater too should be the force at the disposal of the Sovereign for keeping the government in hand.

growth (成長) [名] the process of increasing in size

public authority (公権力) [名] the power of the state

temptation (誘惑) [名] the desire to do something, even though one knows that it is wrong or not sensible

greater (大きい) [形] of a size that is above average or usual

endow (与える) [動] provide with a quality or property

hand (手) [名] the end of the arm beyond the wrist

一方で、国家の成長は公権力の保管者に権力を乱用する誘惑や機会を与えるので、国民を統制するために政府に与えられるべき力が大きいほど、政府を統制するために主権者が自由に使える力も大きくなければならない。

I am speaking, not of absolute force, but of the relative force of the different parts of the State.

relative (相対的な) [形] considered in relation or in proportion to something else

私は絶対的な力ではなく、国家の異なる部分の相対的な力について話している。

It follows from this double relation that the continuous proportion between the Sovereign, the prince and the people, is by no means an arbitrary idea, but a necessary consequence of the nature of the body politic.

continuous (連続的) [形] without interruption or break

arbitrary (恣意的) [形] based on or determined by individual preference or convenience rather than by necessity or the intrinsic nature of something

この二重の関係から、主権者、君主、人民の間の連続的な比例は決して恣意的な考えではなく、政治体制の本質から必然的に生じるものであることがわかる。

It follows further that, one of the extreme terms, viz.

viz (すなわち) [副] namely; that is to say

fix (定まる) [動] make or become stable or firm

さらに、極端な言葉の一つである「人民」が定まると、もう一方の「君主」も定まる。

the people, as subject, being fixed and represented by unity, whenever the duplicate ratio increases or diminishes, the simple ratio does the same, and is changed accordingly.

subject (主権者) [名] a person who is under the authority of a state or monarch

whenever (~するたびに) [接] at any or every time that

duplicate (二重) [形] consisting of two identical or similar parts

ratio (比率) [名] the quantitative relation between two amounts showing the number of times one value contains or is contained within the other

diminish (減少する) [動] make or become less

simple (単純) [形] easily understood or done; presenting few problems

人民は、主権者として、固定され、統一によって表されるので、二重比率が増加または減少するたびに、単純比率も同じことをし、それに応じて変化する。

From this we see that there is not a single unique and absolute form of government, but as many governments differing in nature as there are States differing in size.

single (唯一無二の) [形] not accompanied by another

differ (異なる) [動] be unlike or dissimilar

size (大きさ) [名] the physical magnitude of something

このことから、政府には唯一無二の絶対的な形態があるのではなく、国家の大きさの違いと同じくらい本質的に異なる政府があることがわかる。

If, ridiculing this system, any one were to say that, in order to find the mean proportional and give form to the body of the government, it is only necessary, according to me, to find the square root of the number of the people,

ridicule (嘲笑する) [動] make fun of

give form to (形を与える) [動] make something take a particular shape

square root (平方根) [名] a number that when multiplied by itself equals a given number

もし、このシステムを嘲笑して、平均比例を見つけて政府の体制を整えるためには、私の考えでは、人民の数の平方根を見つけるだけでよいと言う人がいたら、

I should answer that I am here taking this number only as an instance;

take (挙げる) [動] to pick up or hold in one's hands

instance (例) [名] an example or single occurrence of something

私は、ここではこの数を例として挙げているにすぎないと答えるだろう。

that the relations of which I am speaking are not measured by the number of men alone, but generally by the amount of action, which is a combination of a multitude of causes;

generally (一般的に) [副] in most cases; usually

combination (組み合わせ) [名] a joining or merging of different parts or qualities in which the component elements are individually distinct

私が話している関係は、人の数だけで測られるのではなく、一般的に、多数の原因の組み合わせである行動の量によって測られる。

and that, further, if, to save words, I borrow for a moment the terms of geometry, I am none the less well aware that moral quantities do not allow of geometrical accuracy.

save (節約する) [動] keep from being used or spent

borrow (借用する) [動] take and use something temporarily with the intention of returning it

geometry (幾何学) [名] the branch of mathematics concerned with the properties and relations of points, lines, surfaces, solids, and higher dimensional analogues

accuracy (正確さ) [名] the quality or state of being correct or precise

さらに、言葉を節約するために、私が一時的に幾何学の用語を借用したとしても、道徳的な量が幾何学的な正確さを許さないことを私はよく知っている。

The government is on a small scale what the body politic which includes it is on a great one.

small scale (小規模) [名] a small extent or size

great one (大規模) [名] a large extent or size

政府は小規模なものであり、それを含めた政治体は大規模なものである。

It is a moral person endowed with certain faculties, active like the Sovereign and passive like the State, and capable of being resolved into other similar relations.

resolve (分解できる) [動] find a solution to

それは、主権者のように能動的で、国家のように受動的であり、他の同様の関係に分解できる、ある種の能力を備えた道徳的な人格である。

This accordingly gives rise to a new proportion, within which there is yet another, according to the arrangement of the magistracies, till an indivisible middle term is reached, i.e. a single ruler or supreme magistrate, who may be represented, in the midst of this progression, as the unity between the fractional and the ordinal series.

yet (さらに) [副] in addition; still; even

arrangement (配置) [名] the way in which something is organized or arranged

magistracy (裁判官) [名] the office or function of a magistrate

middle term (中間項) [名] the term in a syllogism that appears in both premises but not in the conclusion

midst (真っ只中) [名] the middle part or point

progression (進行) [名] a movement from one place to another

fractional (分数の) [形] of or relating to a fraction

ordinal (序数の) [形] of or relating to a numerical order

したがって、これは新しい比率を生み出し、その中に、分割できない中間項に達するまで、つまり、この進行の途中で、分数と序数列の間の単位として表される単一の支配者または最高裁判官に達するまで、裁判官の配置に従って、さらに別の比率がある。

Without encumbering ourselves with this multiplication of terms, let us rest content with regarding government as a new body within the State, distinct from the people and the Sovereign, and intermediate between them.

encumber (煩わす) [動] to weigh down or burden

multiplication (増加) [名] the action or process of increasing in number

rest (満足する) [動] to be content with

content (満足する) [形] happy with what one has

distinct (異なる) [形] not the same as each other

このような用語の増加に煩わされることなく、政府を国民と主権者とは異なる国家内の新しい組織であり、両者の中間に位置するものと考えることに満足しよう。

There is between these two bodies this essential difference, that the State exists by itself, and the government only through the Sovereign.

essential (本質的な) [形] of the utmost importance

この二つの組織の間には、国家がそれ自体で存在し、政府は主権者を通してのみ存在するという本質的な違いがある。

Thus the dominant will of the prince is, or should be, nothing but the general will or the law;

dominant (支配的な) [形] having power and influence over others

したがって、君主の支配的な意志は、一般意志または法に他ならない、あるいはそうあるべきである。

his force is only the public force concentrated in his hands, and, as soon as he tries to base any absolute and independent act on his own authority, the tie that binds the whole together begins to be loosened.

concentrate (集中する) [動] focus all of one's attention on something

try (しようとする) [動] make an effort to do something

base (基づいて) [動] use as a point from which to develop something

act (行動) [名] something that people do

loosen (緩む) [動] make or become less tight or firm

彼の力は彼の手に集中した公的な力に過ぎず、彼が自分の権限に基づいて絶対的かつ独立した行動をしようとするとすぐに、全体を結びつける結びつきが緩み始める。

If finally the prince should come to have a particular will more active than the will of the Sovereign, and should employ the public force in his hands in obedience to this particular will, there would be, so to speak, two Sovereigns, one rightful and the other actual, the social union would evaporate instantly, and the body politic would be dissolved.

more active (より活動的) [形] more energetic or vigorous

employ (行使する) [動] make use of

rightful (正当な) [形] having a just or lawful claim

other (もう一人) [形] being the remaining one of two or more

actual (実際の) [形] existing in fact or reality

evaporate (蒸発する) [動] turn from a liquid into a vapor

最後に、君主が主権者の意志よりもより活動的な個別意志を持つようになり、この個別意志に従って彼の手にある公的な力を行使するならば、いわば、一人は正当な、もう一人は実際の、二人の主権者が存在することになり、社会連合は即座に蒸発し、政治体は解散するだろう。

However, in order that the government may have a true existence and a real life distinguishing it from the body of the State, and in order that all its members may be able to act in concert and fulfil the end for which it was set up, it must have a particular personality, a sensibility common to its members, and a force and will of its own making for its preservation.

however (しかし) [副] nevertheless; on the other hand

order (ために) [名] a state of peace, law, and order

concert (協調) [名] a performance of music by several performers or of several compositions at one event

sensibility (感性) [名] the ability to appreciate and respond to complex emotional or aesthetic influences; sensitivity

しかし、政府が国家の組織から区別される真の存在と現実の生活を持ち、そのすべての構成員が協調して行動し、それが設立された目的を達成することができるようにするためには、それは特定の人格、その構成員に共通の感性、そしてその保存のために自ら作り出す力と意志を持たなければならない。

This particular existence implies assemblies, councils, power of deliberation and decision, rights, titles, and privileges belonging exclusively to the prince and making the office of magistrate more honourable in proportion as it is more troublesome.

assembly (集会) [名] a group of people gathered together in one place for a particular purpose

council (評議会) [名] an assembly of people formally constituted and meeting regularly

exclusively (だけ) [副] to the exclusion of others; only

office (職) [名] a room or set of rooms or a building where people work, usually sitting at desks

honourable (名誉ある) [形] worthy of honour or respect

proportion (ほど) [名] a part or share in relation to the whole

この特定の存在は、集会、評議会、審議と決定の権限、君主だけに属する権利、称号、特権を意味し、より面倒なほど行政官の職をより名誉あるものにする。

The difficulties lie in the manner of so ordering this subordinate whole within the whole, that it in no way alters the general constitution by affirmation of its own, and always distinguishes the particular force it possesses, which is destined to aid in its preservation, from the public force, which is destined to the preservation of the State;

order (秩序立てる) [動] arrange in a systematic way

in no way (決して〜ない) [副] not at all; absolutely not

affirmation (肯定) [名] the action or process of affirming something

destined (運命づけられた) [形] (of a person or thing) intended or likely to have a particular fate

困難なのは、この従属的な全体を全体の中で秩序立てる方法にあり、それは決してそれ自身の肯定によって一般的な憲法を変えることはなく、常にそれが所有する特定の力を区別し、それはその保存を助ける運命にあり、国家の保存を運命づけられた公的な力から区別される。

and, in a word, is always ready to sacrifice the government to the people, and never to sacrifice the people to the government.

sacrifice (犠牲にする) [動] give up something important for the sake of achieving something else

never (決してない) [副] not ever; on no occasion; at no time

そして、一言で言えば、常に政府を国民のために犠牲にする準備ができており、国民を政府のために犠牲にすることは決してない。

Furthermore, although the artificial body of the government is the work of another artificial body, and has, we may say, only a borrowed and subordinate life, this does not prevent it from being able to act with more or less vigour or promptitude, or from being, so to speak, in more or less robust health.

artificial (人工的な) [形] made or produced by human beings rather than occurring naturally

work (働き) [名] the effort exerted to do or accomplish something

more or less (多かれ少なかれ) [副] to some extent; in some degree

promptitude (機敏さ) [名] the quality of being quick and decisive in action

robust (頑健な) [形] strong and healthy

さらに、政府という人工的な組織は別の人工的な組織の働きであり、借り物で従属的な生活しかしていないと言えるが、だからといって、多かれ少なかれ活力や機敏さを持って行動したり、いわば多かれ少なかれ頑健な健康状態にあることを妨げるわけではない。

Finally, without departing directly from the end for which it was instituted, it may deviate more or less from it, according to the manner of its constitution.

depart (逸れる) [動] go away from a place

directly (直接) [副] without changing direction or stopping

institute (制定する) [動] establish or introduce

最後に、それが制定された目的から直接逸れることなく、その憲法のあり方に応じて、多かれ少なかれ逸れる可能性がある。

From all these differences arise the various relations which the government ought to bear to the body of the State, according to the accidental and particular relations by which the State itself is modified, for often the government that is best in itself will become the most pernicious, if the relations in which it stands have altered according to the defects of the body politic to which it belongs.

accidental (偶然的) [形] happening by chance or accident

modify (修正される) [動] make partial or minor changes to

pernicious (有害な) [形] causing great or serious harm

stand (立っている) [動] be in a specified state or condition

alter (変化する) [動] change in character, appearance, or condition

defect (欠陥) [名] a lack of something or a fault in something

これらすべての違いから、国家そのものが修正される偶然的で特殊な関係に応じて、政府が国家の体に対して負うべき様々な関係が生じる。なぜなら、政府が属する政治体制の欠陥に応じて、政府が立っている関係が変化した場合、それ自体が最良の政府が最も有害なものになることが多いからである。

CHAPTER II: THE CONSTITUENT PRINCIPLE IN THE VARIOUS FORMS OF GOVERNMENT

government (統治) [名] the action or manner of governing

第2章: 様々な統治形態における構成原理

To set forth the general cause of the above differences, we must here distinguish between government and its principle, as we did before between the State and the Sovereign.

set forth (説明する) [動] to state or explain something

general cause (一般的な原因) [名] the cause that is most common or most likely

above difference (上記の違い) [名] the difference that is mentioned above

上記の違いの一般的な原因を説明するためには、ここでは、これまで国家と主権者を区別したのと同様に、政府とその原理を区別しなければならない。

The body of the magistrate may be composed of a greater or a less number of members.

greater (より多い) [形] larger in size or amount

less (より少ない) [形] smaller in size or amount

行政官の集団は、多かれ少なかれ多くのメンバーで構成される。

We said that the relation of the Sovereign to the subjects was greater in proportion as the people was more numerous, and, by a clear analogy, we may say the same of the relation of the government to the magistrates.

analogy (類推) [名] a comparison between two things that are similar in some way

主権者と臣下の関係は、人民の数が多いほど比例して大きくなると述べたが、明確な類推によって、政府と行政官の関係についても同じことが言える。

But the total force of the government, being always that of the State, is invariable;

total (総) [形] complete; entire

invariable (不変) [形] not subject to variation or change

しかし、政府の総力は常に国家の力であり、不変である。

so that, the more of this force it expends on its own members, the less it has left to employ on the whole people.

the more (より) [限] a greater or higher amount or degree

expend (費やす) [動] spend or use up

the less (より少なく) [限] a smaller amount or degree

left (残す) [動] go away from a place

to (に) [前] used to indicate the place or time of an action

employ (費やす) [動] use or engage the services of (someone) in return for payment

the whole (全体) [限] all of something

そのため、この力を自らの構成員に費やすほど、国民全体に費やす力が減ってしまう。

The more numerous the magistrates, therefore, the weaker the government.

the weaker (より弱い) [形] a lesser or lower number

したがって、行政官の数が多ければ多いほど、政府は弱くなる。

This principle being fundamental, we must do our best to make it clear.

fundamental (根本的) [形] serving as an essential component

do one's best (最善を尽くす) [動] make the greatest effort possible

make clear (明確にする) [動] make easy to understand

この原理は根本的なものなので、それを明確にするために最善を尽くさなければならない。

In the person of the magistrate we can distinguish three essentially different wills: first, the private will of the individual, tending only to his personal advantage;

essentially (本質的に) [副] in or relating to the essential nature of something

tend (追求する) [動] regularly or frequently behave in a particular manner

行政官の人物像には、本質的に異なる三つの意志を区別することができる。第一に、個人の私的な意志であり、それは個人の利益のみを追求する。

secondly, the common will of the magistrates, which is relative solely to the advantage of the prince, and may be called corporate will, being general in relation to the government, and particular in relation to the State, of which the government forms part;

common will (共通の意志) [名] the will of the majority

relative (関係する) [形] connected with or belonging to a person by blood or marriage

corporate will (団体意志) [名] the will of a group of people

第二に、行政官の共通の意志であり、それは専ら君主の利益に関係するものであり、政府との関係では一般的であり、政府がその一部を形成する国家との関係では特殊であるため、団体意志と呼ぶことができる。

and, in the third place, the will of the people or the sovereign will, which is general both in relation to the State regarded as the whole, and to the government regarded as a part of the whole.

in the third place (第三に) [副] thirdly

そして第三に、人民の意志、または主権者の意志であり、それは全体と見なされる国家との関係においても、全体の一部と見なされる政府との関係においても一般的である。

In a perfect act of legislation, the individual or particular will should be at zero;

zero (ゼロ) [名] the numerical symbol 0

完全な立法行為においては、個人または特定の意志はゼロでなければならない。

the corporate will belonging to the government should occupy a very subordinate position;

政府に属する団体意志は、非常に従属的な位置を占めるべきである。

and, consequently, the general or sovereign will should always predominate and should be the sole guide of all the rest.

predominate (優勢である) [動] be greater in number or amount

guide (指針) [名] a person who shows the way to others, especially one employed to show tourists around a place

そして、結果として、一般意志または主権者の意志が常に優勢であり、他のすべての唯一の指針となるべきである。

According to the natural order, on the other hand, these different wills become more active in proportion as they are concentrated.

natural order (自然の秩序) [名] the natural arrangement of things

proportion (つれて) [名] a relationship of size or quantity between two or more things

一方、自然の秩序によると、これらの異なる意志は集中するにつれてより活発になる。

Thus, the general will is always the weakest, the corporate will second, and the individual will strongest of all:

weakest (最も弱い) [形] lacking the power to perform; lacking in physical or mental strength

individual will (個人意志) [名] the will of a single person

strongest (最も強い) [形] having the greatest power or force

このように、一般意志は常に最も弱く、団体意志は二番目であり、個人意志はすべての中で最も強い。

so that, in the government, each member is first of all himself, then a magistrate, and then a citizen —in an order exactly the reverse of what the social system requires.

social system (社会システム) [名] a system of social organization

そのため、政府では、各メンバーはまず自分自身であり、次に行政官であり、次に市民である。これは、社会システムが必要とする順序とは正反対である。

This granted, if the whole government is in the hands of one man, the particular and the corporate will are wholly united, and consequently the latter is at its highest possible degree of intensity.

intensity (強度) [名] the quality of being intense

これを認めると、政府全体が一人の人間の手に委ねられている場合、個別意志と団体意志は完全に一致しており、その結果、後者は可能な限り最高の強度になる。

But, as the use to which the force is put depends on the degree reached by the will, and as the absolute force of the government is invariable, it follows that the most active government is that of one man.

put (行使) [動] use

しかし、力の行使は意志の程度に依存し、政府の絶対的な力は不変であるため、最も活動的な政府は一人の人間の政府であるということになる。

Suppose, on the other hand, we unite the government with the legislative authority, and make the Sovereign prince also, and all the citizens so many magistrates: then the corporate will, being confounded with the general will, can possess no greater activity than that will, and must leave the particular will as strong as it can possibly be.

legislative authority (立法権) [名] the power to make laws

activity (活動力) [名] the quality or state of being active

一方、政府を立法権と結びつけ、主権者を君主とし、すべての市民を行政官とすると、団体意志は一般意志と混同され、それ以上の活動力を持つことはできず、個別意志を可能な限り強く残さなければならない。

Thus, the government, having always the same absolute force, will be at the lowest point of its relative force or activity.

lowest (最も低い) [形] of the least height

このように、政府は常に同じ絶対的な力を持つため、相対的な力や活動の最も低い点にあることになる。

These relations are incontestable, and there are other considerations which still further confirm them.

incontestable (議論の余地がない) [形] not open to question or dispute

consideration (考慮事項) [名] something that is taken into account when making a decision

confirm (裏付ける) [動] establish the truth or correctness of

これらの関係は議論の余地がなく、さらにそれを裏付ける他の考慮事項がある。

We can see, for instance, that each magistrate is more active in the body to which he belongs than each citizen in that to which he belongs, and that consequently the particular will has much more influence on the acts of the government than on those of the Sovereign; for each magistrate is almost always charged with some governmental function, while each citizen, taken singly, exercises no function of Sovereignty.

active (活動的) [形] doing or involving a lot of things

singly (単独で) [副] alone

例えば、各行政官は、各市民が属する団体よりも、自分が属する団体においてより活動的であり、その結果、個別意志は、主権者の行為よりも政府の行為に対してより大きな影響力を持つことがわかる。なぜなら、各行政官はほとんど常に何らかの政府の機能を担っているが、各市民は単独では主権の機能を行使していないからである。

Furthermore, the bigger the State grows, the more its real force increases, though not in direct proportion to its growth;

the bigger (大きくなればなるほど) [形] of great size or extent

grows (成長する) [動] become larger or greater over a period of time

the more (増大する) [形] a greater or additional amount or degree

increases (増大する) [動] become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree

さらに、国家が大きくなればなるほど、その成長に正比例するわけではないが、その実質的な力は増大する。

but, the State remaining the same, the number of magistrates may increase to any extent, without the government gaining any greater real force;

しかし、国家が同じままであれば、行政官の数はいくら増えても、政府が実質的な力を増すことはない。

for its force is that of the State, the dimension of which remains equal.

dimension (規模) [名] a measurable extent of some kind

なぜなら、その力は国家の力であり、その規模は同じままだからである。

Thus the relative force or activity of the government decreases, while its absolute or real force cannot increase.

activity (活動) [名] the condition in which things are happening or being done

decrease (減少する) [動] become or make smaller or fewer

このように、政府の相対的な力や活動は減少するが、絶対的または実質的な力は増加することができない。

Moreover, it is a certainty that promptitude in execution diminishes as more people are put in charge of it:

diminish (低下する) [動] become or make smaller or less

certainty (確かである) [名] the quality of being certain or inevitable

さらに、執行に携わる人が増えれば増えるほど、執行の迅速性が低下することは確かである。

where prudence is made too much of, not enough is made of fortune;

make too much of (重視しすぎる) [動] to give too much importance to

not enough (軽視する) [形] not sufficient

fortune (運) [名] chance or luck as an external, arbitrary force affecting human affairs

慎重さを重視しすぎると、運を軽視することになる。

opportunity is let slip, and deliberation results in the loss of its object.

opportunity (機会) [名] a time or set of circumstances that makes it possible to do something

let slip (逃す) [動] fail to take advantage of

result in (~になる) [動] have a particular outcome

機会を逃し、熟考の結果、目的を失うことになる。

I have just proved that the government grows remiss in proportion as the number of the magistrates increases;

grow remiss (怠慢になる) [動] become careless or negligent

行政官の数が増えれば増えるほど、政府が怠慢になることを証明した。

and I previously proved that, the more numerous the people, the greater should be the repressive force.

previously (以前に) [副] earlier; before

the more (増えれば増えるほど) [限] used to refer to an amount or quantity that increases

the greater (大きくなること) [限] used to refer to an amount or quantity that increases

そして、私は以前に、人民の数が増えれば増えるほど、抑圧的な力も大きくなることを証明した。

From this it follows that the relation of the magistrates to the government should vary inversely to the relation of the subjects to the Sovereign;

vary inversely (反比例する) [動] be related in such a way that one quantity increases in inverse proportion to the other

このことから、行政官と政府の関係は、臣民と主権者との関係に反比例することになる。

that is to say, the larger the State, the more should the government be tightened, so that the number of the rulers diminish in proportion to the increase of that of the people.

that is to say (つまり) [副] in other words

be tightened (厳しく統制される) [動] to be made more strict or severe

the government (政府) [名] the group of people with authority to govern it

the number (数) [名] the total amount or quantity

the rulers (統治者) [名] a person exercising government or dominion

in proportion to (に比例して) [副] in a manner that is directly related to something else

the increase (増加) [名] the action of increasing something

つまり、国家が大きければ大きいほど、政府はより厳しく統制されるべきであり、人民の数の増加に比例して統治者の数は減少することになる。

It should be added that I am here speaking of the relative strength of the government, and not of its rectitude: for, on the other hand, the more numerous the magistracy, the nearer the corporate will comes to the general will;

付け加えると、私はここで政府の相対的な強さについて話しているのであって、その正しさについて話しているわけではない。一方で、行政官の数が増えれば増えるほど、団体意志は一般意志に近づく。

while, under a single magistrate, the corporate will is, as I said, merely a particular will.

as I said (私が言ったように) [句] as I have already said

一方、単独の行政官の下では、団体意志は、私が言ったように、単なる個別意志である。

Thus, what may be gained on one side is lost on the other, and the art of the legislator is to know how to fix the point at which the force and the will of the government, which are always in inverse proportion, meet in the relation that is most to the advantage of the State.

inverse proportion (反比例) [名] a relationship between two quantities such that one increases in direct proportion as the other decreases

このように、一方で得られるものは他方で失われ、立法者の技は、常に反比例する政府の力と意志が、国家にとって最も有利な関係で出会う点をいかに定めるかを知ることにある。

CHAPTER III: THE DIVISION OF GOVERNMENTS

第3章: 政府の分類

We saw in the last chapter what causes the various kinds or forms of government to be distinguished according to the number of the members composing them: it remains in this to discover how the division is made.

last chapter (前章) [名] the chapter immediately preceding the current one

various (さまざまな) [形] different from one another

discover (見ていく) [動] find out or notice

前章では、政府を構成するメンバーの数に応じて、さまざまな種類や形態の政府が区別される原因を見た。この章では、どのように分類されるかを見ていく。

In the first place, the Sovereign may commit the charge of the government to the whole people or to the majority of the people, so that more citizens are magistrates than are mere private individuals.

in the first place (まず) [副] first of all; before anything else

commit (委ねる) [動] do or perform

charge (責任) [名] the duty or task assigned to a person or group

majority (過半数) [名] the greater part or number; more than half

private individual (私人) [名] a person who is not in the military or a public official

まず、主権者は政府の責任を国民全体または国民の過半数に委ねることができるので、単なる私人よりも多くの市民が行政官となる。

This form of government is called democracy.

democracy (民主主義) [名] a system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state

この形態の政府は民主主義と呼ばれる。

Or it may restrict the government to a small number;

restrict (限定する) [動] limit or confine

small number (少数) [名] a small quantity or amount

あるいは、政府を少数の者に限定するかもしれない。

so that there are more private citizens than magistrates;

private citizen (私人) [名] a person who is not a public official

そのため、行政官よりも私人の方が多くなる。

and this is named aristocracy.

be named (と呼ばれる) [動] be called

aristocracy (貴族制) [名] a government in which power is held by the nobility

そして、これは貴族制と呼ばれる。

Lastly, it may concentrate the whole government in the hands of a single magistrate from whom all others hold their power.

concentrate (集中させる) [動] direct one's attention on something

hold (握る) [動] keep or maintain in a certain state, position, or course

最後に、政府全体を単一の行政官の手に集中させ、他のすべての行政官がその権力を握ることもある。

This third form is the most usual, and is called monarchy, or royal government.

third (三番目) [形] coming after two others in a series

monarchy (君主制) [名] a political system in which a country is ruled by a king or queen

royal (王政) [形] of or relating to a king or queen or a member of their family

この三番目の形態が最も一般的で、君主制、または王政と呼ばれる。

It should be remarked that all these forms, or at least the first two, admit of degree, and even of very wide differences;

two (二つ) [名] the number 2

even (非常に) [副] to a very great extent

wide (大きな) [形] having a large distance from one side to the other

これらのすべての形態、または少なくとも最初の二つは、程度の差があり、非常に大きな違いがあることに注意すべきである。

for democracy may include the whole people, or may be restricted to half.

include (含む) [動] comprise or contain as a part

民主主義は国民全体を含むこともあれば、半分に制限されることもある。

Aristocracy, in its turn, may be restricted indefinitely from half the people down to the smallest possible number.

in turn (順番に) [副] one after the other

be restricted (制限される) [動] be limited

indefinitely (無期限に) [副] for an unlimited or unspecified period of time

down to (まで) [前] all the way to

smallest (最小) [形] of the least size or extent

貴族制は、国民の半分から可能な限り最小の数まで無期限に制限される可能性がある。

Even royalty is susceptible of a measure of distribution.

royalty (王政) [名] the system of government in which a country is ruled by a king or queen

susceptible (影響を受けやすい) [形] likely to be influenced or affected by something

measure (程度) [名] the extent, size, or amount of something

distribution (分布) [名] the action of sharing something out among a number of recipients

王政でさえ、ある程度の分布の影響を受けやすい。

Sparta always had two kings, as its constitution provided;

スパルタは、その憲法が定めているように、常に二人の王がいた。

and the Roman Empire saw as many as eight emperors at once, without it being possible to say that the Empire was split up.

Roman Empire (ローマ帝国) [名] the ancient Roman state

as many as (八人もの) [副] as much as

emperor (皇帝) [名] the sovereign ruler of an empire

being possible (可能である) [動] be able to be done

ローマ帝国は、帝国が分裂したとは言えないものの、一度に八人もの皇帝を見た。

Thus there is a point at which each form of government passes into the next, and it becomes clear that, under three comprehensive denominations, government is really susceptible of as many diverse forms as the State has citizens.

pass (移行する) [動] move on to the next stage

comprehensive (包括的な) [形] complete; including everything

denomination (名称) [名] a name or descriptive phrase

このように、それぞれの政体が次の政体に移行するポイントがあり、三つの包括的な名称の下で、政体は実際には国家が市民を持つのと同じくらい多くの多様な形態の影響を受けやすいことが明らかになる。

There are even more: for, as the government may also, in certain aspects, be subdivided into other parts, one administered in one fashion and one in another, the combination of the three forms may result in a multitude of mixed forms, each of which admits of multiplication by all the simple forms.

subdivide (細分化する) [動] divide into smaller parts

fashion (方法) [名] a manner of doing something

mixed (混合) [形] made up of different things

form (形式) [名] the way that something is done or organized

multiplication (乗算) [名] the mathematical operation of combining two numbers to produce a third

さらに、政府は、ある側面では、ある部分は一つの方法で管理され、別の部分は別の方法で管理されるように、他の部分に細分化される可能性があるため、三つの形式の組み合わせは、それぞれがすべての単純な形式で乗算を認める多数の混合形式をもたらす可能性がある。

There has been at all times much dispute concerning the best form of government, without consideration of the fact that each is in some cases the best, and in others the worst.

at all times (常に) [副] on every occasion; always

dispute (論争) [名] a disagreement between people or groups

form (形) [名] the shape of something

consideration (考慮) [名] thinking about the possible effects of an action

worst (最悪) [形] of the poorest quality

それぞれの政体が、ある場合には最良であり、他の場合には最悪であるという事実を考慮せずに、最良の政体に関して常に多くの論争があった。

If, in the different States, the number of supreme magistrates should be in inverse ratio to the number of citizens, it follows that, generally, democratic government suits small States, aristocratic government those of middle size, and monarchy great ones.

inverse ratio (反比例) [名] a relationship between two quantities such that one increases in value as the other decreases

democratic (民主主義の) [形] of or relating to democracy

aristocratic (貴族制の) [形] of or relating to the aristocracy

middle (中規模) [形] being of average or moderate size, amount, or rank

異なる国家において、最高裁判官の数が市民の数に反比例するならば、一般的に、民主主義政府は小国に、貴族制政府は中規模の国に、君主制は大国に適しているということになる。

This rule is immediately deducible from the principle laid down.

immediately (すぐに) [副] at once; without delay

deducible (導き出される) [形] able to be deduced

この規則は、定められた原則からすぐに導き出される。

But it is impossible to count the innumerable circumstances which may furnish exceptions.

impossible (不可能) [形] not possible; unable to be done

count (数える) [動] determine the total number of

innumerable (無数の) [形] too many to be counted

しかし、例外を提供する無数の状況を数えることは不可能である。

CHAPTER IV: DEMOCRACY

第4章: 民主主義

He who makes the law knows better than any one else how it should be executed and interpreted.

better (よりよく) [副] to a higher standard or more effectively

anyone (誰も) [代] any person

else (ほかに) [副] in addition; besides

execute (執行する) [動] carry out or put into effect

interpret (解釈する) [動] explain the meaning of

法律を作る者は、それがどのように執行され、解釈されるべきかを誰よりもよく知っている。

It seems then impossible to have a better constitution than that in which the executive and legislative powers are united;

executive (執行権) [名] the power to put plans, actions, or laws into effect

unite (合体する) [動] join together

すると、執行権と立法権が合体している憲法よりも良い憲法を持つことは不可能であるように思われる。

but this very fact renders the government in certain respects inadequate, because things which should be distinguished are confounded, and the prince and the Sovereign, being the same person, form, so to speak, no more than a government without government.

inadequate (不十分) [形] lacking the quality or quantity required; insufficient

confound (混同する) [動] cause to become mixed up or confused

same (同一) [形] being the same one or ones

しかし、この事実そのものが、ある点で政府を不十分なものにしている。なぜなら、区別されるべきものが混同され、君主と主権者が同一人物であるため、いわば政府のない政府にすぎないからである。

It is not good for him who makes the laws to execute them, or for the body of the people to turn its attention away from a general standpoint and devote it to particular objects.

turn (そらす) [動] change direction

standpoint (観点) [名] a position from which something is viewed or considered

法律を作る者がそれを執行したり、人民全体が一般的な観点から注意をそらして特定の対象に専念したりすることは好ましくない。

Nothing is more dangerous than the influence of private interests in public affairs, and the abuse of the laws by the government is a less evil than the corruption of the legislator, which is the inevitable sequel to a particular standpoint.

private interest (私利) [名] the interest of an individual or group of individuals

public affair (公務) [名] the business of government

corruption (腐敗) [名] dishonest or fraudulent conduct by those in power, typically involving bribery

particular standpoint (特定の立場) [名] a specific point of view

sequel (結果) [名] a published, broadcast, or recorded work that continues the story or develops the theme of an earlier one

公務における私利の影響ほど危険なものはなく、政府による法律の濫用は、特定の立場から必然的に生じる立法者の腐敗よりも害が少ない。

In such a case, the State being altered in substance, all reformation becomes impossible.

be altered (変更される) [動] be changed

substance (実質) [名] the real or essential part of something

そのような場合、国家は実質的に変更され、すべての改革は不可能になる。

A people that would never misuse governmental powers would never misuse independence;

misuse (悪用する) [動] use wrongly or improperly

governmental (政府の) [形] of or relating to a government

政府の権力を決して悪用しない国民は、独立を決して悪用しない。

a people that would always govern well would not need to be governed.

well (うまく) [副] in a good manner

常にうまく統治する国民は、統治される必要がないだろう。

If we take the term in the strict sense, there never has been a real democracy, and there never will be.

厳密な意味でこの言葉をとれば、真の民主主義は存在したことがなく、また存在することもないだろう。

It is against the natural order for the many to govern and the few to be governed.

many (多数) [名] a large number of people or things

few (少数) [名] a small number of people or things

多数が統治し、少数が統治されるのは自然の秩序に反している。

It is unimaginable that the people should remain continually assembled to devote their time to public affairs, and it is clear that they cannot set up commissions for that purpose without the form of administration being changed.

assemble (集まる) [動] come together as a group

commission (委員会) [名] a group of people officially charged with a particular function

国民が公務に時間を割くために絶えず集まっていなければならないとは考えられないし、行政の形態を変えずにその目的のために委員会を設置することはできないことは明らかである。

In fact, I can confidently lay down as a principle that, when the functions of government are shared by several tribunals, the less numerous sooner or later acquire the greatest authority, if only because they are in a position to expedite affairs, and power thus naturally comes into their hands.

tribunal (裁判所) [名] a court of justice

sooner or later (遅かれ早かれ) [副] eventually

expedite (迅速に処理する) [動] to make the progress of something happen more quickly

come into (渡る) [動] to pass into the possession or use of

実際、私は自信を持って原則として、政府の機能が複数の裁判所によって共有されている場合、数が少ない方が遅かれ早かれ最大の権限を獲得する、なぜなら彼らは事態を迅速に処理する立場にあり、権力は自然に彼らの手に渡るからである。

Besides, how many conditions that are difficult to unite does such a government presuppose!

how many (どれほど多くの) [限] what number of

unite (統一する) [動] make or become one

その上、そのような政府はどれほど多くの統一しにくい条件を前提としているだろうか!

First, a very small State, where the people can readily be got together and where each citizen can with ease know all the rest;

readily (すぐに) [副] without difficulty or hesitation

get together (集まる) [動] come together; meet

第一に、国民がすぐに集まることができ、各市民が他のすべての市民を容易に知ることができる非常に小さな国家である。

secondly, great simplicity of manners, to prevent business from multiplying and raising thorny problems;

multiply (増えて) [動] increase in number or quantity

thorny (厄介な) [形] full of difficulties or problems

第二に、仕事が増えて厄介な問題が起こらないように、マナーを非常に単純にすることである。

next, a large measure of equality in rank and fortune, without which equality of rights and authority cannot long subsist;

next (次に) [副] immediately after the time being considered

measure (図ること) [名] a plan or course of action taken to achieve a particular end

rank (身分) [名] a position in the hierarchy of a society

subsist (続かない) [動] maintain or support oneself, especially at a minimal level

次に、身分や財産の平等を大いに図ることであり、これがなければ権利や権限の平等は長く続かない。

lastly, little or no luxury—for luxury either comes of riches or makes them necessary;

no (全く) [副] not at all; in no way

luxury (贅沢) [名] the state of great comfort and extravagant living

comes (生じる) [動] move or travel toward or into a place thought of as near or familiar to the speaker

makes (必要とする) [動] cause to be or become

最後に、贅沢はほとんど、あるいは全くないことである。贅沢は富から生じるか、富を必要とするからである。

it corrupts at once rich and poor, the rich by possession and the poor by covetousness;

corrupt (堕落させる) [動] cause to act dishonestly

at once (同時に) [副] immediately; without delay

rich (富裕層) [名] a person who has a great deal of money

poor (貧困層) [名] a person who has little or no money

covetousness (貪欲) [名] a strong desire to have something that belongs to someone else

それは富裕層と貧困層を同時に堕落させ、富裕層は所有によって、貧困層は貪欲によって堕落させる。

it sells the country to softness and vanity, and takes away from the State all its citizens, to make them slaves one to another, and one and all to public opinion.

softness (柔弱) [名] the quality or state of being soft

vanity (虚栄) [名] excessive pride in oneself or one's appearance

one and all (一人残らず) [代] every single person

それは国を柔弱と虚栄に売り渡し、国家からすべての市民を奪い、彼らを互いに奴隷にし、一人残らず世論の奴隷にする。

This is why a famous writer has made virtue the fundamental principle of Republics; for all these conditions could not exist without virtue.

this is why (これが理由である) [句] this is the reason

famous (有名な) [形] known about by many people

virtue (徳) [名] behavior showing high moral standards

これが、ある有名な作家が徳を共和国の基本原理とした理由である。なぜなら、これらの条件はすべて徳がなければ存在し得ないからである。

But, for want of the necessary distinctions, that great thinker was often inexact, and sometimes obscure, and did not see that, the sovereign authority being everywhere the same, the same principle should be found in every well-constituted State, in a greater or less degree, it is true, according to the form of the government.

want (欠く) [名] a lack or deficiency

inexact (不正確な) [形] not exact; inaccurate

obscure (不明瞭な) [形] not discovered or known about; uncertain

see (気づく) [動] perceive or notice

well-constituted (よく構成された) [形] having a good constitution or composition

greater or less degree (程度の差こそあれ) [名] to a greater or lesser extent

しかし、この偉大な思想家は、必要な区別を欠いていたために、しばしば不正確で、時には不明瞭であり、主権はどこでも同じであるから、政府の形態に応じて、程度の差こそあれ、すべてのよく構成された国家に同じ原理が見出されるべきであることに気づいていなかった。

It may be added that there is no government so subject to civil wars and intestine agitations as democratic or popular government, because there is none which has so strong and continual a tendency to change to another form, or which demands more vigilance and courage for its maintenance as it is.

subject to (さらされる) [動] be exposed to

intestine agitation (内乱) [名] a state of confusion or disorder within a country

continual (継続的な) [形] continuing in an uninterrupted manner

tendency (傾向) [名] a general direction in which something is developing or changing

demand (必要とする) [動] require (something) urgently or insistently

vigilance (警戒心) [名] the action or state of keeping careful watch for possible danger or difficulties

courage (勇気) [名] the ability to do something that frightens one

付け加えると、民主主義政府や人民政府ほど内戦や内乱にさらされる政府はない。なぜなら、他の形態に変化しようとする傾向がこれほど強く継続的なものはなく、現状維持のためにこれほど警戒心と勇気を必要とする政府はないからである。

Under such a constitution above all, the citizen should arm himself with strength and constancy, and say, every day of his life, what a virtuous Count Palatine said in the Diet of Poland: Malo periculosam libertatem quam quietum servitium.

arm (武装する) [動] equip with weapons

constancy (不変性) [名] the quality of being unchanging

virtuous (高潔な) [形] having or showing high moral standards

Count Palatine (パラティン伯爵) [名] a count who exercised royal authority in his own domains

Diet of Poland (ポーランドの議会) [名] the national legislature of Poland

Malo periculosam libertatem quam quietum servitium (Malo periculosam libertatem quam quietum servitium) [名] a Latin phrase meaning "I prefer dangerous freedom over peaceful slavery"

とりわけ、このような憲法の下では、市民は強さと不変性で武装し、人生の毎日、高潔なパラティン伯爵がポーランドの議会で言ったことを言うべきである。Malo periculosam libertatem quam quietum servitium。

Were there a people of gods, their government would be democratic.

神々の民がいたとしたら、彼らの政府は民主主義であろう。

So perfect a government is not for men.

そのような完璧な政府は人間には向いていない。

CHAPTER V: ARISTOCRACY

第五章: 貴族制

We have here two quite distinct moral persons, the government and the Sovereign, and in consequence two general wills, one general in relation to all the citizens, the other only for the members of the administration.

quite (全く) [副] to the fullest extent

ここに、政府と主権者という二つの全く異なる道徳的人格があり、その結果、二つの一般意志がある。一つはすべての市民に関係する一般意志であり、もう一つは行政のメンバーだけのための一般意志である。

Thus, although the government may regulate its internal policy as it pleases, it can never speak to the people save in the name of the Sovereign, that is, of the people itself, a fact which must not be forgotten.

internal (内部の) [形] situated or occurring within or on the inside

policy (政策) [名] a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government, party, business, or individual

please (自由に) [動] do as one wishes or thinks best

speak (語りかける) [動] talk or converse with

itself (自身の) [代] (used for emphasis) that or this person, thing, or action and no other

このように、政府は内部政策を自由に規制できるが、主権者、つまり国民自身の名においてでなければ国民に語りかけることができないということは忘れてはならない事実である。

The first societies governed themselves aristocratically.

aristocratically (貴族制で) [副] in an aristocratic manner

最初の社会は貴族制で統治されていた。

The heads of families took counsel together on public affairs.

head (長) [名] the person in charge of a group

take counsel (相談する) [動] to seek advice from someone

家族の長たちは公務について相談し合った。

The young bowed without question to the authority of experience.

young (若者) [名] a young person

bow (従う) [動] bend the head or body as a sign of respect

若者は経験の権威に疑問を抱くことなく従った。

Hence such names as priests, elders, senate, and gerontes.

hence (そのため) [副] for this reason; therefore

priest (司祭) [名] a person who has the authority to perform the sacred rites of a religion

elder (長老) [名] a person who is older than most other people in a group

gerontes (老年者) [名] an old man

そのため、司祭、長老、元老院、老年者などの名称がある。

The savages of North America govern themselves in this way even now, and their government is admirable.

North America (北アメリカ) [名] the northern continent of the western hemisphere

savage (野蛮人) [名] a member of a people regarded as primitive and uncivilized

even now (今でも) [副] at this time; now

admirable (賞賛に値する) [形] worthy of admiration

北アメリカの野蛮人は、今でもこの方法で自分たちを統治しており、彼らの統治は賞賛に値する。

But, in proportion as artificial inequality produced by institutions became predominant over natural inequality, riches or power were put before age, and aristocracy became elective.

predominant (優勢な) [形] having superior strength, influence, or authority

age (年齢) [名] the number of years that a person has lived

elective (選挙制) [形] filled or chosen by election

しかし、制度によって生み出された人工的な不平等が自然の不平等よりも優勢になるにつれて、富や権力が年齢よりも優先され、貴族制は選挙制となった。

Finally, the transmission of the father's power along with his goods to his children, by creating patrician families, made government hereditary, and there came to be senators of twenty.

transmission (譲り渡すこと) [名] the process of sending something from one place to another

patrician (貴族) [名] a member of the highest social class in ancient Rome

hereditary (世襲制) [形] passed or capable of being passed genetically from one generation to another

senator (上院議員) [名] a member of a senate

twenty (20歳) [名] the cardinal number that is the product of two and ten

最後に、父親の権力と財産を子供たちに譲り渡すことで、貴族の家系が生まれ、政府は世襲制となり、20歳の上院議員が誕生した。

There are then three sorts of aristocracy—natural, elective and hereditary.

つまり、貴族制には自然的なもの、選挙制のもの、世襲制のものの三種類がある。

The first is only for simple peoples;

最初のものは単純な人々のためのものであり、

the third is the worst of all governments;

三番目はすべての政府の中で最悪である。

the second is the best, and is aristocracy properly so called.

二番目は最良であり、正しく貴族制と呼ばれるものである。

Besides the advantage that lies in the distinction between the two powers, it presents that of its members being chosen;

present (ある) [動] be in a specified state or condition

二つの権力の区別にある利点のほかに、それはその成員が選ばれるという利点がある。

for, in popular government, all the citizens are born magistrates;

popular government (民主政) [名] a government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised by them directly or indirectly through a system of representation usually involving periodically held free elections

なぜなら、民主政では、すべての市民が生まれながらに行政官だからである。

but here magistracy is confined to a few, who become such only by election.

be confined to (限定される) [動] be limited to

a few (少数の) [名] a small number of people or things

しかし、ここでは行政官は選挙によってのみ行政官になる少数の者に限定される。

By this means uprightness, understanding, experience and all other claims to pre-eminence and public esteem become so many further guarantees of wise government.

by this means (この方法によって) [副] in this way

uprightness (正直さ) [名] the quality of being honest and morally upright

understanding (理解力) [名] the ability to understand something

claim (要求) [名] an assertion of the truth of something

pre-eminence (優越性) [名] the state of being superior to all others

public esteem (世間の尊敬) [名] the respect that people have for someone or something

この方法によって、正直さ、理解力、経験、そして優越性と世間の尊敬に対する他のすべての要求は、賢明な政府のさらなる保証となる。

Moreover, assemblies are more easily held, affairs better discussed and carried out with more order and diligence, and the credit of the State is better sustained abroad by venerable senators than by a multitude that is unknown or despised.

affair (事柄) [名] a matter of public concern

diligence (勤勉) [名] careful and persistent work or effort

credit (信用) [名] the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that the customer will pay for these goods or services in the future

abroad (海外) [副] in or to a foreign country or countries

venerable (尊敬すべき) [形] accorded a great deal of respect, especially because of age, wisdom, or character

despised (軽蔑されている) [形] regarded with intense aversion

その上、集会はより簡単に開かれ、事柄はよりよく議論され、より秩序正しく勤勉に行われ、国家の信用は、知られていないか軽蔑されている多数の人々よりも、尊敬すべき上院議員によって海外でよりよく維持される。

In a word, it is the best and most natural arrangement that the wisest should govern the many, when it is assured that they will govern for its profit, and not for their own.

their own (自分たちの) [代] belonging to or connected with the people or things previously mentioned

一言で言えば、最も賢い者が多数者を統治することが最善であり、最も自然な仕組みであるが、それは彼らが自分たちの利益のためではなく、多数者の利益のために統治することが保証されている場合である。

There is no need to multiply instruments, or get twenty thousand men to do what a hundred picked men can do even better, but it must not be forgotten mat corporate interest here begins to direct the public power less under the regulation of the general will, and that a further inevitable propensity takes away from the laws part of the executive power.

twenty thousand (二万) [数] 20000

pick (選ぶ) [動] choose or select

less (あまり) [副] to a smaller extent

propensity (傾向) [名] an inclination or natural tendency to behave in a particular way

executive (執行) [形] having the power to execute

道具を増やしたり、百人の選ばれた人間がよりよくできることを二万人の人間にさせたりする必要はないが、ここでは団体利益が一般意志の規制の下で公権力をあまり指揮し始めず、さらに避けられない傾向が執行権の一部を法律から奪い取ることを忘れてはならない。

If we are to speak of what is individually desirable, neither should the State be so small, nor a people so simple and upright, that the execution of the laws follows immediately from the public will, as it does in a good democracy.

individually (個別に) [副] one by one; separately

upright (正直) [形] honest and just

個別に望ましいことを言うならば、国家があまりに小さかったり、国民があまりに単純で正直であったりして、良い民主主義のように法の執行が国民の意思からすぐに行われるべきではない。

Nor should the nation be so great that the rulers have to scatter in order to govern it and are able to play the Sovereign each in his own department, and, beginning by making themselves independent, end by becoming masters.

scatter (散らばる) [動] throw in various random directions

department (部署) [名] a division of a large organization

play (演じる) [動] act out the part of

また、国家があまりに大きくて、統治者が統治するために散らばらなければならず、それぞれが自分の部署で主権者を演じることができ、自分たちを独立させることから始めて、主人になることで終わるようなことがあってはならない。

But if aristocracy does not demand all the virtues needed by popular government, it demands others which are peculiar to itself;

しかし、貴族政治が民主政治に必要なすべての徳を要求しないとしても、貴族政治に特有の他の徳を要求する。

for instance, moderation on the side of the rich and contentment on that of the poor;

contentment (満足感) [名] a state of happiness and satisfaction

例えば、富裕層の側の節度と貧困層の側の満足感である。

for it seems that thorough-going equality would be out of place, as it was not found even at Sparta.

it seems that (ように思われる) [動] appear to be

thorough-going (徹底的な) [形] complete and thorough

would be (であろう) [助] a modal verb expressing possibility

as (ように) [接] in the way that

it was not found (見られなかった) [動] be unable to find

at Sparta (スパルタ) [名] a city-state in ancient Greece

なぜなら、徹底的な平等は、スパルタでさえ見られなかったように、場違いであるように思われるからである。

Furthermore, if this form of government carries with it a certain inequality of fortune, this is justifiable in order that as a rule the administration of public affairs may be entrusted to those who are most able to give them their whole time, but not, as Aristotle maintains, in order that the rich may always be put first.

form of government (政体) [名] the system or type of government of a country

carry with it (伴う) [動] to have something as a result or consequence

a certain inequality of fortune (富の不平等) [名] a situation in which some people have more money or possessions than others

justifiable (正当化できる) [形] able to be shown to be right or reasonable

as a rule (原則として) [副] usually; generally

administration of public affairs (公務の管理) [名] the management of the government and its policies

be entrusted to (委ねられる) [動] to be given to someone to take care of or deal with

those who are most able to give them their whole time (それに全時間を費やすことができる人々) [名] people who are able to devote all of their time to something

the rich (金持ち) [名] people who have a lot of money

be put first (優先される) [動] to be given the highest priority

さらに、この政体がある程度の富の不平等を伴うとしても、それは、原則として公務の管理を、それに全時間を費やすことができる人々に委ねることができるようにするためであり、アリストテレスが主張するように、金持ちが常に優先されるようにするためではない。

On the contrary, it is of importance that an opposite choice should occasionally teach the people that the deserts of men offer claims to pre-eminence more important than those of riches.

on the contrary (それどころか) [副] quite the opposite; rather

opposite (反対) [形] facing or going in the opposite direction

choice (選択) [名] the act of choosing

occasionally (時折) [副] now and then; sometimes

desert (功績) [名] a dry, sandy region of little rainfall, extreme temperature, and sparse vegetation

offer (提供する) [動] present or proffer (something) for consideration, discussion, or use

wealth (富) [名] an abundance of valuable possessions or money

それどころか、反対の選択が時折人々に、人間の功績は富よりも重要な優越性の主張を提供するということを教えることが重要である。

CHAPTER VI: MONARCHY

第六章: 君主制

So far, we have considered the prince as a moral and collective person, unified by the force of the laws, and the depositary in the State of the executive power.

unify (統一する) [動] make or become one

これまでのところ、我々は君主を、法の力によって統一された道徳的かつ集団的な人格であり、国家における執行権の保管者であると考えてきた。

We have now to consider this power when it is gathered together into the hands of a natural person, a real man, who alone has the right to dispose of it in accordance with the laws.

natural person (自然人) [名] a human being as distinguished from an artificial person (such as a corporation)

real man (実在の人間) [名] a man who is not imaginary

have the right to (権利を持つ) [動] be entitled to

我々は、この権力が、法律に従ってそれを処分する権利を単独で持つ自然人、実在の人間の手中に集められた場合に、この権力について考慮しなければならない。

Such a person is called a monarch or king.

そのような人は君主または王と呼ばれる。

In contrast with other forms of administration, in which a collective being stands for an individual, in this form an individual stands for a collective being;

in contrast with (とは対照的に) [前] in a way that is very different from

集団的存在が個人を代表する他の統治形態とは対照的に、この形態では個人が集団的存在を代表する。

so that the moral unity that constituted the prince is at the same time a physical unity, and all the qualities, which in the other case are only with difficulty brought together by the law, are found naturally united.

quality (資質) [名] a feature or characteristic belonging typically to a person, place, or thing and serving to identify it

そのため、君主を構成する道徳的統一は同時に物理的統一でもあり、他の場合には法律によってのみ困難に集められるすべての資質が、自然に統一されていることがわかる。

Thus the will of the people, the will of the prince, the public force of the State, and the particular force of the government, all answer to a single motive power;

force (権力) [名] the power to influence or control

answer (応える) [動] to say or write something in reply

このように、人民の意志、君主の意志、国家の公権力、政府の個別権力はすべて単一の動力に応える。

all the springs of the machine are in the same hands, the whole moves towards the same end;

spring (バネ) [名] a device that can be pressed or pulled and that returns to its original shape when released

move (動く) [動] change position or posture

機械のすべてのバネは同じ手の中にあり、全体が同じ目的に向かって動く。

there are no conflicting movements to cancel one another, and no kind of constitution can be imagined in which a less amount of effort produces a more considerable amount of action.

cancel (相殺する) [動] to make or become ineffective or invalid

互いに相殺し合うような相反する動きはなく、より少ない努力でより多くの行動を生み出すような憲法は想像できない。

Archimedes, seated quietly on the bank and easily drawing a great vessel afloat, stands to my mind for a skilful monarch, governing vast states from his study, and moving everything while he seems himself unmoved.

Archimedes (アルキメデス) [名] a Greek mathematician, physicist, engineer, inventor, and astronomer

seat (座る) [動] be in or assume a sitting position

quietly (静かに) [副] making little or no noise

bank (岸辺) [名] the land alongside or sloping down to a river, lake, or other body of water

easily (楽々と) [副] without difficulty or effort

vessel (船) [名] a ship or large boat

afloat (浮かべて) [形] on or in water

stand (浮かぶ) [動] be in or assume a standing position

mind (頭) [名] the element of a person that enables them to be aware of the world and their experiences, to think, and to feel; the faculty of consciousness and thought

skilful (巧みな) [形] having or showing skill

vast (広大な) [形] of very great extent or quantity; immense

state (国) [名] a nation or its territory

study (研究室) [名] a room in which a person studies

アルキメデスは、岸辺に静かに座って、大きな船を浮かべて楽々と引っ張っているが、私の頭の中では、広大な国を研究室から統治し、自分は動かないように見えながらもすべてを動かしている、巧みな君主の姿が浮かぶ。

But if no government is more vigorous than this, there is also none in which the particular will holds more sway and rules the rest more easily.

vigorous (強力な) [形] strong and forceful

sway (影響力) [名] the power to influence or control

rule (支配する) [動] exercise ultimate power or authority over

しかし、これよりも強力な政府がなければ、個々の意志がより大きな影響力を持ち、残りの部分をより簡単に支配する政府もない。

Everything moves towards the same end indeed, but this end is by no means that of the public happiness, and even the force of the administration constantly shows itself prejudicial to the State.

確かにすべてが同じ目的に向かって動いているが、この目的は決して公衆の幸福ではなく、行政の力でさえ常に国家に不利益をもたらしている。

Kings desire to be absolute, and men are always crying out to them from afar that the best means of being so is to get themselves loved by their people.

cry out (叫ぶ) [動] say something loudly, as in pain, surprise, or anger

王は絶対的であることを望み、人々は常に遠くから王に向かって、そうするための最善の方法は国民に愛されることだと叫んでいる。

This precept is all very well, and even in some respects very true.

very well (非常によく) [副] to a high standard; very well

some respect (ある意味) [名] a particular aspect, feature, or point

very true (非常に真実である) [形] being in accordance with fact or reality

この教えは非常によく、ある意味非常に真実である。

Unfortunately, it will always be derided at court.

be derided (嘲笑される) [動] ridicule or make fun of

残念ながら、それは常に法廷で嘲笑されるだろう。

The power which comes of a people's love is no doubt the greatest;

come of (生まれる) [動] be the result of

国民の愛から生まれる力は間違いなく最も偉大である。

but it is precarious and conditional, and princes will never rest content with it.

conditional (条件付きの) [形] subject to one or more conditions

rest content (満足する) [動] be happy with something

しかし、それは不安定で条件付きであり、君主は決してそれに満足することはない。

The best kings desire to be in a position to be wicked, if they please, without forfeiting their mastery: political sermonisers may tell them to their hearts' content that, the people's strength being their own, their first interest is that the people should be prosperous, numerous and formidable;

wicked (悪事をなせる) [形] morally bad

mastery (支配権) [名] complete control of something

sermoniser (説教師) [名] a person who delivers a sermon

content (満足) [名] a state of happiness and satisfaction

最良の王は、もし望むなら、支配権を失うことなく悪事をなせる立場にいることを望む。政治的説教師は、国民の力が自分たちのものであるため、国民が繁栄し、数多く、手強い存在であることが第一の関心事であると、心から満足して語ることができる。

they are well aware that this is Untrue.

be well aware (よく知っている) [動] know something well

untrue (真実ではない) [形] not true

彼らはこれが真実ではないことをよく知っている。

Their first personal interest is that the people should be weak, wretched, and unable to resist them.

wretched (惨めな) [形] extremely unhappy or unfortunate

unable (できない) [形] not having the necessary power, skill, or resources to do something

彼らの最初の個人的な関心は、人々が弱く、惨めで、彼らに抵抗できないことである。

I admit that, provided the subjects remained always in submission, the prince's interest would indeed be that it should be powerful, in order that its power, being his own, might make him formidable to his neighbours;

submission (服従) [名] the action of accepting or yielding to a superior force or to the will or authority of another person

臣下が常に服従している限り、君主の関心は、その力が自分自身のものであり、隣国にとって手強い存在となるために、それが強力であることにあることを認める。

but, this interest being merely secondary and subordinate, and strength being incompatible with submission, princes naturally give the preference always to the principle that is more to their immediate advantage.

secondary (二次的) [形] less important than the main thing

give the preference (優先する) [動] like (one thing or person) better than another or others

immediate (直接的な) [形] happening or done without delay; instant

しかし、この関心は単に二次的であり、従属的であり、強さは服従と相容れないため、君主は当然のことながら、常に自分たちの直接的な利益になる原則を優先する。

This is what Samuel put strongly before the Hebrews, and what Macchiavelli has clearly shown.

Samuel (サミュエル) [名] a Hebrew prophet

Hebrew (ヘブライ人) [名] a member of an ancient Semitic people

Macchiavelli (マキャヴェリ) [名] an Italian diplomat, politician, and philosopher

これがサミュエルがヘブライ人の前に強く示したことであり、マキャヴェリが明確に示したことである。

He professed to teach kings;

profess (公言する) [動] declare openly

彼は王を教えることを公言した。

but it was the people he really taught.

しかし、彼が本当に教えたのは人々だった。

His Prince is the book of Republicans.

Prince (君主論) [名] a treatise on political philosophy by Niccolò Machiavelli

Republican (共和主義者) [名] a person who advocates or supports republicanism

彼の君主論は共和主義者の本である。

We found, on general grounds, that monarchy is suitable only for great States, and this is confirmed when we examine it in itself.

general ground (一般的な根拠) [名] a general principle or rule

suitable (適している) [形] right or appropriate for a particular person, purpose, or situation

great State (大国) [名] a powerful and influential country

一般的な根拠から、君主制は大国にのみ適していることがわかったが、君主制そのものを調べてみると、これが裏付けられる。

The more numerous the public administration, the smaller becomes the relation between the prince and the subjects, and the nearer it comes to equality, so that in democracy the ratio is unity, or absolute equality.

public administration (行政) [名] the implementation of government policy

the more numerous (数が増えれば増えるほど) [形] having a large number of

the smaller (小さくなり) [形] having a small size

行政の数が増えれば増えるほど、君主と臣下の関係は小さくなり、平等に近づくので、民主主義では比率は1、つまり絶対的な平等になる。

Again, as the government is restricted in numbers the ratio increases and reaches its maximum when the government is in the hands of a single person.

be restricted in (制限される) [動] be limited in

maximum (最大) [名] the highest amount, value, or degree that is possible or permitted

同様に、政府の数が制限されると、その比率は増加し、政府が一人の手にあるときに最大に達する。

There is then too great a distance between prince and people and the State lacks a bond of union.

すると、君主と国民の間には大きな距離ができ、国家には連合の絆が欠けてしまう。

To form such a bond, there must be intermediate orders, and princes, personages and nobility to compose them.

personage (人物) [名] a person of importance or distinction

nobility (貴族) [名] the quality of being noble

そのような絆を形成するためには、中間的な秩序と、それを構成する君主、人物、貴族がなければならない。

But no such things suit a small State, to which all class differences mean ruin.

しかし、そのようなことは小さな国家には適していない。小さな国家では、階級の違いはすべて破滅を意味する。

If, however, it is hard for a great State to be well governed, it is much harder for it to be so by a single man;

hard (難しい) [形] not easy; requiring much effort

single (一人の) [形] not married

しかし、大国がうまく統治されるのが難しいのであれば、一人の人間によって統治されるのはもっと難しい。

and every one knows what happens when kings substitute others for themselves.

substitute (代役に立てると) [動] use instead of another

そして、王が自分以外の人間を代役に立てるとどうなるかは誰もが知っている。

An essential and inevitable defect, which will always rank monarchical below republican government, is that in a republic the public voice hardly ever raises to the highest positions men who are not enlightened and capable, and such as to fill them with honour;

essential (本質的) [形] of, relating to, or constituting the essence of something

monarchical (君主制) [形] of, relating to, or characteristic of a monarch or monarchy

republican (共和制) [形] of, relating to, or characteristic of a republic or republicanism

hardly ever (ほとんどない) [副] almost never

raise (引き上げる) [動] move something to a higher position

本質的で避けられない欠陥は、常に君主制を共和制政府より下に位置づけるものであるが、共和国では、公衆の声が、啓蒙され、有能で、名誉に満ちた人々を最高の地位に引き上げることはほとんどない。

while in monarchies these who rise to the top are most often merely petty blunderers petty swindlers, and petty intriguers, whose petty talents cause them to get into the highest positions at Court, but, as soon as they have got there, serve only to make their ineptitude clear to the public.

rise to the top (トップに上り詰める) [動] become the most successful or powerful person in a group or organization

petty (些細な) [形] of little importance; trivial

blunderer (失敗を犯す人) [名] a person who makes a lot of mistakes

swindler (詐欺師) [名] a person who cheats others by means of deception or fraud

intriguer (陰謀家) [名] a person who schemes or plots

get into (就く) [動] reach or enter a place or position

serve (明らかにする) [動] work as

ineptitude (無能さ) [名] lack of skill or ability

一方、君主制では、トップに上り詰める人々は、たいていは些細な失敗を犯す人、些細な詐欺師、些細な陰謀家であり、その些細な才能によって宮廷で最高の地位に就くことができるが、そこに着くとすぐに、その無能さを国民に明らかにするだけである。

The people is far less often mistaken in its choice than the prince;

far less (はるかに少ない) [副] to a much smaller extent

mistaken (誤る) [動] make a wrong judgment about something

人民は君主よりもはるかに選択を誤ることが少ない。

and a man of real worth among the king's ministers is almost as rare as a fool at the head of a republican government.

real (真に) [形] true; genuine

worth (価値のある) [形] meriting attention or respect

そして、王の大臣の中に真に価値のある人物がいることは、共和制政府のトップに愚か者がいるのと同じくらい稀である。

Thus, when, by some fortunate chance, one of these born governors takes the helm of State in some monarchy that has been nearly overwhelmed by swarms of 'gentlemanly' administrators, there is nothing but amazement at the resources he discovers, and his coming marks an era in his country's history.

born (生まれながらの) [形] having a particular quality or ability from birth

governor (統治者) [名] a person appointed to govern a colony

helm (舵) [名] a tiller or wheel for steering a ship or boat

swarm (群れ) [名] a large number of people or things

gentlemanly (紳士的な) [形] having or showing the qualities or manners of a gentleman

administrator (管理者) [名] a person responsible for running a business, organization, etc.

amazement (驚き) [名] a feeling of great surprise or wonder

coming (登場) [名] the action of moving toward or into a place thought of as near or familiar to the speaker

mark (印) [名] a sign or indication of something

era (時代) [名] a period of time in which events occur

このように、幸運な偶然によって、これらの生まれながらの統治者の一人が、「紳士的な」管理者の群れにほとんど圧倒されている君主制国家の舵を取ったとき、彼が発見した資源には驚くばかりであり、彼の登場はその国の歴史に一つの時代の印を刻むことになる。

For a monarchical State to have a chance of being well governed, its population and extent must be proportionate to the abilities of its governor.

monarchical State (君主制国家) [名] a state with a monarch

have a chance (機会を得る) [動] have an opportunity

well governed (うまく統治される) [形] governed well

extent (規模) [名] the size, amount, or importance of something

proportionate (比例する) [形] being in a proper or suitable relation in terms of size, quantity, or scale

君主制国家がうまく統治される機会を得るためには、その人口と規模が統治者の能力に比例していなければならない。

If is easier to conquer than to rule.

征服することは支配することよりも簡単である。

With a long enough lever, the world could be moved with a single finger;

十分に長いレバーがあれば、世界は一本の指で動かすことができる。

to sustain it needs the shoulders of Hercules.

それを支えるにはヘラクレスの肩が必要である。

However small a State may be, the prince is hardly ever big enough for it.

国家がどんなに小さくても、君主がそれに十分な大きさであることはほとんどない。

When, on the other hand, it happens that the State is too small for its ruler, in these rare cases too it is ill governed, because the ruler, constantly pursuing his great designs, forgets the interests of the people, and makes it no less wretched by misusing the talents he has, than a ruler of less capacity would make it for want of those he had not.

too small (小さすぎる) [形] not big enough

ill governed (うまく統治されない) [形] not governed well

design (デザイン) [名] a plan or drawing produced to show the look and function or workings of a building, garment, or other object before it is made

want (欠如) [名] the state of not having something that is needed or wanted

一方、国家がその支配者にとって小さすぎることが起こると、これらのまれなケースでも、支配者が常に彼の偉大なデザインを追求し、人々の利益を忘れ、彼が持っている才能を悪用することによって、それほど悲惨なものにするので、それはうまく統治されない。

A kingdom should, so to speak, expand or contract with each reign, according to the prince's capabilities;

kingdom (王国) [名] a country ruled by a king or queen

expand (拡大する) [動] become or make larger or more extensive

contract (縮小する) [動] make or become shorter, smaller, or tighter

capability (能力) [名] the power or ability to do something

王国は、いわば、君主の能力に応じて、各治世で拡大または縮小するべきである。

but, the abilities of a senate being more constant in quantity, the State can then have permanent frontiers without the administration suffering.

ability (能力) [名] the power or capacity to perform or achieve

しかし、元老院の能力は量においてより一定であるので、国家は行政が苦しむことなく永続的な国境を持つことができる。

The disadvantage that is most felt in monarchical government is the want of the continuous succession which, in both the other forms, provides an unbroken bond of union.

disadvantage (不利な点) [名] an unfavorable circumstance or condition that reduces the chances of success or effectiveness

succession (継承) [名] the right to inherit power or position

provide (提供する) [動] to give or make available (something) for use

unbroken (切れ目のない) [形] not broken or interrupted

君主制政府で最も感じられる不利な点は、他の二つの形態では連合の切れ目のない絆を提供する継続的な継承の欠如である。

When one king dies, another is needed;

一人の王が死ぬと、別の王が必要になる。

elections leave dangerous intervals and are full of storms;

dangerous (危険な) [形] able or likely to cause harm or injury

interval (間隔) [名] a space of time between two events

選挙は危険な間隔を残し、嵐に満ちている。

and unless the citizens are disinterested and upright to a degree which very seldom goes with this kind of government, intrigue and corruption abound.

disinterested (公平な) [形] not influenced by personal feelings or interests

upright (正直な) [形] morally correct

seldom (めったにない) [副] not often; rarely

intrigue (陰謀) [名] a secret plan or scheme to achieve some purpose

そして、市民がこの種の政府にはめったにない程度に公平で正直でなければ、陰謀と腐敗が蔓延する。

He to whom the State has sold itself can hardly help selling it in his turn and repaying himself, at the expense of the weak, the money the powerful have wrung from him.

turn (今度) [名] an opportunity to do something

repay (返済する) [動] pay back (money)

wring (搾り取る) [動] squeeze or twist (something) so as to force out liquid

国家が自らを売った相手は、今度はそれを売り、弱者を犠牲にして、権力者が彼から搾り取った金を返済せずにはいられない。

Under such an administration, venality sooner or later spreads through every part, and peace so enjoyed under a king is worse than the disorders of an interregnum.

venality (堕落) [名] the quality of being corrupt or venal

spread (広がる) [動] extend or stretch out over a wide area

every part (あらゆる部分) [名] all of the parts

interregnum (空位時代) [名] a period of time during which a country has no king or queen

このような政権の下では、遅かれ早かれあらゆる部分に堕落が広がり、王の下で享受される平和は、空位時代の混乱よりもひどい。

What has been done to prevent these evils?

これらの悪を防ぐために何がなされたか?

Crowns have been made hereditary in certain families, and an order of succession has been set up, to prevent disputes from arising on the death of kings.

crown (王冠) [名] a circular head ornament worn by a monarch

王冠は特定の家系で世襲制となり、王の死後に紛争が起こらないように継承順位が定められた。

That is to say, the disadvantages of regency have been put in place of those of election, apparent tranquillity has been preferred to wise administration, and men have chosen rather to risk having children, monstrosities, or imbeciles as rulers to having disputes over the choice of good kings.

regency (摂政) [名] the office or jurisdiction of a regent

apparent (見かけ上の) [形] seeming real or true on the basis of evidence that may not be valid

monstrosity (怪物) [名] a creature of unusually or grotesquely hideous appearance

imbecile (愚か者) [名] a stupid or foolish person

dispute (争う) [動] argue about (something)

つまり、摂政の不利な点が選挙の不利な点に取って代わられ、賢明な政権よりも見かけ上の平穏が好まれ、人々は善良な王の選出を巡って争うよりも、子供、怪物、あるいは愚か者を支配者にする危険を冒すことを選んだのである。

It has not been taken into account that, in so exposing ourselves to the risks this possibility entails, we are setting almost all the chances against us.

entail (伴う) [動] involve or imply as a necessary logical consequence

expose (さらす) [動] make (something) visible, accessible, or known

set (設定する) [動] put in a specified state

chance (可能性) [名] the possibility of something happening

この可能性に伴うリスクに身をさらすことにより、ほとんどすべての可能性を自分たちに不利にしていることを考慮に入れていない。

There was sound sense in what the younger Dionysius said to his father, who reproached him for doing some shameful deed by asking, “Did I set you the example?”

younger (2世) [形] having lived or existed for a short time

Dionysius (ディオニュシオス) [名] a tyrant of Syracuse

reproach (非難する) [動] express disapproval of or disappointment with

shameful (恥ずべき) [形] causing feelings of shame

deed (行為) [名] something that is done

set an example (手本を見せる) [動] be a good model for others to follow

ディオニュシオス2世が父親に言った言葉には、正しい意味があった。父親は、恥ずべき行為をしたことを「私があなたに手本を見せたのか?」と問いかけて非難したという。

“No,” answered his son, “but your father was not king.”

「いいえ」と息子は答えた。「でも、あなたの父親は王ではありませんでした」

Everything conspires to take away from a man who is set in authority over others the sense of justice and reason.

everything (あらゆること) [名] all that exists

conspire (奪い取ろうとする) [動] act together to achieve a common goal

set in (与えられる) [動] start to happen or exist

authority (権力) [名] the power to give orders or make decisions

あらゆることが、他人を支配する権力を与えられた人間から正義と理性の感覚を奪い取ろうとする。

Much trouble, we are told, is taken to teach young princes the art of reigning;

much trouble (多くの苦労) [名] a lot of difficulty

young (若い) [形] having lived or existed for only a short time

art (術) [名] a skill at doing something that is acquired through practice

reign (統治) [動] rule as monarch

若い王子たちに統治の術を教えるのには、多くの苦労が伴うという。

but their education seems to do them no good.

education (教育) [名] the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at a school or university

do good (利益をもたらす) [動] be beneficial to

しかし、彼らの教育は彼らに何の利益ももたらさないようだ。

It would be better to begin by teaching them the art of obeying.

彼らに従うことの術を教えることから始める方がよいだろう。

The greatest kings whose praises history tells were not brought up to reign: reigning is a science we are never so far from possessing as when we have learnt too much of it, and one we acquire better by obeying than by commanding.

tell (語る) [動] communicate information, facts, or news to someone in spoken or written words

reign (統治する) [動] rule as a monarch

bring up (育てる) [動] care for and educate a child

science (科学) [名] the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behaviour of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment

learn (学ぶ) [動] gain knowledge or skills

command (命令する) [動] give an authoritative order

歴史が称賛する最も偉大な王たちは、統治するために育てられたわけではない。統治は、あまりにも多くを学んだときほど身につけることができない科学であり、命令するよりも従うことによってよりよく身につくものである。

“Nam utilissimus idem ac brevissimus bonarum malarumque rerum delectus cogitare quid aut nolueris sub alio principe, aut volueris.”

utilissimus (最も有益な) [形] most useful

idem (同じ) [形] the same

brevissimus (最も簡潔な) [形] shortest

delectus (選択) [名] choice

cogitare (考える) [動] to think

quid (何) [名] what

nolueris (望まない) [動] to be unwilling

sub (下で) [前] under

alio (他の) [形] other

principe (君主) [名] prince

volueris (望む) [動] to want

「善悪の選択に最も有益で最も簡潔な方法は、他の君主の下で何を望み、何を望まないかを考えることである」

One result of this lack of coherence is the inconstancy of royal government, which, regulated now on one scheme and now on another, according to the character of the reigning prince or those who reign for him, cannot for long have a fixed object or a consistent policy—and this variability, not found in the other forms of government, where the prince is always the same, causes the State to be always shifting from principle to principle and from project to project.

coherence (一貫性) [名] the quality of being logical and consistent

inconstancy (不安定さ) [名] the quality of being inconsistent or unreliable

royal government (王政) [名] a system of government in which a monarch is the head of state

scheme (計画) [名] a plan or program of action

variability (変動性) [名] the quality or state of being variable

shift (移行する) [動] change from one thing to another

この一貫性の欠如の結果の一つは、王政の不安定さであり、王政は、君主やその代理人の性格によって、ある計画に基づいて統治されたり、別の計画に基づいて統治されたりするため、長い間、固定した目的や一貫した政策を持つことができない。そして、この変動性は、君主が常に同じである他の統治形態には見られないものであり、国家が常に原理から原理へ、計画から計画へと移行する原因となっている。

Thus we may say that generally, if a court is more subtle in intrigue, there is more wisdom in a senate, and Republics advance towards their ends by more consistent and better considered policies;

subtle (巧妙な) [形] making use of clever and indirect methods to achieve something

advance (前進する) [動] move forward

このように、一般的に言えば、宮廷がより巧妙な陰謀を企てるならば、元老院にはより多くの知恵があり、共和国はより一貫性があり、よりよく考慮された政策によって目的に向かって前進する。

while every revolution in a royal ministry creates a revolution in the State; for the principle common to all ministers and nearly all kings is to do in every respect the reverse of what was done by their predecessors.

ministry (大臣) [名] a person appointed by a state leader to head a ministry

predecessor (前任者) [名] a person who held a job or office before the current holder

一方、王政のあらゆる革命は国家に革命をもたらす。なぜなら、すべての大臣とほとんどすべての王に共通する原則は、あらゆる点で前任者が行ったことの逆を行うことである。

This incoherence further clears up a sophism that is very familiar to royalist political writers;

incoherence (矛盾) [名] the quality of being incoherent

clear up (明らかにする) [動] make clear or plain

sophism (詭弁) [名] a false argument intended to deceive

royalist (王党派) [名] a person who supports the principle of monarchy

この矛盾は、王党派の政治作家に非常によく知られている詭弁をさらに明らかにする。

not only is civil government likened to domestic government, and the prince to the father of a family—this error has already been refuted—but the prince is also freely credited with all the virtues he ought to possess, and is supposed to be always what he should be.

civil government (市民政府) [名] a government of the people, by the people, and for the people

domestic government (国内政府) [名] a government that is not foreign

error (誤り) [名] a mistake

refute (論駁する) [動] prove to be false or incorrect

credit (認める) [動] give someone credit for something

be supposed to (であると考えられている) [動] be expected or required to

市民政府が国内政府に、君主が家族の父親に例えられるだけでなく、この誤りはすでに論駁されているが、君主はまた、彼が持つべきすべての美徳を自由に認められ、常に彼がそうあるべき姿であると考えられている。

This supposition once made, royal government is clearly preferable to all others, because it is incontestably the strongest, and, to be the best also, wants only a corporate will more in conformity with the general will.

supposition (仮定) [名] a hypothesis that is taken for granted

all others (他のどの政体よりも) [名] all the other things

incontestably (議論の余地なく) [副] in a way that cannot be argued against

一度この仮定を立てれば、王政は他のどの政体よりも明らかに好ましい。なぜなら、王政は議論の余地なく最も強く、また最善であるためには、一般意志にもっと従った団体意志だけを必要とするからである。

But if, according to Plato, the “king by nature” is such a rarity, how often will nature and fortune conspire to give him a crown?

fortune (運命) [名] the course of someone's life

conspire (共謀する) [動] to act together secretly to do something illegal or harmful

しかし、プラトンによれば、「生まれながらの王」がそれほど珍しいのであれば、自然と運命が共謀して彼に王冠を与えることはどれほどあるだろうか?

And, if royal education necessarily corrupts those who receive it, what is to be hoped from a series of men brought up to reign?

そして、もし王侯教育が必然的にそれを受けた者を堕落させるのであれば、統治するために育てられた一連の人間から何が期待できるだろうか?

It is, then, wanton self-deception to confuse royal government with government by a good king.

good king (善良な王) [名] a king who is kind and fair

wanton (勝手な) [形] deliberate and unprovoked

self-deception (自己欺瞞) [名] the action or fact of deceiving oneself

したがって、王政と善良な王による統治を混同するのは、勝手な自己欺瞞である。

To see such government as it is in itself, we must consider it as it is under princes who are incompetent or wicked: for either they will come to the throne wicked or incompetent, or the throne will make them so.

incompetent (無能な) [形] lacking the necessary skill or knowledge to do something successfully

come to (就く) [動] reach a place

そのような政府をそれ自体として見るには、無能または邪悪な君主の下にあるものとして考えなければならない。なぜなら、彼らは邪悪または無能なまま王位に就くか、王位が彼らをそうさせるからである。

These difficulties have not escaped our writers, who, all the same, are not troubled by them.

trouble (悩ます) [動] cause distress to

これらの困難は、私たちの作家たちの目を逃れたわけではないが、彼らはそれに悩まされることはなかった。

The remedy, they say, is to obey without a murmur: God sends bad kings in His wrath, and they must be borne as the scourges of Heaven.

remedy (解決策) [名] a medicine or treatment for a disease or injury

murmur (つぶやき) [名] a low continuous sound

wrath (怒り) [名] extreme anger

send (送る) [動] cause to go or be taken to a destination; arrange for the delivery of

scourge (災い) [名] a person or thing that causes great trouble or suffering

Heaven (天) [名] the sky or the universe as seen from the earth

彼らは、その解決策は、つぶやくことなく従うことだと言う。神は怒りの中で悪い王を送り、彼らは天の災いとして耐えなければならない。

Such talk is doubtless edifying;

talk (話) [名] an informal discussion

edifying (教訓的) [形] providing moral or intellectual instruction

そのような話は間違いなく教訓的である。

but it would be more in place in a pulpit than in a political book.

be in place (ふさわしい) [動] be appropriate or suitable

pulpit (説教壇) [名] a raised platform in a church or chapel from which the preacher delivers a sermon

political book (政治書) [名] a book about politics

しかし、それは政治書よりも説教壇にふさわしいだろう。

What are we to think of a doctor who promises miracles, and whose whole art is to exhort the sufferer to patience?

miracle (奇跡) [名] an extraordinary event manifesting divine intervention in human affairs

sufferer (患者) [名] a person who is experiencing pain or hardship

patience (忍耐) [名] the capacity to accept or tolerate delay, problems, or suffering without becoming annoyed or anxious

奇跡を約束し、その技術のすべてが患者に忍耐を説くことにある医者をどう考えたらいいだろうか。

We know for ourselves that we must put up with a bad government when it is there;

know for oneself (知っている) [動] be aware of

put up with (耐える) [動] tolerate

bad government (悪い政府) [名] a government that is not good

私たちは、悪い政府が存在するときにはそれに耐えなければならないことを知っている。

the question is how to find a good one.

問題は、どうやって良い政府を見つけるかである。

CHAPTER VII: MIXED GOVERNMENTS

第七章: 混合政体

Strictly speaking, there is no such thing as a simple government.

厳密に言えば、単純な政府というものは存在しない。

An isolated ruler must have subordinate magistrates;

isolated (孤立した) [形] far away from other places, buildings, or people

孤立した支配者には、従属する行政官が必要である。

a popular government must have a head.

民主政には、長が必要である。

There is therefore, in the distribution of the executive power, always a gradation from the greater to the lesser number, with the difference that sometimes the greater number is dependent on the smaller, and sometimes the smaller on the greater.

gradation (段階) [名] a series of gradual changes

lesser (少数) [形] smaller in size or amount

sometimes (場合) [副] on some occasions or in some cases

smaller (少数) [形] smaller in size or amount

したがって、執行権の配分には、常に多数から少数への段階があり、多数が少数に依存する場合と、少数が多数に依存する場合とがある。

Sometimes the distribution is equal, when either the constituent parts are in mutual dependence, as in the government of England, or the authority of each section is independent, but imperfect, as in Poland.

constituent part (構成要素) [名] a part of a whole

mutual dependence (相互依存) [名] a relationship in which each person or thing depends on the other

independent (独立) [形] not dependent on another for livelihood or subsistence

imperfect (不完全) [形] not perfect; having a defect or weakness

イギリス政府のように構成要素が相互に依存している場合や、ポーランドのように各部門の権限が独立しているが不完全な場合には、配分が平等になることもある。

This last form is bad; for it secures no unity in the government, and the State is left without a bond of union.

この最後の形態は悪い。なぜなら、政府の統一が確保されず、国家は連合の絆を失ってしまうからである。

Is a simple or a mixed government the better?

simple (単一) [形] having only one part

単一政体と混合政体ではどちらが優れているか?

Political writers are always debating the question, which must be answered as we have already answered a question about all forms of government.

political writer (政治評論家) [名] a person who writes about politics

debate (議論する) [動] discuss or argue about (a subject)

政治評論家は常にこの問題について議論しているが、この問題は、すでにあらゆる政体について答えたように答えなければならない。

Simple government is better in itself, just because it is simple.

単一政体は、単純であるというだけで、それ自体が優れている。

But when the executive power is not sufficiently dependent upon the legislative power, i.e. when the prince is more closely related to the Sovereign than the people to the prince, this lack of proportion must be cured by the division of the government;

sufficiently (十分に) [副] to a satisfactory degree

closely (密接に) [副] in a way that is very near or connected

related (関係する) [動] connected by blood or marriage

proportion (均衡) [名] a part or share in due or proper relation to the whole

cured (是正される) [動] to restore to health

しかし、執行権が立法権に十分に依存していない場合、つまり、君主が人民よりも主権者と密接に関係している場合、この不均衡は政府の分割によって是正されなければならない。

for all the parts have then no less authority over the subjects, while their division makes them all together less strong against the Sovereign.

no less (劣らず) [副] to the same extent

them (それら) [代] the people or things previously mentioned

all together (全体的に) [副] as a whole

なぜなら、すべての部分が臣民に対して権限を持ち、分割によって主権者に対して全体的に弱くなるからである。

The same disadvantage is also prevented by the appointment of intermediate magistrates, who leave the government entire, and have the effect only of balancing the two powers and maintaining their respective rights.

appointment (任命) [名] the act of appointing someone to a position

entire (丸ごと) [形] with no part left out; whole

balance (バランスをとる) [動] keep or put (something) in a state of equilibrium

同じ不利益は、政府を丸ごと任せ、二つの権力のバランスをとり、それぞれの権利を維持する効果しかない中間的な行政官の任命によっても防ぐことができる。

Government is then not mixed, but moderated.

mix (混合する) [動] combine or be combined

moderate (緩和する) [動] make or become less extreme, intense, rigorous, or violent

政府は混合されるのではなく、緩和される。

The opposite disadvantages may be similarly cured, and, when the government is too lax, tribunals may be set up to concentrate it.

cure (是正する) [動] relieve of the symptoms of a disease or condition

lax (緩慢な) [形] not strict or severe

反対の不利益も同様に是正することができ、政府があまりにも緩慢な場合には、それを集中させるために裁判所を設立することができる。

This is done in all democracies.

これはすべての民主主義国家で行われている。

In the first case, the government is divided to make it weak;

最初のケースでは、政府は弱体化するために分割される。

in the second, to make it strong: for the maxima of both strength and weakness are found in simple governments, while the mixed forms result in a mean strength.

second (二つ目) [名] the number 2

maxima (最大値) [名] the highest value

found (見出される) [動] discover or notice

mixed (混合型) [形] combining two or more things

result (なる) [動] have a particular outcome

二つ目は、それを強くするためである。強さと弱さの両方の最大値は単純な政府に見出されるが、混合型は平均的な強さになる。

CHAPTER VIII: THAT ALL FORMS OF GOVERNMENT DO NOT SUIT ALL COUNTRIES

CHAPTER VIII (第8章) [名] the eighth chapter

GOVERNMENT (統治形態) [名] the system or group of people governing an organized community

第8章: すべての統治形態がすべての国に適しているわけではない

Liberty not being a fruit of all climates, is not within the reach of all peoples.

fruit (産物) [名] the product of a plant or tree

reach (享受できる) [動] stretch out so as to touch or grasp something

自由はすべての風土の産物ではなく、すべての民族が享受できるわけではない。

The more this principle, laid down by Montesquieu, is considered, the more its truth is felt;

truth (真理) [名] the body of real things, events, and facts

モンテスキューによって定められたこの原理は、考えれば考えるほど、その真理が感じられる。

the more it is combated, the more chance is given to confirm it by new proofs.

combat (戦う) [動] take part in a violent confrontation

戦えば戦うほど、新しい証拠によってそれを確認する機会が増える。

In all the governments that there are, the public person consumes without producing.

produce (生産する) [動] make or manufacture from components or raw materials

あらゆる政府において、公人は生産せずに消費する。

Whence then does it get what it consumes?

whence (どこから) [副] from what place or source

では、公人は消費するものをどこから得るのか?

From the labour of its members.

公人は、その構成員の労働から得る。

The necessities of the public are supplied out of the superfluities of individuals.

necessity (必需品) [名] something that is required or indispensable

supply (供給する) [動] provide or furnish with

superfluity (余剰) [名] something that is beyond what is required or sufficient

公衆の必需品は、個人の余剰から供給される。

It follows that the civil State can subsist only so long as men's labour brings them a return greater than their needs.

long (限りにおいて) [副] for a great period of time

bring (もたらす) [動] to cause to come or happen

したがって、市民国家は、人間の労働が彼らの必要以上の見返りをもたらす限りにおいてのみ存続できる。

The amount of this excess is not the same in all countries.

excess (余剰) [名] an amount of something that is more than necessary

この余剰の量は、すべての国で同じではない。

In some it is considerable, in others middling, in yet others nil, in some even negative.

in some (ある国では) [副] in some cases

considerable (相当なもの) [形] large in amount or extent

in others (他の国では) [副] in other cases

middling (中程度) [形] of medium quality

in yet others (さらに他の国では) [副] in still other cases

nil (ゼロ) [名] nothing

negative (マイナス) [形] less than zero

ある国では相当なものであり、他の国では中程度であり、さらに他の国ではゼロであり、一部の国ではマイナスである。

The relation of product to subsistence depends on the fertility of the climate, on the sort of labour the land demands, on the nature of its products, on the strength of its inhabitants, on the greater or less consumption they find necessary, and on several further considerations of which the whole relation is made up.

product (生産物) [名] something that is made or produced

greater (多い) [形] of a size that is more than average

consumption (消費) [名] the using up of a resource

生産物と生存の関係は、気候の肥沃度、土地が必要とする労働の種類、生産物の性質、住民の強さ、彼らが必要とする消費量の多寡、そして関係全体を構成するいくつかのさらなる考慮事項に依存する。

On the other side, all governments are not of the same nature: some are less voracious than others, and the differences between them are based on this second principle, that the further from their source the public contributions are removed, the more burdensome they become.

on the other side (一方で) [副] on the other hand

voracious (貪欲な) [形] wanting or devouring great quantities of food

remove (遠ざける) [動] move something from one place to another

一方で、すべての政府が同じ性質を持っているわけではない。ある政府は他の政府よりも貪欲ではなく、それらの間の違いは、この第二の原則に基づいている。つまり、公的貢献がその源から遠ざかるほど、より重荷になるということである。

The charge should be measured not by the amount of the impositions, but by the path they have to travel in order to get back to those from whom they came.

charge (課徴金) [名] a fee or payment

imposition (課徴金) [名] a tax or other compulsory payment

path (道のり) [名] a route or course

travel (たどる) [動] go from one place to another

get back (戻る) [動] return to a previous place or state

those (人) [名] the people or things previously mentioned

課徴金は、課徴金の額ではなく、課徴金が課せられた人に戻るまでにたどらなければならない道のりで測られるべきである。

When the circulation is prompt and well-established, it does not matter whether much or little is paid;

circulation (流通) [名] the movement of something from one place to another

prompt (迅速) [形] done without delay

well-established (確立されている) [形] firmly established

流通が迅速かつ確立されている場合、支払われる金額の大小は問題ではない。

the people is always rich and, financially speaking, all is well.

financially (財政的に) [副] in terms of money

人々は常に豊かで、財政的に言えばすべてが順調である。

On the contrary, however little the people gives, if that little does not return to it, it is soon exhausted by giving continually: the State is then never rich, and the people is always a people of beggars.

on the contrary (逆に) [副] in a way that is opposite to what has been said or expected

however little (どんなに少しでも) [副] no matter how small

exhaust (疲弊させる) [動] use up completely

beggar (乞食) [名] a person who lives by asking for money or food

逆に、国民がどんなに少ししか与えなくても、その少しが国民に戻ってこなければ、国民はすぐに疲弊してしまう。そうすると、国家は決して豊かになることはなく、国民は常に乞食の国民である。

It follows that, the more the distance between people and government increases, the more burdensome tribute becomes: thus, in a democracy, the people bears the least charge;

distance (距離) [名] the space between two points

tribute (貢物) [名] something that is given as a mark of respect or admiration

その結果、国民と政府の距離が遠くなればなるほど、貢物はより重荷になる。つまり、民主主義では、国民は最も少ない負担を負うことになる。

in an aristocracy, a greater charge;

貴族制では、より大きな負担を負う。

and, in monarchy, the weight becomes heaviest.

weight (重荷) [名] a burden of responsibility or worry

そして、君主制では、重荷が最も重くなる。

Monarchy therefore suits only wealthy nations;

したがって、君主制は裕福な国にしか適していない。

aristocracy, States of middling size and wealth;

middling (中程度の) [形] of medium quality, amount, or size

貴族制は、中規模で中程度の富裕層の国に適している。

and democracy, States that are small and poor.

そして民主主義は、小さくて貧しい国に適している。

In fact, the more we reflect, the more we find the difference between free and monarchical States to be this: in the former, everything is used for the public advantage;

monarchical (君主制の) [形] of or relating to a monarch or monarchy

in the former (前者では) [副] in the first of two or more things mentioned

実際、考えれば考えるほど、自由国家と君主制国家の違いは次のようになる。前者では、すべてが公益のために使われる。

in the latter, the public forces and those of individuals are affected by each other, and either increases as the other grows weak;

affect (影響し合う) [動] have an effect on; make a difference to

後者では、公の力と個人の力が互いに影響し合い、一方が弱くなると他方が増大する。

finally, instead of governing subjects to make them happy, despotism makes them wretched in order to govern them.

最後に、臣民を幸福にするために統治する代わりに、専制政治は臣民を統治するために彼らを惨めにする。

We find then, in every climate, natural causes according to which the form of government which it requires can be assigned, and we can even say what sort of inhabitants it should have.

natural cause (自然的原因) [名] a cause that is not the result of human intervention

assign (割り当てる) [動] allocate or allot

こうして、あらゆる気候において、それに必要な政府の形態を割り当てることができる自然的原因を見つけることができ、さらには、どのような住民がいるべきかまで言うことができる。

Unfriendly and barren lands, where the product does;

unfriendly (不親切な) [形] not friendly

barren (不毛な) [形] not producing or capable of producing offspring

不親切で不毛な土地、そこでは生産物がそうである。

not repay the labour, should remain desert and uncultivated, or peopled only by savages;

uncultivated (未開の) [形] not cultivated

労働に報いることなく、砂漠のままで未開のままであるか、あるいは野蛮人だけが住むべきである。

lands where men's labour brings in no more than the exact minimum necessary to subsistence should be inhabited by barbarous peoples: in such places all polity is impossible.

bring in (生み出す) [動] produce or earn

no more than (しか) [副] only

minimum (最低限) [名] the least or smallest amount or number

should be inhabited (住むべきである) [動] live in or occupy

人間の労働が生存に必要な最低限のものしか生み出さない土地には、野蛮な民族が住むべきである。そのような場所では、あらゆる政治は不可能である。

Lands where the surplus of product over labour is only middling are suitable for free peoples;

surplus (余剰) [名] an amount of something left over when requirements have been met

労働に対する生産物の余剰が中程度の土地は、自由な人々に適している。

those in which the soil is abundant and fertile and gives a great product for a little labour call for monarchical government, in order that the surplus of superfluities among the subjects may be consumed by the luxury of the prince: for it is better for this excess to be absorbed by the government than dissipated among the individuals.

abundant (豊か) [形] existing or available in large quantities; plentiful

call for (必要とする) [動] require as suitable or necessary

monarchical government (君主制) [名] a system of government in which the supreme power is actually or nominally lodged in a single person

superfluity (余分) [名] something that is unnecessary or more than enough

absorbed (吸収される) [動] take in or soak up

土壌が豊かで肥沃で、少しの労働で大きな生産物を生み出す土地は、臣民の余剰が君主の贅沢によって消費されるように、君主制を必要とする。なぜなら、この過剰分は個人の間に散逸するよりも、政府によって吸収される方がよいからである。

I am aware that there are exceptions;

be aware (承知している) [動] know or have knowledge of

例外があることは承知している。

but these exceptions themselves confirm the rule, in that sooner or later they produce revolutions which restore things to the natural order.

rule (法則) [名] a statement that describes what always or usually happens

しかし、これらの例外自体が、遅かれ早かれ物事を自然の秩序に戻す革命を生み出すという点で、この法則を裏付けている。

General laws should always be distinguished from individual causes that may modify their effects.

general law (一般法) [名] a law that applies to all cases or to a large category of cases

individual cause (個々の原因) [名] a cause that is specific to a particular case

一般法は、その効果を変更する可能性のある個々の原因と常に区別されるべきである。

If all the South were covered with Republics and all the North with despotic States, it would be none the less true that, in point of climate, despotism is suitable to hot countries, barbarism to cold countries, and good polity to temperate regions.

South (南部) [名] the southern part of a country or region

North (北部) [名] the northern part of a country or region

cover (覆われる) [動] to be spread over the surface of

despotic (専制的な) [形] exercising power in a cruel and oppressive way

barbarism (野蛮) [名] the state of being uncivilized or primitive

temperate (温帯) [形] having a moderate climate

南部全体が共和国で覆われ、北部全体が専制国家で覆われたとしても、気候の観点から、専制政治は暑い国に適し、野蛮は寒い国に適し、良い政治は温帯に適しているということは真実である。

I see also that, the principle being granted, there may be disputes on its application;

私はまた、原則が認められれば、その適用について論争が起こる可能性があることも理解している。

it may be said that there are cold countries that are very fertile, and tropical countries that are very unproductive.

cold (寒冷な) [形] having a low temperature

tropical (熱帯の) [形] relating to the tropics

非常に肥沃な寒冷国や、非常に非生産的な熱帯国があると言えるかもしれない。

But this difficulty exists only for those who do not consider the question in all its aspects.

しかし、この困難は、問題をあらゆる側面から考慮しない人々にとってのみ存在する。

We must, as I have already said, take labour, strength, consumption, etc., into account.

すでに述べたように、労働、強さ、消費などを考慮に入れなければならない。

Take two tracts of equal extent, one of which brings in five and the other ten.

tract (土地) [名] a large area of land

equal (同じ) [形] being the same in quantity, size, degree, or value

five (五倍) [数] one more than four

ten (十倍) [数] one more than nine

同じ広さの土地を二つ取り、一方は五倍、もう一方は十倍の収穫があるとする。

If the inhabitants of the first consume four and those of the second nine, the surplus of the first product will be a fifth and that of the second a tenth.

four (四倍) [名] the number 4

nine (九倍) [名] the number 9

fifth (五分の一) [名] one of five equal parts

tenth (十分の一) [名] one of ten equal parts

一方の住民が四倍、もう一方の住民が九倍消費すると、一方の余剰生産物は五分の一、もう一方の余剰生産物は十分の一となる。

The ratio of these two surpluses will then be inverse to that of the products, and the tract which produces only five will give a surplus double that of the tract which produces ten.

inverse (逆) [形] opposite in position, direction, order, or effect

double (二倍) [形] having two parts, units, or members

すると、この二つの余剰の比率は生産物の比率と逆になり、五倍しか生産しない土地は十倍生産する土地の二倍の余剰を生み出すことになる。

But there is no question of a double product, and I think no one would put the fertility of cold countries, as a general rule, on an equality with that of hot ones.

general rule (一般的なルール) [名] a rule that is generally true

hot (暑い) [形] having a high temperature

しかし、二倍の生産物については問題がなく、寒い国の肥沃度を、一般的なルールとして、暑い国の肥沃度と等しくする人はいないと思う。

Let us, however, suppose this equality to exist: let us, if you will, regard England as on the same level as Sicily, and Poland as Egypt—further south, we shall have Africa and the Indies; further north, nothing at all.

let us (仮定してみよう) [動] suppose

Sicily (シチリア) [名] a large island in the Mediterranean Sea

Poland (ポーランド) [名] a country in Europe

Egypt (エジプト) [名] a country in North Africa

south (南) [名] the direction that is on your right when you are facing east

Africa (アフリカ) [名] a continent in the southern hemisphere

Indies (インド) [名] a country in South Asia

north (北) [名] the direction that is on your left when you are facing east

しかし、この平等が存在すると仮定してみよう。イギリスをシチリアと同じレベル、ポーランドをエジプトと同じレベルと考えよう。さらに南にはアフリカとインドがあり、さらに北には何もないだろう。

To get this equality of product, what a difference there must be in tillage: in Sicily, there is only need to scratch the ground;

tillage (耕作) [名] the cultivation of land

scratch (ひっかく) [動] scrape or rub with a sharp or rough object

この生産物の平等を得るためには、耕作にどれほどの違いがあるだろうか。シチリアでは、地面をひっかくだけでいい。

in England, how men must toil!

toil (苦労する) [動] work extremely hard

イギリスでは、人々はどれほど苦労しなければならないことか!

But, where more hands are needed to get the same product, the superfluity must necessarily be less.

more (より多くの) [形] a greater or additional amount or degree

しかし、同じ生産物を得るためにより多くの手が必要とされるところでは、余剰は必然的に少なくならなければならない。

Consider, besides, that the same number of men consume much less in hot countries.

number (人数) [名] a quantity or amount

much (ずっと) [副] to a great extent or degree

その上、同じ人数でも暑い国では消費量がずっと少ないことを考えてみよう。

The climate requires sobriety for the sake of health;

sobriety (節制) [名] the quality or state of being sober

気候は健康のために節制を必要とする。

and Europeans who try to live there as they would at home all perish of dysentery and indigestion.

European (ヨーロッパ人) [名] a person from Europe

home (自国) [名] the place where one lives permanently, especially as a member of a family or household

dysentery (赤痢) [名] a disease characterized by severe diarrhea with blood and mucus in the feces

indigestion (消化不良) [名] a condition of impaired digestion

そして、そこでも自国と同じように生活しようとするヨーロッパ人は、みな赤痢や消化不良で死んでしまう。

“We are,” says Chardin, “carnivorous animals, wolves, in comparison with the Asiatics.

Chardin (シャルダン) [名] Jean Chardin, a French jeweller and traveller

Asiatics (アジア人) [名] a native of Asia

「我々は、アジア人と比べれば、肉食動物、狼である」とシャルダンは言う。

Some attribute the sobriety of the Persians to the fact that their country is less cultivated;

attribute (帰する) [動] regard something as being caused by

cultivated (開拓された) [形] brought under cultivation; tilled

ペルシア人の節制を、彼らの国があまり開拓されていないことに帰する者もいる。

but it is my belief that their country abounds less in commodities because the inhabitants need less.

abound (乏しい) [動] be plentiful or numerous

しかし、私の考えでは、彼らの国が物資に乏しいのは、住民の必要が少ないためである。

If their frugality,” he goes on, “were the effect of the nakedness of the land, only the poor would eat little;

frugality (節制) [名] the quality of being careful with money or food

nakedness (貧弱さ) [名] the state of being without clothes

little (少し) [副] to a small extent; slightly

彼らの節制が、もし土地の貧弱さから生じているのなら、貧しい人だけが少ししか食べないはずである。

but everybody does so.

しかし、誰もがそうしている。

Again, less or more would be eaten in various provinces, according to the land's fertility;

more (多かったり) [形] a greater amount of

province (地方) [名] a principal administrative division of a country or empire

また、土地の肥沃度に応じて、各地方において食べる量は多かったり少なかったりするはずである。

but the same sobriety is found throughout the kingdom.

throughout (全体で) [前] in every part of

しかし、王国全体で同じ節制が見られる。

They are very proud of their manner of life, saying that you have only to look at their hue to recognise how far it excels that of the Christians.

be proud of (誇りに思う) [動] be pleased about something that you have done or something that you own

manner of life (生活様式) [名] the way in which a person lives

have only to (すればよい) [動] need only to

look at (見る) [動] direct one's gaze at

hue (肌の色) [名] a particular shade or tint of a color

excel (優れている) [動] be exceptionally good at something

彼らは、自分たちの生活様式を非常に誇りに思っており、キリスト教徒の生活様式よりもどれほど優れているかを知るには、自分たちの肌の色を見ればよいと言う。

In fact, the Persians are of an even hue;

even (均一) [形] level or smooth

実際、ペルシア人は肌の色が均一である。

their skins are fair, fine and smooth;

skin (肌) [名] the outer layer of the body of a person or animal

fair (色白) [形] light in color

fine (きめ細かい) [形] of high quality

smooth (滑らか) [形] having a continuous even surface

彼らの肌は色白で、きめ細かく、滑らかである。

while the hue of their subjects, the Armenians, who live after the European fashion, is rough and blotchy, and their bodies are gross and unwieldy.”

while (一方) [接] at the same time that

Armenian (アルメニア人) [名] a member of the Armenian ethnic group

European (ヨーロッパ) [形] of or relating to Europe or its peoples, languages, or cultures

rough (粗い) [形] having a texture that is not smooth or regular

blotchy (しみだらけ) [形] marked with blotches

gross (太りすぎ) [形] very obvious and unacceptable

unwieldy (扱いにくい) [形] difficult to carry or move because of its size, shape, or weight

一方、ヨーロッパ風の生活を送る彼らの臣民であるアルメニア人の肌の色は粗く、しみだらけで、体は太りすぎで扱いにくい。」

The nearer you get to the equator, the less people live on.

the nearer (近づくほど) [副] the more closely

get to (近づく) [動] reach a destination

equator (赤道) [名] an imaginary line drawn around the middle of the earth

赤道に近づくほど、住んでいる人は少なくなる。

Meat they hardly touch; rice, maize, curcur, millet and cassava are their ordinary food.

meat (肉) [名] the flesh of an animal or a bird that is eaten as food

touch (手を付ける) [動] come into or be in contact with

rice (米) [名] a grass that is cultivated in warm climates and is the source of the staple food of many people

maize (トウモロコシ) [名] a tall plant that is grown in many parts of the world for its large yellow seeds

curcur (クルクル) [名] a plant of the gourd family that is grown for its edible fruit

millet (キビ) [名] a cereal crop that is grown in many parts of the world

cassava (キャッサバ) [名] a tropical plant with a large root that is used as food

ordinary (普通の) [形] of the usual or common type or standard

彼らは肉にはほとんど手をつけず、米、トウモロコシ、クルクル、キビ、キャッサバが彼らの普通の食べ物である。

There are in the Indies millions of men whose subsistence does not cost a halfpenny a day.

millions (何百万) [名] a very large number

halfpenny (半ペニー) [名] a former British coin worth half a penny

day (一日) [名] a period of time from one midnight to the next

インドには、一日の生活費が半ペニーにも満たない人々が何百万人もいる。

Even in Europe we find considerable differences of appetite between Northern and Southern peoples.

appetite (食欲) [名] a natural desire to satisfy a bodily need, especially for food

ヨーロッパでさえ、北方人と南方人の間には食欲にかなりの違いが見られる。

A Spaniard will live for a week on a German's dinner.

Spaniard (スペイン人) [名] a native or inhabitant of Spain

week (1週間) [名] a period of seven days

dinner (夕食) [名] the main meal of the day, typically eaten in the evening

スペイン人はドイツ人の夕食で1週間生きられる。

In the countries in which men are more voracious, luxury therefore turns in the direction of consumption.

man (人々) [名] a human being of either sex; a person

turn (向かう) [動] change direction, position, or course

人々がより貪欲な国では、贅沢は消費の方向に向かう。

In England, luxury appears in a well-filled table;

appear (現れる) [動] come into sight; become visible

イギリスでは、贅沢は食卓に現れる。

in Italy, you feast on sugar and flowers.

feast (食べる) [動] eat a large meal, typically on a special occasion

イタリアでは、砂糖と花を食べる。

Luxury in clothes shows similar differences.

clothes (衣服) [名] things that people wear

衣服の贅沢も同様の違いを示す。

In climates in which the changes of season are prompt and violent, men have better and simpler clothes;

season (季節) [名] one of the four periods of the year (spring, summer, autumn, and winter)

violent (激しい) [形] using or involving physical force intended to hurt or kill

have (着る) [動] be dressed in

simpler (よりシンプルな) [形] less complicated or elaborate

季節の変化が急激で激しい気候では、人々はより良いシンプルな服を着る。

where they clothe themselves only for adornment, what is striking is more thought of than what is useful;

clothe (着る) [動] put clothes on

adornment (装飾) [名] a decoration or an ornament

striking (印象的な) [形] having a strong visual impact

useful (役に立つ) [形] able to be used advantageously

装飾のためだけに服を着るところでは、役に立つものよりも印象的なものが重視される。

clothes themselves are then a luxury.

luxury (贅沢品) [名] an inessential, desirable item that is expensive or difficult to obtain

衣服そのものが贅沢品である。

At Naples, you may see daily walking in the Pausilippeum men in gold-embroidered upper garments and nothing else.

Naples (ナポリ) [名] a city in southern Italy

daily (毎日) [副] every day

Pausilippeum (パウシリペウム) [名] a hill in Naples, Italy

gold (金) [名] a yellow precious metal

embroider (刺繍する) [動] decorate with needlework

upper garment (上着) [名] a garment for the upper part of the body

ナポリでは、金の刺繍を施した上着を着て、それ以外は何も身に着けていない男たちが、毎日パウシリペウムを歩いているのを見かける。

It is the same with buildings;

建物も同じである。

magnificence is the sole consideration where there is nothing to fear from the air.

magnificence (壮麗さ) [名] the quality of being magnificent; splendor

空気から恐れるものが何もないところでは、壮麗さだけが考慮される。

In Paris and London, you desire to be lodged warmly and comfortably;

Paris (パリ) [名] the capital of France

London (ロンドン) [名] the capital of the United Kingdom

lodge (宿泊する) [動] live temporarily in a place

warmly (暖かく) [副] in a warm manner

comfortably (快適に) [副] in a comfortable manner

パリやロンドンでは、暖かく快適な宿泊施設を望む。

in Madrid, you have superb salons, but not a window that closes, and you go to bed in a mere hole.

Madrid (マドリード) [名] the capital and largest city of Spain

superb (素晴らしい) [形] extremely good or impressive

salon (サロン) [名] a place where people gather for social interaction

close (閉まる) [動] move or cause to move so as to cover an opening

go to bed (寝る) [動] go to sleep

hole (穴) [名] an opening through something

マドリードでは、素晴らしいサロンがあるが、閉まる窓はなく、ただの穴の中で寝ることになる。

In hot countries foods are much more substantial and succulent;

food (食べ物) [名] any substance that can be eaten

substantial (充実している) [形] of considerable importance, size, or worth

succulent (みずみずしい) [形] full of juice or sap

暑い国では、食べ物はずっと充実していて、みずみずしい。

and the third difference cannot but have an influence on the second.

そして、第三の違いは第二の違いに影響を与えざるを得ない。

Why are so many vegetables eaten in Italy? Because there they are good, nutritious and excellent in taste.

vegetable (野菜) [名] a plant or part of a plant that is eaten as food

nutritious (栄養価が高い) [形] providing nourishment essential for growth and for maintaining health

excellent (優れている) [形] very good; of the highest quality

なぜイタリアでは野菜をたくさん食べるのか? それは、そこでは野菜がおいしく、栄養価が高く、味が優れているからだ。

In France, where they are nourished only on water, they are far from nutritious and are thought nothing of at table.

nourish (育てる) [動] provide with the food or other substances necessary for growth, health, and good condition

water (水) [名] the liquid that descends from the clouds as rain, forms streams, lakes, and seas, and is the major constituent of all living matter and that when pure is an odorless, tasteless, very slightly compress...

far from (ほど遠い) [副] not at all

thought nothing of (ほとんど食べられない) [動] not to be considered important or worthy of attention

フランスでは、水だけで育てられているため、栄養価が低く、食卓ではほとんど食べられない。

They take up all the same no less ground, and cost at least as much pains to cultivate.

take up (占領する) [動] occupy

all the same (同じく) [副] nevertheless

no less (少なくとも) [副] at least

cost (要する) [動] require

as much (同じくらいの) [副] to the same extent

pain (苦労) [名] a state of great suffering or unhappiness

cultivate (耕作する) [動] prepare and use land for crops or gardening

彼らは同じく土地を占領し、耕作するのに少なくとも同じくらいの苦労を要する。

It is a proved fact that the wheat of Barbary, in other respects inferior to that of France, yields much more flour, and that the wheat of France in turn yields more than that of northern countries;

Barbary (バーバリー) [名] a region in North Africa

wheat (小麦) [名] a cereal plant that is the most important crop in the world

flour (小麦粉) [名] a powder made by grinding grain

northern countries (北欧諸国) [名] the countries in the northern part of Europe

他の点ではフランスの小麦に劣るバーバリーの小麦がはるかに多くの小麦粉を生産し、フランスの小麦が北欧諸国の小麦よりも多くの小麦粉を生産することは証明された事実である。

from which it may be inferred that a like gradation in the same direction, from equator to pole, is found generally.

from which (そこから) [副] from that place

it may be inferred (推測できる) [動] it is possible to conclude

like gradation (同様の段階) [名] a similar progression

in the same direction (同じ方向に) [副] towards the same place

from equator to pole (赤道から極まで) [名] from the equator to the pole

is found generally (一般的にみられる) [動] is commonly seen

そこから、赤道から極まで同じ方向に同様の段階が一般的に見られると推測できる。

But is it not an obvious disadvantage for an equal product to contain less nourishment?

product (製品) [名] a thing that is made or produced

nourishment (栄養) [名] the food that a person or animal needs in order to live and grow

しかし、同等の製品に栄養価が低いということは明らかな欠点ではないだろうか。

To all these points may be added another, which at once depends on and strengthens them.

これらすべての点に、それらに依存し、それらを強化する別の点を加えることができる。

Hot countries need inhabitants less than cold countries, and can support more of them.

support (養う) [動] give assistance to, especially financially

暑い国は寒い国ほど住民を必要とせず、より多くの住民を養うことができる。

There is thus a double surplus, which is all to the advantage of despotism.

こうして二重の余剰があり、それはすべて専制政治に有利に働く。

The greater the territory occupied by a fixed number of inhabitants, the more difficult revolt becomes, because rapid or secret concerted action is impossible, and the government can easily unmask projects and cut communications;

difficult (困難な) [形] hard to do or accomplish

revolt (反乱) [名] an attempt to put an end to the authority of a person or group by force

rapid (迅速な) [形] done or occurring with great speed

secret (秘密の) [形] not known or seen or meant to be known or seen by others

concerted (協調した) [形] involving the joint activity of two or more

unmask (暴露する) [動] reveal the true nature of

project (計画) [名] a plan or scheme to do something

cut (遮断する) [動] break the continuity of

一定数の住民が占める領土が広ければ広いほど、迅速な行動や秘密の協調行動が不可能であり、政府は容易に計画を暴露し、通信を遮断することができるため、反乱はより困難になる。

but the more a numerous people is gathered together, the less can the government usurp the Sovereign's place: the people's leaders can deliberate as safely in their houses as the prince in council, and the crowd gathers as rapidly in the squares as the prince's troops in their quarters.

usurp (奪う) [動] take (something) for oneself by force or without right

place (地位) [名] a position or location

people's leader (人民の指導者) [名] a person who leads a group of people

house (自宅) [名] a place where people live permanently, especially as a member of a family or household

safely (安全に) [副] in a safe manner

deliberate (審議する) [動] think carefully about something

crowd (群衆) [名] a large number of people gathered together

square (広場) [名] a flat area of land with four straight sides and four right angles

prince's troop (王子の軍隊) [名] a military unit commanded by a prince

quarter (宿舎) [名] a place where people live, especially soldiers

しかし、より多くの人々が集まれば集まるほど、政府は主権者の地位を奪うことはできない。人民の指導者たちは、評議会の王子と同じように自宅で安全に審議することができ、群衆は王子の軍隊が宿舎に集まるように広場に素早く集まる。

The advantage of tyrannical government therefore lies in acting at great distances.

great distance (遠く) [名] a long way

したがって、専制政治の利点は、遠くで行動することにある。

With the help of the rallying-points it establishes, its strength, like that of the lever, grows with distance.

with the help of (の助けを借りて) [前] with the assistance of

rallying-point (結集点) [名] a place where people gather

それが確立する結集点の助けを借りて、その強さは、てこのように、距離とともに増大する。

The strength of the people, on the other hand, acts only when concentrated: when spread abroad, it evaporates and is lost, like powder scattered on the ground, which catches fire only grain by grain.

be lost (失われる) [動] become unable to find one's way; get lost

powder (火薬) [名] a dry substance in the form of tiny particles

catch fire (火がつく) [動] start to burn

grain (粒) [名] a small, hard seed, especially of a cereal

一方、人民の力は集中したときにのみ作用する。広がると、地面に散らばった火薬のように蒸発して失われ、一粒一粒しか火がつかない。

The least populous countries are thus the fittest for tyranny: fierce animals reign only in deserts.

populous (人口の多い) [形] having a large population

fittest (最も適している) [形] most suitable

fierce (猛獣) [形] violent or aggressive; ferocious

reign (支配する) [動] hold royal office; be a monarch

したがって、最も人口の少ない国が専制政治に最も適している。猛獣は砂漠でのみ支配する。

CHAPTER IX: THE MARKS OF A GOOD GOVERNMENT

MARKS (しるし) [名] a sign or indication of something

第九章: 良い政府のしるし

The question “What absolutely is the best government?” is unanswerable as well as indeterminate;

unanswerable (答えられない) [形] not able to be answered

indeterminate (不確定な) [形] not fixed or decided

絶対的に最良の政府とは何か」という問いは、答えられないだけでなく、不確定である。

or rather, there are as many good answers as there are possible combinations in the absolute and relative situations of all nations.

or rather (あるいはむしろ) [接] or more accurately

as many as (数だけ) [副] to the same extent or degree as

possible (考えられる) [形] that may be done or achieved

あるいはむしろ、すべての国の絶対的状況と相対的状況において考えられる組み合わせの数だけ正解がある。

But if it is asked by what sign we may know that a given people is well or ill governed, that is another matter, and the question, being one of fact, admits of an answer.

well (善政) [副] in a good or proper manner

ill (悪政) [形] sick or unwell

しかし、ある国民が善政か悪政かをどのようなしるしで知ることができるかと問われるならば、それは別の問題であり、事実に関する問題であるから、答えることができる。

It is not, however, answered, because every-one wants to answer it in his own way.

everyone (誰もが) [代] every person

しかし、誰もが自分のやり方で答えたがるので、答えは出ない。

Subjects extol public tranquillity, citizens individual liberty;

extol (賞賛する) [動] to praise highly

臣民は公共の平和を、市民は個人の自由を賞賛する。

the one class prefers security of possessions, the other that of person;

prefer (好む) [動] like (something) better than another

一方は所有の安全を、他方は身体の安全を好む。

the one regards as the best government that which is most severe, the other maintains that the mildest is the best;

regard as (考える) [動] consider to be

severe (厳しい) [形] very great or intense

mildest (最も穏やかな) [形] least severe or intense

一方は最も厳しい政府を最良と考え、他方は最も穏やかな政府を最良と主張する。

the one wants crimes punished, the other wants them prevented;

want (望む) [動] feel a need or a wish for

punish (罰する) [動] inflict a penalty or sanction on (someone) as retribution for an offense

prevent (予防する) [動] keep or stop from happening or arising

一方は犯罪を罰することを望み、他方は犯罪を予防することを望む。

the one wants the State to be feared by its neighbours, the other prefers that it should be ignored;

be feared (恐れられる) [動] be afraid of

be ignored (無視される) [動] refuse to take notice of or acknowledge; disregard intentionally

一方は国家が隣国に恐れられることを望み、他方は国家が無視されることを好む。

the one is content if money circulates, the other demands that the people shall have bread.

money (貨幣) [名] a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes

circulate (流通する) [動] move or cause to move continuously or freely through a closed system or area

bread (パン) [名] a food made of flour or meal that is mixed with a liquid, usually water, and kneaded, shaped, and baked

一方は貨幣が流通すれば満足し、他方は人民がパンを持つことを要求する。

Even if an agreement were come to on these and similar points, should we have got any further?

come to (達する) [動] reach or arrive at

similar (類似した) [形] having a likeness or resemblance

should (できるだろうか) [助] expressing a strong recommendation or obligation

have got (進む) [動] move forward

これらの点や類似の点について合意に達したとしても、それ以上先に進むことができるだろうか。

As moral qualities do not admit of exact measurement, agreement about the mark does not mean agreement about the valuation.

valuation (評価) [名] an estimation of the worth of something

道徳的資質は正確に測定することができないので、評価基準について合意したとしても、評価について合意したわけではない。

For my part, I am continually astonished that a mark so simple is not recognised, or that men are of so bad faith as not to admit it.

for my part (私としては) [副] as far as I am concerned

mark (基準) [名] a standard or point of reference

bad faith (不誠実) [名] intent to deceive

私としては、これほど単純な基準が認められないこと、あるいは人々がそれを認めないほど不誠実であることに、いつも驚かされる。

What is the end of political association?

association (結合) [名] the state of being joined or connected

政治的結合の目的は何だろうか。

The preservation and prosperity of its members.

prosperity (繁栄) [名] the state of being prosperous; flourishing condition

その構成員の保存と繁栄である。

And what is the surest mark of their preservation and prosperity?

そして、彼らの保存と繁栄の最も確かな印は何だろうか。

Their numbers and population.

彼らの数と人口である。

Seek then nowhere else this mark that is in dispute.

else (他の) [形] other than the one or ones already mentioned

だから、この論争の的となっている印を他のどこにも求めてはならない。

The rest being equal, the government under which, without external aids, without naturalisation or colonies, the citizens increase and multiply most, is beyond question the best.

the rest (他の条件) [名] the remaining part

be equal (同じである) [動] be the same as

under which (その下で) [前] below or beneath which

external aid (外部からの援助) [名] assistance from outside

naturalisation (帰化) [名] the process of becoming a citizen of a country

beyond question (疑いなく) [副] without doubt

他の条件が同じならば、外部からの援助も帰化も植民地もなく、市民が最も増加し、繁殖する政府が、疑いなく最良の政府である。

The government under which a people wanes and diminishes is worst.

wane (衰退する) [動] decrease in size, amount, or intensity

国民が衰退し、減少する政府は最悪である。

Calculators, it is left for you to count, to measure, to compare.

calculator (計算する人) [名] a person who makes calculations

計算する人々よ、数え、測り、比べるのはあなた方の仕事である。

CHAPTER X: THE ABUSE OF GOVERNMENT AND ITS TENDENCY TO DEGENERATE

DEGENERATE (堕落する) [動] become worse in quality

第十章: 政府の濫用とその堕落傾向

As the particular will acts constantly in opposition to the general will, the government continually exerts itself against the Sovereignty.

opposition (反して) [名] the action of opposing something

exert (努力する) [動] make a physical or mental effort

個別意志が常に一般意志に反して作用するように、政府は絶えず主権に対して努力する。

The greater this exertion becomes, the more the constitution changes;

the greater (大きければ大きいほど) [形] of a size that is more than average

exertion (努力) [名] a vigorous or determined attempt

becomes (なる) [動] come to be

この努力が大きければ大きいほど、憲法はより変化する。

and, as there is in this case no other corporate will to create an equilibrium by resisting the will of the prince, sooner or later the prince must inevitably suppress the Sovereign and break the social treaty.

no other (他の~がない) [限] not any other

create an equilibrium (均衡を作り出す) [動] create a state of balance

resisting (抵抗する) [動] oppose or fight against

the will of the prince (君主の意志) [名] the will of the ruler

suppress (抑圧する) [動] forcibly put an end to

そして、この場合、君主の意志に抵抗することによって均衡を作り出す他の団体意志が存在しないので、遅かれ早かれ君主は必然的に主権者を抑圧し、社会契約を破らなければならない。

This is the unavoidable and inherent defect which, from the very birth of the body politic, tends ceaselessly to destroy it, as age and death end by destroying the human body.

unavoidable (避けられない) [形] not able to be avoided

inherent (内在する) [形] existing in something as a permanent, essential, or characteristic attribute

human body (人体) [名] the physical structure, including the bones, flesh and organs, of a human being

これは避けられない内在する欠陥であり、老化と死が人体を破壊することで終わるように、政治体の誕生から絶えずそれを破壊する傾向がある。

There are two general courses by which government degenerates: i.e. when it undergoes contraction, or when the State is dissolved.

degenerate (退化する) [動] become worse or deteriorate

course (経路) [名] a way of doing or proceeding

政府が退化する一般的な経路は二つある。すなわち、政府が縮小するとき、または国家が解散するときである。

Government undergoes contraction when it passes from the many to the few, that is, from democracy to aristocracy, and from aristocracy to royalty.

政府は、多数から少数、つまり民主主義から貴族制、貴族制から王政へと移行するときに縮小する。

To do so is its natural propensity.

そうすることがその自然な傾向である。

If it took the backward course from the few to the many, it could be said that it was relaxed;

backward (後退) [形] directed or moving toward the back

course (コース) [名] a series of actions or steps taken in order to achieve a particular end

relax (緩和) [動] to make or become less tense or anxious

少数から多数への後退コースをとったとしたら、それは緩和されたと言えるだろう。

by this inverse sequence is impossible.

sequence (順序) [名] the following of one thing after another in time

この逆順序では不可能である。

Indeed, governments never change their form except when their energy is exhausted and leaves them too weak to keep what they have.

exhausted (使い果たされる) [形] used up; consumed

keep (維持する) [動] continue to have or do something

実際、政府は、そのエネルギーが使い果たされ、持っているものを維持するには弱すぎる場合を除いて、その形態を変更することはない。

If a government at once extended its sphere and relaxed its stringency, its force would become absolutely nil, and it would persist still less.

sphere (範囲) [名] the extent of knowledge, influence, or activity

relax (緩和する) [動] make or become less tense or anxious

stringency (厳しさ) [名] the quality of being strict

persist (持続する) [動] continue firmly or obstinately in a course of action in spite of difficulty or opposition

もし政府が一度にその範囲を拡大し、その厳しさを緩和したら、その力は絶対にゼロになり、それはさらに持続しなくなるだろう。

It is therefore necessary to wind up the spring and tighten the hold as it gives way: or else the State it sustains will come to grief.

wind up (巻き上げる) [動] to tighten the spring of

tighten (締める) [動] to make or become tight or tighter

come to grief (悲しみに陥る) [動] to suffer a misfortune

したがって、バネを巻き上げ、それが道を譲るにつれてホールドを締めることが必要である。さもなければ、それが支えている国家は悲しみに陥るだろう。

The dissolution of the State may come about in either of two ways.

dissolution (解体) [名] the breaking up of a whole into its parts

come about (起こりうる) [動] happen; take place

国家の解体は、二つの方法のいずれかで起こりうる。

First, when the prince ceases to administer the State in accordance with the laws, and usurps the Sovereign power.

cease (やめる) [動] come or bring to an end

administer (統治する) [動] manage and be responsible for the running of

第一に、君主が法律に従って国家を統治することをやめ、主権を奪ったときである。

A remarkable change then occurs: not the government, but the State, undergoes contraction;

すると、驚くべき変化が起こる。政府ではなく国家が縮小するのである。

I mean that the great State is dissolved, and another is formed within it, composed solely of the members of the government, which becomes for the rest of the people merely master and tyrant.

つまり、大国家が解体され、その中に政府のメンバーだけで構成された別の国家が形成され、残りの国民にとっては単なる主人であり暴君となるのである。

So that the moment the government usurps the Sovereignty, the social compact is broken and all private citizens recover by right their natural liberty, and are forced, but not bound, to obey.

そのため、政府が主権を奪った瞬間に社会契約は破られ、すべての私人は権利によって自然の自由を取り戻し、従うことを強制されるが、拘束されるわけではない。

The same thing happens when the members of the government severally usurp the power they should exercise only as a body;

政府のメンバーが、集団としてのみ行使すべき権力を個別に奪ったときにも同じことが起こる。

this is as great an infraction of the laws, and results in even greater disorders.

infraction (違反) [名] an act of breaking a law or rule

result (招く) [動] to have a particular end or outcome

これは法律違反であり、さらに大きな混乱を招く。

There are then, so to speak, as many princes as there are magistrates, and the State, no less divided than the government, either perishes or changes its form.

いわば、行政官の数だけ君主が存在し、国家は政府と同じように分断され、滅亡するか、その形態を変えるかのどちらかである。

When the State is dissolved, the abuse of government, whatever it is, bears the common name of anarchy.

bear (持つ) [動] carry or hold

国家が解散すると、政府の乱用は、それが何であれ、無政府状態という共通の名前を持つ。

To distinguish, democracy degenerates into ochlocracy and aristocracy into oligarchy and I would add that royalty degenerates into tyranny;

ochlocracy (衆愚政治) [名] a government by mob or a mob rule

oligarchy (寡頭政治) [名] a government by a small group of people

区別すると、民主主義は衆愚政治に、貴族政治は寡頭政治に退化し、王政は専制政治に退化すると付け加えておこう。

but this last word is ambiguous and needs explanation.

しかし、この最後の言葉は曖昧で説明が必要である。

In vulgar usage, a tyrant is a king who governs violently and without regard for justice and law.

violently (暴力的に) [副] in a violent manner

俗語では、暴君とは正義や法を無視して暴力的に統治する王のことである。

In the exact sense, a tyrant is an individual who arrogates to himself the royal authority without having a right to it.

arrogate (横領する) [動] take or claim for oneself without right

正確な意味では、暴君とは王権に対する権利を持たずに王権を横領する個人のことである。

This is how the Greeks understood the word “tyrant”: they applied it indifferently to good and bad princes whose authority was not legitimate.

apply (適用する) [動] make use of

indifferently (無差別に) [副] without caring one way or the other

これがギリシャ人が「暴君」という言葉を理解した方法である。彼らは権威が正当ではない善良な君主と悪徳な君主に無差別にそれを適用した。

Tyrant and usurper are thus perfectly synonymous terms.

synonymous (同義語) [形] having the same meaning

したがって、暴君と簒奪者は完全に同義語である。

In order that I may give different things different names, I call him who usurps the royal authority tyrant, and him who usurps the sovereign power a despot.

私が異なるものに異なる名前を付けるために、私は王権を簒奪する者を暴君と呼び、主権を簒奪する者を独裁者と呼ぶ。

The tyrant is he who thrusts himself in contrary to the laws to govern in accordance with the laws;

thrust (押し付ける) [動] push or drive with force

暴君とは、法律に従って統治するために法律に反して自分を押し付ける者である。

the despot is he who sets himself above the laws themselves.

set oneself above (上に置く) [動] to consider oneself to be better than

独裁者とは、自分を法律そのものより上に置く者である。

Thus the tyrant cannot be a despot, but the despot is always a tyrant.

したがって、暴君は独裁者になることはできないが、独裁者は常に暴君である。

CHAPTER XI: THE DEATH OF THE BODY POLITIC

第十一章: 政治体の死

Such is the natural and inevitable tendency of the best constituted governments.

これが、最もよく組織された政府の自然で避けられない傾向である。

If Sparta and Rome perished, what State can hope to endure for ever?

endure (存続する) [動] continue to exist; last

for ever (永遠に) [副] always; eternally

スパルタやローマが滅亡したのであれば、永遠に存続できると期待できる国家がどこにあるだろうか。

If we would set up a long-lived form of government, let us not even dream of making it eternal.

long-lived (長命の) [形] having a long life

eternal (永遠の) [形] lasting forever

長命の政府を樹立したいのであれば、それを永遠にしようとは夢にも思ってはならない。

If we are to succeed, we must not attempt the impossible, or flatter ourselves that we are endowing the work of man with a stability of which human conditions do not permit.

succeed (成功する) [動] achieve a goal or purpose

flatter (思い込む) [動] to praise or compliment someone excessively

permit (許す) [動] allow to do something

成功するためには、不可能なことを試みたり、人間の条件が許さない安定性を人間の仕事に与えていると思い込んだりしてはならない。

The body politic, as well as the human body, begins to die as soon as it is born, and carries in itself the causes of its destruction.

as well as (と同様に) [接] in addition to; also; too

begin to (し始める) [動] start to do something

carry (抱える) [動] have or hold as a possession

政治体は、人間の身体と同様に、生まれるとすぐに死に始め、その破壊の原因を自らの中に抱えている。

But both may have a constitution that is more or less robust and suited to preserve them a longer or a shorter time.

suited (適した) [形] right or appropriate for a particular purpose

longer (長く) [形] having a great or greater than average length

shorter (短く) [形] having a small or shorter than average length

しかし、どちらも、多かれ少なかれ頑丈で、長くまたは短く保存するのに適した体質を持っているかもしれない。

The constitution of man is the work of nature;

人間の体質は自然の働きである。

that of the State the work of art.

that of (の) [前] belonging to

国家の体質は芸術の働きである。

It is not in men's power to prolong their own lives;

be in one's power (人の力でできる) [動] be able to do something

prolong (延ばす) [動] extend the duration of

人間には自分の寿命を延ばす力はない。

but it is for them to prolong as much as possible the life of the State, by giving it the best possible constitution.

as much as possible (可能な限り) [副] to the greatest extent or degree possible

しかし、人間には、国家に可能な限り最良の体質を与えることで、国家の寿命を可能な限り延ばす力がある。

The best constituted State will have an end;

have an end (終わりがある) [動] come to an end; stop

最もよく構成された国家にも終わりがある。

but it will end later than any other, unless some unforeseen accident brings about its untimely destruction.

later (遅く) [副] after the usual or expected time

unforeseen (予期せぬ) [形] not anticipated or expected

accident (事故) [名] an unfortunate event that happens unexpectedly and usually results in harm or damage

untimely (早すぎる) [形] happening or done before the usual or proper time

しかし、予期せぬ事故がその早すぎる破壊をもたらさない限り、それは他のどの国家よりも遅く終わるだろう。

The life-principle of the body politic lies in the sovereign authority.

life-principle (生命原理) [名] the principle that gives life

sovereign authority (主権) [名] the supreme authority within a political unit

政治体の生命原理は主権にある。

The legislative power is the heart of the State; the executive power is its brain, which causes the movement of all the parts.

brain (脳) [名] the organ that controls thought, memory, and emotion

立法権は国家の心臓であり、執行権は国家の脳であり、すべての部分の動きを起こす。

The brain may become paralysed and the individual still live.

paralysed (麻痺する) [形] unable to move or feel

脳が麻痺しても、人は生き続けることがある。

A man may remain an imbecile and live;

人は愚か者のままで生き続けることがある。

but as soon as the heart ceases to perform its functions, the animal is dead.

しかし、心臓がその機能を停止するとすぐに、動物は死んでしまう。

The State subsists by means not of the laws, but of the legislative power.

国家は法律によってではなく、立法権によって存続する。

Yesterday's law is not binding to-day; but silence is taken for tacit consent, and the Sovereign is held to confirm incessantly the laws it does not abrogate as it might.

yesterday (昨日) [名] the day before today

binding (拘束力を持つ) [形] having the power to bind

today (今日) [名] the present day

tacit (暗黙の) [形] expressed or understood without being directly stated

incessantly (絶えず) [副] without interruption

abrogate (廃止する) [動] repeal or do away with

昨日の法律は今日拘束力を持たない。しかし、沈黙は暗黙の同意とみなされ、主権者は、廃止し得る法律を廃止しない限り、絶えずその法律を承認しているとみなされる。

All that it has once declared itself to will it wills always, unless it revokes its declaration.

declaration (表明) [名] a formal statement about a fact or intention

主権者が一度意志を表明したことは、その表明を撤回しない限り、常に意志を表明したこととなる。

Why then is so much respect paid to old laws?

so much (それほど) [副] to such a great extent

pay (払う) [動] give (money) in exchange for a service or product

では、なぜ古い法律がそれほど尊重されるのか?

For this very reason.

for this very reason (まさにこの理由からである) [副] for this exact reason

まさにこの理由からである。

We must believe that nothing but the excellence of old acts of will can have preserved them so long: if the Sovereign had not recognised them as throughout salutary, it would have revoked them a thousand times.

excellence (卓越性) [名] the quality of being outstanding or extremely good

old (古い) [形] having lived or existed for a long time

so long (長い間) [副] for a long time

throughout (終始) [副] in or to every part of

salutary (有益な) [形] producing good effects

古い意志の行為の卓越性だけが、それらを長い間保存することができたと信じなければならない。主権者がそれらを終始有益なものとして認めなかったならば、それらを何千回も撤回していたであろう。

This is why, so far from growing weak, the laws continually gain new strength in any well constituted State; the precedent of antiquity makes them daily more venerable: while wherever the laws grow weak as they become old, this proves that there is no longer a legislative power, and that the State is dead.

grow weak (弱くなる) [動] become less strong

gain new strength (新たな力を得る) [動] become stronger

well constituted State (よく構成された国家) [名] a state that is well-organized

precedent (先例) [名] an earlier event or action that is regarded as an example or guide to be considered in subsequent similar circumstances

antiquity (古代) [名] the period of history in western civilization extending from about 500 BC to about AD 500

wherever (どこでも) [副] in or to whatever place

これが、法律が弱くなるどころか、よく構成された国家では常に新たな力を得ている理由である。古代の先例は、日々法律をより尊敬すべきものにしている。法律が古くなるにつれて弱くなるところはどこでも、もはや立法権が存在せず、国家が死んでいることを証明している。

CHAPTER XII: HOW THE SOVEREIGN AUTHORITY MAINTAINS ITSELF

SOVEREIGN AUTHORITY (主権権力) [名] the highest power in a state

第十二章: 主権権力がいかに維持されるか

The Sovereign, having no force other than the legislative power, acts only by means of the laws;

have no force (権力を持たない) [動] not have the power to do something

other than (以外の) [前] apart from; besides

主権者は、立法権以外の権力を持たないので、法律によってのみ行動する。

and the laws being solely the authentic acts of the general will, the Sovereign cannot act save when the people is assembled.

authentic (正当な) [形] of undisputed origin; genuine

save (以外は) [前] except; other than

そして、法律は一般意志の正当な行為にすぎないので、主権者は人民が集まったとき以外は行動できない。

The people in assembly, I shall be told, is a mere chimera.

chimera (幻想) [名] a thing that is hoped or wished for but in fact is illusory or impossible to achieve

集会を開いた人民は、単なる幻想だと言われるだろう。

It is so to-day, but two thousand years ago it was not so.

to-day (今日) [名] the present day

two thousand years ago (二千年前) [名] two thousand years before the present

not (そうではない) [副] a word that expresses negation or denial

今日ではそうかもしれないが、二千年前はそうではない。

Has man's nature changed?

人間の本性は変わったのだろうか?

The bounds of possibility, in moral matters, are less narrow than we imagine: it is our weaknesses, our vices and our prejudices that confine them.

bound (限界) [名] a limit on the extent of something

possibility (可能性) [名] the state or fact of being possible

imagine (想像する) [動] form a mental image or concept of

道徳的な事柄において、可能性の限界は我々が想像するほど狭くない。それを制限しているのは、我々の弱さ、悪徳、偏見である。

Base souls have no belief in great men;

base (卑劣な) [形] of little worth or value

have no belief in (信じない) [動] not believe in

卑劣な魂は偉大な人を信じない。

vile slaves smile in mockery at the name of liberty.

vile (卑劣な) [形] extremely unpleasant

smile (笑う) [動] to have a pleased, kind, or amused expression

mockery (嘲笑) [名] words or behavior that are intended to make fun of someone or something

卑劣な奴隷は自由という名を嘲笑する。

Let us judge of what can be done by what has been done.

be done (行われる) [動] be performed or accomplished

has been done (行われた) [動] be performed or accomplished

何ができるかを、これまでに行われたことから判断しよう。

I shall say nothing of the Republics of ancient Greece; but the Roman Republic was, to my mind, a great State, and the town of Rome a great town.

say nothing of (何も言わない) [動] not to mention

ancient Greece (古代ギリシャ) [名] the period of Greek history from the end of the Mycenaean civilization in the 12th century BC to the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC

great State (偉大な国家) [名] a large and powerful country

town of Rome (ローマの町) [名] the capital city of Italy

great town (偉大な町) [名] a large and important town

私は古代ギリシャの共和国については何も言わないが、ローマ共和国は私の考えでは偉大な国家であり、ローマの町は偉大な町であった。

The last census showed that there were in Rome four hundred thousand citizens capable of bearing arms, and the last computation of the population of the Empire showed over four million citizens, excluding subjects, foreigners, women, children and slaves.

census (国勢調査) [名] an official count or survey of a population

show (示される) [動] be or make visible

four hundred thousand (40万人) [数] 400,000

bear (携帯する) [動] carry

arm (武器) [名] a means (such as a weapon) of offense or defense

computation (計算) [名] the act or process of computing

over (以上) [前] more than

four million (400万人) [数] 4,000,000

exclude (除く) [動] keep or shut out

woman (女性) [名] an adult human female

最後の国勢調査では、ローマには武器を携帯できる市民が40万人いたことが示され、帝国の人口の最後の計算では、臣民、外国人、女性、子供、奴隷を除いて400万人以上の市民がいることが示された。

What difficulties might not be supposed to stand in the way of the frequent assemblage of the vast population of this capital and its neighbourhood.

stand in the way of (立ちはだかる) [動] be an obstacle to

assemblage (集まり) [名] a collection or gathering of people or things

capital (首都) [名] the city or town that functions as the seat of government and administrative centre of a country or region

neighbourhood (周辺) [名] the area around a place

この首都とその周辺の膨大な人口が頻繁に集まることに、どんな困難が立ちはだかるか想像もつかない。

Yet few weeks passed without the Roman people being in assembly, and even being so several times.

few weeks (数週間) [名] a small number of weeks

pass (過ぎる) [動] go by

Roman (ローマの) [形] of or relating to Rome or its people or culture

それでも、ローマの人々が集会を開かずに数週間が過ぎることはなく、何度も集会を開いていた。

It exercised not only the rights of Sovereignty, but also a part of those of government.

それは主権の権利だけでなく、政府の権利の一部を行使した。

It dealt with certain matters, and judged certain cases, and this whole people was found in the public meeting-place hardly less often as magistrates than as citizens.

case (事件) [名] an occurrence of something

meeting-place (集会所) [名] a place where people meet

それは特定の問題を扱い、特定の事件を裁き、この国民全体が市民としてよりも行政官として公の集会所に集まっていた。

If we went back to the earliest history of nations, we should find that most ancient governments, even those of monarchical form, such as the Macedonian and the Frankish, had similar councils.

earliest (最も古い) [形] occurring or done before the usual or expected time

Macedonian (マケドニア) [名] a person from Macedonia

Frankish (フランク) [名] a member of the Germanic peoples who conquered Gaul in the 6th century

国家の最も古い歴史を振り返ってみると、マケドニアやフランクのような君主制の政府でさえ、ほとんどの古代政府が同様の評議会を持っていたことがわかるだろう。

In any case, the one incontestable fact I have given is an answer to all difficulties;

answer (答え) [名] a reply to a question

いずれにせよ、私が挙げた唯一の議論の余地のない事実は、すべての困難に対する答えである。

it is good logic to reason from the actual to the possible.

logic (論理) [名] a particular mode of reasoning viewed as valid or faulty

現実から可能性を推論するのは良い論理である。

CHAPTER XIII: THE SAME (continued)

CHAPTER XIII (第十三章) [名] the thirteenth chapter

THE SAME (同上) [名] the same thing

continued (続き) [動] to carry on or keep up without stopping

第十三章: 同上(続き)

It is not enough for the assembled people to have once fixed the constitution of the State by giving its sanction to a body of law;

集まった人々が、法体系に制裁を与えることで国家の憲法を一度定めただけでは十分ではない。

it is not enough for it to have set up a perpetual government, or provided once for all for the election of magistrates.

perpetual (永続的な) [形] continuing forever or for a very long time

once for all (一度に) [副] once and for all; finally and conclusively

永続的な政府を樹立したり、行政官の選挙を一度に実施したりするだけでは十分ではない。

Besides the extraordinary assemblies unforeseen circumstances may demand, there must be fixed periodical assemblies which cannot be abrogated or prorogued, so that on the proper day the people is legitimately called together by law, without need of any formal summoning.

extraordinary assembly (臨時の集会) [名] a meeting of people for a special purpose

unforeseen circumstance (予期せぬ状況) [名] a situation that is not expected or planned for

fixed periodical assembly (定期的な集会) [名] a meeting of people that happens regularly

prorogue (延期する) [動] discontinue a session of a parliament or other legislative assembly without dissolving it

proper day (適切な日) [名] a day that is suitable for a particular purpose

legitimately (合法的に) [副] in a way that is allowed by the law

call together (召集する) [動] summon or order to come together

formal summoning (正式な召集) [名] an official request for someone to come to a place

予期せぬ状況が要求するかもしれない臨時の集会に加えて、廃止したり延期したりすることができない定期的な集会が定められなければならない。そうすれば、適切な日に、人々は正式な召集を必要とせずに、法律によって合法的に召集される。

But, apart from these assemblies authorised by their date alone, every assembly of the people not summoned by the magistrates appointed for that purpose, and in accordance with the prescribed forms, should be regarded as unlawful, and all its acts as null and void, because the command to assemble should itself proceed from the law.

apart from (別として) [前] except for

date (日付) [名] the day of the month or year as specified by a number

authorised (認められた) [動] give official permission for

appointed (任命された) [動] assign a job or role to

summoned (召集された) [動] officially call together

prescribed (定められた) [動] officially or legally require

unlawful (違法) [形] not conforming to or permitted by law

void (無効) [形] not valid or legally binding

proceed (出ている) [動] move forward or onward

しかし、日付だけで認められたこれらの集会は別として、その目的のために任命された行政官によって召集されず、また定められた形式に従っていない人民の集会はすべて違法とみなされ、そのすべての行為は無効とみなされるべきである。なぜなら、集会の命令自体が法律から出ているべきだからである。

The greater or less frequency with which lawful assemblies should occur depends on so many considerations that no exact rules about them can be given.

greater or less (程度) [名] the extent to which something is more or less

frequency (頻度) [名] the rate at which something occurs or is repeated over a particular period of time or in a given sample

lawful (合法的な) [形] being in accordance with the law

合法的な集会がどの程度の頻度で行われるべきかは、非常に多くの考慮事項に依存するため、それらに関する正確な規則を与えることはできない。

It can only be said generally that the stronger the government the more often should the Sovereign show itself.

the stronger (強ければ強いほど) [他] having more power or influence

the more often (より頻繁に) [他] more frequently

show (姿を現す) [動] be or become visible

一般的に言えるのは、政府が強ければ強いほど、主権者はより頻繁に姿を現すべきだということだけである。

This, I shall be told, may do for a single town;

do for (役立つ) [動] be of use to

これは、私に言わせれば、一つの町のためには役立つかもしれない。

but what is to be done when the State includes several?

しかし、国家が複数の町を含む場合はどうすればよいのか?

Is the sovereign authority to be divided?

主権は分割されるべきか?

Or is it to be concentrated in a single town to which all the rest are made subject?

それとも、残りのすべてが従属する一つの町に集中させるべきか?

Neither the one nor the other, I reply.

reply (答える) [動] say something in response

どちらも違う、と私は答える。

First, the sovereign authority is one and simple, and cannot be divided without being destroyed.

one (単一) [形] being or amounting to a single unit or individual

destroy (破壊) [動] cause so much damage to that it no longer exists or cannot be repaired

まず、主権は単一で単純であり、分割されれば破壊される。

In the second place, one town cannot, any more than one nation, legitimately be made subject to another, because the essence of the body politic lies in the reconciliation of obedience and liberty, and the words subject and Sovereign are identical correlatives the idea of which meets in the single word “citizen.”

reconciliation (調和) [名] the restoration of friendly relations

correlative (相関関係) [名] a thing that is related to another in a way that makes them interdependent

meet (集約される) [動] come together; join

第二に、一つの町は、一つの国と同じく、合法的に他の町に従属させられることはない。なぜなら、政治体の本質は服従と自由の調和にあるからであり、臣民と主権者という言葉は同一の相関関係にあり、その考えは「市民」という一語に集約されるからである。

I answer further that the union of several towns in a single city is always bad, and that, if we wish to make such a union, we should not expect to avoid its natural disadvantages.

expect (期待する) [動] regard something as likely to happen

さらに、私は、複数の町を一つにまとめるのは常に悪いことであり、もしそのような連合を作りたいのであれば、その自然な不利益を避けることを期待すべきではないと答える。

It is useless to bring up abuses that belong to great States against one who desires to see only small ones;

bring up (持ち出す) [動] to mention or introduce a topic

abuse (悪弊) [名] a corrupt practice or custom

小さな国家だけを見たいと望む人に対して、大国に属する悪弊を持ち出すことは無意味である。

but how can small States be given the strength to resist great ones, as formerly the Greek towns resisted the Great King, and more recently Holland and Switzerland have resisted the House of Austria?

recently (最近) [副] not long ago; in the near past

House of Austria (オーストリア家) [名] the dynasty that ruled the Austrian Empire and later the Austro-Hungarian Empire from 1282 to 1918

しかし、かつてギリシャの町々がペルシア王に抵抗し、最近ではオランダとスイスがオーストリア家に抵抗したように、小さな国家に大きな国家に抵抗する力を与えるにはどうすればよいだろうか。

Nevertheless, if the State cannot be reduced to the right limits, there remains still one resource;

right (適切な) [形] correct or proper

limit (範囲) [名] the final, utmost, or furthest point, degree, or amount of something

しかし、国家を適切な範囲に縮小できない場合でも、まだ一つの手段が残っている。

this is, to allow no capital, to make the seat of government move from town to town, and to assemble by turn in each the Provincial Estates of the country.

allow (認める) [動] to permit to be done or occur

move (移動する) [動] change position

assemble (集める) [動] come or bring together

それは、首都を認めず、政府の所在地を町から町へと移動させ、国の各地方議会を順番に集めることである。

People the territory evenly, extend everywhere the same rights, bear to every place in it abundance and life: by these means will the State become at once as strong and as well governed as possible.

people (住民で満たす) [動] inhabit

evenly (均等に) [副] in an equal manner

bear (もたらす) [動] carry or take

abundance (豊かさ) [名] a very large quantity of something

by these means (これらの手段によって) [副] in this way

as strong as possible (可能な限り強固で) [形] as strong as it is possible to be

as well governed as possible (可能な限りよく統治される) [形] as well governed as it is possible to be

領土を均等に住民で満たし、どこにでも同じ権利を広げ、その中のあらゆる場所に豊かさと生命をもたらす。これらの手段によって、国家はすぐに可能な限り強固で、よく統治されるようになるだろう。

Remember that the walls of towns are built of the ruins of the houses of the countryside.

remember (思い出す) [動] have in or be able to bring to one's mind an awareness of

wall (城壁) [名] a continuous vertical brick or stone structure that encloses or divides an area of land

countryside (田舎) [名] the land and scenery of a rural area

町の城壁は田舎の家の廃墟でできていることを思い出してほしい。

For every palace I see raised in the capital, my mind's eye sees a whole country made desolate.

palace (宮殿) [名] a large, impressive building, usually made of stone, which was historically built for a king or queen

mind's eye (心の目) [名] the ability to see things in the imagination

desolate (荒廃した) [形] uninhabited and in a state of ruin

首都に建てられた宮殿を見るたびに、私の心の目には国全体が荒廃しているのが見える。

CHAPTER XIV: THE SAME (continued)

CHAPTER XIV (第十四章) [名] the fourteenth chapter

第十四章: 同上(続き)

The moment the people is legitimately assembled as a sovereign body, the jurisdiction of the government wholly lapses, the executive power is suspended, and the person of the meanest citizen is as sacred and inviolable as that of the first magistrate;

jurisdiction (管轄権) [名] the official power to make legal decisions and judgments

lapse (失効する) [動] come to an end

suspend (停止される) [動] temporarily stop

meanest (最も卑しい) [形] of very low quality

inviolable (不可侵の) [形] that cannot or should not be violated or broken

人民が主権者として合法的に集まった瞬間に、政府の管轄権は完全に失効し、執行権は停止され、最も卑しい市民の身体も最高裁判官の身体と同じく神聖で不可侵となる。

for in the presence of the person represented, representatives no longer exist.

in the presence of (存在する場合には) [前] in front of

represented (代表される) [動] be a symbol or image of

representative (代表者) [名] a person who is a member of a legislative body

なぜなら、代表される者が存在する場合には、代表者はもはや存在しないからである。

Most of the tumults that arose in the comitia at Rome were due to ignorance or neglect of this rule.

most of (ほとんどの) [限] the majority of

tumult (騒動) [名] a state of confusion or disorder

comitia (民会) [名] a public assembly of the Roman people for the election of magistrates

ignorance (知らないこと) [名] the state of being unaware or uninformed

neglect (無視) [名] the state of being uncared for

ローマの民会で起こった騒動のほとんどは、この規則を知らないか無視したことが原因だった。

The consuls were in them merely the presidents of the people;

consul (執政官) [名] one of two annually elected chief magistrates of the Roman republic

president (議長) [名] the head of a republican state

執政官は、民会の議長にすぎなかった。

the tribunes were mere speakers;

tribune (護民官) [名] an official in ancient Rome appointed to protect the rights of the plebeians

speaker (代弁者) [名] a person who speaks

護民官は、単なる代弁者にすぎなかった。

the senate was nothing at all.

at all (全く) [副] in any way; to any extent

元老院は、何の役にも立たなかった。

These intervals of suspension, during which the prince recognises or ought to recognise an actual superior, have always been viewed by him with alarm;

suspension (中断) [名] the temporary stopping of something

alarm (警戒心) [名] a feeling of fear or worry that something bad is going to happen

君主が実際の優れた者を認めるか、認めるべきであるこれらの中断期間は、常に彼によって警戒心をもって見られてきた。

and these assemblies of the people, which are the aegis of the body politic and the curb on the government, have at all times been the horror of rulers:

aegis (庇護) [名] protection or support

curb (抑制) [名] something that checks, restrains, or limits

そして、政治体制の庇護であり、政府の抑制であるこれらの人民集会は、常に支配者にとって恐怖の的であった。

who therefore never spare pains, objections, difficulties, and promises, to stop the citizens from having them.

spare (惜しまない) [動] not use or give up

objection (異議) [名] an expression or statement of disapproval

そのため、市民がそれらを持つのを阻止するために、苦労、異議、困難、約束を惜しまない。

When the citizens are greedy, cowardly, and pusillanimous, and love ease more than liberty, they do not long hold out against the redoubled efforts of the government;

greedy (貪欲な) [形] having or showing a selfish desire for wealth or possessions

pusillanimous (小心な) [形] lacking courage and resolution

ease (安楽) [名] the state of being comfortable

hold out (抵抗する) [動] to continue to fight or resist

市民が貪欲で、臆病で、小心で、自由よりも安楽を愛する時、彼らは政府の倍加した努力に長く抵抗しない。

and thus, as the resisting force incessantly grows, the sovereign authority ends by disappearing, and most cities fall and perish before their time.

resisting force (抵抗する力) [名] a force that opposes the motion of an object

sovereign authority (主権者の権威) [名] the power of a state to govern itself or another state

disappear (消滅する) [動] cease to exist

fall (滅亡する) [動] be defeated or overthrown

こうして、抵抗する力が絶えず増大するにつれて、主権者の権威は消滅し、ほとんどの都市は時が来る前に滅亡する。

But between the sovereign authority and arbitrary government there sometimes intervenes a mean power of which something must be said.

sovereign authority (主権者) [名] a person or group of people with supreme authority

arbitrary government (独裁政府) [名] a government that is not limited by law

intervene (介在する) [動] come between so as to prevent or alter a result or course of events

mean power (中間の権力) [名] a power that is neither sovereign nor arbitrary

しかし、主権者と独裁政府の間には、時として中間の権力が介在することがある。

CHAPTER XV: DEPUTIES OR REPRESENTATIVES

deputy (代議員) [名] a person appointed to exercise authority on behalf of another

第十五章: 代議員または代表者

As soon as public service ceases to be the chief business of the citizens, and they would rather serve with their money than with their persons, the State is not far from its fall.

public service (公務) [名] a service provided by the government

rather (むしろ) [副] more readily or willingly

serve (奉仕する) [動] work as a servant

fall (滅亡) [名] the act of becoming lower or less

公務が市民の主要な仕事でなくなり、彼らが自分の身体よりも金で奉仕しようとするやいなや、国家は滅亡から遠くない。

When it is necessary to march out to war, they pay troops and stay at home: when it is necessary to meet in council, they name deputies and stay at home.

march out (出征する) [動] go out to fight in a war

stay at home (家に居る) [動] not go out

meet (出席する) [動] come together with someone by chance or arrangement

name (指名する) [動] give a name to

戦争に出征する必要がある時、彼らは軍隊に給料を払って家に居る。会議に出席する必要がある時、彼らは代議員を指名して家に居る。

By reason of idleness and money, they end by having soldiers to enslave their country and representatives to sell it.

idleness (怠惰) [名] the trait of being lazy or inactive

end (至る) [動] reach a final point

怠惰と金銭のために、彼らはついに国を奴隷にする兵士と国を売る代表者を持つに至る。

It is through the hustle of commerce and the arts, through the greedy self-interest of profit, and through softness and love of amenities that personal services are replaced by money payments.

hustle (喧騒) [名] a state of great activity or excitement

self-interest (利己主義) [名] the interest or advantage of oneself

amenity (快適さ) [名] a feature that makes a place pleasant, comfortable, or easy to live in

商業や芸術の喧騒、利益への貪欲な利己主義、そして快適さへの愛着や柔弱さによって、個人的な奉仕は金銭の支払いに取って代わられる。

Men surrender a part of their profits in order to have time to increase them at leisure.

leisure (余暇) [名] time when you are not working or doing other duties

人々は、余暇に利益を増やす時間を持つために、利益の一部を放棄する。

Make gifts of money, and you will not be long without chains.

金銭の贈り物をすれば、すぐに鎖につながれるだろう。

The word finance is a slavish word, unknown in the city-state.

finance (財政) [名] the management of money and other assets

slavish (奴隷の) [形] of or like a slave

city-state (都市国家) [名] an independent city that has its own government

財政という言葉は奴隷の言葉であり、都市国家では知られていない。

In a country that is truly free, the citizens do everything with their own arms and nothing by means of money;

truly (真に) [副] in a true manner

真に自由な国では、市民はすべてを自分の腕でやり、金銭によって何もしない。

so far from paying to be exempted from their duties, they would even pay for the privilege of fulfilling them themselves.

be exempted from (免除される) [動] be freed or excused from

even (さえ) [副] to an extent or degree beyond what is usual or expected

義務を免除されるために支払うどころか、彼らは義務を果たす特権のために支払うだろう。

I am far from taking the common view: I hold enforced labour to be less opposed to liberty than taxes.

view (見解) [名] a particular way of considering or regarding something; an attitude or opinion

enforced (強制的な) [形] compelled or imposed by force or authority

opposed (反対する) [動] be against or hostile to

tax (税金) [名] a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions

私は一般的な見解をとるには程遠い。私は強制労働は税金よりも自由に反対するものではないと考える。

The better the constitution of a State is, the more do public affairs encroach on private in the minds of the citizens.

the better (より良い) [形] to a higher standard or more advanced degree

encroach (侵害する) [動] intrude on

国家の憲法が優れているほど、市民の心の中で公務が私事を侵害する。

Private affairs are even of much less importance, because the aggregate of the common happiness furnishes a greater proportion of that of each individual, so that there is less for him to seek in particular cares.

private affair (私事) [名] a matter that is of concern to an individual

much less (より少ない) [副] to a smaller extent

common happiness (共通の幸福) [名] the happiness of all people

aggregate (総計) [名] a whole formed by combining several parts or members

particular care (特別な配慮) [名] special attention or consideration

私事はさらに重要性が低い。なぜなら、共通の幸福の総計が各個人の幸福のより大きな割合を占め、その人が特別な配慮を求める必要が減るからである。

In a well-ordered city every man flies to the assemblies: under a bad government no one cares to stir a step to get to them, because no one is interested in what happens there, because it is foreseen that the general will will not prevail, and lastly because domestic cares are all-absorbing.

well-ordered (秩序の整った) [形] having a good order

fly (参加する) [動] move through the air with wings or a winged structure

care (気にかける) [動] feel concern or interest

step (一歩) [名] the action of moving the foot forward

stir (踏み出す) [動] move or cause to move slightly

interested (興味がある) [形] having a feeling of wanting to know or learn about something or someone

prevail (勝つ) [動] be victorious or successful

domestic (家庭の) [形] of or relating to a home or family

care (心配事) [名] a cause of anxiety; a worry

秩序の整った都市では、誰もが集会に参加する。悪い政府の下では、誰もそこに何が起こるかに興味がないので、誰もそこにたどり着くために一歩を踏み出そうとしない。なぜなら、一般意志が勝たないことが予見されているからであり、最後に、家庭の心配事がすべてを吸収してしまうからである。

Good laws lead to the making of better ones;

lead to (つながる) [動] to be the cause of

make (制定) [動] to cause to exist or happen

良い法律はより良い法律の制定につながる。

bad ones bring about worse.

悪い法律はより悪い法律をもたらす。

As soon as any man says of the affairs of the State What does it matter to me?

誰かが国家の情勢について「私には関係ない」と言うとすぐに、

the State may be given up for lost.

give up (見なす) [動] to regard or consider in a specified way

lost (失われた) [形] no longer possessed or owned

その国家は失われたと見なされるかもしれない。

The lukewarmness of patriotism, the activity of private interest, the vastness of States, conquest and the abuse of government suggested the method of having deputies or representatives of the people in the national assemblies.

lukewarmness (冷淡さ) [名] the quality of being lukewarm

patriotism (愛国心) [名] love of one's country

private interest (私利私欲) [名] the interest of a private person

vastness (広大さ) [名] the quality of being vast

suggest (示唆する) [動] mention or introduce as a possibility

national assembly (国民議会) [名] the legislature of a nation

愛国心の冷淡さ、私利私欲の活動、国家の広大さ、征服、政府の横暴は、国民議会に人民の代理人や代表者を置く方法を示唆した。

These are what, in some countries, men have presumed to call the Third Estate.

これらは、いくつかの国で、人々が第三身分と呼ぶことを想定しているものである。

Thus the individual interest of two orders is put first and second;

こうして、二つの身分の個々の利益が第一と第二に置かれる。

the public interest occupies only the third place.

公益は第三の場所を占めるにすぎない。

Sovereignty, for the same reason as makes it inalienable, cannot be represented;

be represented (代表される) [動] be a symbol or image of

主権は、それを不可譲にするのと同じ理由で、代表することができない。

it lies essentially in the general will, and will does not admit of representation: it is either the same, or other;

representation (代表) [名] the action of speaking or acting on behalf of someone or the state of being so represented

それは本質的に一般意志にあるが、意志は代表を認めない。それは同じか、そうでないかのどちらかである。

there is no intermediate possibility.

中間の可能性はない。

The deputies of the people, therefore, are not and cannot be its representatives: they are merely its stewards, and can carry through no definitive acts.

steward (管理人) [名] a person who manages another's property or financial affairs

carry through (行う) [動] to complete or finish

definitive (決定的な) [形] decisive or final

したがって、人民の代理人は、その代表者ではなく、またそうであることができない。彼らは単にその管理人であり、決定的な行為を行うことはできない。

Every law the people has not ratified in person is null and void—is, in fact, not a law.

ratify (批准する) [動] confirm or give formal consent to

人民が自ら批准していないすべての法律は無効であり、事実上、法律ではない。

The people of England regards itself as free;

イギリスの人民は、自分たちが自由だと思っている。

but it is grossly mistaken; it is free only during the election of members of parliament.

grossly (大きく) [副] to a very large extent

mistaken (間違っている) [形] wrong in one's opinion or judgment

しかし、それは大きな間違いである。彼らは国会議員の選挙の間だけ自由なのである。

As soon as they are elected, slavery overtakes it, and it is nothing.

elect (選出する) [動] choose or select by voting

overtake (襲う) [動] catch up with and pass

議員が選出されるとすぐに、奴隷制が彼らを襲い、彼らは無に帰す。

The use it makes of the short moments of liberty it enjoys shows indeed that it deserves to lose them.

彼らが享受する短い自由の瞬間の使い方は、確かに彼らがそれを失うに値することを示している。

The idea of representation is modern;

代表制という考えは近代的なものである。

it comes to us from feudal government, from that iniquitous and absurd system which degrades humanity and dishonours the name of man.

feudal (封建的な) [形] relating to or characteristic of a system of feudalism

iniquitous (不道徳な) [形] grossly unjust or unfair

humanity (人類) [名] all human beings collectively

dishonour (汚す) [動] bring shame or disgrace to

それは封建政府から、人類を堕落させ、人間の名を汚す不道徳で不条理な制度から来ている。

In ancient republics and even in monarchies, the people never had representatives;

古代共和国や君主制においてさえ、人民は代表者を持たなかった。

the word itself was unknown.

その言葉自体が知られていなかった。

It is very singular that in Rome, where the tribunes were so sacrosanct, it was never even imagined that they could usurp the functions of the people, and that in the midst of so great a multitude they never attempted to pass on their own authority a single plebiscitum.

sacrosanct (神聖視される) [形] regarded as too important or valuable to be interfered with

plebiscitum (プレビシタム) [名] a law enacted by the common people of ancient Rome

護民官が非常に神聖視されていたローマでは、彼らが人民の機能を奪うことができるとは想像もされなかったし、また、彼らが非常に多くの人々の中で、自分たちの権限で単一のプレビシタムを通過させようとしたことは一度もなかったというのは、非常に特異なことだ。

We can, however, form an idea of the difficulties caused sometimes by the people being so numerous, from what happened in the time of the Gracchi, when some of the citizens had to cast their votes from the roofs of buildings.

form an idea (考えを形成する) [動] to create a thought or concept

numerous (非常に多い) [形] very many

what happened (起こったこと) [名] an event or occurrence

the Gracchi (グラックス兄弟) [名] two Roman brothers who were political reformers

cast a vote (投票する) [動] to give or register a vote

roof (屋上) [名] the structure forming the upper covering of a building or vehicle

しかし、グラックス兄弟の時代に起こった、一部の市民が建物の屋上から投票しなければならなかったことから、人々が非常に多いことによって時々生じる困難について、私たちは考えを形成することができる。

Where right and liberty are everything, disadvantages count for nothing.

count for nothing (何も意味がない) [動] be of no importance or significance

権利と自由がすべてであるところでは、不利な点は何も意味がない。

Among this wise people everything was given its just value, its lictors were allowed to do what its tribunes would never have dared to attempt;

value (価値) [名] the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something

この賢明な国民の間では、すべてに正当な価値が与えられ、護民官が決してあえて試みようとしなかったことを、そのリクトルたちが行うことができた。

for it had no fear that its lictors would try to represent it.

have no fear (恐れることはなかった) [動] not be afraid

lictor (リクトル) [名] an ancient Roman official who carried the fasces and accompanied the chief magistrates

なぜなら、そのリクトルたちがそれを代表しようとするのではないかと恐れることはなかったからだ。

To explain, however, in what way the tribunes did sometimes represent it, it is enough to conceive how the government represents the Sovereign.

しかし、護民官が時々それをどのように代表していたかを説明するには、政府が主権者をどのように代表しているかを理解すれば十分である。

Law being purely the declaration of the general will, it is clear that, in the exercise of the legislative power, the people cannot be represented;

法律は純粋に一般意志の宣言であるから、立法権の行使において人民が代表され得ないことは明らかである。

but in that of the executive power, which is only the force that is applied to give the law effect, it both can and should be represented.

give effect (効力を与える) [動] make something effective or valid

しかし、執行権の行使においては、それは法律に効力を与えるために適用される力にすぎないので、人民は代表されることができ、また代表されるべきである。

We thus see that if we looked closely into the matter we should find that very few nations have any laws.

look closely into (綿密に調べる) [動] examine carefully

こうして、この問題を綿密に調べれば、法律を持つ国はほとんどないことがわかるだろう。

However that may be, it is certain that the tribunes, possessing no executive power, could never represent the Roman people by right of the powers entrusted to them, but only by usurping those of the senate.

however that may be (いずれにせよ) [副] in any case

Roman people (ローマ人民) [名] the people of ancient Rome

いずれにせよ、護民官は執行権を持たなかったので、彼らに委ねられた権限の権利によってローマ人民を代表することはできず、元老院の権限を奪うことによってのみ代表することができたのは確かである。

In Greece, all that the people had to do, it did for itself;

Greece (ギリシャ) [名] a country in southeastern Europe

ギリシャでは、人民がしなければならないことはすべて、人民自身が行った。

it was constantly assembled in the public square.

public square (公共広場) [名] an open area in a town or city

人民は常に公共広場に集まっていた。

The Greeks lived in a mild climate;

mild (温暖な) [形] not very cold or hot

ギリシャ人は温暖な気候に住んでいた。

they had no natural greed;

greed (貪欲) [名] a selfish and excessive desire for more of something (such as money) than is needed

彼らは生来貪欲ではなかった。

slaves did their work for them;

work (仕事) [名] an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result

奴隷が彼らの仕事を代わりに行った。

their great concern was with liberty.

concern (関心事) [名] a matter of interest or importance to someone

彼らの最大の関心事は自由だった。

Lacking the same advantages, how can you preserve the same rights?

同じ利点がなければ、どうやって同じ権利を守れるのか?

Your severer climates add to your needs;

severer (厳しい) [形] very great; intense

add to (増やす) [動] increase the amount or number of

厳しい気候があなた方の必要を増やす。

for half the year your public squares are uninhabitable;

for half the year (一年の半分) [名] for six months

uninhabitable (住めない) [形] not fit for living in

一年の半分は公共広場は住めない。

the flatness of your languages unfits them for being heard in the open air;

flatness (単調さ) [名] the quality of being flat

language (言語) [名] a system of communication using sounds or symbols that have meaning

unfit (適していない) [形] not suitable or appropriate

open air (野外) [名] the space outside of buildings

あなた方の言語の単調さは、野外で聞くのに適していない。

you sacrifice more for profit than for liberty, and fear slavery less than poverty.

poverty (貧困) [名] the state of being extremely poor

あなた方は自由よりも利益のために多くを犠牲にし、貧困よりも奴隷制を恐れる。

What then? Is liberty maintained only by the help of slavery?

what then (では、どうなのか) [間] what is the conclusion to be drawn from this

では、どうなのか? 自由は奴隷制の助けによってのみ維持されるのか?

It may be so.

そうかもしれない。

Extremes meet.

extreme (両極端) [名] the highest or lowest point or degree of something

両極端は出会う。

Everything that is not in the course of nature has its disadvantages, civil society most of all.

course (道理) [名] the natural or proper order of things

civil society (市民社会) [名] the aggregate of non-governmental organizations and institutions that manifest interests and will of citizens

自然の道理に従わないものはすべて欠点があり、市民社会はとりわけそうである。

There are some unhappy circumstances in which we can only keep our liberty at others' expense, and where the citizen can be perfectly free only when the slave is most a slave.

私たちが他人を犠牲にしてのみ自由を保つことができる不幸な状況があり、奴隷が最も奴隷であるときにのみ市民が完全に自由になることができる。

Such was the case with Sparta.

be the case (そうである) [動] be the situation

スパルタがそうだった。

As for you, modern peoples, you have no slaves, but you are slaves yourselves;

as for (~については) [前] with regard to; concerning

yourself (あなた方自身) [代] used to emphasize that you are doing something

あなた方、現代の人々は、奴隷はいないが、あなた方自身が奴隷である。

you pay for their liberty with your own.

あなた方は彼らの自由のために自分自身の自由を支払っている。

It is in vain that you boast of this preference;

in vain (無駄に) [副] to no purpose; without effect

boast (自慢する) [動] speak too proudly about oneself or one's achievements

あなた方がこの選択を自慢しても無駄である。

I find in it more cowardice than humanity.

humanity (人間性) [名] the quality of being human

私はそこに人間性よりも臆病さを見出す。

I do not mean by all this that it is necessary to have slaves, or that the right of slavery is legitimate:

all this (これらすべて) [名] all of this

私はこれらすべてによって、奴隷を持つことが必要であるとか、奴隷制の権利が合法であるということを意味しているわけではない。

I am merely giving the reasons why modern peoples, believing themselves to be free, have representatives, while ancient peoples had none.

none (誰もいない) [代] not any of the people or things previously mentioned; no one or nothing

私は単に、自分たちが自由であると信じている現代人が代表者を持ち、古代人は代表者を持たなかった理由を述べているにすぎない。

In any case, the moment a people allows itself to be represented, it is no longer free: it no longer exists.

いずれにせよ、国民が代表されることを許した瞬間、国民はもはや自由ではなく、もはや存在しない。

All things considered, I do not see that it is possible henceforth for the Sovereign to preserve among us the exercise of its rights, unless the city is very small.

all things considered (あらゆることを考慮すると) [副] taking everything into account

do not see (思えない) [動] fail to understand

it is possible (可能である) [形] able to be done

henceforth (今後) [副] from this time on

for the Sovereign (主権者にとって) [名] a supreme ruler

to preserve (維持する) [動] keep in its original state

among us (私たちの間で) [前] in the middle of

the exercise of its rights (その権利の行使) [名] the use of a right or power

the city (都市) [名] a large human settlement

あらゆることを考慮すると、都市が非常に小さくない限り、主権者が私たちの間でその権利の行使を維持することが今後可能であるとは思えない。

But if it is very small, it will be conquered?

しかし、それが非常に小さい場合、それは征服されるだろうか?

No. I will show later on how the external strength of a great people may be combined with the convenient polity and good order of a small State.

no (いいえ) [間] a negative response

show (説明する) [動] make something clear or easy to understand

external (外的な) [形] of or relating to the outside

いいえ。偉大な国民の外的な強さと、小国の便利な政治体制と秩序をどのように組み合わせることができるかについては、後で説明する。

CHAPTER XVI: THAT THE INSTITUTION OF GOVERNMENT IS NOT A CONTRACT

第16章: 政府の制度は契約ではない

The legislative power once well established, the next thing is to establish similarly the executive power;

well established (確立される) [動] be established firmly

next (次) [形] coming immediately after the time being considered

立法権がいったん確立されると、次は同様に執行権を確立することである。

for this latter, which operates only by particular acts, not being of the essence of the former, is naturally separate from it.

operate (機能する) [動] be in effect or in force

separate (分離する) [動] make or keep apart

後者は、前者の本質ではなく、特定の行為によってのみ機能するため、当然のことながら前者とは分離されている。

Were it possible for the Sovereign, as such, to possess the executive power, right and fact would be so confounded that no one could tell what was law and what was not;

be possible for (が可能である) [動] be able to be done or achieved

be confounded (混乱する) [動] be confused or puzzled

主権者が執行権を持つことが可能であれば、権利と事実は混乱し、何が法律で何が法律でないのか誰にも分からなくなるだろう。

and the body politic, thus disfigured, would soon fall a prey to the violence it was instituted to prevent.

disfigure (変形させる) [動] spoil the appearance of

fall prey to (餌食になる) [動] be harmed or killed by

そして、このように変形した政治体は、すぐにそれを防ぐために制定された暴力の餌食になるだろう。

As the citizens, by the social contract, are all equal, all can prescribe what all should do, but no one has a right to demand that another shall do what he does not do himself.

shall (する) [助] will

社会契約によって市民はすべて平等であるため、誰もが何をすべきかを規定できるが、誰も自分がしていないことを他人に要求する権利はない。

It is strictly this right, which is indispensable for giving the body politic life and movement, that the Sovereign, in instituting the government, confers upon the prince.

strictly (厳密に) [副] in a strict manner

indispensable (不可欠な) [形] absolutely necessary

主権者が政府を制定する際に君主に与える権利は、厳密に言えば、政治体に生命と運動を与えるために不可欠なこの権利である。

It has been held that this act of establishment was a contract between the people and the rulers it sets over itself.—a contract in which conditions were laid down between the two parties binding the one to command and the other to obey.

set (置く) [動] put something in a certain place

この設立行為は、国民とその上に置かれた支配者との間の契約であり、一方が命令し、他方が従うことを義務付ける条件が両者の間に定められた契約であると考えられてきた。

It will be admitted, I am sure, that this is an odd kind of contract to enter into.

これが奇妙な契約であることは認められるだろう。

But let us see if this view can be upheld.

uphold (支持する) [動] maintain or defend

しかし、この見解が支持できるかどうかを見てみよう。

First, the supreme authority can no more be modified than it can be alienated;

no more (これ以上ない) [副] not any more; not any longer

be modified (変更される) [動] be changed

than (よりも) [接] used to introduce the second element in a comparison

be alienated (譲渡される) [動] be transferred to another

第一に、最高権力は譲渡できないのと同様に変更することもできない。

to limit it is to destroy it.

それを制限することは、それを破壊することである。

It is absurd and contradictory for the Sovereign to set a superior over itself;

absurd (不合理な) [形] ridiculously unreasonable, unsound, or incongruous

superior (上位の者) [名] a person who is higher in rank, status, or quality than another

主権者が自分より上位の者を置くことは、不合理で矛盾している。

to bind itself to obey a master would be to return to absolute liberty.

主権者が主人に従うことを義務付けることは、絶対的自由に戻ることである。

Moreover, it is clear that this contract between the people and such and such persons would be a particular act;

such and such (誰か特定の) [形] of a particular kind that is not specified

さらに、人民と誰か特定の人物との間の契約は、個別の行為であることは明らかである。

and from this it follows that it can be neither a law nor an act of Sovereignty, and that consequently it would be illegitimate.

it follows that (わかる) [動] it is clear that

そして、このことから、それは法律でも主権の行為でもあり得ず、結果として非合法であることがわかる。

It is plain too that the contracting parties in relation to each other would be under the law of nature alone and wholly without guarantees of their mutual undertakings, a position wholly at variance with the civil state.

under the law (法の下) [名] governed by the law

alone (のみ) [副] only; solely

mutual undertaking (相互の約束) [名] a promise made by two or more parties to each other

at variance with (と異なる) [前] different from

契約当事者は、互いの関係において、自然法のみの下にあり、相互の約束の保証が全くないことも明らかであり、これは市民国家とは全く異なる立場である。

He who has force at his command being always in a position to control execution, it would come to the same thing if the name “contract” were given to the act of one man who said to another;

have force at one's command (権力を掌握している) [動] have the power to control or direct

in a position to (立場にある) [動] be able to

come to the same thing (同じことになる) [動] have the same result or outcome

権力を掌握している者は、常に執行を管理する立場にあるので、ある人が別の人に「契約」という名前を与えたとしても、同じことになる。

“I give you all my goods, on condition that you give me back as much of them as you please.”

good (持ち物) [名] a thing that is yours

on condition that (その代わり) [接] with the stipulation that

as much as (好きなだけ) [副] to the extent or degree that

please (喜ぶ) [動] cause to be happy or satisfied

「私は自分の持ち物をすべてあなたに差し上げます。その代わり、あなたが好きなだけ私に返してください。」

There is only one contract in the State, and that is the act of association, which in itself excludes the existence of a second.

国家にはただ一つの契約しかなく、それは連合の行為であり、それ自体が第二の契約の存在を排除する。

It is impossible to conceive of any public contract that would not be a violation of the first.

conceive (想像する) [動] form a mental image of something that does not exist or that is not present

public contract (公契約) [名] a contract between a government and a private entity

最初の契約に違反しない公契約を想像することは不可能である。

CHAPTER XVII: THE INSTITUTION OF GOVERNMENT

第17章: 政府の制度

Under what general idea then should the act by which government is instituted be conceived as falling?

fall (分類される) [動] be included or placed in a category

では、政府が設立される行為は、どのような一般的な考えの下に分類されるべきだろうか?

I will begin by stating that the act is complex, as being composed of two others—the establishment' of the law and its execution.

complex (複雑な) [形] having many parts and being difficult to understand

compose (成り立つ) [動] be made up of

まず、この行為は、法律の制定とその執行という二つの行為から成り立っているため、複雑なものであることを述べておきたい。

By the former, the Sovereign decrees that there shall be a governing body established in this or that form;

by the former (前者によって) [名] the first of two things mentioned

decree (命じる) [動] issue a decree or order

governing body (統治機関) [名] a group of people with authority to govern

establish (設立する) [動] set up on a firm or permanent basis

前者によって、主権者は、この形態またはあの形態で統治機関が設立されることを命じる。

this act is clearly a law.

この行為は明らかに法律である。

By the latter, the people nominates the rulers who are to be entrusted with the government that has been established.

後者によって、国民は、設立された政府を委任される統治者を指名する。

This nomination, being a particular act, is clearly not a second law, but merely a consequence of the first and a function of government.

nomination (指名) [名] the action of officially choosing someone for a job or position

この指名は、特定の行為であるため、明らかに第二の法律ではなく、単に第一の法律の結果であり、政府の機能である。

The difficulty is to understand how there can be a governmental act before government exists, and how the people, which is only Sovereign or subject, can, under certain circumstances, become a prince or magistrate.

難しいのは、政府が存在する前にどのように政府の行為があり得るのか、そして、主権者または臣民にすぎない国民が、特定の状況下でどのように君主または行政官になることができるのかを理解することである。

It is at this point that there is revealed one of the astonishing properties of the body politic, by means of which it reconciles apparently contradictory operations;

at this point (この時点で) [副] at this moment in time

reveal (明らかにする) [動] make known or public

astonishing (驚くべき) [形] causing a great deal of surprise or wonder

property (性質) [名] a quality or feature belonging typically to a person, place, or thing and serving to identify it

reconcile (調和させる) [動] make or become friendly again after an argument or disagreement

apparently (明らかに) [副] used to convey that something is obvious or easily perceived

operation (活動) [名] an action that is carried out

この時点で、政治体制の驚くべき性質の1つが明らかになり、それによって明らかに矛盾する活動を調和させる。

for this is accomplished by a sudden conversion of Sovereignty into democracy, so that, without sensible change, and merely by virtue of a new relation of all to all, the citizens become magistrates and pass from general to particular acts, from legislation to the execution of the law.

accomplish (達成する) [動] to succeed in doing something

conversion (転換) [名] a change from one thing to another

so that (それによって) [接] with the result that

virtue (おかげ) [名] a good or moral quality

なぜなら、これは主権の民主主義への突然の転換によって達成されるからであり、それによって、賢明な変化なしに、そして単にすべてとすべての新しい関係のおかげで、市民は行政官となり、一般的な行為から特定の行為へと、立法から法律の執行へと移行する。

This changed relation is no speculative subtlety without instances in practice: it happens every day in the English Parliament, where, on certain occasions, the Lower House resolves itself into Grand Committee, for the better discussion of affairs, and thus, from being at one moment a sovereign court, becomes at the next a mere commission;

speculative (思弁的な) [形] involving or based on a theory rather than practical experience

subtlety (微妙さ) [名] the quality of being difficult to understand or describe

practice (実際に) [名] the actual application or use of an idea, belief, or method

English Parliament (英国議会) [名] the legislature of the United Kingdom

Lower House (下院) [名] the lower house of a bicameral legislature

Grand Committee (大委員会) [名] a committee of the whole House of Commons

discussion (議論) [名] a conversation or debate about a particular topic

thus (したがって) [副] as a result or consequence of this; therefore

one moment (ある瞬間) [名] a very brief period of time

court (裁判所) [名] a place where people are tried for crimes

この変化した関係は、実際には例のない思弁的な微妙さではない。それは英国議会で毎日起こっており、そこでは、特定の機会に、下院は事柄のより良い議論のために大委員会に自らを解決し、したがって、ある瞬間に主権裁判所であることから、次の瞬間には単なる委員会になる。

so that subsequently it reports to itself, as House of Commons, the result of its proceedings in Grand Committee, and debates over again under one name what it has already settled under another.

House of Commons (下院) [名] the lower house of the British parliament

settle (決着する) [動] reach an agreement about something

その後、下院として大委員会での議事録の結果を報告し、すでに別の委員会で決着した内容を1つの名称で再び議論する。

It is, indeed, the peculiar advantage of democratic government that it can be established in actuality by a simple act of the general will.

peculiar (独特の) [形] strange or unusual

democratic government (民主主義政府) [名] a system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state

actuality (現実) [名] the state or quality of being actual or real

実際、民主主義政府の独特の利点は、一般意志の単純な行為によって実際に確立できることである。

Subsequently, this provisional government remains in power, if this form is adopted, or else establishes in the name of the Sovereign the government that is prescribed by law;

provisional (暫定的な) [形] arranged or existing for the present, possibly to be changed later

else (そうでなければ) [接] if not; otherwise

その後、この暫定政府は、この形式が採用された場合は権力を維持し、そうでなければ主権者の名において法律で定められた政府を設立する。

and thus the whole proceeding is regular.

proceeding (手続き) [名] a course of action

regular (正規の) [形] conforming to a standard or norm

こうして、すべての手続きが正規のものとなる。

It is impossible to set up government in any other manner legitimately and in accordance with the principles so far laid down.

any other manner (他の方法) [名] a different way

これまでに定められた原則に従って合法的に政府を設立することは、他の方法では不可能である。

CHAPTER XVIII: HOW TO CHECK THE USURPATIONS OF GOVERNMENT

CHAPTER XVIII (第十八章) [名] the eighteenth chapter

HOW TO CHECK (抑制する方法) [名] a way to control or restrain

第十八章: 政府の横領を抑制する方法

What we have just said confirms Chapter XVI, and makes it clear that the institution of government is not a contract, but a law;

what we have just said (これまで述べてきたこと) [名] the things that we have said

confirms (裏付ける) [動] provide support for

makes it clear (明らかにする) [動] make something easy to understand

これまで述べてきたことは第十六章を裏付けるものであり、政府の制度は契約ではなく法律であることを明らかにしている。

that the depositaries of the executive power are not the people's masters, but its officers;

officer (役人) [名] a person who has a position of authority in an organization

執行権の保管者は人民の主人ではなく、その役人であること。

that it can set them up and pull them down when it likes;

set up (任命する) [動] to establish or create

pull down (解任する) [動] to remove from a position of power or authority

like (好む) [動] to find agreeable or attractive

人民は好きなときに役人を任命したり解任したりできること。

that for them there is no question of contract, but of obedience;

for them (役人にとって) [前] for the benefit of them

役人にとって契約の問題ではなく、服従の問題であること。

and that in taking charge of the functions the State imposes on them they are doing no more than fulfilling their duty as citizens, without having the remotest right to argue about the conditions.

take charge of (担当する) [動] be in charge of; be responsible for

function (職務) [名] an activity or task that is performed or expected of a person or thing

argue (議論する) [動] exchange diverging or opposite views, typically in a heated or angry way

国家が課す職務を担当するにあたって、役人は条件について議論する権利を全く持たずに、市民としての義務を果たしているにすぎないこと。

When therefore the people sets up an hereditary government, whether it be monarchical and confined to one family, or aristocratic and confined to a class, what it enters into is not an undertaking;

hereditary (世襲) [形] passed down from parent to child

aristocratic (貴族制) [形] relating to or characteristic of the aristocracy

したがって、人民が世襲政府を樹立する時、それが君主制で一つの家系に限定されるものであれ、貴族制で一つ階級に限定されるものであれ、人民が結ぶのは契約ではない。

the administration is given a provisional form, until the people chooses to order it otherwise.

人民が別の命令を下すまで、行政は暫定的な形態を与えられる。

It is true that such changes are always dangerous, and that the established government should never be touched except when it comes to be incompatible with the public good;

established (確立された) [形] having been in existence for a long time and therefore recognized and generally accepted

public good (公益) [名] something that is beneficial for the public

確かに、そのような変化は常に危険であり、確立された政府は公益と相容れなくなった場合を除いて決して触れられるべきではない。

but the circumspection this involves is a maxim of policy and not a rule of right, and the State is no more bound to leave civil authority in the hands of its rulers than military authority in the hands of its generals.

circumspection (慎重さ) [名] the quality of being careful and cautious

bind (義務がある) [動] place under a legal or moral obligation

military (軍事) [形] of or relating to the armed forces

general (将軍) [名] the highest rank of officer in the armed forces

しかし、これに伴う慎重さは政策の格言であり、権利の規則ではなく、国家は軍事権限を将軍の手に委ねる以上に、統治者の手に市民権限を委ねる義務はない。

It is also true that it is impossible to be too careful to observe, in such cases, all the formalities necessary to distinguish a regular and legitimate act from a seditious tumult, and the will of a whole people from the clamour of a faction.

be true (事実である) [動] be in accordance with fact or reality

be impossible (不可能である) [動] not able to occur, exist, or be done

be careful (注意を払う) [動] taking care to avoid harm or risk

whole (全体の) [形] all of; entire

このような場合には、正規の合法的な行為と扇動的な騒動、国民全体の意志と派閥の叫びとを区別するために必要なすべての手続きを遵守することに細心の注意を払うことは不可能であることも事実である。

Here above all no further concession should be made to the untoward possibility than cannot, in the strictest logic, be refused it.

above all (何よりも) [副] more than anything else

no further (それ以上の) [形] not any more

concession (譲歩) [名] a thing that is granted, especially in response to demands

be made (される) [動] be created or produced

untoward (不都合な) [形] inconvenient or unlucky

be refused (拒否される) [動] be denied or rejected

ここでは、何よりも、最も厳密な論理では拒否できない不都合な可能性に対して、それ以上の譲歩をしてはならない。

From this obligation the prince derives a great advantage in preserving his power despite the people, without it being possible to say he has usurped it;

derive (得る) [動] receive or obtain

この義務から、君主は、人民をよそに権力を保持する上で大きな利益を得るが、それを簒奪したと言うことはできない。

for, seeming to avail himself only of his rights, he finds it very easy to extend them, and to prevent, under the pretext of keeping the peace, assemblies that are destined to the re-establishment of order;

avail oneself of (利用する) [動] to make use of

pretext (口実) [名] a reason that is given in order to hide the real reason for something

re-establishment (再確立) [名] the act of establishing something again

なぜなら、彼は自分の権利だけを利用しているように見えるので、それを拡大し、秩序の再確立を目的とした集会を平和維持を口実に阻止することが非常に簡単だと気づくからである。

with the result that he takes advantage of a silence he does not allow to be broken, or of irregularities he causes to be committed, to assume that he has the support of those whom fear prevents from speaking, and to punish those who dare to speak.

take advantage of (利用する) [動] make good use of

irregularity (不正行為) [名] something that is not regular

support (支持) [名] the action of approving of and encouraging someone or something

その結果、彼は破ることを許さない沈黙や、彼が犯させた不正行為を利用して、恐怖が話すことを妨げる人々の支持を得ていると思い込み、あえて話す人々を罰する。

Thus it was that the decemvirs, first elected for one year and then kept on in office for a second, tried to perpetuate their power by forbidding the comitia to assemble;

first (最初に) [副] before any other person or thing

one year (一年) [名] a period of 365 or 366 days

second (二年目) [名] a unit of time equal to 60 seconds

keep on (在任する) [動] continue in a specified condition, state, or activity

forbid (禁じる) [動] order (someone) not to do something

こうして、最初に一年任期で選出され、その後二年目も在任した十人委員会は、民会が集まるのを禁じて権力を永続させようとした。

and by this easy method every government in the world, once clothed with the public power, sooner or later usurps the sovereign authority.

easy (簡単な) [形] able to be achieved without great effort

そして、この簡単な方法によって、世界のあらゆる政府は、いったん公権力を身にまとえば、遅かれ早かれ主権を簒奪する。

The periodical assemblies of which I have already spoken are designed to prevent or postpone this calamity, above all when they need no formal summoning;

periodical (定期的な) [形] happening or appearing at regular intervals

私がすでに述べた定期的な集会は、とりわけ正式な召集を必要としない場合には、この災難を防ぎ、あるいは延期することを目的としている。

for in that case, the prince cannot stop them without openly declaring himself a law-breaker and an enemy of the State.

openly (公然と) [副] in a way that is not hidden

law-breaker (法の破壊者) [名] a person who breaks the law

なぜなら、その場合、君主は公然と自らを法の破壊者であり、国家の敵であると宣言することなしに、それらを止めることができないからである。

The opening of these assemblies, whose sole object is the maintenance of the social treaty, should always take the form of putting two propositions that may not be suppressed, which should be voted on separately.

opening (開会) [名] the beginning of something

take the form of (の形をとる) [動] to have a particular appearance or structure

put (提出する) [動] to move something to a particular place

proposition (提案) [名] a statement or plan that is put forward for consideration

separately (別々に) [副] not together; apart

社会契約の維持を唯一の目的とするこれらの集会の開会は、常に、抑圧されてはならない二つの提案を提出する形をとるべきであり、それらは別々に投票されるべきである。

The first is: “Does it please the Sovereign to preserve the present form of government?”

一つ目は、「主権者は現在の政府の形態を維持することを望むか?」である。

The second is: “Does it please the people to leave its administration in the hands of those who are actually in charge of it?”

charge (担当) [名] the action or an act of taking care of something or someone

二つ目は、「国民は、その運営を実際に担当している人々の手に委ねることを望むか?」である。

I am here assuming what I think I have shown;

私はここで、私が示したと思うことを仮定している。

that there is in the State no fundamental law that cannot be revoked, not excluding the social compact itself;

国家には、社会契約そのものを除いて、撤回できない基本法は存在しない。

for if all the citizens assembled of one accord to break the compact, it is impossible to doubt that it would be very legitimately broken.

one accord (合意) [名] a concurrence of wills

break (破棄する) [動] cause to come apart by force

doubt (疑う) [動] be uncertain about

なぜなら、もしすべての市民が合意して契約を破棄するために集まったならば、それが非常に合法的に破棄されることを疑うことは不可能だからである。

Grotius even thinks that each man can renounce his membership of his own State, and recover his natural liberty and his goods on leaving the country.

membership (構成員) [名] the state or fact of being a member of a group

グロティウスは、各人が自分の国の構成員であることを放棄し、国を離れることで自然の自由と財産を取り戻すことができるとさえ考えている。

It would be indeed absurd if all the citizens in assembly could not do what each can do by himself.

各自が単独でできることを、集会で市民全員が行えないとしたら、確かに不条理であろう。

BOOK IV

第四篇

CHAPTER I: THAT THE GENERAL WILL IS INDESTRUCTIBLE

indestructible (破壊不可能) [形] not able to be destroyed

第一章: 一般意志は破壊不可能であること

As long as several men in assembly regard themselves as a single body, they have only a single will which is concerned with their common preservation and general well-being.

集会中の多数の人々が自分たちを単一の身体と見なす限り、彼らは共通の保存と一般的な福祉に関わる単一の意志しか持たない。

In this case, all the springs of the State are vigorous and simple and its rules clear and luminous;

spring (原動力) [名] a source of supply

vigorous (活発な) [形] strong and active

luminous (明快な) [形] bright or shining

この場合、国家のすべての原動力は活発で単純であり、その規則は明確で明快である。

there are no embroilments or conflicts of interests;

embroilment (争い) [名] a state of confusion or disorder

conflict (対立) [名] a state of opposition between persons or ideas or interests

利害の争いや対立はない。

the common good is everywhere clearly apparent, and only good sense is needed to perceive it.

apparent (現れる) [形] readily perceived or understood

perceive (知覚する) [動] become aware of directly through any of the senses, especially sight or hearing

good sense (良識) [名] sound practical judgment that is independent of specialized knowledge, training, or the like

共通善はどこにでもはっきりと現れており、それを知覚するためには良識だけが必要である。

Peace, unity and equality are the enemies of political subtleties.

平和、統一、平等は政治的微妙さの敵である。

Men who are upright and simple are difficult to deceive because of their simplicity;

deceive (騙す) [動] cause to believe something that is not true

正直で単純な人は、その単純さゆえに騙されにくい。

lures and ingenious pretexts fail to impose upon them, and they are not even subtle enough to be dupes.

lure (誘惑) [名] something that attracts or entices

ingenious (巧妙な) [形] clever, original, and inventive

dupe (騙される) [動] deceive or trick

誘惑や巧妙な口実も彼らを欺くことはできず、彼らは騙されるほど繊細でもない。

When, among the happiest people in the world, bands of peasants are seen regulating affairs of State under an oak, and always acting wisely, can we help scorning the ingenious methods of other nations, which make themselves illustrious and wretched with so much art and mystery?

happiest (最も幸せな) [形] feeling or showing great pleasure or contentment

band (一団) [名] a group of musicians who play together

peasant (農民) [名] a poor farmer of low social status who owns or rents a small piece of land for cultivation

wisely (賢明に) [副] in a wise manner

scorn (軽蔑する) [動] to treat with contempt or disdain

mystery (神秘) [名] something that is difficult or impossible to understand or explain

世界で最も幸せな人々の中で、農民の一団が樫の木の下で国政を統制し、常に賢明に行動しているのを見ると、多くの芸術と神秘で自分たちを輝かしく惨めにしている他の国の巧妙な方法を軽蔑せずにはいられないだろうか?

A State so governed needs very few laws;

このように統治された国家は、ほとんど法律を必要としない。

and, as it becomes necessary to issue new ones, the necessity is universally seen.

as (もし) [接] on the condition that; in the event that

become necessary (必要になる) [動] become essential or required

issue (制定する) [動] make or produce

one (法律) [名] a law or rule

universally (普遍的に) [副] in a way that relates to or affects all or the whole

そして、新しい法律を制定する必要が生じれば、その必要性は普遍的に理解される。

The first man to propose them merely says what all have already felt, and there is no question of factions or intrigues or eloquence in order to secure the passage into law of what every one has already decided to do, as soon as he is sure that the rest will act with him.

eloquence (雄弁) [名] fluent or persuasive speaking or writing

それを最初に提案した人は、誰もがすでに感じていることを述べているにすぎず、他の人々が自分と一緒に行動してくれると確信した時点で、誰もがすでに行おうと決めていることを法律に成立させるために、派閥や陰謀や雄弁の問題は起こらない。

Theorists are led into error because, seeing only States that have been from the beginning wrongly constituted, they are struck by the impossibility of applying such a policy to them.

theorist (理論家) [名] a person who develops theories

lead into (導く) [動] cause to go into

from the beginning (最初から) [副] from the very start

strike (驚く) [動] have a sudden and strong effect on

impossibility (不可能) [名] the quality of being impossible

理論家たちは、最初から間違って構成された国家しか見ていないので、そのような政策を適用することが不可能であることに驚き、誤りに導かれる。

They make great game of all the absurdities a clever rascal or an insinuating speaker might get the people of Paris or London to believe.

make great game of (大いに楽しむ) [動] to make fun of

absurdity (不条理) [名] the quality or state of being ridiculous or wildly unreasonable

clever (賢い) [形] having or showing an ability to learn and understand things quickly and easily

rascal (悪党) [名] a mischievous person

insinuating (巧みな) [形] suggesting or hinting something unpleasant or derogatory in an indirect and subtle way

speaker (弁舌家) [名] a person who delivers a public speech

get (信じ込ませる) [動] to cause to be in a specified state

彼らは、賢い悪党や巧みな弁舌家がパリやロンドンの人々に信じ込ませるかもしれないあらゆる不条理を大いに楽しんでいる。

They do not know that Cromwell would have been put to “the bells” by the people of Berne, and the Due de Beaufort on the treadmill by the Genevese.

Cromwell (クロムウェル) [名] English military and political leader

Berne (ベルン) [名] the capital of Switzerland

Due de Beaufort (ブフォール公爵) [名] French nobleman

Genevese (ジュネーブ人) [名] a native or inhabitant of Geneva

彼らは、クロムウェルがベルンの人々によって「鐘」にかけられたであろうこと、そしてブフォール公爵がジュネーブ人によって踏み車に乗せられたであろうことを知らない。

But when the social bond begins to be relaxed and the State to grow weak, when particular interests begin to make themselves felt and the smaller societies to exercise an influence over the larger, the common interest changes and finds opponents:

social bond (社会的な結びつき) [名] the relationship between people in a society

begin (始まる) [動] start to happen or exist

grow weak (弱まる) [動] become less strong or powerful

particular interest (個々の利害) [名] the interest of a particular person or group

make oneself felt (感じられるようになる) [動] make one's presence or influence felt

smaller society (小さな社会) [名] a society with a small number of people

larger society (大きな社会) [名] a society with a large number of people

common interest (共通の利害) [名] an interest that is shared by all members of a group

opponent (反対者) [名] a person who opposes something or someone

しかし、社会的な結びつきが緩み、国家が弱まり始めると、個々の利害が感じられるようになり、小さな社会が大きな社会に影響力を及ぼすようになると、共通の利害は変化し、反対者を見つける。

opinion is no longer unanimous;

unanimous (全会一致) [形] fully in agreement; having the agreement and consent of all

意見はもはや全会一致ではない。

the general will ceases to be the will of all;

一般意志は万人の意志ではなくなる。

contradictory views and debates arise;

contradictory (相反する) [形] opposite in meaning or effect

相反する見解や議論が生じる。

and the best advice is not taken without question.

advice (アドバイス) [名] guidance or recommendations concerning prudent future action

without question (疑問なく) [副] without doubt; certainly

そして、最善のアドバイスは疑問なく受け入れられるわけではない。

Finally, when the State, on the eve of ruin, maintains only a vain, illusory and formal existence, when in every heart the social bond is broken, and the meanest interest brazenly lays hold of the sacred name of “public good,” the general will becomes mute:

ruin (滅亡) [名] the state of decay, collapse, or destruction

illusory (幻想的な) [形] based on or having the nature of an illusion

formal (形式的な) [形] done in accordance with rules of convention or etiquette

break (壊れる) [動] separate into pieces as a result of impact or force

mean (卑劣な) [形] unkind, spiteful, or unfair

brazenly (厚かましく) [副] in a bold and confident way

lay hold of (握る) [動] take hold of

mute (沈黙する) [形] unable to speak

最後に、国家が滅亡の前夜に、無駄で幻想的で形式的な存在しか維持していないとき、すべての心の中で社会的絆が壊れ、卑劣な利益が「公共の利益」という神聖な名前を厚かましく握ったとき、一般意志は沈黙する。

all men, guided by secret motives, no more give their views as citizens than if the State had never been;

all men (すべての人) [名] all people

motive (動機) [名] a reason for doing something

give (述べる) [動] express (an opinion or reaction)

すべての人は、秘密の動機に導かれ、国家が存在しなかったかのように、もはや市民としての見解を述べない。

and iniquitous decrees directed solely to private interest get passed under the name of laws.

get passed (可決される) [動] be approved by a vote

そして、私益のみに向けられた不法な法令が、法律の名の下に可決される。

Does it follow from this that the general will is exterminated or corrupted?

exterminate (絶滅する) [動] destroy completely

これから、一般意志が絶滅したり、堕落したりすることになるのだろうか?

Not at all: it is always constant, unalterable and pure;

not at all (決してそうではない) [副] not in the least; not at all

unalterable (不変) [形] not able to be changed

pure (純粋) [形] not mixed or adulterated with any other substance or material

決してそうではない。それは常に一定で、不変で、純粋である。

but it is subordinated to other wills which encroach upon its sphere.

sphere (領域) [名] a region of activity or influence

しかし、それはその領域を侵害する他の意志に従属している。

Each man, in detaching, his interest from the common interest, sees clearly that he cannot entirely separate them;

detach (切り離す) [動] separate or disconnect

entirely (完全に) [副] completely; totally

各人は、自分の利益を共通の利益から切り離す際に、それらを完全に分離することはできないことをはっきりと理解している。

but his share in the public mishaps seems to him negligible beside the exclusive good he aims at making his own.

mishap (災難) [名] an unlucky accident

negligible (無視できる) [形] so small or unimportant as to be not worth considering

beside (横) [前] at the side of; next to

exclusive (排他的な) [形] not shared with others

しかし、公の災難における彼の分け前は、彼が自分のものにしようとしている排他的な善の横では無視できるもののように思われる。

Apart from this particular good, he wills the general good in his own interest, as strongly as any one else.

strongly (強く) [副] with a great deal of force or energy

anyone (誰か) [代] some person; somebody

この特定の善とは別に、彼は他の誰よりも強く、自分の利益のために一般的な善を望んでいる。

Even in selling his vote for money, he does not extinguish in himself the general will, but only eludes it.

extinguish (消す) [動] cause to stop burning or shining

elude (回避する) [動] evade or escape from, especially by guile or trickery

金のために自分の票を売ることにおいてさえ、彼は自分の中で一般意志を消すのではなく、ただそれを回避するだけである。

The fault he commits is that of changing the state of the question, and answering something different from what he is asked.

fault (過ち) [名] a mistake or an error

彼が犯す過ちは、問題の状態を変え、尋ねられたこととは違うことに答えることである。

Instead of saying, by his vote, “It is to the advantage of the State,” he says, “It is of advantage to this or that man or party that this or that view should prevail.”

prevail (優勢になる) [動] prove more powerful or successful

彼は自分の投票によって「それは国家の利益になる」と言う代わりに、「この見解やあの見解が優勢になることは、この人やあの人や党の利益になる」と言う。

Thus the law of public order in assemblies is not so much to maintain in them the general will as to secure that the question be always put to it, and the answer always given by it.

public order (公序良俗) [名] the rules of behavior that are accepted in a particular society

put (提起する) [動] present for consideration or discussion

answer (回答) [名] something spoken or written in reply to a question

give (得る) [動] cause to have or receive

したがって、議会における公序良俗の法則は、議会において一般意志を維持することではなく、常に問題が提起され、常に回答が得られるようにすることである。

I could here set down many reflections on the simple right of voting in every act of Sovereignty—a right which no-one can take from the citizens—and also on the right of stating views, making proposals, dividing and discussing, which the government is always most careful to leave solely to its members;

set down (記す) [動] write down

reflection (考察) [名] a thought or opinion resulting from careful consideration

stating (表明) [動] express clearly in words

view (意見) [名] a belief or opinion

making (行う) [動] cause to happen or exist

proposal (提案) [名] a plan or suggestion, especially a formal or written one, put forward for consideration or discussion

dividing (分割) [動] separate into parts

discussing (議論) [動] talk about something with someone

私はここで、主権のあらゆる行為における単純な投票権、誰も市民から奪うことのできない権利、そして政府が常に最も注意深くその構成員だけに委ねている意見表明、提案、分割、議論の権利について多くの考察を記すことができる。

but this important subject would need a treatise to itself, and it is impossible to say everything in a single work.

しかし、この重要な主題はそれ自体で論文が必要であり、一冊の本ですべてを語ることは不可能である。

CHAPTER II: VOTING

第2章: 投票

It may be seen, from the last chapter, that the way in which general business is managed may give a clear enough indication of the actual state of morals and the health of the body politic.

be seen (わかる) [動] be obvious or evident

manage (管理する) [動] be in charge of; be responsible for

general business (一般的な業務) [名] the activities of a company or other organization

indication (兆候) [名] a sign or suggestion of something

actual state (実際の状態) [名] the way things really are

morals (道徳) [名] principles of right and wrong

health (健全性) [名] the state of being free from illness or injury

前章から、一般的な業務の管理方法が、道徳の実際の状態や政治体制の健全性を十分に明確に示している可能性があることがわかる。

The more concert reigns in the assemblies, that is, the nearer opinion approaches unanimity, the greater is the dominance of the general will.

議会で協調が支配すればするほど、つまり意見が全会一致に近づくほど、一般意志の支配は大きくなる。

On the other hand, long debates, dissensions and tumult proclaim the ascendancy of particular interests and the decline of the State.

debate (議論) [名] a discussion about a particular topic in which people express different opinions

dissension (意見の相違) [名] a difference of opinion

ascendancy (優勢) [名] the state of being in a position of power or control

decline (衰退) [名] a gradual and continuous loss of strength, numbers, or value

一方、長い議論、意見の相違、騒動は、特定の利益の優勢と国家の衰退を告げる。

This seems less clear when two or more orders enter into the constitution, as patricians and plebeians did at Rome; for quarrels between these two orders often disturbed the comitia, even in the best days of the Republic.

two or more (2つ以上) [形] two or more than two

enter into (加わる) [動] become a part of

plebeian (平民) [名] a member of the lower social class in ancient Rome

disturb (混乱させる) [動] interfere with the normal arrangement or functioning of

ローマで貴族と平民がそうであったように、2つ以上の階級が憲法に加わると、これはあまり明確ではないように思われる。なぜなら、この2つの階級間の争いは、共和国の最盛期でさえ、しばしば民会を混乱させたからである。

But the exception is rather apparent than real;

apparent (見かけ上) [形] clearly seen or understood; obvious

しかし、例外は現実的というよりはむしろ見かけ上のものである。

for then, through the defect that is inherent in the body politic, there were, so to speak, two States in one, and what is not true of the two together is true of either separately.

for then (なぜなら、そのとき) [接] because at that time

through (を通して) [前] from one end or side to the other

two together (2つが一緒になっている) [名] two things that are combined or joined

なぜなら、そのとき、政治体に内在する欠陥を通して、いわば1つの国家の中に2つの国家があり、2つが一緒になっている場合には当てはまらないことが、別々には当てはまるからである。

Indeed, even in the most stormy times, the plebiscita of the people, when the Senate did not interfere with them, always went through quietly and by large majorities.

stormy (激動の) [形] characterized by strong winds and usually rain, snow, or hail

plebiscita (プレビシタ) [名] a direct vote by the people of a state on a particular issue

interfere (干渉する) [動] to prevent or obstruct someone or something

large (大差) [形] of great or more than average size, extent, or capacity

実際、最も激動の時代でさえ、元老院が干渉しなかったときの人民のプレビシタは、常に静かに、そして大差で通過した。

The citizens having but one interest, the people had but a single will.

市民はただ一つの関心しか持っていなかったので、人民はただ一つの意志しか持っていなかった。

At the other extremity of the circle, unanimity recurs;

extremity (端) [名] the furthest point or limit of something

円のもう一方の端では、全会一致が再現される。

this is the case when the citizens, having fallen into servitude, have lost both liberty and will.

これは、市民が奴隷状態に陥り、自由と意志の両方を失ったときに起こる。

Fear and flattery then change votes into acclamation;

flattery (お世辞) [名] excessive and insincere praise

acclamation (歓呼) [名] a loud and enthusiastic expression of approval

恐怖とお世辞が投票を歓呼に変える。

deliberation ceases, and only worship or malediction is left.

worship (崇拝) [名] the feeling or expression of reverence and adoration for a deity

malediction (呪い) [名] a spoken curse

審議は終わり、崇拝か呪いだけが残る。

Such was the vile manner in which the senate expressed its views under the Emperors.

express (表明する) [動] show or make known (a thought or feeling)

これが、元老院が皇帝の下でその見解を表明した卑劣なやり方だった。

It did so sometimes with absurd precautions.

absurd (馬鹿げた) [形] extremely unreasonable, illogical, or inappropriate

元老院は時々、馬鹿げた予防策を講じてそうした。

Tacitus observes that, under Otho, the senators, while they heaped curses on Vitellius, contrived at the same time to make a deafening noise, in order that, should he ever become their master, he might not know what each of them had said.

Tacitus (タキトゥス) [名] a Roman historian

observe (述べる) [動] say or state

Otho (オト皇帝) [名] a Roman emperor

heap (浴びせる) [動] give in large quantities

curse (呪い) [名] a solemn utterance intended to invoke a supernatural power to inflict harm or punishment on someone or something

Vitellius (ヴィテリウス) [名] a Roman emperor

contrive (工夫する) [動] plan or devise

deafening (耳をつんざくような) [形] extremely loud

noise (音) [名] a sound, especially one that is loud or unpleasant or that causes disturbance

タキトゥスは、オト皇帝の下で、元老院議員たちは、ヴィテリウスに呪いの言葉を浴びせながら、同時に耳をつんざくような音を立てて、もし彼が彼らの主人になったとしても、彼らがそれぞれ何を言ったのかわからないように工夫していたと述べている。

On these various considerations depend the rules by which the methods of counting votes and comparing opinions should be regulated, according as the general will is more or less easy to discover, and the State more or less in its decline.

compare (比較する) [動] find the difference between two or more things

これらの様々な考慮事項に、一般意志がどれほど発見しやすいか、国家がどれほど衰退しているかに応じて、投票を数え、意見を比較する方法を規制する規則が依存している。

There is but one law which, from its nature, needs unanimous consent.

There is but one (ただ一つしかない) [名] there is only one

本質的に全会一致の同意を必要とする法律はただ一つしかない。

This is the social compact; for civil association is the most voluntary of all acts.

civil association (市民の連合) [名] an association of citizens

voluntary (自発的) [形] done, given, or acting of one's own free will

これが社会契約である。なぜなら、市民の連合はすべての行為の中で最も自発的なものだからである。

Every man being born free and his own master, no-one, under any pretext whatsoever, can make any man subject without his consent.

his own master (自分自身の主人) [名] a person who is in control of their own life

no-one (誰も) [名] not a single person

under any pretext (いかなる口実があろうとも) [名] a reason given in justification of a course of action that is not the real reason

whatsoever (であろうとも) [形] of any kind at all

can make (服従させることはできない) [動] be able to do something

any man (他人を) [名] a person of unspecified gender

without his consent (その人の同意なしに) [名] permission for something to happen or agreement to do something

人はみな自由に生まれ、自分自身の主人であるから、いかなる口実があろうとも、誰も他人をその人の同意なしに服従させることはできない。

To decide that the son of a slave is born a slave is to decide that he is not born a man.

son (息子) [名] a male offspring of a human being

奴隷の息子は奴隷として生まれると決めることは、彼は人間として生まれないと決めることである。

If then there are opponents when the social compact is made, their opposition does not invalidate the contract, but merely prevents them from being included in it.

invalidate (無効にする) [動] make or declare invalid

社会契約が結ばれる際に反対者がいたとしても、その反対によって契約が無効になるわけではなく、単にその契約に含まれなくなるだけである。

They are foreigners among citizens.

彼らは市民の中の外国人である。

When the State is instituted, residence constitutes consent;

when (時) [接] at the time that; at or during the time that

residence (居住) [名] the place where one lives

国家が成立すると、居住は同意を構成する。

to dwell within its territory is to submit to the Sovereign.

その領域内に住むことは、主権者に服従することである。

Apart from this primitive contract, the vote of the majority always binds all the rest.

この原始的な契約を除いて、多数決は常に残りのすべてを拘束する。

This follows from the contract itself.

follow (生じる) [動] come after something in time; come next

これは契約そのものから生じる。

But it is asked how a man can be both free and forced to conform to wills that are not his own.

both (両方) [接] the two people or things mentioned

conform (従う) [動] to act in accordance with

しかし、人はいかにして自由でありながら、自分の意志ではない意志に従うことを強制されうるのかと問われる。

How are the opponents at once free and subject to laws they have not agreed to?

agree to (同意する) [動] have the same opinion about something; concur

反対者はいかにして自由でありながら、同意していない法律に従うのか?

I retort that the question is wrongly put.

retort (答える) [動] say something in answer, usually in a quick and angry way

私はその質問は間違っていると答える。

The citizen gives his consent to all the laws, including those which are passed in spite of his opposition, and even those which punish him when he dares to break any of them.

pass (可決される) [動] be approved by a legislative body

市民は、自分の反対にもかかわらず可決された法律や、あえて法律を破った場合に自分を罰する法律も含め、すべての法律に同意する。

The constant will of all the members of the State is the general will;

国家のすべての構成員の不変の意志が一般意志である。

by virtue of it they are citizens and free.

そのおかげで彼らは市民であり、自由である。

When in the popular assembly a law is proposed, what the people is asked is not exactly whether it approves or rejects the proposal, but whether it is in conformity with the general will, which is their will.

popular assembly (人民議会) [名] a legislative body

approve (承認する) [動] officially agree to or accept something

人民議会で法律が提案された場合、人々に求められるのは、その提案を承認するか拒否するかではなく、それが一般意志、つまり彼らの意志に適合しているかどうかである。

Each man, in giving his vote, states his opinion on that point;

各人は、投票する際に、その点について自分の意見を述べる。

and the general will is found by counting votes.

そして、一般意志は投票数を数えることによって見出される。

When therefore the opinion that is contrary to my own prevails, this proves neither more nor less than that I was mistaken, and that what I thought to be the general will was not so.

したがって、私自身の意見に反する意見が優勢になった場合、これは私が間違っていたこと、そして私が一般意志だと思っていたことがそうではなかったことを証明する。

If my particular opinion had carried the day I should have achieved the opposite of what was my will and it is in that case that I should not have been free.

carry the day (通る) [動] be victorious or successful

opposite (正反対) [名] something that is the reverse of something else

もし私の個人的な意見が通っていたら、私は自分の意志とは正反対のことを成し遂げていただろうし、その場合には私は自由ではなかっただろう。

This presupposes, indeed, that all the qualities of the general will still reside in the majority: when they cease to do so, whatever side a man may take, liberty is no longer possible.

reside (ある) [動] live in a particular place

take (立つ) [動] adopt or assume

これは、確かに、一般意志のすべての性質が依然として過半数にあることを前提としている。そうではなくなった場合、人がどちらの側に立とうとも、自由はもはや不可能である。

In my earlier demonstration of how particular wills are substituted for the general will in public deliberation, I have adequately pointed out the practicable methods of avoiding this abuse;

earlier (以前) [副] at a time in the past

demonstration (実証) [名] a public display of group feelings for or against a person or cause

practicable (実用的な) [形] capable of being put into practice or of being done or accomplished

adequately (十分に) [副] to a satisfactory degree

point out (指摘する) [動] to make someone aware of something

私が以前に、公の審議において一般意志がどのように個別意志に置き換えられるかを示した際に、私はこの悪用を避けるための実用的な方法を十分に指摘した。

and I shall have more to say of them later on.

have more to say (もっと話す) [動] have more to say

そして、私は後でそれらについてもっと話すつもりだ。

I have also given the principles for determining the proportional number of votes for declaring that will.

proportional (割合) [形] being in proportion

私はまた、その意志を表明するための投票数の割合を決定するための原則を示した。

A difference of one vote destroys equality;

一票の差が平等を破壊する。

a single opponent destroys unanimity;

一人の反対者が全会一致を破壊する。

but between equality and unanimity, there are several grades of unequal division, at each of which this proportion may be fixed in accordance with the condition and the needs of the body politic.

grade (段階) [名] a level of rank, quality, or value

しかし、平等と全会一致の間には、不平等な分割の段階がいくつかあり、それぞれにおいて、この割合は、政治体制の状況と必要性に応じて固定される。

There are two general rules that may serve to regulate this relation.

serve to (役立つ) [動] be of use or service to

この関係を規制するのに役立つ2つの一般的なルールがある。

First, the more grave and important the questions discussed, the nearer should the opinion that is to prevail approach unanimity.

grave (重大な) [形] of great importance or significance

第一に、議論される問題がより重大で重要であるほど、優勢になるべき意見は全会一致に近づくべきである。

Secondly, the more the matter in hand calls for speed, the smaller the prescribed difference in the numbers of votes may be allowed to become: where an instant decision has to be reached, a majority of one vote should be enough.

call for (要求する) [動] to demand or ask for

speed (迅速) [名] the rate at which someone or something moves or operates, or with which something happens or changes

prescribed (規定された) [形] laid down as a rule or guide

instant (即座) [形] happening or done immediately

reach (下す) [動] to stretch out so as to touch or grasp something

第二に、手元にある問題がより迅速に処理されるほど、投票数の規定された差は小さくなる可能性がある。即座に決定を下す必要がある場合は、1票の過半数で十分である。

The first of these two rules seems more in harmony with the laws, and the second with practical affairs.

harmony (調和) [名] the state of being in agreement or concord

practical (実際の) [形] of or concerned with practice or action

affair (業務) [名] a matter of business or public concern

これら2つのルールのうち、最初のルールは法律とより調和しており、2番目のルールは実際の業務とより調和しているように見える。

In any case, it is the combination of them that gives the best proportions for determining the majority necessary.

いずれにせよ、必要な過半数を決定するのに最適な比率を与えるのは、それらの組み合わせである。

CHAPTER III: ELECTIONS

第3章: 選挙

In the elections of the prince and the magistrates, which are, as I have said, complex acts, there are two possible methods of procedure, choice and lot.

procedure (手続き) [名] an established or official way of doing something

lot (くじ引き) [名] a method of deciding something by using objects such as pieces of paper with names written on them, which are chosen randomly

私が言ったように、君主と行政官の選挙は複雑な行為であり、手続きには選挙とくじ引きという2つの方法がある。

Both have been employed in various republics, and a highly complicated mixture of the two still survives in the election of the Doge at Venice.

survive (残る) [動] continue to live or exist

Venice (ヴェネツィア) [名] a city in northeastern Italy sited on a group of 118 small islands separated by canals and linked by bridges

どちらも様々な共和国で採用されており、ヴェネツィアのドージェの選挙では、この2つを非常に複雑に組み合わせたものが今も残っている。

“Election by lot,” says Montesquieu, “is democratic in nature.”

「くじ引きによる選挙は、本質的に民主的である」とモンテスキューは言う。

I agree that it is so; but in what sense?

私もそう思うが、どのような意味でそうなのか。

“The lot,” he goes on, “is a way of making choice that is unfair to nobody;

unfair (不公平) [形] not just or impartial; biased

「くじ引きは、誰にとっても不公平ではない選択方法である。

it leaves each citizen a reasonable hope of serving his country.”

leave (与える) [動] give or bequeath

くじ引きは、各市民に国に奉仕する合理的な希望を与える」

These are not reasons.

これらは理由ではない。

If we bear in mind that the election of rulers is a function of government, and not of Sovereignty, we shall see why the lot is the method more natural to democracy, in which the administration is better in proportion as the number of its acts is small.

bear in mind (念頭に置く) [動] remember; think of

統治者の選出は主権の機能ではなく、政府の機能であることを念頭に置けば、なぜくじ引きが民主主義にとってより自然な方法であるかがわかるだろう。民主主義では、その行為の数が少なければ少ないほど、行政はより良いものになる。

In every real democracy, magistracy is not an advantage, but a burdensome charge which cannot justly be imposed on one individual rather than another.

magistracy (行政官の地位) [名] the office or dignity of a magistrate

burdensome (重荷である) [形] involving a great deal of effort

charge (課すことのできない) [名] a price asked for a service or a product

justly (公正に) [副] in a just manner

あらゆる真の民主主義において、行政官の地位は利益ではなく、ある個人に他の個人よりも公正に課すことのできない重荷である。

The law alone can lay the charge on him on whom the lot falls.

lay the charge on (責任を負わせる) [動] to make someone responsible for something

fall (当たる) [動] to come or go by chance

くじ引きに当たった者に責任を負わせることができるのは、法律だけである。

For, the conditions being then the same for all, and the choice not depending on any human will, there is no particular application to alter the universality of the law.

なぜなら、その条件はすべての人にとって同じであり、選択は人間の意志に依存しないので、法律の普遍性を変えるような特別な適用はない。

In an aristocracy, the prince chooses the prince, the government is preserved by itself, and voting is rightly ordered.

貴族制では、君主が君主を選び、政府は政府自身によって維持され、投票は正しく行われる。

The instance of the election of the Doge of Venice confirms, instead of destroying, this distinction;

Doge of Venice (ヴェネツィア総督) [名] the chief magistrate in the former republics of Venice and Genoa

ヴェネツィア総督の選挙の例は、この区別を破壊するのではなく、むしろ確認するものである。

the mixed form suits a mixed government.

mixed form (混合形態) [名] a form that is a mixture of two or more things

mixed government (混合政府) [名] a government that is a mixture of two or more forms of government

混合形態は混合政府に適している。

For it is an error to take the government of Venice for a real aristocracy.

take (見なす) [動] consider or regard in a specified way

ヴェネツィア政府を真の貴族制と見なすのは間違いである。

If the people has no share in the government, the nobility is itself the people.

人民が政府に加わっていないなら、貴族自身が人民である。

A host of poor Barnabotes never gets near any magistracy, and its nobility consists merely in the empty title of Excellency, and in the right to sit in the Great Council.

host (群れ) [名] a large number of people or things

Barnabotes (バルナボット族) [名] a member of a noble family of Genoa

get near (近寄る) [動] approach or come close to

nobility (貴族性) [名] the quality or state of being noble

consist in (にある) [動] be composed or made up of

Excellency (閣下) [名] a title of honor for high officials

Great Council (大評議会) [名] the supreme governing body of the Republic of Venice

貧しいバルナボット族の群れは、決して行政官の近くには近寄らず、その貴族性は、単に閣下という空虚な称号と大評議会に出席する権利にあるだけである。

As this Great Council is as numerous as our General Council at Geneva, its illustrious members have no more privileges than our plain citizens.

General Council (総評議会) [名] the supreme governing body of the Republic of Geneva

illustrious (著名な) [形] well known and respected

plain (一般の) [形] ordinary or simple

この大評議会はジュネーブの総評議会と同じくらい人数が多いので、その著名なメンバーは私たちの一般市民よりも特権はない。

It is indisputable that, apart from the extreme disparity between the two republics, the bourgeoisie of Geneva is exactly equivalent to the patriciate of Venice;

apart from (は別として) [前] other than; besides

disparity (格差) [名] a great difference

bourgeoisie (ブルジョアジー) [名] the middle class

exactly (まったく) [副] in every way; completely

equivalent (同等) [形] equal in value, amount, function, meaning, etc.

patriciate (貴族階級) [名] the aristocracy

2つの共和国の間の極端な格差は別として、ジュネーブのブルジョアジーはヴェネツィアの貴族階級とまったく同等であることは議論の余地がない。

our natives and inhabitants correspond to the townsmen and the people of Venice;

native (原住民) [名] a person born in a particular place

correspond (相当する) [動] be similar or equivalent to

townsman (町民) [名] a person who lives in a town

私たちの原住民と住民はヴェネツィアの町民と人々に相当する。

our peasants correspond to the subjects on the mainland;

mainland (本土) [名] the main part of a country or continent, as opposed to its islands or overseas territories

私たちの農民は本土の臣民に相当する。

and, however that republic be regarded, if its size be left out of account, its government is no more aristocratic than our own.

be regarded (見なされる) [動] be considered or thought of

be left out of (考慮されない) [動] not be included

aristocratic (貴族的) [形] belonging to or having the characteristics of the aristocracy

our own (私たちの) [代] belonging to or connected with the speaker

そして、その共和国がどのように見なされようとも、その規模が考慮されなければ、その政府は私たちの政府よりも貴族的ではない。

The whole difference is that, having no life-ruler, we do not, like Venice, need to use the lot.

whole (全体的な) [形] complete; entire

life-ruler (終身統治者) [名] a ruler who rules for life

全体的な違いは、終身統治者がいないので、ヴェネツィアのようにくじを使う必要がないということである。

Election by lot would have few disadvantages in a real democracy, in which, as equality would everywhere exist in morals and talents as well as in principles and fortunes, it would become almost a matter of indifference who was chosen.

almost (ほとんど) [副] very nearly

indifference (無関心) [名] lack of interest or concern

くじによる選挙は、道徳や才能、原則や運命において平等が至る所に存在する真の民主主義においては、ほとんど不利な点がなく、誰が選ばれてもほとんど無関心な問題となるだろう。

But I have already said that a real democracy is only an ideal.

しかし、私はすでに真の民主主義は理想にすぎないと述べた。

When choice and lot are combined, positions that require special talents, such as military posts, should be filled by the former;

position (ポスト) [名] a job or role

fill (埋める) [動] make or become full

選挙とくじが組み合わされる場合、軍事ポストなど特別な才能を必要とするポストは前者によって埋められるべきである。

the latter does for cases, such as judicial offices, in which good sense, justice, and integrity are enough, because in a State that is well constituted, these qualities are common to all the citizens.

judicial office (司法官庁) [名] a government department or agency responsible for the administration of justice

integrity (誠実さ) [名] the quality of being honest and having strong moral principles

well constituted (よく構成された) [形] having a good constitution

後者は、司法官庁など、良識、正義、誠実さで十分な場合に適している。なぜなら、よく構成された国家では、これらの資質はすべての市民に共通しているからである。

Neither lot nor vote has any place in monarchical government.

have any place (存在する) [動] be present or have a place

くじも投票も君主制政府には存在しない。

The monarch being by right sole prince and only magistrate, the choice of his lieutenants belongs to none but him.

lieutenant (代理人) [名] a commissioned officer in the armed forces, in the navy ranking below a commander and above a sub-lieutenant

君主は権利上唯一の君主であり、唯一の行政官であるため、彼の代理人の選択は彼以外の誰にも属さない。

When the Abbé de Saint-Pierre proposed that the Councils of the King of France should be multiplied, and their members elected by ballot, he did not see that he was proposing to change the form of government.

Abbé de Saint-Pierre (サンピエール修道院長) [名] a French writer and diplomat

Councils of the King of France (フランス国王の評議会) [名] the king's council in France

ballot (投票) [名] a method of voting in which people mark their choices on a piece of paper

サンピエール修道院長がフランス国王の評議会を増やし、そのメンバーを投票で選出することを提案したとき、彼は政府の形態を変えることを提案していることに気づいていなかった。

I should now speak of the methods of giving and counting opinions in the assembly of the people;

count (集計する) [動] add up; calculate the total number of

私は今、人民議会で意見を述べ、集計する方法について話すべきである。

but perhaps an account of this aspect of the Roman constitution will more forcibly illustrate all the rules I could lay down.

Roman constitution (ローマ憲法) [名] the fundamental law of the Roman state

forcibly (強力に) [副] with great force or strength

illustrate (説明する) [動] make clear or more easily understood

しかし、おそらくローマ憲法のこの側面の説明は、私が定めることができるすべての規則をより強力に説明するだろう。

It is worth the while of a judicious reader to follow in some detail the working of public and private affairs in a Council consisting of two hundred thousand men.

worth the while (価値がある) [形] worth the time or effort spent

judicious (賢明な) [形] having or showing good judgment or taste

some detail (ある程度詳細に) [名] a small aspect of something or an individual fact or item

working (活動) [名] the way that something operates or functions

two hundred thousand (二十万) [数] the number 200000

賢明な読者にとって、二十万人からなる評議会における公私両面の活動をある程度詳細に追跡することは価値がある。

CHAPTER IV: THE ROMAN COMITIA

第4章: ローマの民会

We are without well-certified records of the first period of Rome's existence;

be without (持ち合わせていない) [動] not have

well-certified (信頼できる) [形] having a certificate of good quality

record (記録) [名] a permanent account of something

我々はローマの存在の最初の時期の信頼できる記録を持ち合わせていない。

it even appears very probable that most of the stories told about it are fables;

probable (ありそうな) [形] likely to happen or be true

story (物語) [名] a tale about a series of events, true or fictional

fable (寓話) [名] a short story that teaches a moral lesson

それどころか、その時期について語られる物語のほとんどが寓話である可能性が非常に高い。

indeed, generally speaking, the most instructive part of the history of peoples, that which deals with their foundation, is what we have least of.

foundation (建国) [名] the act of establishing something

実際、一般的に言えば、民族史の最も有益な部分、つまりその民族の建国を扱う部分は、我々が最も知らない部分である。

Experience teaches us every day what causes lead to the revolutions of empires;

経験は日々、帝国の革命に至る原因を我々に教えてくれる。

but, as no new peoples are now formed, we have almost nothing beyond conjecture to go upon in explaining how they were created.

no new (新しい民族が形成されることはないので) [名] not any

peoples (民族) [名] a large group of people who share a common language, culture, ethnicity, descent, or history

are now formed (形成されることはないので) [動] be created or produced

we have (頼るものはほとんどない) [動] possess or have available

almost nothing (ほとんどない) [名] not much or not many

beyond (以外に) [前] on the farther side of

conjecture (推測) [名] an opinion or conclusion formed on the basis of incomplete information

to go upon (頼るものはほとんどない) [動] to use as a basis for something

explaining (説明する上で) [動] make (something) clear or easy to understand

were created (形成された) [動] be made or produced

しかし、今や新しい民族が形成されることはないので、民族がどのように形成されたかを説明する上で、推測以外に頼るものはほとんどない。

The customs we find established show at least that these customs had an origin.

我々が確立されていると考える習慣は、少なくともこれらの習慣には起源があったことを示している。

The traditions that go back to those origins, that have the greatest authorities behind them, and that are confirmed by the strongest proofs, should pass for the most certain.

pass (受け継がれる) [動] be transferred or handed on from one person to another

これらの起源に遡り、その背後に最も大きな権威を持ち、最も強力な証拠によって裏付けられた伝統は、最も確実なものとして受け継がれるべきである。

These are the rules I have tried to follow in inquiring how the freest and most powerful people on earth exercised its supreme power.

これらは、私が地球上で最も自由で最も強力な人々がどのようにその最高権力を行使したかを調べる際に従おうとしたルールである。

After the foundation of Rome, the new-born republic, that is, the army of its founder, composed of Albans, Sabines and foreigners, was divided into three classes, which, from this division, took the name of tribes.

army (軍隊) [名] an organized military force equipped for fighting on land

founder (建国者) [名] a person who establishes or creates something

Albans (アルバニア人) [名] a native or inhabitant of Albania

Sabines (サビニ人) [名] a member of an ancient people of central Italy

tribe (部族) [名] a social group or community, typically a group of people who share a common culture, language, religious beliefs, and history and who typically live in a particular geographical area

ローマの建国後、新生共和国、つまりアルバニア人、サビニ人、外国人からなる建国者の軍隊は、この分割から部族の名前をとった三つの階級に分けられた。

Each of these tribes was subdivided into ten curiæ, and each curia into decuriæ, headed by leaders called curiones and decuriones.

curia (クリア) [名] the assembly of the Roman people

decuria (デクリア) [名] a division of a curia

curio (クリア) [名] a small, often valuable, object that is interesting because it is unusual or old

decurio (デクリア) [名] a member of a decuria

これらの部族はそれぞれ十のクリアに分けられ、各クリアはクリアとデクリアと呼ばれる指導者を長とするデクリアに分けられた。

Besides this, out of each tribe was taken a body of one hundred Equites or Knights, called a century, which shows that these divisions, being unnecessary in a town, were at first merely military.

out of (から) [前] from within

Equites (騎士) [名] a member of the second highest social class in ancient Rome, originally those who could afford to keep a horse for military service

Knight (騎士) [名] a man who served his sovereign or lord as a mounted soldier in armor

division (部隊) [名] a large military unit

unnecessary (不要な) [形] not needed

at first (当初は) [副] in the beginning; initially

これに加えて、各部族から百人隊と呼ばれる百人の騎士団が選抜されたが、これは都市では不要なこれらの部隊が当初は単に軍事的なものであったことを示している。

But an instinct for greatness seems to have led the little township of Rome to provide itself in advance with a political system suitable for the capital of the world.

lead (導く) [動] cause to go in a particular direction

township (町) [名] a small town

provide (備える) [動] supply or make available

advance (前もって) [名] a sum of money given ahead of time

political system (政治システム) [名] the set of institutions by which a government of a state is organized

しかし、偉大さへの本能が、ローマの小さな町を世界の首都にふさわしい政治システムを前もって備えさせたように思われる。

Out of this original division an awkward situation soon arose.

awkward (厄介な) [形] causing difficulty; hard to do or deal with

この最初の分割から、すぐに厄介な状況が生じた。

The tribes of the Albans (Ramnenses) and the Sabines (Tatienses) remained always in the same condition, while that of the foreigners (Luceres) continually grew as more and more foreigners came to live at Rome, so that it soon surpassed the others in strength.

The tribes of the Albans (アルバニア人の部族) [名] a social group or a political unit

The tribes of the Sabines (サビニ人の部族) [名] a social group or a political unit

in the same condition (同じ状態) [名] in the same state

that of the foreigners (外国人の部族) [名] a social group or a political unit

grew (成長した) [動] become larger or greater over a period of time

more and more (ますます) [副] to an increasing extent

foreigners (外国人) [名] a person who is not a native or naturalized citizen of the country where they are living

came to live (住むようになった) [動] start living in a place

surpassed (凌駕した) [動] be greater or better than

アルバニア人(ラムネンセス)とサビニ人(タティエンセス)の部族は常に同じ状態であったが、外国人(ルセレス)の部族はますます多くの外国人がローマに住むようになって成長し続け、すぐに他の部族を凌駕するようになった。

Servius remedied this dangerous fault by changing the principle of cleavage, and substituting for the racial division, which he abolished, a new one based on the quarter of the town inhabited by each tribe.

remedy (是正する) [動] to make something better or correct a fault or mistake

cleavage (分裂) [名] the splitting of a crystal along a plane of weakness

substitute (導入する) [動] to use or put in place of another

racial division (人種分断) [名] the separation of people into different groups based on their race

セルウィウスは、分裂の原則を変え、彼が廃止した人種分断の代わりに、各部族が住む町の四分の一に基づく新しい分断を導入することで、この危険な欠陥を是正した。

Instead of three tribes he created four, each occupying and named after one of the hills of Rome.

彼は三つの部族の代わりに四つの部族を作り、それぞれがローマの丘の一つを占領し、その名を冠した。

Thus, while redressing the inequality of the moment, he also provided for the future;

redress (是正する) [動] set right; remedy

こうして、当面の不平等を是正する一方で、彼は未来にも備えた。

and in order that the division might be one of persons as well as localities, he forbade the inhabitants of one quarter to migrate to another, and so prevented the mingling of the races.

migrate (移住する) [動] move from one place to another

そして、分断が地域だけでなく人々の分断にもなるように、彼はある地区の住民が別の地区に移住することを禁じ、人種の混合を防いだ。

He also doubled the three old centuries of Knights and added twelve more, still keeping the old names, and by this simple and prudent method, succeeded in making a distinction between the body of Knights and the people, without a murmur from the latter.

double (倍増させる) [動] make or become twice as great or as many

twelve (十二) [名] the cardinal number that is the sum of eleven and one

prudent (慎重な) [形] acting with or showing care for the consequences of an action; cautious

make a distinction (区別する) [動] recognize or treat as different

彼はまた、騎士の三つの古い世紀を倍増させ、さらに十二を加え、古い名前を維持し、この単純で慎重な方法によって、騎士団と人々の間に区別をつけることに成功し、後者からのつぶやきはなかった。

To the four urban tribes Servius added fifteen others called rural tribes, because they consisted of those who lived in the country, divided into fifteen cantons.

urban (都市の) [形] of or relating to a city

fifteen (十五) [数] the number 15

rural (農村の) [形] of or relating to the countryside

country (農村部) [名] the land of a nation with its inhabitants and resources

canton (小行政区) [名] a small administrative division of a country

セルウィウスは四つの都市部族に、農村部族と呼ばれる十五の部族を加えた。それは、十五のカントン(小行政区)に分割された農村部に住む人々で構成されていたからである。

Subsequently, fifteen more were created, and the Roman people finally found itself divided into thirty-five tribes, as it remained down to the end of the Republic.

Roman (ローマ人) [名] a citizen of ancient Rome

finally (ついに) [副] after a long time, or after a lot of effort

thirty-five (三十五) [名] the number 35

その後、さらに十五の部族が作られ、ローマ人はついに三十五の部族に分割され、共和国の終わりまで残った。

The distinction between urban and rural tribes had one effect which is worth mention, both because it is without parallel elsewhere, and because to it Rome owed the preservation of her morality and the enlargement of her empire.

mention (言及) [名] a reference to someone or something

parallel (類似) [名] a person or thing that is similar or comparable to another

elsewhere (他の場所) [副] in or to some other place

owe (起因する) [動] have or feel a duty or obligation to do something

enlargement (拡大) [名] the action of making or becoming larger

都市部族と農村部族の区別は、他のどこにも類を見ないものであり、ローマが道徳を守り、帝国を拡大したことに起因するものであるため、言及に値する効果があった。

We should have expected that the urban tribes would soon monopolise power and honours, and lose no time in bringing the rural tribes into disrepute;

monopolise (独占する) [動] have or obtain exclusive possession or control of

disrepute (評判を落とす) [名] the state of being held in low esteem

都市部族がすぐに権力と名誉を独占し、農村部族の評判を落とすのに時間を無駄にしないことを期待すべきだった。

but what happened was exactly the reverse.

reverse (反対) [名] the opposite of something

しかし、起こったことは正反対だった。

The taste of the early Romans for country life is well known.

early (初期の) [形] happening or done before the usual or expected time

taste (趣味) [名] a liking for something

country life (田舎暮らし) [名] life in the country

well known (よく知られている) [形] known by many people

初期のローマ人の田舎暮らしへの趣味はよく知られている。

This taste they owed to their wise founder, who made rural and military labours go along with liberty, and, so to speak, relegated to the town arts, crafts, intrigue, fortune and slavery.

この趣味は、農村労働と軍事労働を自由と共に歩ませ、いわば町の芸術、工芸、陰謀、富、奴隷制に追いやった賢明な創設者に負うている。

Since therefore all Rome's most illustrious citizens lived in the fields and tilled the earth, men grew used to seeking there alone the mainstays of the republic.

field (野原) [名] an open land area free of woods and buildings

till (耕す) [動] prepare and use land for raising crops

earth (土地) [名] the planet on which we live

grow used to (慣れる) [動] become accustomed to

mainstay (主要な支え) [名] chief support

したがって、ローマの最も著名な市民はすべて野原に住み、土地を耕していたので、人々は共和国の主要な支えをそこでだけ求めることに慣れていった。

This condition, being that of the best patricians, was honoured by all men;

honour (尊敬) [動] to regard with great respect

この条件は、最高の貴族の条件であり、すべての人々から尊敬されていた。

the simple and laborious life of the villager was preferred to the slothful and idle life of the bourgeoisie of Rome; and he who, in the town, would have been but a wretched proletarian, became, as a labourer in the fields, a respected citizen.

laborious (労働的な) [形] requiring a lot of effort

slothful (怠惰な) [形] lazy

proletarian (プロレタリアート) [名] a member of the working class

labourer (労働者) [名] a person who does unskilled manual work for wages

field (畑) [名] an area of open land, especially one planted with crops or pasture

村人の単純で労働的な生活は、ローマのブルジョワジーの怠惰で怠惰な生活よりも好まれていた。そして、町では惨めなプロレタリアートだったであろう彼は、畑の労働者として尊敬される市民となった。

Not without reason, says Varro, did our great-souled ancestors establish in the village the nursery of the sturdy and valiant men who defended them in time of war and provided for their Sustenance in time of peace.

not without reason (理由がないわけではない) [副] for a good reason

Varro (ヴァロ) [名] Marcus Terentius Varro, a Roman scholar and writer

great-souled (偉大な魂の) [形] having or showing nobility of mind

ancestor (祖先) [名] a person from whom one is descended

village (村) [名] a small human settlement in a rural area

nursery (保育園) [名] a place where young children are cared for during the day

sturdy (頑丈な) [形] strong and robust

valiant (勇敢な) [形] courageous and bold

time of war (戦争の時) [名] a period of time during which a war is taking place

time of peace (平和の時) [名] a period of time during which there is no war

sustenance (糧) [名] food and other provisions

ヴァロは、私たちの偉大な魂の祖先が、戦争の時に彼らを守り、平和の時に彼らの糧を提供した頑丈で勇敢な人々の保育園を村に設立したのは、理由がないわけではないと言う。

Pliny states positively that the country tribes were honoured because of the men of whom they were composed;

Pliny (プリニウス) [名] a Roman author, naturalist, and natural philosopher

positively (明確に) [副] in a positive way

honour (尊敬する) [動] regard with great respect

プリニウスは、田舎の部族は彼らを構成する人々のために尊敬されていたと明言している。

while cowards men wished to dishonour were transferred, as a public disgrace, to the town tribes.

coward (臆病者) [名] a person who lacks the courage to do or endure dangerous or unpleasant things

dishonour (不名誉) [名] loss of reputation or respect

public disgrace (公の恥辱) [名] a state of being held in low esteem by the public

一方、人々が不名誉にしたいと思った臆病者は、公の恥辱として町の部族に移された。

The Sabine Appius Claudius, when he had come to settle in Rome, was loaded with honours and enrolled in a rural tribe, which subsequently took his family name.

Sabine (サビニ人) [名] a member of an ancient people of central Italy

Appius Claudius (アッピウス・クラウディウス) [名] a Roman politician

settle (定住する) [動] establish oneself in a permanent place

load (与える) [動] put a load on or in

enrol (登録される) [動] officially register as a member of an institution

rural (田舎の) [形] in, relating to, or characteristic of the countryside rather than the town

take (名乗る) [動] adopt or be given a name or title

サビニ人のアッピウス・クラウディウスは、ローマに定住するようになったとき、名誉を与えられ、田舎の部族に登録され、後に彼の姓を名乗った。

Lastly, freedmen always entered the urban, and never the rural, tribes: nor is there a single example, throughout the Republic, of a freedman, though he had become a citizen, reaching any magistracy.

freedman (解放奴隷) [名] a man who has been freed from slavery

enter (入る) [動] go or come in

urban (都市部) [形] relating to a town or city

rural (農村部) [形] relating to the countryside

最後に、解放奴隷は常に都市部に入り、農村部には決して入らなかった。また、共和国全体で、解放奴隷が市民になったにもかかわらず、どの政務官にも到達した例は1つもない。

This was an excellent rule;

be (だった) [動] exist or live

excellent (素晴らしい) [形] extremely good; outstanding

これは素晴らしいルールだった。

but it was carried so far that in the end it led to a change and certainly to an abuse in the political system.

so far (あまりにも) [副] to a great extent

しかし、それはあまりにも行き過ぎたため、最終的には政治システムの変化と確かに乱用につながった。

First the censors, after having for a long time claimed the right of transferring citizens arbitrarily from one tribe to another, allowed most persons to enrol themselves in whatever tribe they pleased.

censor (検閲官) [名] an official who examines books, films, etc. and removes anything that is considered offensive, immoral, or harmful

for a long time (長い間) [副] for a long period of time

arbitrarily (勝手に) [副] based on random choice or personal whim, rather than any reason or system

allow (許可する) [動] give (someone) permission to do something

最初に検閲官は、長い間、市民を1つの部族から別の部族に勝手に移す権利を主張した後、ほとんどの人が好きな部族に登録することを許可した。

This permission certainly did no good, and further robbed the censorship of one of its greatest resources.

permission (許可) [名] the action of officially allowing someone to do, use, or have something

do no good (何の役にも立たない) [動] be of no use or benefit

censorship (検閲) [名] the suppression or prohibition of any parts of books, films, news, etc. that are considered obscene, politically unacceptable, or a threat to security

この許可は確かに何の役にも立たず、さらに検閲からその最大の資源の1つを奪った。

Moreover, as the great and powerful all got themselves enrolled in the country tribes, while the freedmen who had become citizens remained with the populace in the town tribes, both soon ceased to have any local or territorial meaning, and all were so confused that the members of one could not be told from those of another except by the registers;

enroll (登録される) [動] officially register as a member of an institution or organization

populace (民衆) [名] the general public

territorial (地域的な) [形] relating to or concerned with the ownership of land or territory

meaning (意味) [名] what is meant by a word, text, concept, or action

confused (混乱した) [形] unable to think clearly; bewildered

register (登録簿) [名] an official list or record of names, items, or categories

さらに、偉大で強力な者たちは皆、田舎の部族に登録され、市民となった解放奴隷は町の部族の民衆と共に残ったため、どちらもすぐに地方的または地域的な意味を失い、すべてが混乱したため、登録簿以外では、ある部族のメンバーを別の部族のメンバーと区別することができなくなった。

so that the idea of the word tribe became personal instead of real, or rather came to be little more than a chimera.

personal (個人的) [形] of or concerning one's private life, relationships, and emotions rather than matters connected with one's public or professional career

more (以上) [形] greater in size, amount, degree, or value

そのため、部族という言葉の概念は現実的ではなく個人的なものとなり、むしろキメラに過ぎなくなった。

It happened in addition that the town tribes, being more on the spot, were often the stronger in the comitia and sold the State to those who stooped to buy the votes of the rabble composing them.

in addition (加えて) [副] as well; also; too

spot (現場) [名] a particular place

stoop (身をかがめる) [動] bend one's head and shoulders forward and down

rabble (下層民) [名] a disorderly crowd; a mob

それに加えて、町の部族は、より現場にいたため、しばしば民会でより強く、彼らを構成する下層民の票を買うために身をかがめた人々に国家を売った。

As the founder had set up ten curiæ in each tribe, the whole Roman people, which was then contained within the walls, consisted of thirty curia, each with its temples, its gods, its officers, its priests and its festivals, which were called compitalia and corresponded to the paganalia, held in later times by the rural tribes.

consist of (で構成される) [動] be composed or made up of

thirty (30) [数] the cardinal number that is the product of ten and three

temple (神殿) [名] a building used for the worship of a god or gods, especially in the Buddhist and Hindu religions, and in ancient Greek and Roman times

festival (祭り) [名] an annual celebration or anniversary

compitalia (コンピタリア) [名] a festival held in ancient Rome at crossroads in honor of the Lares Compitales

paganalia (パガナリア) [名] a Roman festival in honor of the gods of the countryside

創設者が各部族に10のクリアを設立したため、当時城壁内にいたローマ人全体は30のクリアで構成され、それぞれに神殿、神々、役人、司祭、祭りがあり、コンピタリアと呼ばれ、後に農村部族によって開催されたパガナリアに対応していた。

When Servius made his new division, as the thirty curiæ could not be shared equally between his four tribes, and as he was unwilling to interfere with them, they became a further division of the inhabitants of Rome, quite independent of the tribes:

curiæ (クリア) [名] a division of the Roman people

share (分割する) [動] divide and distribute in shares

unwilling (望まない) [形] not willing; reluctant

quite (完全に) [副] to the greatest extent; completely

セルウィウスが新しい区分を作ったとき、30のクリアは4つの部族の間で均等に分割することができず、また彼はそれらに干渉することを望まなかったので、それらは部族から完全に独立したローマの住民のさらなる区分となった。

but in the case of the rural tribes and their members there was no question of curiæ as the tribes had then become a purely civil institution, and, a new system of levying troops having been introduced, the military divisions of Romulus were superfluous.

introduce (導入する) [動] bring (something new) into use or operation

しかし、農村部族とそのメンバーの場合、部族は当時純粋に市民の制度となっていたため、クリアの問題はなく、新しい徴兵制度が導入されたため、ロムルスの軍事部門は余計なものとなった。

Thus, although every citizen was enrolled in a tribe, there were very many who were not members of a curia.

there were (いた) [動] exist

very many (非常に多い) [形] a lot of

このように、すべての市民が部族に登録されていたが、クリアのメンバーではない人が非常に多くいた。

Servius made yet a third division, quite distinct from the two we have mentioned, which became, in its effects, the most important of all.

mention (述べる) [動] refer to briefly

セルウィウスは、これまで述べた2つとはまったく異なる3番目の区分を作ったが、その効果において、すべての中で最も重要なものとなった。

He distributed the whole Roman people into six classes, distinguished neither by place nor by person, but by wealth;

distribute (分ける) [動] give shares of something to a number of recipients

six (6) [数] the cardinal number that is the sum of five and one

彼はローマ国民全体を、場所や人ではなく富によって区別される6つの階級に分けた。

the first classes included the rich, the last the poor, and those between persons of moderate means.

moderate (中程度の) [形] average in amount, intensity, quality, or degree

最初の階級には富裕層、最後の階級には貧困層、そして中間の階級には中程度の資産を持つ人々が含まれていた。

These six classes were subdivided into one hundred and ninety-three other bodies, called centuries, which were so divided that the first class alone comprised more than half of them, while the last comprised only one.

one hundred and ninety-three (193) [数] the number 193

これらの6つの階級は、百人隊と呼ばれる193の他の集団に細分化され、そのように分割されたので、最初の階級だけでその半分以上を占め、最後の階級は1つしか占めなかった。

Thus the class that had the smallest number of members had the largest number of centuries, and the whole of the last class only counted as a single subdivision, although it alone included more than half the inhabitants of Rome.

subdivision (細分化) [名] a division of a larger group

このように、最も人数の少ない階級が最も多くの百人隊を持ち、最後の階級全体は、ローマの住民の半分以上を占めていたにもかかわらず、1つの細分化としてしか数えられなかった。

In order that the people might have the less insight into the results of this arrangement, Servius tried to give it a military tone: in the second class he inserted two centuries of armourers, and in the fourth two of makers of instruments of war: in each class, except the last, he distinguished young and old, that is, those who were under an obligation to bear arms and those whose age gave them legal exemption.

insight (理解) [名] the capacity to gain an accurate and deep understanding of someone or something

arrangement (取り決め) [名] an agreement or settlement of a dispute or problem

tone (意味合い) [名] the general character of something

armourer (武器職人) [名] a person who makes or repairs arms and armour

fourth (第四) [形] coming after the third in position

maker (職人) [名] a person who makes things

arms (武器) [名] a means of offense or defense that is used to inflict bodily harm

exemption (免除) [名] the action of freeing or being freed from an obligation or liability

人々がこの取り決めの結果をあまり理解しないように、セルウィウスはそれに軍事的な意味合いを与えようとした。第二階級には二つの百人隊の武器職人を入れ、第四階級には二つの百人隊の戦争道具職人を入れた。最後の階級を除く各階級で、彼は老若男女を区別した。つまり、武器を携帯する義務を負っている者と、年齢によって法的に免除されている者である。

It was this distinction, rather than that of wealth, which required frequent repetition of the census or counting.

repetition (繰り返し) [名] the action of repeating something that has already been said or done

counting (集計) [名] the action of counting something

国勢調査や集計を頻繁に繰り返す必要があったのは、富の区別ではなく、この区別だった。

Lastly, he ordered that the assembly should be held in the Campus Martius, and that all who were of age to serve should come there armed.

order (命じる) [動] give an authoritative command or instruction to

be held (開く) [動] be organized or arranged

Campus Martius (マルスの野) [名] a large public area in ancient Rome

armed (武装する) [形] having or carrying a weapon

最後に、彼は集会をマルスの野で開き、奉仕できる年齢の者は皆武装して来るように命じた。

The reason for his not making in the last class also the division of young and old was that the populace, of whom it was composed, was not given the right to bear arms for its country: a man had to possess a hearth to acquire the right to defend it, and of all the troops of beggars who to-day lend lustre to the armies of kings, there is perhaps not one who would not have been driven with scorn out of a Roman cohort, at a time when soldiers were the defenders of liberty.

make (設ける) [動] create, produce, or bring into existence

hearth (炉床) [名] the floor of a fireplace

lend (与える) [動] give or allow the use of (something) temporarily

lustre (輝き) [名] a gentle sheen or soft glow

would not have been (いなかったであろう) [動] a form of the verb be

driven (追い出される) [動] cause to move or be moved in a specified way, especially by using force

scorn (軽蔑) [名] a feeling or expression of contempt or disdain

cohort (軍団) [名] an ancient Roman military unit, comprising six centuries, equal to one tenth of a legion

at a time (時代に) [名] a particular point in time

彼が最後の階級でも老若の区別を設けなかった理由は、その階級を構成する民衆には国のために武器を携帯する権利が与えられていなかったからである。男はそれを守る権利を得るために炉床を所有しなければならなかったし、今日王の軍隊に輝きを与えている乞食の軍隊の中で、兵士が自由の擁護者であった時代にローマの軍団から軽蔑されて追い出されなかった者はおそらく一人もいないであろう。

In this last class, however, proletarians were distinguished from capite censi.

in this last class (この最後の階級では) [名] in the last class

be distinguished from (区別される) [動] be different from

capite censi (カピテ・センシ) [名] the lowest class of Roman citizens

しかし、この最後の階級では、プロレタリアートはカピテ・センシと区別されていた。

The former, not quite reduced to nothing, at least gave the State citizens, and sometimes, when the need was pressing, even soldiers.

not quite (全く〜ないわけではない) [副] not completely or entirely

reduce (帰す) [動] make smaller or less in amount, degree, or size

press (迫る) [動] exert pressure on

前者は、全く無に帰すことなく、少なくとも国家に市民を与え、時には必要に迫られて兵士さえも与えた。

Those who had nothing at all, and could be numbered only by counting heads, were regarded as of absolutely no account, and Marius was the first who stooped to enrol them.

have nothing (何も持たない) [動] not have anything

be numbered (数えられる) [動] be counted

counting heads (頭を数える) [名] counting people

be regarded as (見なされる) [動] be considered as

absolutely no account (全く無視) [名] no attention at all

全く何も持たず、頭を数えることでしか数えられない者は、全く無視されたが、マリウスは彼らを登録するために身をかがめた最初の人だった。

Without deciding now whether this third arrangement was good or bad in itself, I think I may assert that it could have been made practicable only by the simple morals, the disinterestedness, the liking for agriculture and the scorn for commerce and for love of gain which characterised the early Romans.

third (第三の) [形] coming after the second and before the fourth in position

disinterestedness (無私無欲) [名] the quality of being impartial or uninterested

liking (愛着) [名] a feeling of affection or fondness

gain (利得) [名] an increase in wealth or resources

この第三の制度がそれ自体で良いか悪いかを今決めることはできないが、私はそれが初期のローマ人の特徴である単純な道徳、無私無欲、農業への愛着、商業と利得への愛への軽蔑によってのみ実用的にできたと断言できると思う。

Where is the modern people among whom consuming greed, unrest, intrigue, continual removals, and perpetual changes of fortune, could let such a system last for twenty years without turning the State upside down?

unrest (不安) [名] a state of anxiety or disturbance

removal (移動) [名] the action of taking away something

last (続く) [動] continue or be in existence for a period of time

twenty years (20年間) [名] a period of time equal to twenty years

turn upside down (ひっくり返す) [動] to cause to be in a completely different state or position

貪欲、不安、陰謀、絶え間ない移動、そして永続的な運命の変化を消費する現代人が、国家をひっくり返すことなく、そのようなシステムを20年間存続させることができるのはどこだろうか?

We must indeed observe that morality and the censorship, being stronger than this institution, corrected its defects at Rome, and that the rich man found himself degraded to the class of the poor for making too much display of his riches.

correct (是正する) [動] to make or set right

確かに、道徳と検閲はこの制度よりも強く、ローマではその欠陥を是正し、金持ちは自分の富をあまりにも誇示したために貧しい階級に落ちぶれたことに気づいたことに注目しなければならない。

From all this it is easy to understand why only five classes are almost always mentioned, though there were really six.

from all this (以上のことから) [副] from all of this

five (五つ) [数] the number 5

almost always (ほとんど) [副] nearly always; most of the time

six (六つ) [数] the number 6

以上のことから、実際には六つあったにもかかわらず、なぜ五つの階級しかほとんど言及されていないのかが容易に理解できる。

The sixth, as it furnished neither soldiers to the army nor votes in the Campus Martius, and was almost without function in the State, was seldom regarded as of any account.

sixth (第六) [形] coming after the fifth and before the seventh in position

Campus Martius (マルス広場) [名] a public square in ancient Rome

第六階級は、軍隊に兵士を供給することも、マルス広場で投票することもなく、国家の中でほとんど機能していなかったため、ほとんど考慮されることはなかった。

These were the various ways in which the Roman people was divided.

これらがローマ人が分割された様々な方法であった。

Let us now see the effect on the assemblies.

effect (影響) [名] a change that is a result or consequence of an action or other cause

では、集会への影響を調べてみよう。

When lawfully summoned, these were called comitia: they were usually held in the public square at Rome or in the Campus Martius, and were distinguished as Comitia Curiata, Comitia Centuriata, and Comitia Tributa, according to the form under which they were convoked.

lawfully (合法的に) [副] in a lawful manner

summon (召集する) [動] call together for a meeting or other purpose

usually (通常) [副] in most cases; more often than not

Comitia Curiata (コミティア・クリアタ) [名] the oldest Roman popular assembly

Comitia Centuriata (コミティア・センチュリアタ) [名] the principal assembly of the Roman people during the Roman Republic

Comitia Tributa (コミティア・トリブタ) [名] the principal assembly of the Roman people during the Roman Empire

convoke (召集する) [動] call together for a meeting or other purpose

合法的に召集された場合、これらはコミティアと呼ばれ、通常はローマの公共広場やマルス広場で開催され、召集された形式に応じて、コミティア・クリアタ、コミティア・センチュリアタ、コミティア・トリブタと区別された。

The Comitia Curiata were founded by Romulus; the Centuriata by Servius; and the Tributa by the tribunes of the people.

Comitia Curiata (クリアタ会議) [名] the earliest popular assembly of the Roman people

Romulus (ロムルス) [名] the legendary founder of Rome

Centuriata (センチュリアタ会議) [名] the principal assembly of the Roman people during the Roman Republic

Tributa (トリブタ会議) [名] the principal assembly of the Roman people during the Roman Empire

クリアタ会議はロムルスによって、センチュリアタ会議はセルウィウスによって、トリブタ会議は護民官によって設立された。

No law received its sanction and no magistrate was elected, save in the comitia;

sanction (認可) [名] a penalty for disobeying a law or rule

コミティア以外では、いかなる法律も認可されず、いかなる政務官も選出されなかった。

and as every citizen was enrolled in a curia, a century, or a tribe, it follows that no citizen was excluded from the right of voting, and that the Roman people was truly sovereign both de jure and de facto.

every citizen (すべての市民) [名] all the people who live in a country or area

enrolled (登録されていた) [動] officially register as a member of an institution or organization

follows (従う) [動] come after something in time; be the successor to

excluded (除外される) [動] not included or considered

de jure (法的に) [副] by right; by law

de facto (事実上) [副] in fact; in effect

そして、すべての市民がクリア、センチュリー、または部族に登録されていたので、どの市民も投票権から除外されず、ローマ人は法的にそして事実上、真に主権者であった。

For the comitia to be lawfully assembled, and for their acts to have the force of law, three conditions were necessary.

force (効力) [名] strength or power exerted upon an object

コミティアが合法的に召集され、その行為が法的な効力を持つためには、三つの条件が必要だった。

First, the body or magistrate convoking them had to possess the necessary authority;

第一に、コミティアを召集する機関または政務官は、必要な権限を有していなければならなかった。

secondly, the assembly had to be held on a day allowed by law;

be held (開催される) [動] take place

第二に、集会は法律で定められた日に開催されなければならなかった。

and thirdly, the auguries had to be favourable.

thirdly (第三に) [副] in the third place

augury (占い) [名] the practice of predicting the future by interpreting omens or portents

favourable (吉) [形] giving or indicating a favourable answer or result

そして第三に、占いが吉でなければならなかった。

The reason for the first regulation needs no explanation;

regulation (規則) [名] a rule or order having the force of law

第一の規則の理由は説明の必要がない。

the second is a matter of policy.

第二の規則は政策の問題である。

Thus, the comitia might not be held on festivals or market-days, when the country-folk, coming to Rome on business, had not time to spend the day in the public square.

festival (祭日) [名] a day or period of celebration, typically for religious reasons

market-day (市場の日) [名] a day on which a market is held

country-folk (農民) [名] a person who lives in the country

spend (過ごす) [動] pass or occupy (time) in a specified way

public square (広場) [名] an open area in a city, town, or village, typically having a central location and used for public gatherings

こうして、農民が用事でローマに来て、広場で一日を過ごす時間がない祭日や市場の日に、民会は開かれなかった。

By means of the third, the senate held in check the proud and restive people, and meetly restrained the ardour of seditious tribunes, who, however, found more than one way of escaping this hindrance.

hold in check (抑える) [動] to keep under control

proud (傲慢な) [形] having or showing a high or excessively high opinion of oneself or one's importance, achievements, or abilities

restive (落ち着きのない) [形] restless or impatient

people (民衆) [名] the citizens of a country

meetly (適切に) [副] in a suitable or proper manner

restrain (抑制する) [動] to hold back from doing something

ardour (熱意) [名] great warmth or intensity of feeling

hindrance (障害) [名] something that makes it difficult to do something

第三の規則によって、元老院は傲慢で落ち着きのない民衆を抑え、扇動的な護民官の熱意を適切に抑制したが、彼らはこの障害を回避する方法が一つ以上あることを発見した。

Laws and the election of rulers were not the only questions submitted to the judgment of the comitia: as the Roman people had taken on itself the most important functions of government, it may be said that the lot of Europe was regulated in its assemblies.

lot (運命) [名] a person's destiny

法律や統治者の選挙だけが民会の判断に委ねられた問題ではなかった。ローマ人は政府の最も重要な機能を自ら引き受けていたので、ヨーロッパの運命はその集会で決まったと言っても過言ではない。

The variety of their objects gave rise to the various forms these took, according to the matters on which they had to pronounce.

variety (多様性) [名] the quality or state of being different or varied

彼らの目的の多様性は、彼らが表明しなければならなかった事柄に応じて、彼らがとった様々な形態を生み出した。

In order to judge of these various forms, it is enough to compare them.

これらの様々な形態を判断するためには、それらを比較すれば十分である。

Romulus, when he set up curiæ, had in view the checking of the senate by the people, and of the people by the senate, while maintaining his ascendancy over both alike.

have in view (念頭に置く) [動] have as one's aim or intention

checking (抑制) [名] the action of keeping something in check

ascendancy (優位性) [名] the state of having power or influence over others

ロムルスは、クリアを設立したとき、両者に対する優位性を維持しながら、元老院を人民によって、人民を元老院によって抑制することを念頭に置いていた。

He therefore gave the people, by means of this assembly, all the authority of numbers to balance that of power and riches, which he left to the patricians.

balance (釣り合う) [動] be equal or equivalent to

そのため、彼はこの集会を通して、貴族に残した権力と富の権威と釣り合うように、人民に数の権威を与えた。

But, after the spirit of monarchy, he left all the same a greater advantage to the patricians in the influence of their clients on the majority of votes.

しかし、君主制の精神に従って、彼は投票の過半数に対する彼らのクライアントの影響において、貴族にもっと大きな利点を残した。

This excellent institution of patron and client was a masterpiece of statesmanship and humanity without which the patriciate, being flagrantly in contradiction to the republican spirit, could not have survived.

patron (パトロン) [名] a person who gives financial or other support to a person, organization, cause, or activity

client (クライアント) [名] a person or organization using the services of a lawyer or other professional person or company

masterpiece (傑作) [名] a work of outstanding artistry, skill, or workmanship

statesmanship (政治家) [名] the skill of a statesman

without which (それがなければ) [接] if it were not for the fact that

patriciate (貴族) [名] the position or rank of a patrician

flagrantly (明らかに) [副] in a manner that is very noticeable or obvious

contradiction (矛盾) [名] a combination of statements, ideas, or features of a situation that are opposed to one another

この優れたパトロンとクライアントの制度は、政治家と人類の傑作であり、それがなければ、共和主義の精神と明らかに矛盾する貴族は生き残ることができなかった。

Rome alone has the honour of having given to the world this great example, which never led to any abuse, and yet has never been followed.

have the honour of (栄誉に浴する) [動] be privileged to do something

example (手本) [名] a thing characteristic of its kind or illustrating a general rule

follow (続く) [動] come after in time

ローマだけが、この偉大な手本を世界に示したという栄誉に浴しているが、それは決して乱用されることはなかったし、また、その後に続くものもなかった。

As the assemblies by curiæ persisted under the kings till the time of Servius, and the reign of the later Tarquin was not regarded as legitimate, royal laws were called generally leges curiatæ.

reign (治世) [名] the period during which a sovereign rules

leges curiatæ (レゲス・クリアタエ) [名] a law passed by the curiate assembly

クーリアによる集会はセルウィウスの時代まで王の下で存続し、後のタルクィニウスの治世は合法とは見なされなかったため、王法は一般にレゲス・クリアタエと呼ばれた。

Under the Republic, the curiæ still confined to the four urban tribes, and including only the populace of Rome, suited neither the senate, which led the patricians, nor the tribunes, who, though plebeians, were at the head of the well-to-do citizens.

Under the Republic (共和政の下では) [名] during the period of the Roman Republic

lead (率いる) [動] be in charge or command of

well-to-do (裕福な) [形] having a great deal of money

共和政の下では、クーリアは依然として4つの都市部族に限定され、ローマの民衆だけを含み、貴族を率いる元老院にも、平民ではあるが裕福な市民の長である護民官にも適していなかった。

They therefore fell into disrepute, and their degradation was such, that thirty lictors used to assemble and do what the Comitia Curiata should have done.

fall into disrepute (評判を落とす) [動] lose one's good reputation

degradation (堕落) [名] the state of being degraded

そのため、彼らは評判を落とし、その堕落ぶりは、30人のリクトルが集まって、コミティア・クリアタがすべきことをしていたほどだった。

The division by centuries was so favourable to the aristocracy that it is hard to see at first how the senate ever failed to carry the day in the comitia bearing their name, by which the consuls, the censors and the other curule magistrates were elected.

favourable (有利) [形] to the advantage of

hard to see (理解しにくい) [形] difficult to understand

carry the day (勝利する) [動] be successful or victorious

世紀による分割は貴族制に非常に有利だったので、執政官、検閲官、その他の高官が選出された、彼らの名前を冠したコミティアで、元老院がどのようにしてその日を運ぶことができなかったのか、最初は理解しにくい。

Indeed, of the hundred and ninety-three centuries into which the six classes of the whole Roman people were divided, the first class contained ninety-eight; and, as voting went solely by centuries, this class alone had a majority over all the rest.

hundred and ninety-three (193) [数] a number

centuries (世紀) [名] a period of 100 years

classes (階級) [名] a group of people sharing the same social or economic status

were divided (分割された) [動] separate into parts

contained (含んでいた) [動] have or hold within

ninety-eight (98) [数] a number

went (行われた) [動] move at a specified rate or in a specified manner

solely (単位で) [副] only; exclusively

had (占めていた) [動] possess, own, or hold

all the rest (他のすべて) [名] the remaining part; the remainder

実際、ローマ国民全体の6つの階級が分割された193世紀のうち、第一階級は98世紀を含んでいた。そして、投票は世紀単位で行われたので、この階級だけが他のすべてを合わせたよりも過半数を占めていた。

When all these centuries were in agreement, the rest of the votes were not even taken;

be in agreement (合意に達する) [動] have the same opinion about something

これらの世紀がすべて合意に達したとき、残りの投票は行われなかった。

the decision of the smallest number passed for that of the multitude, and it may be said that, in the Comitia Centuriata, decisions were regulated far more by depth of purses than by the number of votes.

最小数の決定は多数決として通され、コミティア・センチュリアタでは、決定は投票数よりも財布の厚さによって決まっていたと言っても過言ではない。

But this extreme authority was modified in two ways.

しかし、この極端な権限は2つの方法で修正された。

First, the tribunes as a rule, and always a great number of plebeians, belonged to the class of the rich, and so counterbalanced the influence of the patricians in the first class.

great number (多くの) [名] a large number

counterbalance (釣り合う) [動] act as a counterbalance to

first class (第一階級) [名] the highest class in a system of classification

第一に、護民官は原則として、また常に多くの平民が富裕層に属していたので、第一階級の貴族の影響力と釣り合っていた。

The second way was this.

第二の方法はこうだ。

Instead of causing the centuries to vote throughout in order, which would have meant beginning always with the first, the Romans always chose one by lot which proceeded alone to the election;

century (階級) [名] a group of people having the same social or economic status

order (順番) [名] the arrangement or sequence of things in which one follows another

proceed (進む) [動] go forward or onward in a course

ローマ人は、常に最初の階級から始めるという意味になる、各階級に順番に投票させる代わりに、常にくじ引きで1つを選び、その階級だけが選挙に進んだ。

after this all the centuries were summoned another day according to their rank, and the same election was repeated, and as a rule confirmed.

after this (この後) [副] after this time

another day (別の日) [名] a day other than the present one

rank (階級) [名] a position in the military

この後、すべての階級は別の日にその階級に従って召集され、同じ選挙が繰り返され、原則として承認された。

Thus the authority of example was taken away from rank, and given to the lot on a democratic principle.

example (模範) [名] a person or thing regarded as a perfect model of something

take away (取り上げる) [動] remove or take away something from someone or something

democratic principle (民主主義の原則) [名] the principle that the people are the ultimate source of political power

こうして、模範の権威は階級から取り上げられ、民主主義の原則に基づいてくじ引きに与えられた。

From this custom resulted a further advantage.

この習慣から、さらなる利点が生じた。

The citizens from the country had time, between the two elections, to inform themselves of the merits of the candidate who had been provisionally nominated, and did not have to vote without knowledge of the case.

country (地方) [名] a political state or nation or its territory

inform (知る) [動] give (someone) facts or information

merit (長所) [名] the quality of being good and deserving praise

candidate (候補者) [名] a person who applies for a job or is nominated for election

provisionally (暫定的に) [副] for the time being; temporarily

case (事情) [名] a particular situation or event

地方の市民は、2回の選挙の間に、暫定的に指名された候補者の長所を知る時間があり、事情を知らないまま投票する必要がなかった。

But, under the pretext of hastening matters, the abolition of this custom was achieved, and both elections were held on the same day.

under the pretext of (という口実のもとで) [名] a reason that is given in order to hide the real reason for doing something

matter (事態) [名] a situation or event

abolition (廃止) [名] the action of officially ending something

しかし、事態を早めるという口実のもとで、この習慣は廃止され、両方の選挙が同じ日に行われた。

The Comitia Tributa were properly the council of the Roman people.

トリブス民会は、正しくはローマ人民の評議会であった。

They were convoked by the tribunes alone;

彼らは護民官だけによって召集された。

at them the tribunes were elected and passed their plebiscita.

at (ところで) [前] in the place or position of

pass (可決する) [動] be approved by a vote

彼らのところで護民官が選出され、彼らのプレビスシタが可決された。

The senate not only had no standing in them, but even no right to be present;

not only (だけでなく) [接] and also; in addition

have no standing (立つことができない) [動] be unable to stand

in them (彼らの中に) [前] inside them

but even (すらなかった) [接] and also; in addition

no right (権利がない) [名] a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something

元老院は、彼らの中に立つことができないだけでなく、出席する権利すらなかった。

and the senators, being forced to obey laws on which they could not vote, were in this respect less free than the meanest citizens.

そして、元老院議員は、投票できない法律に従うことを強制されたので、この点では、最も卑劣な市民よりも自由度が低かった。

This injustice was altogether ill-conceived, and was alone enough to invalidate the decrees of a body to which all its members were not admitted.

altogether (全く) [副] completely; totally

ill-conceived (考え違い) [形] poorly planned or thought out

この不正は全く考え違いであり、それだけでも、その構成員全員が認められていない団体の法令を無効にするのに十分だった。

Had all the patricians attended the comitia by virtue of the right they had as citizens, they would not, as mere private individuals, have had any considerable influence on a vote reckoned by counting heads, where the meanest proletarian was as good as the princeps senatus.

considerable (大きな) [形] large in size, amount, or extent

head (頭数) [名] the part of a person's or animal's body that contains the brain, eyes, ears, nose, and mouth

princeps senatus (元老院議員) [名] the first member of the Roman Senate

すべての貴族が市民としての権利に基づいて民会に参加していたら、彼らは単なる私人として、最も卑劣なプロレタリアンが元老院議員と同じくらい優秀だったところで、頭数を数えることで計算される投票に大きな影響を与えることはなかっただろう。

It may be seen, therefore, that besides the order which was achieved by these various ways of distributing so great a people and taking its votes, the various methods were not reducible to forms indifferent in themselves, but the results of each were relative to the objects which caused it to be preferred.

achieve (達成する) [動] reach or attain a desired objective

take (行う) [動] carry out; perform

indifferent (無関心な) [形] having no particular interest or concern

したがって、これほど多くの人々を分散させ、その投票を行うこれらのさまざまな方法によって達成された秩序のほかに、さまざまな方法はそれ自体では無関心な形式に還元することはできなかったが、それぞれの結果は、それが好まれる原因となった対象に関連していたことがわかる。

Without going here into further details, we may gather from what has been said above that the Comitia Tributa were the most favourable to popular government, and the Comitia Centuriata to aristocracy.

go into (立ち入る) [動] to enter or go into

detail (詳細) [名] an individual fact or item

gather (推測する) [動] to conclude or infer

above (上記) [形] mentioned earlier in this text

popular government (民主主義) [名] a system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state

ここでこれ以上詳細に立ち入ることなく、上記のことから、民会は民主主義に最も有利であり、百人会は貴族主義に最も有利であったと推測できる。

The Comitia Curiata, in which the populace of Rome formed the majority, being fitted only to further tyranny and evil designs, naturally fell into disrepute, and even seditious persons abstained from using a method which too clearly revealed their projects.

form (占める) [動] make up

evil (邪悪な) [形] profoundly immoral and wicked

abstain (控える) [動] refrain from doing something

reveal (明らかになる) [動] make (something) known or apparent

ローマの民衆が過半数を占めていたクリア民会は、専制政治と邪悪な計画を推し進めるのにのみ適していたため、当然のことながら評判が悪くなり、扇動的な人物でさえ、自分たちの計画があまりにも明らかになる方法を使うことを控えた。

It is indisputable that the whole majesty of the Roman people lay solely in the Comitia Centuriata, which alone included all;

majesty (威厳) [名] impressive stateliness, dignity, or beauty

lay (ある) [動] be in a specified state or condition

indisputable (議論の余地がない) [形] too certain to be disputed; unquestionable

ローマ人の威厳のすべてが、百人会だけにあったことは議論の余地がない。

for the Comitia Curiata excluded the rural tribes, and the Comitia Tributa the senate and the patricians.

exclude (除外する) [動] not include or take into account

クリア民会は農村部族を除外し、民会は元老院と貴族を除外したからである。

As for the method of taking the vote, it was among the ancient Romans as simple as their morals, although not so simple as at Sparta.

moral (道徳) [名] a lesson in right or good conduct

not so (それほど) [副] to a lesser extent

投票方法については、古代ローマではスパルタほど単純ではなかったが、道徳と同じくらい単純だった。

Each man declared his vote aloud, and a clerk duly wrote it down;

aloud (声に出して) [副] audibly; not silently

duly (正式に) [副] in accordance with what is required or appropriate

write down (書き留める) [動] record in writing

各自が自分の投票を声に出して宣言し、書記官がそれを正式に書き留めた。

the majority in each tribe determined the vote of the tribe, the majority of the tribes that of the people, and so with curiæ and centuries.

各部族の過半数が部族の投票を決定し、部族の過半数が人民の投票を決定し、クリアと百人隊も同様だった。

This custom was good as long as honesty was triumphant among the citizens, and each man was ashamed to vote publicly in favour of an unjust proposal or an unworthy subject;

honesty (誠実さ) [名] the quality of being honest

triumphant (勝利を収めている) [形] having won a battle or contest

ashamed (恥じている) [形] feeling shame or guilt

publicly (公に) [副] in a way that is known or seen by many people

unjust (不当な) [形] not just or fair

unworthy (価値のない) [形] not good enough or important enough

この習慣は、市民の間に誠実さが勝利を収めている限りは良いものであり、各自が不当な提案や価値のない主題に賛成して公に投票することを恥じていた。

but, when the people grew corrupt and votes were bought, it was fitting that voting should be secret in order that purchasers might be restrained by mistrust, and rogues be given the means of not being traitors.

grow corrupt (堕落する) [動] become dishonest or immoral

be bought (買われる) [動] be obtained in exchange for money

purchaser (買収者) [名] a person who buys something

be restrained (抑制される) [動] be held back or kept under control

mistrust (不信感) [名] a lack of trust

rogue (悪党) [名] a dishonest or unprincipled man

しかし、人々が堕落し、票が買われるようになると、投票は秘密にされるべきであり、そうすれば、買収者は不信感によって抑制され、悪党は裏切り者にならない手段を与えられることになる。

I know that Cicero attacks this change, and attributes partly to it the ruin of the Republic.

Cicero (キケロ) [名] a Roman statesman, orator, lawyer and philosopher

partly (一部) [副] to some extent; in some degree

キケロがこの変化を攻撃し、共和国の破滅の一部をそれに帰していることは知っている。

But though I feel the weight Cicero's authority must carry on such a point, I cannot agree with him;

carry on (重視する) [動] continue doing something

しかし、キケロの権威がそのような点で重視されるべきだとは感じているが、私は彼に同意することはできない。

I hold, on the contrary, that, for want of enough such changes, the destruction of the State must be hastened.

for want of (欠如のために) [前] because of the lack of

それどころか、私は、そのような変化が十分に行われなかったために、国家の破壊が早まったに違いないと考えている。

Just as the regimen of health does riot suit the sick, we should not wish to govern a people that has been corrupted by the laws that a good people requires.

regimen (養生法) [名] a prescribed course of medical treatment, way of life, or diet for the promotion or restoration of health

health (健康) [名] the condition of being sound in body and mind

sick (病人) [名] a person who is ill or unwell

健康法が病人に適さないように、善良な国民に必要な法律によって堕落した国民を統治したいとは思わないはずだ。

There is no better proof of this rule than the long life of the Republic of Venice, of which the shadow still exists, solely because its laws are suitable only for men who are wicked.

There is no better proof of this rule than (この法則を証明するのに、これほど良い例はない) [句] there is no better evidence for this rule than

the long life of the Republic of Venice (ヴェネツィア共和国の長寿) [名] the long life of the Republic of Venice

of which the shadow still exists (その影は今も残っている) [他] of which the shadow still exists

solely because its laws are suitable only for men who are wicked (それは単にその法律が邪悪な人間にしか適していないからである) [他] solely because its laws are suitable only for men who are wicked

この法則を証明するのに、ヴェネツィア共和国の長寿ほど良い例はない。その影は今も残っているが、それは単にその法律が邪悪な人間にしか適していないからである。

The citizens were provided, therefore, with tablets by means of which each man could vote without any one knowing how he voted:

tablet (タブレット) [名] a small flat piece of a hard material

そのため、市民には、誰もが自分の投票内容を誰にも知られずに投票できるタブレットが提供された。

new methods were also introduced for collecting the tablets, for counting voices, for comparing numbers, etc.;

collect (回収する) [動] gather or bring together

voice (投票数) [名] a choice that you make in an election

number (数字) [名] a symbol that represents a quantity

タブレットの回収、投票数の集計、数字の比較などにも新しい方法が導入された。

but all these precautions did not prevent the good faith of the officers charged with these functions from being often suspect.

good faith (誠実さ) [名] honesty and sincerity of intention

suspect (疑われる) [動] have an idea or impression of the existence, presence, or truth of (something) without certain proof

しかし、これらの予防策をすべて講じても、これらの職務を担当する役人の誠実さがしばしば疑われるのを防ぐことはできなかった。

Finally, to prevent intrigues and trafficking in votes, edicts were issued;

trafficking (不正取引) [名] the illegal trade of goods or services

edict (法令) [名] an official order or proclamation issued by a person in authority

最後に、投票における陰謀や不正取引を防ぐために、法令が発令された。

but their very number proves how useless they were.

しかし、その数が多いことが、いかに無駄だったかを証明している。

Towards the close of the Republic, it was often necessary to have recourse to extraordinary expedients in order to supplement the inadequacy of the laws.

close (終わり) [名] the end of something

republic (共和制) [名] a state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives, and which has an elected or nominated president rather than a monarch

expedient (手段) [名] a means of achieving a particular end

supplement (補う) [動] add to something in order to improve it or make it more complete

inadequacy (不備) [名] the state or condition of being inadequate

共和制の終わりにかけては、法律の不備を補うために、しばしば特別な手段に頼る必要があった。

Sometimes miracles were supposed;

時には奇跡が起こったとされた。

but this method, while it might impose on the people, could not impose on those who governed.

しかし、この方法は、人々には押し付けることができても、統治者には押し付けることができなかった。

Sometimes an assembly was hastily called together, before the candidates had time to form their factions: sometimes a whole sitting was occupied with talk, when it was seen that the people had been won over and was on the point of taking up a wrong position.

hastily (急いで) [副] quickly and carelessly

sitting (会議) [名] a meeting of a group of people who have official authority to make decisions

talk (話し合い) [名] a conversation or discussion

win over (説得する) [動] to persuade someone to support or agree with you

wrong (間違った) [形] not correct or true

時には、候補者が派閥を形成する前に、急いで議会が召集されることもあったし、時には、人々が説得されて間違った立場を取ろうとしているのを見て、会議全体が話し合いで占められることもあった。

But in the end ambition eluded all attempts to check it;

in the end (結局) [副] finally; ultimately

elude (逃れる) [動] to avoid or escape from

attempt (試み) [名] an act of trying to do something

check (抑える) [動] to hold back; to restrain

しかし、結局、野心はそれを抑えようとするあらゆる試みを逃れ、

and the most incredible fact of all is that, in the midst of all these abuses, the vast people, thanks to its ancient regulations, never ceased to elect magistrates, to pass laws, to judge cases, and to carry through business both public and private, almost as easily as the senate itself could have done.

in the midst of (真っ只中に) [前] in the middle of

thanks to (おかげで) [前] because of

judge (裁判) [名] a public official appointed to decide cases in a court of law

have done (行った) [動] to have performed or accomplished

そして、最も信じがたい事実は、これらすべての不正行為の真っ只中に、その古代の規制のおかげで、広大な民衆は、元老院自身が行ったのと同じくらい簡単に、政務官の選出、法律の通過、事件の裁判、公私両方の事業の遂行を決してやめなかったことである。

CHAPTER V: THE TRIBUNATE

TRIBUNATE (護民官) [名] the office of tribune

第五章: 護民官

When an exact proportion cannot be established between the constituent parts of the State, or when causes that cannot be removed continually alter the relation of one part to another, recourse is had to the institution of a peculiar magistracy that enters into no corporate unity with the rest.

exact proportion (正確な比率) [名] a ratio in which the quantities are equal

be established (確立される) [動] be founded or set up

be removed (除去される) [動] be taken away or eliminated

enter into (形成する) [動] take part in

corporate unity (企業の統一) [名] the state of being united or made into a whole

国家の構成部分の間に正確な比率を確立できない場合、または除去できない原因が継続的に一部と他の部分の関係を変える場合、残りの部分と企業の統一を形成しない独特の政務官の制度に頼ることになる。

This restores to each term its right relation to the others, and provides a link or middle term between either prince and people, or prince and Sovereign, or, if necessary, both at once.

link (つながり) [名] a relationship or connection between two or more things

これにより、各項は他の項との正しい関係を取り戻し、君主と人民、君主と主権者、または必要に応じて両者の間のつながりまたは中間項を提供する。

This body, which I shall call the tribunate, is the preserver of the laws and of the legislative power.

preserver (保護者) [名] someone who protects or preserves something

私が護民官と呼ぶこの機関は、法律と立法権の保護者である。

It serves sometimes to protect the Sovereign against the government, as the tribunes of the people did at Rome;

ローマで人民の護民官が行ったように、それは時々政府に対して主権者を保護するのに役立つ。

sometimes to uphold the government against the people, as the Council of Ten now does at Venice;

Council of Ten (十人委員会) [名] a powerful council of state in the former Venetian Republic

ヴェネツィアで十人委員会が現在行っているように、時には人民に対して政府を支持する。

and sometimes to maintain the balance between the two, as the Ephors did at Sparta.

Ephors (エフォロス) [名] a magistrate in ancient Sparta

そして、スパルタでエフォロスが行ったように、時には両者のバランスを維持する。

The tribunate is not a constituent part of the city, and should have no share in either legislative or executive power;

constituent (構成要素) [名] a part of a whole

護民官は都市の構成要素ではなく、立法権にも執行権にも関与すべきではない。

but this very fact makes its own power the greater: for, while it can do nothing, it can prevent anything from being done.

greater (より大きい) [形] larger in size, amount, or degree

しかし、この事実そのものが、その権力をより大きくしている。なぜなら、何もできない一方で、何事も行われるのを阻止できるからである。

It is more sacred and more revered, as the defender of the laws, than the prince who executes them, or than the Sovereign which ordains them.

revered (尊敬される) [形] regarded with deep respect

ordain (制定する) [動] order by virtue of superior authority

護民官は、法律を執行する君主や、法律を制定する主権者よりも、法律の擁護者として、より神聖で、より尊敬されている。

This was seen very clearly at Rome, when the proud patricians, for all their scorn of the people, were forced to bow before one of its officers, who had neither auspices nor jurisdiction.

auspices (権限) [名] a favourable or propitious circumstance

これはローマで非常にはっきりと見られた。傲慢な貴族たちは、民衆を軽蔑していたにもかかわらず、権限も管轄権もない護民官の前に頭を下げざるを得なかった。

The tribunate, wisely tempered, is the strongest support a good constitution can have;

tempered (調整された) [動] make or become less intense or extreme

support (支え) [名] a person or thing that gives help, encouragement, or approval

賢明に調整された護民官は、良い憲法が持つことができる最も強力な支えである。

but if its strength is ever so little excessive, it upsets the whole State.

ever so little (少しでも) [副] to the slightest extent

excessive (過剰) [形] more than is usual or proper

upset (混乱させる) [動] disturb the normal state or condition of

しかし、その力が少しでも過剰になると、国家全体を混乱させる。

Weakness, on the other hand, is not natural to it: provided it is something, it is never less than it should be.

less (小さくなる) [形] smaller in size, amount, degree, or value

一方、弱さは護民官にとって自然なことではない。護民官が何かである限り、護民官は決してあるべき姿よりも小さくなることはない。

It degenerates into tyranny when it usurps the executive power, which it should confine itself to restraining, and when it tries to dispense with the laws, which it should confine itself to protecting.

dispense with (無視する) [動] do without

護民官は、抑制するべき執行権を奪い、保護するべき法律を無視しようとすると、専制政治に堕落する。

The immense power of the Ephors, harmless as long as Sparta preserved its morality, hastened corruption when once it had begun.

immense (巨大な) [形] very great in size, amount, or degree

harmless (無害な) [形] not causing or likely to cause harm

スパルタが道徳を保っている限り無害だったエフォロイの巨大な権力は、一度腐敗が始まると、その腐敗を早めた。

The blood of Agis, slaughtered by these tyrants, was avenged by his successor;

blood (血) [名] the red liquid that circulates in the arteries and veins of people and vertebrate animals, carrying oxygen to and carbon dioxide from the tissues of the body

slaughter (殺す) [動] kill (people or animals) in a cruel or violent way, typically in a large number

successor (後継者) [名] a person or thing that follows another in office, position, or function

これらの暴君によって殺されたアギスの血は、彼の後継者によって復讐された。

the crime and the punishment of the Ephors alike hastened the destruction of the republic, and after Cleomenes Sparta ceased to be of any account.

alike (共に) [副] in a similar way

Cleomenes (クレオメネス) [名] a king of Sparta

account (重要) [名] importance or value

エフォロイの犯罪と処罰は共に共和国の破壊を早め、クレオメネスの後にスパルタは重要ではなくなった。

Rome perished in the same way: the excessive power of the tribunes, which they had usurped by degrees, finally served, with the help of laws made to secure liberty, as a safeguard for the emperors who destroyed it.

in the same way (同じように) [副] in the same manner

by degrees (少しずつ) [副] gradually

finally (最終的に) [副] after a long time

ローマも同じように滅亡した。護民官が少しずつ奪い取った過度の権力は、自由を守るために作られた法律の助けを借りて、最終的には自由を破壊した皇帝の安全保障となった。

As for the Venetian Council of Ten, it is a tribunal of blood, an object of horror to patricians and people alike;

Venetian Council of Ten (ヴェネツィアの十人委員会) [名] a powerful council of state in the former Venetian Republic

ヴェネツィアの十人委員会については、それは血の裁判であり、貴族と民衆の両方にとって恐怖の対象である。

and, so far from giving a lofty protection to the laws, it does nothing, now they have become degraded, but strike in the darkness blows of which no one dare take note.

lofty (高尚な) [形] of imposing height

protection (保護) [名] the action of protecting someone or something

do nothing (何もしない) [動] not do anything

degraded (堕落した) [形] having lost all or a great deal of its good qualities

strike (打撃) [名] a blow or stroke

darkness (暗闇) [名] the absence of light

blow (打撃) [名] a sudden event or action that causes damage or harm

take note (注目する) [動] notice or observe

そして、法律に高尚な保護を与えるどころか、今や法律は堕落してしまったが、誰も注目しようとしない暗闇の中での打撃以外には何もしていない。

The tribunate, like the government, grows weak as the number of its members increases.

護民官は、政府と同様に、そのメンバーの数が増えるにつれて弱くなる。

When the tribunes of the Roman people, who first numbered only two, and then five, wished to double that number, the senate let them do so, in the confidence that it could use one to check another, as indeed it afterwards freely did.

confidence (自信) [名] a feeling or belief that you can do something well or succeed at something

check (チェックする) [動] examine or inspect with care

最初はわずか2人、その後5人だったローマ人の護民官がその数を倍にしたいと思ったとき、元老院は、実際にその後自由にそうしたように、一方を他方のチェックに使えるという自信を持って、そうさせた。

The best method of preventing usurpations by so formidable a body, though no government has yet made use of it, would be not to make it permanent, but to regulate the periods during which it should remain in abeyance.

formidable (恐ろしい) [形] causing fear or dread

permanent (永続的) [形] lasting forever

abeyance (停止) [名] a state of temporary disuse or suspension

このような恐ろしい組織による簒奪を防ぐ最善の方法は、まだどの政府もそれを利用していないが、それを永続的にするのではなく、それが停止されたままであるべき期間を規制することだろう。

These intervals, which should not be long enough to give abuses time to grow strong, may be so fixed by law that they can easily be shortened at need by extraordinary commissions.

これらの間隔は、不正が強くなる時間を与えるほど長くすべきではないが、法律で定めることができ、必要に応じて特別委員会によって簡単に短縮することができる。

This method seems to me to have no disadvantages, because, as I have said, the tribunate, which forms no part of the constitution, can be removed without the constitution being affected.

have no disadvantage (欠点がない) [動] be free of disadvantage

have said (言った) [動] say something in the past

form no part of (一部を形成していない) [動] not be a part of

be affected (影響を受ける) [動] be influenced or changed by something

この方法には欠点がないように思われる。なぜなら、私が言ったように、憲法の一部を形成していない護民官は、憲法に影響を与えることなく削除できるからである。

It seems to be also efficacious, because a newly restored magistrate starts not with the power his predecessor exercised, but with that which the law allows him.

efficacious (効果的) [形] producing the desired or intended result

newly (新しく) [副] recently; lately

restored (復権した) [形] brought back to a former position or condition

start (始める) [動] begin doing something

それはまた効果的であるように思われる。なぜなら、新しく復権した政務官は、前任者が行使した権力ではなく、法律が彼に与えた権力から始めるからである。

CHAPTER VI: THE DICTATORSHIP

CHAPTER VI (第六章) [名] the sixth chapter

DICTATORSHIP (独裁制) [名] a form of government in which absolute power is concentrated in the hands of a dictator or a small clique

第六章: 独裁制

The inflexibility of the laws, which prevents them from adapting themselves to circumstances, may, in certain cases, render them disastrous, and make them bring about, at a time of crisis, the ruin of the State.

inflexibility (硬直性) [名] the quality of being inflexible

adapt (適応する) [動] make suitable for a new use or purpose

disastrous (悲惨な) [形] causing great damage or misfortune

法律の硬直性は、法律が状況に適応するのを妨げるが、ある場合には、法律を悲惨なものにし、危機の時に国家の破滅をもたらすことがある。

The order and slowness of the forms they enjoin require a space of time which circumstances sometimes withhold.

slowness (遅さ) [名] the quality or state of being slow

form (手続き) [名] a document with spaces in which to write

enjoin (命じる) [動] give an order or injunction to

space (余裕) [名] a continuous area or expanse which is free, available, or unoccupied

法律が命じる手続きの順序と遅さは、状況によっては与えられない場合がある時間の余裕を必要とする。

A thousand cases against which the legislator has made no provision may present themselves, and it is a highly necessary part of foresight to be conscious that everything cannot be foreseen.

make no provision (何の準備もしない) [動] fail to prepare for something

present (起こりうる) [動] to happen or occur

立法者が何の準備もしていなかった無数の事例が起こりうるし、すべてを予見することはできないと自覚することは、予見の非常に必要な部分である。

It is wrong therefore to wish to make political institutions so strong as to render it impossible to suspend their operation.

political institution (政治制度) [名] a set of rules and regulations that govern the political behavior of a society

strong (強固な) [形] having the power to perform well or to withstand force, pressure, or wear

suspend (停止する) [動] stop temporarily

operation (運用) [名] the action or process of operating something

したがって、政治制度をその運用を停止することが不可能になるほど強固なものにしようとするのは間違っている。

Even Sparta allowed its laws to lapse.

lapse (失効) [名] a period of time during which something is no longer valid or in effect

スパルタでさえ、その法律を失効させた。

However, none but the greatest dangers can counter-balance that of changing the public order, and the sacred power of the laws should never be arrested save when the existence of the country is at stake.

none but (以外には) [副] only; no one or nothing else

counter-balance (釣り合う) [動] to act against with an equal force or effect

public order (公序) [名] the state of peace and security in a community

arrest (停止) [動] seize, capture

しかし、最大の危険以外には、公序を変更することの危険と釣り合うものはなく、国の存亡がかかっている場合を除いて、法律の神聖な権限を停止してはならない。

In these rare and obvious cases, provision is made for the public security by a particular act entrusting it to him who is most worthy.

in these rare and obvious cases (このような稀で明白な場合には) [副] in these rare and obvious cases

provision (確保) [名] the action of providing or supplying something

public security (公共の安全) [名] the safety of the general public

particular act (特別な行為) [名] a specific action

most worthy (最もふさわしい) [形] most deserving

このような稀で明白な場合には、最もふさわしい人物にそれを委ねる特別な行為によって、公共の安全が確保される。

This commitment may be carried out in either of two ways, according to the nature of the danger.

commitment (委任) [名] an engagement or obligation that restricts freedom of action

carry out (行う) [動] to perform or execute

この委任は、危険の性質に応じて、2つの方法のいずれかで行うことができる。

If increasing the activity of the government is a sufficient remedy, power is concentrated in the hands of one or two of its members: in this case the change is not in the authority of the laws, but only in the form of administering them.

increase (増やす) [動] make or become greater or more numerous

sufficient (十分な) [形] as much or as good as required

administer (管理する) [動] manage or supervise the execution, use, or conduct of

政府の活動を増やすことが十分な救済策である場合、権力はそのメンバーの1人か2人の手に集中する。この場合、変更は法律の権限ではなく、単にそれらを管理する形態にある。

If, on the other hand, the peril is of such a kind that the paraphernalia of the laws are an obstacle to their preservation, the method is to nominate a supreme ruler, who shall silence all the laws and suspend for a moment the sovereign authority.

paraphernalia (付属品) [名] articles used in conjunction with an activity

supreme ruler (最高統治者) [名] the person who has the highest authority in a country or organization

silence (沈黙させる) [動] make or become silent

一方、危険が法律の付属品がその保存の障害となるようなものである場合、その方法は、すべての法律を沈黙させ、主権を一時停止する最高統治者を指名することである。

In such a case, there is no doubt about the general will, and it is clear that the people's first intention is that the State shall not perish.

there is no doubt (疑いの余地はない) [動] be certain or sure about something

it is clear (明らかである) [動] be easy to understand

people's first intention (国民の第一の意図) [名] the first thing that people want to do

shall not perish (滅びない) [動] not die or be destroyed

このような場合、一般意志に疑いの余地はなく、国民の第一の意図は国家が滅びないことであることは明らかである。

Thus the suspension of the legislative authority is in no sense its abolition;

したがって、立法権の停止は決してその廃止ではない。

the magistrate who silences it cannot make it speak;

それを沈黙させる行政官はそれを語らせることはできない。

he dominates it, but cannot represent it.

dominate (支配する) [動] have a commanding influence on

彼はそれを支配するが、それを代表することはできない。

He can do anything, except make laws.

anything (何でも) [代] something, no matter what

彼は法律を作ること以外は何でもできる。

The first method was used by the Roman senate when, in a consecrated formula, it charged the consuls to provide for the safety of the Republic.

consecrated (神聖な) [形] dedicated to a deity or to some religious purpose

formula (定式) [名] a mathematical rule or statement

charge (責任を負わせる) [動] impose a duty or responsibility on

safety (安全) [名] the condition of being protected from or unlikely to cause danger, risk, or injury

最初の方法は、ローマの元老院が、神聖な定式で、共和国の安全を守るために執政官に責任を負わせたときに使われていた。

The second was employed when one of the two consuls nominated a dictator: a custom Rome borrowed from Alba.

employ (使われる) [動] use

dictator (独裁官) [名] a ruler with total power over a country, typically one who has obtained control by force

二つ目は、二人の執政官のうち一人が独裁官を指名したときに使われていた。ローマがアルバから借りた習慣である。

During the first period of the Republic, recourse was very often had to the dictatorship, because the State had not yet a firm enough basis to be able to maintain itself by the strength of its constitution alone.

During the first period of the Republic (共和国の最初の時期には) [名] the first period of the Republic

very often (非常に多かった) [副] very frequently

firm (強固な) [形] strong and stable

共和国の最初の時期には、国家が憲法の力だけで自立できるほど十分に強固な基盤をまだ持っていなかったため、独裁制に頼ることが非常に多かった。

As the state of morality then made superfluous many of the precautions which would have been necessary at other times, there was no fear that a dictator would abuse his authority, or try to keep it beyond his term of office.

superfluous (不要な) [形] more than is needed, desired, or required

term (任期) [名] a fixed period of time during which someone holds a particular office or position

当時の道徳の状態は、他の時代には必要だったであろう多くの予防策を不要にしていたため、独裁者が権力を乱用したり、任期を超えて権力を維持しようとする恐れはなかった。

On the contrary, so much power appeared to be burdensome to him who was clothed with it, and he made all speed to lay it down, as if taking the place of the laws had been too troublesome and too perilous a position to retain.

make all speed (全力を尽くした) [動] do something as quickly as possible

lay down (放棄する) [動] give up

take the place of (代わる) [動] be a substitute for

too troublesome (あまりにも面倒な) [形] causing difficulty or problems

too perilous (あまりにも危険な) [形] involving or exposing one to great danger

retain (保つ) [動] keep or continue to have

それどころか、そのような権力は、それを身にまとった者には重荷であるように思われ、法律に代わることはあまりにも面倒で危険な立場であるかのように、彼はそれを放棄するために全力を尽くした。

It is therefore the danger not of its abuse, but of its cheapening, that makes me attack the indiscreet use of this supreme magistracy in the earliest times.

cheapening (安易な使用) [名] the act of making something cheaper

indiscreet (無分別な) [形] lacking prudence or good judgment

earliest (初期の) [形] happening or done before the usual or expected time

したがって、私がこの最高裁判所の初期の無分別な使用を攻撃するのは、その乱用ではなく、その安易な使用の危険性である。

For as long as it was freely employed at elections, dedications and purely formal functions, there was danger of its becoming less formidable in time of need, and of men growing accustomed to regarding as empty a title that was used only on occasions of empty ceremonial.

dedication (献身) [名] the quality of being dedicated or committed to a task or purpose

time of need (必要な時) [名] a time when help is needed

less formidable (それほど手強いものではなくなる) [形] not as impressive or powerful as expected

danger (危険性) [名] the possibility of suffering harm or injury

grow accustomed to (慣れる) [動] become used to something

regard as (見なす) [動] consider or think of as

選挙、献身、純粋に形式的な機能に自由に使用されている限り、必要な時にそれがそれほど手強いものではなくなる危険性があり、空虚な儀式の際にのみ使用される称号を空虚なものと見なすことに慣れてしまう危険性があった。

Towards the end of the Republic, the Romans, having grown more circumspect, were as unreasonably sparing in the use of the dictatorship as they had formerly been lavish.

circumspect (慎重) [形] careful to consider all circumstances and possible consequences

unreasonably (不当に) [副] in a way that is not fair, just, or right

spare (控えめ) [形] small in amount or of poor quality

lavish (贅沢) [形] very generous or extravagant

共和政の終わりにかけて、ローマ人はより慎重になり、以前は贅沢に独裁制を使っていたのに、不当に控えめになった。

It is easy to see that their fears were without foundation, that the weakness of the capital secured it against the magistrates who were in its midst;

彼らの恐怖には根拠がなく、首都の弱さがその中にいる行政官に対してそれを確保していたことは容易に理解できる。

that a dictator might, in certain cases, defend the public liberty, but could never endanger it;

endanger (危険にさらす) [動] put at risk or in danger

独裁者は、ある場合には公衆の自由を守るかもしれないが、それを危険にさらすことは決してできない。

and that the chains of Rome would be forged, not in Rome itself, but in her armies.

forge (鍛造する) [動] shape metal by heating and hammering

そして、ローマの鎖はローマ自体ではなく、その軍隊で鍛造されるだろう。

The weak resistance offered by Marius to Sulla, and by Pompey to Cæsar, clearly showed what was to be expected from authority at home against force from abroad.

Marius (マリウス) [名] Roman general and statesman

Sulla (スラ) [名] Roman general and statesman

Pompey (ポンペイウス) [名] Roman general and statesman

Cæsar (カエサル) [名] Roman general and statesman

マリウスがスラに、ポンペイウスがカエサルに対して示した弱い抵抗は、外からの力に対して国内の権威から何が期待できるかを明らかに示した。

This misconception led the Romans to make great mistakes;

misconception (誤解) [名] a wrong idea or opinion

lead (犯させる) [動] cause to go or come

make (犯す) [動] perform or carry out

この誤解がローマ人に大きな過ちを犯させた。

such, for example, as the failure to nominate a dictator in the Catilinarian conspiracy.

failure (失敗) [名] the state or condition of not meeting a desirable or intended objective

conspiracy (陰謀) [名] a secret plan by a group to do something unlawful or harmful

例えば、カティリナの陰謀で独裁者を指名しなかったことなどである。

For, as only the city itself, with at most some province in Italy, was concerned, the unlimited authority the laws gave to the dictator would have enabled him to make short work of the conspiracy, which was, in fact, stifled only by a combination of lucky chances human prudence had no right to expect.

enable (可能にする) [動] make possible

stifle (抑える) [動] prevent the development, growth, or spread of

なぜなら、せいぜいイタリアのいくつかの州と都市自体だけが関係していたので、法律が独裁者に与えた無制限の権限は、彼が陰謀を短時間で処理することを可能にしただろうし、実際、それは人間の慎重さでは期待できない幸運な偶然の組み合わせによってのみ抑えられたのである。

Instead, the senate contented itself with entrusting its whole power to the consuls, so that Cicero, in order to take effective action, was compelled on a capital point to exceed his powers;

effective (効果的な) [形] producing a desired or intended result

その代わりに、元老院は執政官に全権を委任することで満足し、キケロは効果的な行動をとるために、重要な点で権限を超えることを余儀なくされた。

and if, in the first transports of joy, his conduct was approved, he was justly called, later on, to account for the blood of citizens spilt in violation of the laws.

transport (喜び) [名] a feeling of great happiness

approve (認める) [動] have or express a favorable opinion of

call (問われる) [動] to communicate with (someone) by telephone

account for (責任を問われる) [動] to be the explanation for

そして、最初の喜びのあまり、彼の行為が認められたとしても、後に彼は法律に違反して流された市民の血の責任を問われるのは当然のことだった。

Such a reproach could never have been levelled at a dictator.

reproach (非難) [名] an expression of disapproval

could never have been (あり得なかっただろう) [助] be impossible or extremely unlikely

level (向ける) [動] aim or direct

そのような非難は独裁者に向けられることはなかっただろう。

But the consul's eloquence carried the day;

しかし、執政官の雄弁が勝利を収めた。

and he himself, Roman though he was, loved his own glory better than his country, and sought, not so much the most lawful and secure means of saving the State, as to get for himself the whole honour of having done so.

そして、彼自身、ローマ人ではあったが、自分の栄光を祖国よりも愛し、国家を救うための最も合法で安全な手段を求めるよりも、そうしたことに対するすべての名誉を自分自身で得ようとした。

He was therefore justly honoured as the liberator of Rome, and also justly punished as a law-breaker.

be justly honoured (正当に称えられる) [動] be given the respect that one deserves

be justly punished (正当に処罰される) [動] be given the punishment that one deserves

したがって、彼はローマの解放者として正当に称えられ、また、法律違反者として正当に処罰された。

However brilliant his recall may have been, it was undoubtedly an act of pardon.

brilliant (輝かしい) [形] very bright or vivid

recall (復帰) [名] the ability to remember something

undoubtedly (間違いなく) [副] without doubt; certainly

彼の復帰がどれほど輝かしいものであれ、それは間違いなく恩赦の行為だった。

However this important trust be conferred, it is important that its duration should be fixed at a very brief period, incapable of being ever prolonged.

however (どのように) [副] in whatever way or manner

trust (信託) [名] a legal arrangement in which a person or organization holds property or assets for the benefit of another

duration (期間) [名] the length of time that something continues

この重要な信託がどのように授与されようとも、その期間は非常に短い期間に固定され、延長されることがないようにすることが重要である。

In the crises which lead to its adoption, the State is either soon lost, or soon saved;

adoption (採用) [名] the action of adopting

save (救う) [動] make or keep safe or rescue from harm

その採用に至る危機において、国家はすぐに失われるか、すぐに救われるかのどちらかである。

and, the present need passed, the dictatorship becomes either tyrannical or idle.

dictatorship (独裁) [名] a country governed by a dictator

そして、現在の必要性が過ぎ去ると、独裁は暴君的になるか、怠惰になる。

At Rome, where dictators held office for six months only, most of them abdicated before their time was up.

hold office (在任する) [動] occupy a position of authority

six months (六ヶ月) [名] a period of time

abdicate (退位する) [動] renounce one's throne

time (任期) [名] the space or span of time

be up (終わる) [動] be finished

独裁官が六ヶ月しか在任しなかったローマでは、そのほとんどが任期が終わる前に退位した。

If their term had been longer, they might well have tried to prolong it still further, as the decemvirs did when chosen for a year.

year (年) [名] the period of time that the earth takes to make one complete orbit of the sun

もし彼らの任期がもっと長かったなら、十人委員会が一年間選ばれた時にしたように、彼らはそれをさらに延長しようとしたかもしれない。

The dictator had only time to provide against the need that had caused him to be chosen;

have only time to (時間しかない) [動] have no time to do anything else

provide against (対処する) [動] take precautions against

独裁官は、彼が選ばれる原因となった必要に対処する時間しかなかった。

he had none to think of further projects.

have none to (時間がない) [動] not have any

further (それ以上の) [形] more distant in space or time

彼には、それ以上の計画を考える時間はなかった。

CHAPTER VII: THE CENSORSHIP

第七章: 検閲

As the law is the declaration of the general will, the censorship is the declaration of the public judgment: public opinion is the form of law which the censor administers, and, like the prince, only applies to particular cases.

public judgment (公衆の判断) [名] the opinion of the general public

particular case (特定の場合) [名] a specific instance of something

法律が一般意志の宣言であるように、検閲は公衆の判断の宣言である。世論は検閲官が管理する法律の形式であり、君主のように、特定の場合にのみ適用される。

The censorial tribunal, so far from being the arbiter of the people's opinion, only declares it, and, as soon as the two part company, its decisions are null and void.

censorial tribunal (検閲裁判所) [名] a court that has the power to censor

arbiter (裁定者) [名] a person who has the power to decide a dispute

people's opinion (人民の意見) [名] the opinion of the people

two part company (両者が分離する) [名] two people or groups that have separated

null and void (無効となる) [形] having no legal force or effect

検閲裁判所は、人民の意見の裁定者であるどころか、それを宣言するだけであり、両者が分離するとすぐに、その決定は無効となる。

It is useless to distinguish the morality of a nation from the objects of its esteem;

esteem (尊敬) [名] a feeling of deep admiration for someone or something

国民の道徳をその尊敬の対象から区別することは無意味である。

both depend on the same principle and are necessarily indistinguishable.

indistinguishable (区別がつかない) [形] not able to be distinguished or differentiated

両者は同じ原理に依存しており、必然的に区別がつかない。

There is no people on earth the choice of whose pleasures is not decided by opinion rather than nature.

There is no (いない) [動] not exist

pleasure (快楽) [名] a feeling of satisfaction or enjoyment

快楽の選択が自然ではなく意見によって決定されない人々は地球上にいない。

Right men's opinions, and their morality will purge itself.

right (正す) [動] make or set right

purge (浄化する) [動] rid of impurities or unwanted elements

人の意見を正せば、彼らの道徳は浄化される。

Men always love what is good or what they find good;

人は常に善いもの、あるいは善いと思うものを愛する。

it is in judging what is good that they go wrong.

go wrong (間違える) [動] make a mistake

彼らが間違えるのは、何が善いかを判断する時である。

This judgment, therefore, is what must be regulated.

be regulated (規制される) [動] be controlled or supervised by means of rules and regulations

したがって、この判断こそが規制されるべきものである。

He who judges of morality judges of honour;

道徳を判断する者は名誉を判断する。

and he who judges of honour finds his law in opinion.

そして名誉を判断する者は、その法則を世論に見出す。

The opinions of a people are derived from its constitution;

国民の世論はその体制に由来する。

although the law does not regulate morality, it is legislation that gives it birth.

give birth to (生み出す) [動] produce or create

法律は道徳を規制しないが、道徳を生み出すのは法律である。

When legislation grows weak, morality degenerates;

degenerate (退廃する) [動] become worse or less good

法律が弱くなると、道徳は退廃する。

but in such cases the judgment of the censors will not do what the force of the laws has failed to effect.

しかし、そのような場合には、検閲官の判断は、法律の力が効果を上げなかったことを行わない。

From this it follows that the censorship may be useful for the preservation of morality, but can never be so for its restoration.

follow (分かる) [動] be clear or obvious

restoration (回復) [名] the act of returning something to its original condition

このことから、検閲は道徳の維持には役立つかもしれないが、道徳の回復には役立たないということが分かる。

Set up censors while the laws are vigorous;

vigorous (厳しい) [形] strong, forceful, or energetic

法律が厳しいうちに検閲官を設置せよ。

as soon as they have lost their vigour, all hope is gone;

hope (希望) [名] a feeling of expectation and desire for something to happen

法律が厳しさを失うとすぐに、すべての希望は失われる。

no legitimate power can retain force when the laws have lost it.

法律が力を失ったとき、合法的な権力は力を保持できない。

The censorship upholds morality by preventing opinion from growing corrupt, by preserving its rectitude by means of wise applications, and sometimes even by fixing it when it is still uncertain.

検閲は、意見が堕落するのを防ぎ、賢明な適用によってその正直さを保ち、時にはそれがまだ不確かなときにそれを修正することによって、道徳を支持する。

The employment of seconds in duels, which had been carried to wild extremes in the kingdom of France, was done away with merely by these words in a royal edict: “As for those who are cowards enough to call upon seconds.”

second (介添人) [名] a person who assists the principal in a duel

wild (極端な) [形] very great or intense

royal edict (王の勅令) [名] a decree issued by a monarch

call upon (呼ぶ) [動] to request the presence of

フランス王国で極端に行われていた決闘の際の介添人の使用は、王の勅令の中の「介添人を呼ぶほど臆病な者については」という文言だけで廃止された。

This judgment, in anticipating that of the public, suddenly decided it.

anticipate (先取りする) [動] be aware of something before it happens or before the usual time

suddenly (突然) [副] quickly and without warning

この判断は、国民の判断を先取りして、突然決定された。

But when edicts from the same source tried to pronounce duelling itself an act of cowardice, as indeed it is, then, since common opinion does not regard it as such, the public took no notice of a decision on a point on which its mind was already made up.

source (出所) [名] the place from which something comes

pronounce (宣言する) [動] declare or announce officially or formally

common opinion (世論) [名] the opinion of the majority of people

take no notice of (注意を払わない) [動] fail to notice or consider

しかし、同じ出所の勅令が決闘そのものを臆病な行為であると宣言しようとしたとき、実際そうであるのだが、世論はそれをそうとは見ていないので、国民はすでに決心している点についての決定に注意を払わなかった。

I have stated elsewhere that as public opinion is not subject to any constraint, there need be no trace of it in the tribunal set up to represent it.

be subject to (受ける) [動] be affected by or vulnerable to

constraint (制約) [名] a limiting condition or measure

trace (痕跡) [名] a mark, sign, or evidence of the existence or passing of something

私は他のところで、世論はいかなる制約も受けないので、それを代表するために設置された裁判所には、その痕跡は全く必要ないと述べた。

It is impossible to admire too much the art with which this resource, which we moderns have wholly lost, was employed by the Romans, and still more by the Lacedæmonians.

too much (あまりに) [副] to a very great degree

modern (現代人) [名] a person living in modern times

still more (さらに) [副] to an even greater extent

Lacedaemonian (ラケダイモン人) [名] a citizen of ancient Sparta

現代人が完全に失ってしまったこの手段を、ローマ人、さらにはラケダイモン人が用いた技を賞賛しすぎることはできない。

A man of bad morals having made a good proposal in the Spartan Council, the Ephors neglected it, and caused the same proposal to be made by a virtuous citizen.

bad morals (道徳的に悪い) [名] a person who does not behave in a way that is considered morally right

good proposal (よい提案) [名] a plan or suggestion, especially a formal or written one, put forward for consideration or discussion

Spartan Council (スパルタ評議会) [名] the governing body of Sparta

スパルタ評議会で道徳的に悪い人がよい提案をしたので、エフォロスはそれを無視し、同じ提案を高潔な市民にさせた。

What an honour for the one, and what a disgrace for the other, without praise or blame of either!

disgrace (不名誉) [名] loss of reputation

praise (賞賛) [名] an expression of approval or admiration

blame (非難) [名] an expression of disapproval or criticism

どちらも賞賛も非難も受けずに、一方には何という名誉であり、他方にはなんという不名誉であろうか!

Certain drunkards from Samos polluted the tribunal of the Ephors: the next day, a public edict gave Samians permission to be filthy.

Samos (サモス島) [名] a Greek island in the eastern Aegean Sea

drunkard (酔っ払い) [名] a person who is drunk

pollute (汚す) [動] make dirty or impure

the next day (翌日) [名] the day after today

public edict (公の布告) [名] an official order or command

Samians (サモス人) [名] a native or inhabitant of Samos

filthy (不潔) [形] very dirty

サモス島の酔っ払いたちがエフォロスの裁判所を汚した。翌日、公の布告でサモス人は不潔になることを許された。

An actual punishment would not have been so severe as such an impunity.

実際の処罰は、そのような免責ほど厳しくはなかっただろう。

When Sparta has pronounced on what is or is not right, Greece makes no appeal from her judgments.

make no appeal (異議を唱えない) [動] not challenge a decision

スパルタが正しいことと正しくないことを宣言したとき、ギリシャはその判断に異議を唱えない。

CHAPTER VIII: CIVIL RELIGION

第八章: 市民宗教

At first men had no kings save the gods, and no government save theocracy.

theocracy (神政) [名] a system of government in which priests rule in the name of god or a god

最初、人間には神々以外に王はなく、神政以外に政府はなかった。

They reasoned like Caligula, and, at that period, reasoned aright.

at that period (その時代には) [副] at that time

aright (正しく) [副] in a right manner

彼らはカリグラのように推論し、その時代には正しく推論した。

It takes a long time for feeling so to change that men can make up their minds to take their equals as masters, in the hope that they will profit by doing so.

long time (長い時間) [名] a long period of time

make up one's mind (決意する) [動] reach, make, or come to a decision about something

take (持つ) [動] have or hold in one's hand

equal (同等の者) [名] a person or thing considered to be the same as or equivalent to another

人間が、そうすることで利益を得ることを期待して、同等の者を主人とすることを決意できるほどに気持ちが変わるまでには長い時間がかかる。

From the mere fact that God was set over every political society, it followed that there were as many gods as peoples.

set over (置かれる) [動] be placed above or higher than

political society (政治社会) [名] a society that is organized politically

神があらゆる政治社会の上に置かれたという単なる事実から、民族の数だけ神々がいるということになった。

Two peoples that were strangers the one to the other, and almost always enemies, could not long recognise the same master: two armies giving battle could not obey the same leader.

stranger (知らない者同士) [名] a person whom one does not know

give (繰り広げる) [動] present as a gift

battle (戦い) [名] a violent confrontation of opposing military forces in a war

互いに知らない者同士であり、ほとんど常に敵同士であった二つの民族は、長い間同じ主人を認めることはできなかった。戦いを繰り広げる二つの軍隊は、同じ指導者に従うことはできなかった。

National divisions thus led to polytheism, and this in turn gave rise to theological and civil intolerance, which, as we shall see hereafter, are by nature the same.

national division (国家の分断) [名] the division of a nation into two or more parts

polytheism (多神教) [名] the belief in or worship of more than one god

in turn (今度は) [副] in return; in exchange

theological (神学的) [形] of or relating to theology

intolerance (不寛容) [名] the unwillingness to accept views, beliefs, or behavior that differ from one's own

hereafter (後で) [副] from now on; in the future

by nature (本質的に) [副] inherently; naturally

こうして国家の分断が多神教につながり、これが今度は神学的、市民的不寛容を生み出したが、これは後で見るように、本質的には同じものである。

The fancy the Greeks had for rediscovering their gods among the barbarians arose from the way they had of regarding themselves as the natural Sovereigns of such peoples.

fancy (空想) [名] a mental image or representation of something that is not real or has not yet happened

rediscover (再発見する) [動] discover again

barbarian (野蛮人) [名] a member of a people regarded as primitive and uncivilized

ギリシャ人が自分たちの神々を野蛮人の間で再発見しようとした空想は、彼らが自分たちをそのような民族の自然の主権者と考えていた方法から生じた。

But there is nothing so absurd as the erudition which in our days identifies and confuses gods of different nations.

erudition (博学) [名] extensive knowledge acquired chiefly from books

しかし、今日、異なる民族の神々を同一視し、混同している博学ほど馬鹿げたものはない。

As if Moloch, Saturn and Chronos could be the same god!

Moloch (モロク) [名] a god to whom children were sacrificed

Chronos (クロノス) [名] the personification of time in pre-Socratic philosophy and later literature

モロク、サターン、クロノスが同じ神であるかのように!

As if the Phœnician Baal, the Greek Zeus, and the Latin Jupiter could be the same!

Phœnician (フェニキア) [形] of or relating to ancient Phoenicia or its people or language

Baal (バアル) [名] a god of the ancient Canaanites and Phoenicians

Zeus (ゼウス) [名] the chief god of the ancient Greek pantheon

Latin (ラテン) [形] of or relating to the Latin language

Jupiter (ジュピター) [名] the chief god of the ancient Roman pantheon

フェニキアのバアル、ギリシャのゼウス、ラテンのジュピターが同じであるかのように!

As if there could still be anything common to imaginary beings with different names!

imaginary (想像上の) [形] existing only in the imagination

異なる名前を持つ想像上の存在に共通するものがまだあるかのように!

If it is asked how in pagan times, where each State had its cult and its gods, there were no wars of religion, I answer that it was precisely because each State, having its own cult as well as its own government, made no distinction between its gods and its laws.

pagan (異教の) [形] of or relating to pagans or their religion

cult (宗教) [名] a system of religious veneration and devotion directed toward a particular figure or object

各国家が独自の宗教と神々を持っていた異教の時代に、なぜ宗教戦争がなかったのかと問われるならば、私は、各国家が独自の宗教と政府を持っていたからこそ、神々と法律を区別しなかったからだと答える。

Political war was also theological;

政治戦争は神学的でもあった。

the provinces of the gods were, so to speak, fixed by the boundaries of nations.

province (領域) [名] a large area of land

boundary (境界) [名] a line that marks the limits of an area

神々の領域は、いわば国家の境界によって固定されていた。

The god of one people had no right over another.

ある民族の神は、他の民族に対して権利を有していなかった。

The gods of the pagans were not jealous gods;

pagan (異教徒) [名] a person who is not a Christian, Jew, or Muslim

jealous (嫉妬深い) [形] feeling or showing an envious resentment of someone or their achievements and advantages

異教徒の神々は嫉妬深い神々ではなかった。

they shared among themselves the empire of the world: even Moses and the Hebrews sometimes lent themselves to this view by speaking of the God of Israel.

Moses (モーセ) [名] a Hebrew prophet and religious leader

Israel (イスラエル) [名] a republic in the Middle East on the Mediterranean Sea; formerly part of Palestine

彼らは世界の帝国を共有していた。モーセやヘブライ人でさえ、イスラエルの神について語ることによって、この見解に従うことがあった。

It is true, they regarded as powerless the gods of the Canaanites, a proscribed people condemned to destruction, whose place they were to take;

Canaanite (カナン人) [名] a member of a Semitic people who lived in Canaan

powerless (無力な) [形] lacking the power to perform

確かに、彼らはカナン人の神々を無力だと考えていた。カナン人は滅亡を宣告された禁止された民族であり、彼らはその場所を奪うことになった。

but remember how they spoke of the divisions of the neighbouring peoples they were forbidden to attack!

division (分裂) [名] the separation of something into two or more parts

neighbouring (近隣) [形] next to or very near

attack (攻撃) [名] an aggressive and violent act against a person or place

しかし、彼らが攻撃を禁じられていた近隣民族の分裂についてどのように語ったかを思い出してほしい。

“Is not the possession of what belongs to your god Chamos lawfully your due?” said Jephthah to the Ammonites.

due (権利) [名] something that is owed or deserved

Jephthah (エフタ) [名] a judge of Israel

Ammonites (アンモン人) [名] a member of a Semitic people who lived in the region east of the Jordan River

「あなたの神カモスに属するものの所有は合法的にあなたの権利ではないのか?」とエフタはアンモン人に言った。

“We have the same title to the lands our conquering God has made his own.”

have the same title to (同じ権利を持っている) [動] have the same right to

「私たちは、征服した神が自分のものにした土地に対して同じ権利を持っている。」

Here, I think, there is a recognition that the rights of Chamos and those of the God of Israel are of the same nature.

recognition (認識) [名] the action of recognizing something or someone

Chamos (カモス) [名] the god of the Moabites

ここでは、カモスの権利とイスラエルの神の権利が同じ性質のものであるという認識があると思う。

But when the Jews, being subject to the kings of Babylon, and, subsequently, to those of Syria, still obstinately refused to recognise any god save their own, their refusal was regarded as rebellion against their conqueror, and drew down on them the persecutions we read of in their history, which are without parallel till the coming of Christianity.

Babylon (バビロン) [名] an ancient city in Mesopotamia

Syria (シリア) [名] a country in the Middle East

obstinately (頑固に) [副] in a determined and unyielding manner

refusal (拒否) [名] an act of refusing

draw down (招く) [動] to cause to come or go

persecution (迫害) [名] hostility and ill-treatment, especially because of race or political or religious beliefs

Christianity (キリスト教) [名] a monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ

しかし、バビロンの王に従属し、その後シリア王に従属したユダヤ人が、頑固にも自分たちの神以外の神を認めることを拒んだとき、彼らの拒否は征服者に対する反逆とみなされ、彼らの歴史に残る迫害を招いたが、それはキリスト教の到来まで比類のないものだった。

Every religion, therefore, being attached solely to the laws of the State which prescribed it, there was no way of converting a people except by enslaving it, and there could be no missionaries save conquerors.

every religion (すべての宗教) [名] all religions

be attached to (結びつく) [動] be connected to

there be no way of (方法はない) [名] there is no way to

convert (改宗させる) [動] cause to change from one religion, belief, or opinion to another

missionary (宣教師) [名] a person who is sent on a religious mission

したがって、すべての宗教は、それを規定した国家の法律だけに結びついていたので、人々を奴隷にする以外に改宗させる方法はなく、征服者以外に宣教師はあり得なかった。

The obligation to change cults being the law to which the vanquished yielded, it was necessary to be victorious before suggesting such a change.

yield (従う) [動] produce or give

suggest (提案する) [動] put forward for consideration

victorious (勝利する) [形] having won a battle or contest

信仰を変える義務は、敗者が従うべき法であるため、そのような変化を提案する前に勝利する必要があった。

So far from men fighting for the gods, the gods, as in Homer, fought for men;

Homer (ホメロス) [名] an ancient Greek poet

fight for (のために戦う) [動] take part in a violent confrontation in support of

人間が神々のために戦うどころか、ホメロスのように神々が人間のために戦った。

each asked his god for victory, and repayed him with new altars.

ask (祈る) [動] say a prayer

victory (勝利) [名] an act of defeating an enemy or opponent in a battle, game, or other competition

altar (祭壇) [名] a table or platform on which religious offerings to a god, a spirit, or an ancestor are made

それぞれが自分の神に勝利を祈り、新しい祭壇を捧げた。

The Romans, before taking a city, summoned its gods to quit it;

take (攻略する) [動] capture or seize by force

summon (呼び出す) [動] call upon to appear

quit (退去させる) [動] leave or go away from

ローマ人は、都市を攻略する前に、その都市の神々を呼び出して、都市から退去させた。

and, in leaving the Tarentines their outraged gods, they regarded them as subject to their own and compelled to do them homage.

Tarentines (タレントゥム人) [名] a native or inhabitant of Tarentum

outraged (侮辱した) [形] extremely angry

そして、タレントゥム人の神々を侮辱したままにしておくことで、彼らを自分たちの神々の臣下と見なし、彼らに敬意を払うことを強要した。

They left the vanquished their gods as they left them their laws.

god (神々) [名] a being with supernatural powers or attributes, believed in and worshipped by a people, especially in a monotheistic religion

彼らは、敗北した者たちに彼らの神々を残した。彼らの法律を残したように。

A wreath to the Jupiter of the Capitol was often the only tribute they imposed.

Jupiter (ユピテル) [名] the supreme god of the Roman pantheon

Capitol (カピトリーノの丘) [名] the building in Washington DC that is the seat of the United States Congress

wreath (花輪) [名] a circular arrangement of flowers or leaves

カピトリーノの丘のユピテルへの花輪が、彼らが課した唯一の貢物であることが多かった。

Finally, when, along with their empire, the Romans had spread their cult and their gods, and had themselves often adopted those of the vanquished, by granting to both alike the rights of the city, the peoples of that vast empire insensibly found themselves with multitudes of gods and cults, everywhere almost the same;

spread (広める) [動] cause to be known or felt more widely

vanquished (敗北した) [形] defeated in battle or other conflict

find (気づく) [動] become aware of

最後に、ローマ人が帝国とともに自分たちの信仰と神々を広め、また、自分たちもしばしば敗北した者の神々を受け入れ、両者に都市の権利を与えたことで、この広大な帝国の人々は、いつの間にか、どこでもほとんど同じ神々や信仰の集団の中にいることに気づいた。

and thus paganism throughout the known world finally came to be one and the same religion.

paganism (異教) [名] a religion other than one of the main world religions

known (既知) [形] that is known

こうして、既知の世界全体の異教は、ついに一つのものとなり、同じ宗教となった。

It was in these circumstances that Jesus came to set up on earth a spiritual kingdom, which, by separating the theological from the political system, made the State no longer one, and brought about the internal divisions which have never ceased to trouble Christian peoples.

Jesus (イエス) [名] the central figure of Christianity

spiritual (霊的な) [形] of or relating to religion or religious purposes

system (体制) [名] a set of connected things or parts forming a complex whole

このような状況の中で、イエスは地上に霊的な王国を打ち立て、神学と政治体制を分離することで、国家を一つのものではなくなり、キリスト教徒を悩ませ続ける内部分裂をもたらした。

As the new idea of a kingdom of the other world could never have occurred to pagans, they always looked on the Christians as really rebels, who, while feigning to submit, were only waiting for the chance to make themselves independent and their masters, and to usurp by guile the authority they pretended in their weakness to respect.

other world (あの世) [名] the world after death

new idea (新しい考え) [名] a thought or concept that has not been thought of before

Christian (キリスト教徒) [名] a person who follows or adheres to Christianity

wait for (待つ) [動] stay where one is or delay action until a particular time or event happens

guile (策略) [名] sly or cunning intelligence

pretend (ふりをする) [動] speak and act so as to make it appear that something is the case when in fact it is not

異教徒には、あの世の王国という新しい考えが思い浮かぶことはなかったので、彼らは常にキリスト教徒を真の反逆者と考え、服従するふりをしながらも、自分たちを独立させ、主人とし、弱さの中で尊敬するふりをしている権威を策略で奪い取る機会を待っているだけだと考えていた。

This was the cause of the persecutions.

これが迫害の原因だった。

What the pagans had feared took place.

take place (起こる) [動] happen

異教徒たちが恐れていたことが起こった。

Then everything changed its aspect: the humble Christians changed their language, and soon this so-called kingdom of the other world turned, under a visible leader, into the most violent of earthly despotisms.

aspect (様相) [名] a particular way in which something may be viewed or considered

humble (謙虚な) [形] having or showing a modest or low estimate of one's own importance

soon (やがて) [副] in a short time

turn (変貌する) [動] change in nature, condition, or form

visible (目に見える) [形] able to be seen

すると、すべてが様相を変え、謙虚なキリスト教徒たちは言葉を変え、やがてこのいわゆるあの世の王国は、目に見える指導者のもとで、地上で最も暴力的な専制政治へと変貌した。

However, as there have always been a prince and civil laws, this double power and conflict of jurisdiction have made all good polity impossible in Christian States;

civil law (民法) [名] the body of law that deals with the rights and duties of individuals and organizations

Christian (キリスト教) [名] a monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ

しかし、常に君主と民法があったため、この二重の権力と管轄権の衝突により、キリスト教国家ではすべての善政が不可能になった。

and men have never succeeded in finding out whether they were bound to obey the master or the priest.

find out (知る) [動] get to know or become aware of, usually accidentally

bind (従う) [動] force or oblige to do something

そして、人々は主人に従うべきか、司祭に従うべきかを知ることに成功したことがない。

Several peoples, however, even in Europe and its neighbourhood, have desired without success to preserve or restore the old system: but the spirit of Christianity has everywhere prevailed.

restore (復興させる) [動] to bring back to a former or original state

しかし、ヨーロッパやその周辺地域でさえ、多くの人々が古い制度を維持したり復興させたりすることを望んだが、成功しなかった。しかし、キリスト教の精神は至る所で優勢だった。

The sacred cult has always remained or again become independent of the Sovereign, and there has been no necessary link between it and the body of the State.

there has been (~があった) [動] exist or occur in the past

神聖な儀式は常に主権者から独立したままであったり、再び独立したりしており、それと国家の体との間に必要なつながりはなかった。

Mahomet held very sane views, and linked his political system well together;

Mahomet (マホメット) [名] the Arab prophet and founder of Islam

sane (正気な) [形] of sound mind; mentally healthy

link (結びつける) [動] connect or join

マホメットは非常に正気な見解を持ち、彼の政治システムをうまく結びつけた。

and, as long as the form of his government continued under the caliphs who succeeded him, that government was indeed one, and so far good.

succeed (継ぐ) [動] come after in time

caliph (カリフ) [名] a religious leader of a Muslim state

そして、彼の政府の形態が彼の後を継いだカリフの下で続く限り、その政府は確かに一つであり、これまでのところは良かった。

But the Arabs, having grown prosperous, lettered, civilised, slack and cowardly, were conquered by barbarians:

Arab (アラブ人) [名] a member of a Semitic people originally from the Arabian peninsula and now inhabiting much of the Middle East and North Africa

prosperous (繁栄した) [形] having a great deal of money, possessions, or success

lettered (文字を持つ) [形] having a great deal of knowledge or learning

civilised (文明化した) [形] having a high level of social and cultural development

slack (怠惰な) [形] not working or done with enough care or effort

しかし、アラブ人は繁栄し、文字を持ち、文明化し、怠惰で臆病になったため、野蛮人に征服された。

the division between the two powers began again;

二つの権力の分断が再び始まった。

and, although it is less apparent among the Mahometans than among the Christians, it none the less exists, especially in the sect of Ali, and there are States, such as Persia, where it is continually making itself felt.

Mahometan (マホメット教徒) [名] a follower of the religion of Islam

sect (派) [名] a group of people with somewhat different religious beliefs (typically regarded as heretical) from those of a larger group to which they belong

Persia (ペルシア) [名] a historical region of southwestern Asia

そして、それはキリスト教徒の間よりもマホメット教徒の間ではそれほど明白ではないが、特にアリ派には存在し、ペルシアのような国ではそれが絶えず感じられている。

Among us, the Kings of England have made themselves heads of the Church, and the Czars have done the same: but this title has made them less its masters than its ministers;

among us (我々の中で) [前] in the midst of us

Church (教会) [名] a building used for public Christian worship

Czar (皇帝) [名] the former ruler of Russia

minister (牧師) [名] a person who is a priest in some Christian churches

我々の中で、イギリスの王は教会の長となり、皇帝も同じことをしたが、この称号は彼らを教会の主人というよりは教会の牧師にした。

they have gained not so much the right to change it, as the power to maintain it: they are not its legislators, but only its princes.

彼らは教会を維持する権力を得ただけで、教会を変える権利を得たわけではない。彼らは教会の立法者ではなく、ただの君主である。

Wherever the clergy is a corporate body, it is master and legislator in its own country.

clergy (聖職者) [名] a body of ordained ministers in a religious denomination

corporate body (法人) [名] a group of people authorized to act as a single entity

own country (自国) [名] the country where one is a citizen

聖職者が法人であるところはどこでも、聖職者は自国において主人であり立法者である。

There are thus two powers, two Sovereigns, in England and in Russia, as well as elsewhere.

elsewhere (他の国) [名] some other place

こうして、イギリスやロシアには、他の国と同じように、二つの権力、二つの主権者が存在する。

Of all Christian writers, the philosopher Hobbes alone has seen the evil and how to remedy it, and has dared to propose the reunion of the two heads of the eagle, and the restoration throughout of political unity, without which no State or government will ever be rightly constituted.

writer (著述家) [名] a person who writes

philosopher (哲学者) [名] a person who studies or writes about philosophy

reunion (再統合) [名] the act of reuniting or the state of being reunited

eagle (鷲) [名] a large bird of prey with a hooked beak and long broad wings

throughout (全面的な) [副] all the way through

rightly (正しく) [副] in a just, good, or proper manner

constitute (構成される) [動] be a part of; form or make up

キリスト教の著述家の中で、哲学者ホッブズだけがこの悪とその救済方法を理解し、鷲の二つの頭の再統合と、政治的統一の全面的な回復を敢えて提案した。これがなければ、国家も政府も正しく構成されることはないだろう。

But he should have seen that the masterful spirit of Christianity is incompatible with his system, and that the priestly interest would always be stronger than that of the State.

masterful (支配的な) [形] having or showing great skill or knowledge

priestly (聖職者の) [形] of or relating to a priest

しかし、彼はキリスト教の支配的な精神が彼のシステムと相容れないこと、そして聖職者の利益は常に国家の利益よりも強いことを理解すべきだった。

It is not so much what is false and terrible in his political theory, as what is just and true, that has drawn down hatred on it.

hatred (憎しみ) [名] a very strong feeling of dislike

draw down (抱かせる) [動] cause to be felt

彼の政治理論に憎しみを抱かせたのは、その理論の誤りであり恐ろしい部分ではなく、正しく真実である部分である。

I believe that if the study of history were developed from this point of view, it would be easy to refute the contrary opinions of Bayle and Warburton, one of whom holds that religion can be of no use to the body politic, while the other, on the contrary, maintains that Christianity is its strongest support.

Bayle (ベイル) [名] Pierre Bayle, a French philosopher and writer

もし歴史研究がこの観点から発展すれば、ベイルとウォーバートンの相反する意見に反論するのは容易だろう。ベイルは宗教は政治体には役に立たないと主張し、ウォーバートンは逆にキリスト教が政治体の最も強力な支えであると主張している。

We should demonstrate to the former that no State has ever been founded without a religious basis, and to the latter, that the law of Christianity at bottom does more harm by weakening than good by strengthening the constitution of the State.

demonstrate (証明する) [動] to show or make clear how something works or is done

religious (宗教的) [形] relating to or believing in a religion

bottom (基本的に) [名] the lowest part of something

weaken (弱体化する) [動] to make or become weaker

前者には、宗教的基礎なしに国家が成立したことは一度もないことを、後者には、キリスト教の法は、国家の憲法を強化することで利益をもたらすよりも、弱体化させることで害を及ぼすことを証明すべきである。

To make myself understood, I have only to make a little more exact the too vague ideas of religion as relating to this subject.

make oneself understood (理解してもらう) [動] to make oneself clear

make exact (正確にする) [動] to make precise

vague (漠然とした) [形] of uncertain, indefinite, or unclear character or meaning

relate to (関連する) [動] to have a connection with

subject (問題) [名] a matter or topic that is being discussed or studied

私の考えを理解してもらうために、この問題に関連する宗教のあまりにも漠然とした考えをもう少し正確にする必要がある。

Religion, considered in relation to society, which is either general or particular, may also be divided into two kinds: the religion of man, and that of the citizen.

宗教は、一般社会と特殊社会のいずれかとの関係で考えると、人間の宗教と市民の宗教の二つに分けることができる。

The first, which has neither temples, nor altars, nor rites, and is confined to the purely internal cult of the supreme God and the eternal obligations of morality, is the religion of the Gospel pure and simple, the true theism, what may be called natural divine right or law.

rite (儀式) [名] a religious or other ceremony

Gospel (福音) [名] the teaching or revelation of Christ

theism (一神教) [名] belief in the existence of a god or gods

divine (神の) [形] of or relating to a god

第一の宗教は、寺院も祭壇も儀式もなく、至高の神への純粋に内面的な崇拝と道徳の永遠の義務に限定されたもので、純粋で単純な福音の宗教であり、真の一神教であり、自然神権または自然法と呼ばれるものである。

The other, which is codified in a single country, gives it its gods, its own tutelary patrons;

be codified (限定される) [動] be systematically arranged

tutelary (守護神) [形] serving as a guardian or protector

もう一つの宗教は、一国に限定されたもので、その国に神々や守護神を与え、

it has its dogmas, its rites, and its external cult prescribed by law;

dogma (教義) [名] a principle or set of principles laid down by an authority as incontrovertibly true

教義、儀式、外部崇拝が法律で定められている。

outside the single nation that follows it, all the world is in its sight infidel, foreign and barbarous;

outside (外) [名] the outer part of something

follow (信奉する) [動] accept the teachings of

sight (視界) [名] the ability to see

infidel (異教徒) [名] a person who does not believe in religion or who adheres to a religion other than one's own

barbarous (野蛮人) [形] uncivilized

それを信奉する一国以外では、全世界が異教徒であり、異邦人であり、野蛮人である。

the duties and rights of man extend for it only as far as its own altars.

人間の義務と権利は、その宗教の祭壇までしか及ばない。

Of this kind were all the religions of early peoples, which we may define as civil or positive divine right or law.

of this kind (この種の) [名] of this type

positive (実定的な) [形] formally laid down or imposed

初期の人々の宗教はすべてこの種のものであり、これを市民的または実定的な神権または法と定義することができる。

There is a third sort of religion of a more singular kind, which gives men two codes of legislation, two rulers, and two countries, renders them subject to contradictory duties, and makes it impossible for them to be faithful both to religion and to citizenship.

singular (特異な) [形] very unusual or remarkable

code (法典) [名] a systematic collection of laws

faithful (忠実な) [形] loyal, constant, or steadfast

citizenship (市民権) [名] the status of a citizen with rights and duties

第三の種類の宗教は、より特異なもので、人々に二つの法典、二つの支配者、二つの国を与え、矛盾した義務を負わせ、宗教と市民権の両方に忠実であることが不可能になる。

Such are the religions of the Lamas and of the Japanese, and such is Roman Christianity, which may be called the religion of the priest.

Lamas (ラマ教) [名] a Tibetan Buddhist monk

Japanese (日本の宗教) [名] the language of Japan

Roman Christianity (ローマのキリスト教) [名] the religion of Christians

priest (聖職者) [名] a person who is ordained for religious duties

ラマ教や日本の宗教、ローマのキリスト教などがそうで、これらは聖職者の宗教と呼ぶことができる。

It leads to a sort of mixed and anti-social code which has no name.

sort of (一種の) [名] a kind of

anti-social (反社会的) [形] not wanting the company of others

code (規範) [名] a set of rules or principles

それは、名もない混合した反社会的規範につながる。

In their political aspect, all these three kinds of religion have their defects.

政治的側面では、これら三種類の宗教はすべて欠陥がある。

The third is so clearly bad, that it is waste of time to stop to prove it such.

waste (無駄) [名] an act or instance of using or expending something carelessly, extravagantly, or to no purpose

stop (立ち止まる) [動] cease moving, operating, or acting

第三の宗教は明らかに悪いので、それを証明するために立ち止まるのは時間の無駄である。

All that destroys social unity is worthless;

worthless (無価値) [形] having no value or use

社会的統一を破壊するものはすべて無価値である。

all institutions that set man in contradiction to himself are worthless.

set (させる) [動] cause to be in a specified state

人間を自分自身と矛盾させる制度はすべて無価値である。

The second is good in that it unites the divine cult with love of the laws, and, making country the object of the citizens' adoration, teaches them that service done to the State is service done to its tutelary god.

adoration (崇拝) [名] deep love and respect

第二の宗教は、神の崇拝と法への愛を結びつけ、国を市民の崇拝の対象とし、国家への奉仕は国家の守護神への奉仕であることを教えるという点で優れている。

It is a form of theocracy, in which there can be no pontiff save the prince, and no priests save the magistrates.

pontiff (教皇) [名] the head of the Roman Catholic Church

それは神政政治の一形態であり、君主以外に教皇は存在せず、行政官以外に司祭は存在しない。

To die for one's country then becomes martyrdom;

martyrdom (殉教) [名] the death or suffering of a martyr

国のために死ぬことは殉教となる。

violation of its laws, impiety;

impiety (不敬虔) [名] lack of respect for God or religion

国の法律に違反することは不敬虔である。

and to subject one who is guilty to public execration is to condemn him to the anger of the gods: Sacer estod.

execration (呪い) [名] a curse

condemn (さらすこと) [動] express complete disapproval of; censure strongly

anger (怒り) [名] a strong feeling of annoyance, displeasure, or hostility

そして、罪を犯した者を公衆の面前で呪うことは、その者を神々の怒りにさらすことである。

On the other hand, it is bad in that, being founded on lies and error, it deceives men, makes them credulous and superstitious, and drowns the true cult of the Divinity in empty ceremonial.

lie (嘘) [名] an intentionally false statement

credulous (軽信的) [形] too ready to believe things

superstitious (迷信深い) [形] having or showing a belief in superstitions

drown (溺れさせる) [動] die through submersion in and inhalation of water

ceremonial (儀式) [名] a formal act or series of acts performed as prescribed by ritual or custom

一方で、それは嘘と誤りに根ざしているために、人々を欺き、彼らを軽信的で迷信深くし、空虚な儀式で神の真の崇拝を溺れさせるという点で悪い。

It is bad, again, when it becomes tyrannous and exclusive, and makes a people bloodthirsty and intolerant, so that it breathes fire and slaughter, and regards as a sacred act the killing of every one who does not believe in its gods.

tyrannous (暴君的) [形] exercising power in a cruel or arbitrary way

exclusive (排他的) [形] not admitting of something else

bloodthirsty (血に飢えた) [形] eager to kill

intolerant (非寛容な) [形] not tolerant of views, beliefs, or behavior that differ from one's own

breathe (吹き込む) [動] take air into and expel it from the lungs

slaughter (殺戮) [名] the killing of a large number of people or animals

また、それが暴君的で排他的になり、人々を血に飢えた非寛容なものにし、火と殺戮を吹き込み、その神々を信じない者を殺すことを神聖な行為と見なすようになると、それは悪いことである。

The result is to place such a people in a natural state of war with all others, so that its security is deeply endangered.

place (置く) [動] put something in a particular position

その結果、そのような人々は他のすべての人々との自然な戦争状態に置かれ、その安全は深刻に脅かされることになる。

There remains therefore the religion of man or Christianity—not the Christianity of to-day, but that of the Gospel, which is entirely different.

Gospel (福音書) [名] the first four books of the New Testament

したがって、人間の宗教、つまりキリスト教が残っている。今日のキリスト教ではなく、福音書のキリスト教であり、それは全く異なる。

By means of this holy, sublime, and real religion all men, being children of one God, recognise one another as brothers, and the society that unites them is not dissolved even at death.

holy (神聖な) [形] dedicated to a deity or to some religious purpose; consecrated

brother (兄弟) [名] a man or boy in relation to other sons and daughters of his parents

この神聖で崇高で真の宗教によって、すべての人は、一人の神の子であり、互いに兄弟として認め合い、彼らを結びつける社会は死によっても解消されることはない。

But this religion, having no particular relation to the body politic, leaves the laws in possession of the force they have in themselves without making any addition to it;

have no particular relation to (特別な関係を持たない) [動] not be connected with

make any addition to (追加する) [動] add something to something else

しかし、この宗教は、政治体と特別な関係を持たないので、法律に何の追加もせずに、法律がそれ自体に持っている力を所有したままにする。

and thus one of the great bonds that unite society considered in severalty fails to operate.

one of (1つ) [名] a single member of a group

こうして、個別に考えられた社会を結びつける大きな絆の一つが機能しなくなる。

Nay, more, so far from binding the hearts of the citizens to the State, it has the effect of taking them away from all earthly things.

take away (遠ざける) [動] remove or move something from a place

いや、それどころか、市民の心を国家に縛り付けるどころか、彼らをすべての地上のものから遠ざける効果がある。

I know of nothing more contrary to the social spirit.

know of (知っている) [動] be aware of the existence or truth of

私は社会精神にこれほど反するものを知らない。

We are told that a people of true Christians would form the most perfect society imaginable.

真のキリスト教徒の民は、想像しうる限り最も完全な社会を形成するだろうと言われている。

I see in this supposition only one great difficulty: that a society of true Christians would not be a society of men.

see (思う) [動] to be of the opinion that

私はこの仮定にただ一つの大きな困難があると思う。真のキリスト教徒の社会は人間の社会ではないだろうということだ。

I say further that such a society, with all its perfection, would be neither the strongest nor the most lasting:

perfection (完全性) [名] the condition, state, or quality of being free or as free as possible from all flaws or defects

most (最も) [限] used before the superlative form of an adjective or adverb

私はさらに、そのような社会は、その完全性にもかかわらず、最も強くも最も永続的でもないだろうと言う。

the very fact that it was perfect would rob it of its bond of union;

それが完全であるという事実そのものが、その結束の絆を奪うだろう。

the flaw that would destroy it would lie in its very perfection.

flaw (欠陥) [名] a defect in something

それを破壊する欠陥は、まさにその完全性にあるだろう。

Every one would do his duty;

do (果たす) [動] carry out, accomplish, or execute

誰もが自分の義務を果たすだろう。

the people would be law-abiding, the rulers just and temperate;

law-abiding (法を守る) [形] obedient to the laws

temperate (節度ある) [形] not extreme or excessive

人々は法を守り、支配者は公正で節度あるものとなるだろう。

the magistrates upright and incorruptible;

upright (公正な) [形] just or fair

incorruptible (清廉潔白な) [形] not able to be bribed or corrupted

行政官は公正で清廉潔白となるだろう。

the soldiers would scorn death;

兵士は死を軽蔑するだろう。

there would be neither vanity nor luxury.

虚栄も贅沢も存在しないだろう。

So far, so good; but let us hear more.

so good (順調) [形] satisfactory

ここまでは順調だが、もっと聞かせてもらおう。

Christianity as a religion is entirely spiritual, occupied solely with heavenly things;

heavenly (天上的) [形] of or relating to heaven

宗教としてのキリスト教は、全く霊的で、天上的なものだけを扱っている。

the country of the Christian is not of this world.

this world (この世) [名] the earth and all its inhabitants

キリスト教徒の国はこの世のものではない。

He does his duty, indeed, but does it with profound indifference to the good or ill success of his cares.

do one's duty (義務を果たす) [動] perform one's obligation

profound (全く) [形] very great or intense

彼は確かに自分の義務を果たすのだが、自分の努力の成否には全く無関心である。

Provided he has nothing to reproach himself with, it matters little to him whether things go well or ill here on earth.

have nothing to (何も〜ない) [動] not have anything to

go well (うまくいく) [動] proceed or develop in a good or positive way

go ill (悪くなる) [動] proceed or develop in a bad or negative way

彼が自分を責めることが何もなければ、この地上で物事がうまくいこうが悪かろうが、彼にとってはほとんど問題ではない。

If the State is prosperous, he hardly dares to share in the public happiness, for fear he may grow proud of his country's glory;

proud (誇りに思う) [形] feeling deep pleasure or satisfaction as a result of one's own achievements, qualities, or possessions or those of someone with whom one is closely associated

国家が繁栄している場合、彼は自分の国の栄光を誇りに思うようになるのを恐れて、公衆の幸福を分かち合うことをほとんど敢えてしない。

if the State is languishing, he blesses the hand of God that is hard upon His people.

languish (衰退する) [動] lose or lack vitality

国家が衰退している場合、彼は神の民を苦しめている神の手を祝福する。

For the State to be peaceable and for harmony to be maintained, all the citizens without exception would have to be good Christians; if by ill hap there should be a single self-seeker or hypocrite, a Catiline or a Cromwell, for instance, he would certainly get the better of his pious compatriots.

peaceable (平和な) [形] inclined or disposed to peace

ill hap (不幸) [名] bad luck

self-seeker (利己主義者) [名] a person who seeks only their own advantage

hypocrite (偽善者) [名] a person who pretends to have virtues, moral or religious beliefs, principles, etc., that he or she does not actually have

Catiline (カティリーヌ) [名] a Roman politician

certainly (間違いなく) [副] without doubt

get the better of (凌駕する) [動] to defeat or overcome

pious (敬虔な) [形] devoutly religious

compatriot (同胞) [名] a fellow countryman

国家が平和で調和が保たれるためには、例外なくすべての市民が善良なキリスト教徒でなければならない。もし不幸にも、一人でも利己主義者や偽善者、例えばカティリーヌやクロムウェルのような人物がいたら、彼は間違いなく敬虔な同胞たちを凌駕するだろう。

Christian charity does not readily allow a man to think hardly of his neighbours.

Christian (キリスト教の) [形] of, relating to, or characteristic of Christianity

charity (慈善) [名] the voluntary giving of help, typically in the form of money, to those in need

キリスト教の慈善は、人が隣人のことをあまり考えないようにはしない。

As soon as, by some trick, he has discovered the art of imposing on them and getting hold of a share in the public authority, you have a man established in dignity;

by some trick (何らかの策略によって) [名] a clever and skillful act or scheme intended to deceive or outwit

get hold of (掌握する) [動] obtain or acquire

dignity (尊厳) [名] the state or quality of being worthy of honour or respect

彼が何らかの策略によって、彼らを欺き、公権力の一部を掌握する術を発見するとすぐに、尊厳を確立した人間が誕生する。

it is the will of God that he be respected: very soon you have a power;

彼が尊敬されるのは神の意志であり、すぐに権力が生まれる。

it is God's will that it be obeyed: and if the power is abused by him who wields it, it is the scourge wherewith God punishes His children.

abuse (乱用する) [動] use wrongly or improperly

wield (行使する) [動] hold and use (a weapon or tool)

それに従うのは神の意志であり、もし権力がそれを行使する者によって乱用されたなら、それは神がその子供たちを罰する天罰である。

There would be scruples about driving out the usurper: public tranquillity would have to be disturbed, violence would have to be employed, and blood spilt;

scruple (良心の呵責) [名] a feeling of doubt or hesitation that prevents you from doing something

public tranquillity (公共の平穏) [名] the state of being calm and peaceful

spill (流す) [動] cause or allow (liquid) to flow over the edge of its container

簒奪者を追い出すことに良心の呵責があるだろう。公共の平穏が乱され、暴力が行使され、血が流されるだろう。

all this accords ill with Christian meekness;

accord (相容れる) [動] be in harmony or in conformity with

ill (悪い) [形] bad or poor

meekness (柔和) [名] the quality of being gentle and humble

これらすべてはキリスト教の柔和さとは相容れない。

and after all, in this vale of sorrows, what does it matter whether we are free men or serfs?

vale (谷) [名] a valley

sorrow (悲しみ) [名] a feeling of deep distress caused by loss, disappointment, or other misfortune suffered by oneself or others

free man (自由人) [名] a person who is not a slave

serf (農奴) [名] a member of the lowest social class of the feudal system

そして結局のところ、この悲しみの谷において、我々が自由人であろうと農奴であろうと、何が問題なのだろうか?

The essential thing is to get to heaven, and resignation is only an additional means of doing so.

essential (肝心な) [形] absolutely necessary; extremely important

heaven (天国) [名] the place where God lives and where good people go after they die

resignation (服従) [名] the act of giving up a position or office

only (すぎない) [副] and no more; and nothing else

additional (付加的な) [形] added, extra, or supplementary

肝心なのは天国に行くことであり、服従はそうするための付加的な手段にすぎない。

If war breaks out with another State, the citizens march readily out to battle;

break out (勃発する) [動] start suddenly

march (赴く) [動] walk with regular and measured tread

他の国家との戦争が勃発すれば、市民はすぐに戦いに赴く。

not one of them thinks of flight;

not one (誰も) [名] no one

flight (逃走) [名] the act of running away

誰も逃げようとは考えない。

they do their duty, but they have no passion for victory;

have no passion (情熱がない) [動] not have any passion

彼らは義務を果たすが、勝利への情熱はない。

they know better how to die than how to conquer.

how to (方法) [名] the way to do something

彼らは征服するよりも死ぬことをよく知っている。

What does it matter whether they win or lose?

win (勝つ) [動] be successful or victorious in (a contest or game)

勝っても負けても、何が問題なのだろうか?

Does not Providence know better than they what is meet for them?

Providence (摂理) [名] God or nature as providing protection and guidance

meet (適切である) [動] be right or suitable for a particular purpose

摂理は彼らにとって何が適切かを彼らよりもよく知らないのだろうか?

Only think to what account a proud, impetuous and passionate enemy could turn their stoicism!

proud (誇り高く) [形] having a high opinion of oneself

impetuous (衝動的) [形] acting or done without forethought or planning

passionate (情熱的な) [形] having, showing, or caused by strong feelings or emotions

turn (変える) [動] cause to move around an axis or center

stoicism (ストイシズム) [名] the endurance of pain or hardship without a display of feelings and without complaint

誇り高く、衝動的で情熱的な敵が彼らのストイシズムをどのように変えることができるか考えてみよ!

Set over against them those generous peoples who were devoured by ardent love of glory and of their country, imagine your Christian republic face to face with Sparta or Rome: the pious Christians will be beaten, crushed and destroyed, before they know where they are, or will owe their safety only to the contempt their enemy will conceive for them.

set over against (対比する) [動] to place in opposition

those (それらの) [限] the

generous (寛大な) [形] willing to give money, time, help, etc., especially more than is usual or expected

devour (食い尽くす) [動] eat up greedily or voraciously

ardent (熱烈な) [形] very enthusiastic or passionate

face to face (直面する) [副] in the presence of each other

beat (殴る) [動] strike repeatedly

where (どこ) [副] in or to what place

contempt (軽蔑) [名] the act of despising

conceive (抱く) [動] become pregnant with

彼らに対して、栄光と祖国への熱烈な愛に食い尽くされた寛大な人々を置き、あなたのキリスト教共和国がスパルタやローマと直面していると想像してみよ。敬虔なキリスト教徒は、彼らがどこにいるかを知る前に殴られ、押しつぶされ、破壊されるか、あるいは敵が彼らに対して抱く軽蔑によってのみ安全を保つことになるだろう。

It was to my mind a fine oath that was taken by the soldiers of Fabius, who swore, not to conquer or die, but to come back victorious—and kept their oath.

to my mind (私の考えでは) [副] in my opinion

oath (誓い) [名] a solemn promise, often invoking a divine witness, regarding one's future action or behavior

Fabius (ファビウス) [名] a Roman statesman and military leader

swear (誓う) [動] make a solemn statement or promise undertaking to do something or affirming that something is the case

come back (帰ってくる) [動] return to a place

私の考えでは、ファビウスの兵士たちが行った素晴らしい誓いであり、彼らは征服するか死ぬかではなく、勝利して帰ってくることを誓い、その誓いを守った。

Christians, would never have taken such an oath;

take an oath (誓いを立てる) [動] make a solemn promise

キリスト教徒は、そのような誓いを立てることはなかっただろう。

they would have looked on it as tempting God.

tempt (試す) [動] entice or allure into doing something

彼らはそれを神を試すものと考えただろう。

But I am mistaken in speaking of a Christian republic;

しかし、私はキリスト教共和国について語るのは間違いだ。

the terms are mutually exclusive.

mutually exclusive (互いに相容れない) [形] of two or more events or conditions) unable to occur or exist together

これらの言葉は互いに相容れない。

Christianity preaches only servitude and dependence.

preach (説く) [動] deliver a sermon

キリスト教は隷属と依存だけを説く。

Its spirit is so favourable to tyranny that it always profits by such a régime.

favourable (好意的) [形] expressing approval or support

régime (体制) [名] a system or planned way of doing things

その精神は専制政治に非常に好意的なので、常にそのような体制から利益を得ている。

True Christians are made to be slaves, and they know it and do not much mind: this short life counts for too little in their eyes.

be made to (される) [動] be forced or obliged to do something

mind (気にする) [動] regard as important or significant

count (価値がある) [動] have value or importance

真のキリスト教徒は奴隷にされ、それを知っていてあまり気にしていない。この短い人生は彼らの目にはほとんど価値がない。

I shall be told that Christian troops are excellent.

troop (軍隊) [名] a group of soldiers, especially the smallest subdivision of a cavalry regiment

キリスト教徒の軍隊は優秀だと言われるだろう。

I deny it. Show me an instance.

show (挙げる) [動] demonstrate or make clear how something works or is done

私はそれを否定する。例を挙げてほしい。

For my part, I know of no Christian troops.

私としては、キリスト教徒の軍隊を知らない。

I shall be told of the Crusades. Without disputing the valour of the Crusaders, I answer that, so far from being Christians, they were the priests' soldiery, citizens of the Church.

Crusades (十字軍) [名] any of the military expeditions undertaken by the Christians of Europe in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries to recover the Holy Land from the Muslims

Crusaders (十字軍) [名] a member of a military expedition undertaken by the Christians of Europe in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries to recover the Holy Land from the Muslims

Christians (キリスト教徒) [名] a person who adheres to Christianity

priests (聖職者) [名] a person having authority to perform the sacred rites of a religion especially as a mediatory agent between humans and God

soldiery (兵士) [名] a body of soldiers

十字軍のことは言われるだろう。十字軍の勇気については議論の余地はないが、彼らはキリスト教徒というよりは、聖職者の兵士であり、教会の市民であったと答える。

They fought for their spiritual country, which the Church had, somehow or other, made temporal.

spiritual (精神的な) [形] of or relating to the spirit

somehow (どうにかして) [副] in some way or manner

temporal (現世的な) [形] of or relating to the present life or this world

彼らは、教会がどうにかして現世的にした彼らの精神的な国のために戦った。

Well understood, this goes back to paganism: as the Gospel sets up no national religion, a holy war is impossible among Christians.

national religion (国教) [名] a religion officially endorsed by the state

holy war (聖戦) [名] a war waged in the name of religion

よく理解されているように、これは異教に遡る。福音書は国教を定めていないので、キリスト教徒の間では聖戦は不可能である。

Under the pagan emperors, the Christian soldiers were brave;

異教の皇帝の下で、キリスト教の兵士たちは勇敢だった。

every Christian writer affirms it, and I believe it: it was a case of honourable emulation of the pagan troops.

affirm (肯定する) [動] state as a fact

I (私) [代] the speaker or writer

すべてのキリスト教作家はそれを肯定し、私はそれを信じる。それは異教徒の軍隊の立派な模倣の例だった。

As soon as the emperors were Christian, this emulation no longer existed, and, when the Cross had driven out the eagle, Roman valour wholly disappeared.

emulation (模倣) [名] the act of trying to equal or surpass another

cross (十字架) [名] a cross-shaped object

皇帝がキリスト教徒になるとすぐに、この模倣はもはや存在しなくなり、十字架が鷲を追い出したとき、ローマの勇気は完全に消滅した。

But, setting aside political considerations, let us come back to what is right, and settle our principles on this important point.

set aside (さておき) [動] to put to one side

come back (戻る) [動] to return to a place

settle (定める) [動] to decide or agree on something

しかし、政治的考慮はさておき、正しいことに戻り、この重要な点について原則を定めよう。

The right which the social compact gives the Sovereign over the subjects does not, we have seen, exceed the limits of public expediency.

public expediency (公益) [名] the benefit or advantage of the public

社会契約が臣民に対して主権者に与える権利は、すでに見たように、公益の限界を超えるものではない。

The subjects then owe the Sovereign an account of their opinions only to such an extent as they matter to the community.

したがって、臣民は、社会にとって重要である範囲においてのみ、主権者に自分の意見を説明する義務がある。

Now, it matters very much to the community that each citizen should have a religion.

さて、各市民が宗教を持つことは、社会にとって非常に重要である。

That will make him love his duty;

それが彼に義務を愛させるだろう。

but the dogmas of that religion concern the State and its members only so far as they have reference to morality and to the duties which he who professes them is bound to do to others.

so far as (限りにおいて) [接] to the extent or degree that

bind (負う) [動] tie up or fasten

しかし、その宗教の教義は、道徳や、それを信じる者が他人に対して負う義務に関係する限りにおいてのみ、国家とその構成員に関係する。

Each man may have, over and above, what opinions he pleases, without it being the Sovereign's business to take cognisance of them;

what (どんな) [形] which

take cognisance of (知る) [動] be aware of

各人は、それ以外にも、主権者がそれを知る必要がなければ、自分の好きな意見を持つことができる。

for, as the Sovereign has no authority in the other world, whatever the lot of its subjects may be in the life to come, that is not its business, provided they are good citizens in this life.

have no authority (権限を持たない) [動] not have the power to give orders or make decisions

whatever (どうなろうとも) [代] no matter what

life to come (来世) [名] the world after death

that is not its business (関知するところではない) [句] it is not their concern

good citizen (善良な市民) [名] a person who obeys the laws and customs of their country

なぜなら、主権者はあの世では権限を持たないので、来世で臣民の運命がどうなろうとも、この世で善良な市民である限り、それは主権者の関知するところではないからである。

There is therefore a purely civil profession of faith of which the Sovereign should fix the articles, not exactly as religious dogmas, but as social sentiments without which a man cannot be a good citizen or a faithful subject.

profession (告白) [名] a declaration of one's beliefs

faith (信仰) [名] a strong belief in the doctrines of a religion, based on spiritual conviction rather than proof

article (条項) [名] a particular item or section of a writing

sentiment (感情) [名] a thought, view, or attitude, especially one based mainly on emotion or feeling

したがって、主権者がその条項を定めるべき純粋に市民的な信仰告白があるが、それは宗教的な教義としてではなく、それなしには善良な市民や忠実な臣民になることができない社会的感情としてである。

While it can compel no one to believe them, it can banish from the State whoever does not believe them—it can banish him, not for impiety, but as an anti-social being, incapable of truly loving the laws and justice, and of sacrificing, at need, his life to his duty.

banish (追放する) [動] send (someone) away from a country or place as an official punishment

誰もそれを信じるように強制することはできないが、それを信じない人は誰でも国家から追放することができる。不敬虔なためではなく、法律や正義を真に愛することができず、必要に応じて自分の命を義務のために犠牲にすることができない反社会的存在として追放することができる。

If any one, after publicly recognising these dogmas, behaves as if he does not believe them, let him be punished by death: he has committed the worst of all crimes, that of lying before the law.

behave (振る舞う) [動] act or conduct oneself in a specified way

punish (処罰する) [動] to inflict a penalty or sanction on (someone) as retribution for an offense

lie (嘘をつく) [動] to make an untrue statement with deliberate intent to deceive; an intentional untruth; a falsehood

もし誰かが、これらの教義を公に認めた後で、それを信じていないかのような振る舞いをしたら、死刑に処せられるべきである。彼はすべての犯罪の中で最も悪い犯罪、つまり法の前に嘘をつくという犯罪を犯したのである。

The dogmas of civil religion ought to be few, simple, and exactly worded, without explanation or commentary.

civil religion (市民宗教) [名] a religion that is related to the state

worded (言葉で表現される) [動] express in words

commentary (注釈) [名] an explanation or interpretation of a text

市民宗教の教義は、説明や注釈なしに、少なく、単純で、正確に言葉で表現されるべきである。

The existence of a mighty, intelligent and beneficent Divinity, possessed of foresight and providence, the life to come, the happiness of the just, the punishment of the wicked, the sanctity of the social contract and the laws: these are its positive dogmas.

mighty (強大な) [形] having or showing great power or strength

beneficent (慈悲深い) [形] doing or producing good

punishment (罰) [名] the infliction or imposition of a penalty as retribution for an offense

先見性と摂理を備えた強大で知的で慈悲深い神の存在、来世、正義の人の幸福、悪人の罰、社会契約と法の神聖さ、これらがその肯定的な教義である。

Its negative dogmas I confine to one, intolerance, which is a part of the cults we have rejected.

negative (否定的) [形] expressing denial or refusal

その否定的な教義は、私が拒絶したカルトの一部である不寛容という一つのものに限定する。

Those who distinguish civil from theological intolerance are, to my mind, mistaken.

mind (考え) [名] one's intention; what one intends to do

市民的不寛容と神学的不寛容を区別する人は、私の考えでは間違っている。

The two forms are inseparable.

inseparable (分離できない) [形] unable to be separated

二つの形態は分離できない。

It is impossible to live at peace with those we regard as damned;

live at peace (平和に暮らす) [動] live in a state of peace

damned (呪われている) [形] condemned to hell

我々が呪われていると見なしている人々と平和に暮らすことは不可能である。

to love them would be to hate God who punishes them: we positively must either reclaim or torment them.

hate (憎む) [動] feel intense or passionate dislike for

reclaim (改心させる) [動] bring back to a proper condition

torment (苦しめる) [動] cause to suffer greatly

彼らを愛することは、彼らを罰する神を憎むことである。我々は彼らを改心させるか、苦しめるかしなければならない。

Wherever theological intolerance is admitted, it must inevitably have some civil effect;

神学的不寛容が認められるところはどこでも、それは必然的に何らかの市民的効果をもたらす。

and as soon as it has such an effect, the Sovereign is no longer Sovereign even in the temporal sphere: thenceforth priests are the real masters, and kings only their ministers.

temporal (一時的な) [形] relating to time

thenceforth (それ以来) [副] from that time onward

そして、それがそのような効果をもたらすとすぐに、主権者は一時的な領域でさえも主権者ではなくなる。それ以来、司祭は真の主人であり、王は彼らの牧師にすぎない。

Now that there is and can be no longer an exclusive national religion, tolerance should be given to all religions that tolerate others, so long as their dogmas contain nothing contrary to the duties of citizenship.

tolerance (寛容) [名] the ability or willingness to tolerate something, in particular the existence of opinions or behavior that one does not necessarily agree with

もはや排他的な国教は存在せず、存在し得なくなった今、その教義に市民の義務に反するものが含まれていない限り、他者を容認するすべての宗教に寛容を与えるべきである。

But whoever dares to say: Outside the Church is no salvation, ought to be driven from the State, unless the State is the Church, and the prince the pontiff.

salvation (救い) [名] the act of saving or being saved

be driven (追放される) [動] be forced to leave

しかし、教会の外に救いはないと言う者は、国家が教会であり、君主が教皇でない限り、国家から追放されるべきである。

Such a dogma is good only in a theocratic government;

theocratic (神政政治) [形] of or relating to a government or state in which God or a deity is the source from which all authority derives

そのような教義は神政政治においてのみ有効である。

in any other, it is fatal.

in any other (他のどんな場合でも) [副] in any other case

fatal (致命的) [形] causing death

他のどんな場合でも、それは致命的である。

The reason for which Henry IV is said to have embraced the Roman religion ought to make every honest man leave it, and still more any prince who knows how to reason.

Henry IV (アンリ四世) [名] King of France from 1589 to 1610

Roman religion (ローマ宗教) [名] the religion of the Roman Catholic Church

honest (正直な) [形] truthful and sincere

アンリ四世がローマ宗教を信奉した理由は、すべての正直な人間、さらには推論する方法を知っている君主にそれを捨てさせるべきである。

CHAPTER IX: CONCLUSION

第九章: 結論

Now that I have laid down the true principles of political right, and tried to give the State a basis of its own to rest on, I ought next to strengthen it by its external relations, which would include the law of nations, commerce, the right of war and conquest, public right, leagues, negotiations, treaties, etc.

rest on (頼る) [動] to depend on

ought (するべきである) [助] used to express moral obligation or advice

league (同盟) [名] an association of states, organizations, or individuals for common action

negotiation (交渉) [名] discussion aimed at reaching an agreement

treaty (条約) [名] a formally concluded and ratified agreement between states

政治的権利の真の原理を定め、国家にそれ自身の基礎を与えようとした今、私は次に、国家の外部関係によってそれを強化するべきである。これには、国際法、商業、戦争と征服の権利、公法、同盟、交渉、条約などが含まれる。

But all this forms a new subject that is far too vast for my narrow scope.

far (広すぎる) [副] to a great extent; by a great deal

narrow (狭い) [形] of small width or breadth

scope (視野) [名] the extent of the area or subject matter that something deals with or to which it is relevant

しかし、これらすべては、私の狭い視野には広すぎる新しい主題を形成する。

I ought throughout to have kept to a more limited sphere.

keep to (留まる) [動] remain in or near

limited (限定された) [形] restricted in size, extent, or amount

私は終始、もっと限定された範囲に留まるべきだった。